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Phillips’ Science Of Dental Materials 12th Edition

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  • Cover

  • Contributors

  • Dedication

  • Preface

    • Aims of this Book for Readers

    • Organization

  • Acknowledgments

  • Contents

  • PART 1: GENERAL CLASSES & PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS

  • Ch 1: Overview of Preventive & Restorative Materials

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • General Categories of Biomaterials Properties

      • Physical Properties

    • Applications of Dental Materials

    • What Are Dental Materials?

    • Historical Use of Restorative Materials

    • Standards for Dental Materials

      • Test Standards for Dental Materials

      • ADA Specifications Program

    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration Regulations for Medical Devices

    • International Standards

    • International Organization for Standardization Standards, Subcommittees, And Working Groups

      • ISO TC 106

      • TC 106/SC1: Filling and Restorative Materials

      • TC 106/SC2: Prosthodontic Materials

      • TC 106/SC8: Dental Implants

      • How Are ISO Standards Developed?

    • Other Dental Standards Organizations

    • How Safe are Dental Restorative Materials?

    • Why Do Dental Students, Dentists, and Dental Educators Need to Understand the Principles of Dental Materials Science?

    • The Future Need for Dental Biomaterials

    • Selected Readings

    • Additional References on Dental History

  • Ch 2: Structure of Matter & Principles of Adhesion

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Interatomic Bonds

      • Primary Bonds

        • Ionic Bonds

        • Covalent Bonds

        • Metallic Bonds

        • Combination of Primary Bonds

      • Secondary Bonds

        • van der Waals Forces

        • Hydrogen Bond

    • Atomic Arrangement

      • Crystalline Structure

      • Noncrystalline Structure

    • Interatomic Bond Distance and Thermal Energy

      • Bond Distance

      • Bonding Energy

      • Thermal Energy

    • Diffusion

    • Adhesion and Bonding

      • Surface and Surface Energy

      • Wetting

      • Contact Angle of Wetting

      • Mechanical Bonding

    • Bonding to Tooth Structure

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 3: Physical & Chemical Properties of Solids

    • Outline

    • Terminology

    • Key Terms

      • Rheology

      • Structural Relaxation

      • Color and Optical Effects

      • Thermal Properties

      • Electrochemical Properties

      • Magnetic Materials

    • Rheology

    • Structural Relaxation

      • Stress Relaxation

      • Creep and Flow

    • Color and Optical Effects

      • Nature of Light and the Role of Human Vision

        • The Nature of the Object under View

      • Three Dimensions of Color

      • Color Matching

      • The Effect of the Observer

      • The Effect of the Light Source

      • Fluorescence

      • Radiopacity

    • Thermal Properties

      • Thermal Conductivity

      • Thermal Diffusivity

      • Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

    • Electrochemical Properties

      • Tarnish and Corrosion

      • Fundamental Basis of Corrosