COHESION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

COHESION IN ENGLISH&VIETNAMESE COHESION In English In Vietnamese - Cohesion is linguistically explicit and signals - Basically, cohesion refers to the formal underlying semantic relationships between text relationship that causes texts to cohere or stick elements together It is indicated by grammatical, logical - Cohesion is the grammatical and/or lexical and lexical relationships found among or between relationship between different elements of a text the sentences of a text which hold it together (Nguyen Hoa, 2000, p.23) (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Reiteration Lexical cohesion Collocation TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Reference Replacement of words and expressions with proforms • Anaphoric reference: referring backwards E.g I can see a bird It is singing • Cataphoric reference: referring forward E.g When I told them I got the first prize, my parents smiled happily Repetition Lexical cohesion Collocation Reference in English Personal pronoun: I, He, She Personal Possesive Pronoun: mine,hers, yours reference Possesive Determiners: my, your, his E.g The boy is cute He is wearing a red hat Referential cohesion Demonstrative This, These, Here – proximity reference That Those, There – distance E.g Pick these up! Comparative Same, identical, equal… reference Bigger, faster, more Identically, likewise, so, such… E.g she has a similar hat to mine TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Replacement of one item by another • Substitution Nominal substitution: E.g: Let's go and see the bears The polar ones are over on that • Verbal substitution: A: John says you drink too much B: So you • Clausal substitution: E.g: Teenagers' behavior is getting worse and worse? Repetition Lexical cohesion Collocation I think so TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Deletion of words, expressions or phrases • Nominal ellipsis E.g: Did you get the first prize? No, I got a third φ Ellipsis • Verbal ellipsis: A: Have you been working? B: Yes, I have φ • Clausal ellipsis: A: Would you like some coffee? B: No, thanks φ Repetition Lexical cohesion Collocation TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Conjunctions are words joining phrases, clauses or sections of the text in ways that express their logicalsemantic relationship - Additive conjunctions: and, or, moreover, alternative - Adversative conjunctions: however, likewise, equally, whereas, on the other hand Conjunction - Causal conjunctions: because, for, since, so that, thus, if, therefore, in conclusion - Temporal conjunctions: first, then, finally, at the same time, while, when, meanwhile Repetition Lexical cohesion Collocation TYPES OF COHESION IN Grammatical cohesion ENGLISH * Repetition Reference Emily lived in a small town Her life is as quiet as that of the town *Synonym / near-synonym We face many problems when we are flying through the air One of these problems is the way people are made .if we put our heads under water, we have trouble, because we cannot breath water * Superordinate (hypernym) Each flower has particular beauty Rose is splendid, graceful as a queen Daisy is pure, gentle as a girl Reiteration * General words (ONLY general NOUNs) They were going to kill a pig The animal looked pitiful and shivering with fear Lexical cohesion TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Reference “The association of lexical items that regularly co-occur in certain context” (Halliday & Hasan, 1976,319) Ellipsis - Oppositeness E.g: young/ old; male/ female; sell/ buy - Related words - Associated words Reiteration E.g: snow/ white; smoke/ chimney Lexical cohesion Collocation COHESION IN VIETNAMESE Liên kết nội dung (Content cohesion) Phương thức lặp Phương thức Phương thức nối Phương thức trật tự Liên kết hình thức (Formal cohesion) Phương thức tỉnh lược Phương thức +Lặp từ vựng:  Lực lượng giai cấp công nhân nhân dân lao động to lớn Nhưng lực lượng cần có Đảng lãnh đạo chắn thắng lợi lặp (Hồ Chí Minh) +Lặp ngữ âm:  Khăn thương nhớ ai; Khăn chùi nước mắt,; Đèn thương nhớ ai,; Mà đèn không tắt  (ca dao) +Lặp cú pháp:  Nếu nhân dân không đủ lực lượng Nếu phủ không dẫn đường.(Hồ Chí Minh) Phương thức -Thế đại từ: Tháng sau trở Huế thăm ông bà ngoại Tôi tuần -Thế từ đồng nghĩa, gần nghĩa: +Sài Gòn làm cho giới kinh ngạc Sức sống thành phố mãnh liệt không tưởng Phương thức -Quan hệ từ: nhưng, vì, hoặc… nối +Để giành thắng lợi, cách mạng định phải giai cấp công nhân lãnh đạo Vì giai cấp tiên tiến nhất, giác ngộ nhất.(Hồ Chí Minh) -Các từ chuyển tiếp: là, hai là, đầu tiên, trước hết, tóm lại, nhìn chung, nghĩa là… P/thức trật tự: Quan lại tiền mà bất chấp công lý Sai nha tiền mà tra cha Vương Ông Tú Bà, Mã Giám Sinh, Bạc Hạnh Bạc Bà tiền mà làm nghề buôn thịt bán người… Phương thức Nhưng đến nếm mùi cháo? Hắn tự hỏi tự trả lời: Và có nấu φ cho ăn đâu Mà nấu φ cho mà ăn nữa? Đời chưa tỉnh lược chăm sóc bàn tay "đàn bà" Cohesion in E & V • Similarity: + Ellipsis in E = Phương thức tỉnh lựơc in V + Repetition in E = Phương thức lặp in V + Conjunction in E = Phương thức nối in V +Reference/substitution/superordinate/general words in E = Phương thức (bằng đại từ/từ đồng nghĩa/gần nghĩa) in V A contrastive analysis of Oppositeness (Collocation) in E & V In English In Vietnamese "not" can be expressed by both negative (not, no) and Negative oppositeness = negative adverb (không, affixes of negative meaning (im-; un-; dis-, less-) chưa, chẳng, việc phải, có phải, etc) + presupposed element/synonyms E.g: like/ dislike; important/ unimportant E.g: ngủ/ không ngủ; bi quan/ không chán nản A contrasting analysis of Oppositeness (Collocation)in E & V - Descriptive oppositeness (đối miêu tả) has no equivalence in English E.g: Con chó anh chưa phải nhịn bữa Nhưng xác chết đói ngập phố phường => "Chưa phải nhịn" (full, not hungry) is in contrast with "đói" (hungry) A contrastive analysis of Associated words (Collocation) in E & V In English In Vietnamese - Do not categorize - Are divided into sub-classes of association (phép liên tưởng): associated words into + Liên tưởng bao hàm (part-whole relation) small groups + Liên tưởng đồng loại (association of the same kind) - Are discussed under a + Liên tưởng định lượng (association of quantity) general heading - + Liên tưởng định chức (association of function) collocation + Liên tưởng định vị (association of position) + Liên tưởng đặc trưng (association of typical relationship) + Liên tưởng nhân (cause-effect association) A contrastive analysis of Synonym/Near-synonym (Reiteration) in E & V - Unlike in English, Vietnamese synonymy is not considered to be reiterated but substituted, and is included in đồng nghĩa (synonymous substitution) Thế đồng nghĩa từ điển (substitution by Thế đồng nghĩa miêu tả (synonymous substitution by description) synonymous given in the lexicon) - is corresponding to that of synonymy in - has no corresponding form in English =>Synonyms are English extended to descriptive phrases of equal meaning (e.g: problem-trouble) E.g: Ông lão há miệng bị bò cạp chích Ông lão biết thừa bọn chúng chẳng lạ gia đình ông, ông phải ngạc nhiên A contrastive analysis of Reference in E & V Personal references English Vietnamese - Many ways to express possession: the use of - Express possession with the word "của"; possessive adjectives, possessive pronoun possessors are placed after things they possess "-'s", "of" (Áo rẻ áo bạn) (Lan's shirt; the cover of the book) - Sometimes, we can omit "của" (Áo rẻ áo bạn) A contrastive analysis of Reference in E & V Demonstrative references English Vietnamese - The definite article "the" exists in English - The definite article "the" does not exist in E.g: We are at the cinema and we'll be here Vietnamese ==> Learners may forget it when for 10 minutes producing noun phrases in English A contrastive analysis of Reference in E & V Demonstrative references English Vietnamese - Demonstrative there is to be distinguished from - The definite article "there" can be equivalent to " the pronoun there as in "there is a man at the đó" door" => "There" functions as an adverb, it cannot be a subject (Hãy nhà sách Nguyễn Văn Cừ Ở có E.g: Let's go to Nguyen Van Cu This book is sold bán sách này.) there (not there sells this book.) A contrastive analysis of Reference in E & V Demonstrative references English Vietnamese - Demonstrative reference "this" cannot be - Vietnamese equivalent of "this" is "nó" used as a human reference => "Nó" in Vietnamese can be used as a human reference E.g: Where's Hoa? E.g: Hoa đâu rồi? She's gone to Hue since yesterday Nó Huế từ hôm qua A contrastive analysis of Reference in E & V Comparative references English Vietnamese - The formulation of comparative sentences is quite - The formulation is quite simple; only with the complicated function words "hơn" Short adj/ adv + er + than MORE long adj/ adv + than E.g: She is more beautiful than her mother E.g: Cô xinh mẹ cô A contrastive analysis of Conjunction in E & V Comparative conjunctions • "however" and "on the other hand" in English are equivalent to "mặt khác" or "vả lại" in Vietnamese • But, there should be an additive conjunction like "in addition" or "furthermore" instead of "however" and "on the other hand" E.g: Hưng doanh nhân thành đạt Vả lại, anh người chồng tốt (Hung is a successful businessman Furthermore, he's a kind husband, too.) A contrastive analysis of Conjunction in E & V Adversative conjunctions • • Vietnamese equivalent of both 'despite' and 'although' are 'mặc dầu/mặc dù' But, in English, the sentence structures formed by them are different + 'despite' + noun phrase + 'although' + clause E.g: Mặc dù thời tiết xấu, nghỉ Despite the bad weather, I still enjoyed the holiday Although the weather was bad, I still enjoyed the holiday A contrastive analysis of Conjunction in E & V Consequential conjunctions • "Because of/ due to/ owing to/ because/ since/ as" mean "bởi vì" + "Because of/ due to/ owing to" + noun phrase + "Because/ since/ as" + clause E.g: Bởi thời tiết xấu, không biển Because of the bad weather, we didn't go to the beach Because the weather was bad, we didn't go to the beach ... Lexical cohesion Collocation COHESION IN VIETNAMESE Liên kết nội dung (Content cohesion) Liên kết hình thức (Formal cohesion) COHESION IN VIETNAMESE Liên kết nội dung Liên kết đề tài (Topical cohesion) ... 1976) TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Reiteration Lexical cohesion Collocation TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Reference... Teenagers' behavior is getting worse and worse? Repetition Lexical cohesion Collocation I think so TYPES OF COHESION IN ENGLISH Grammatical cohesion Deletion of words, expressions or phrases • Nominal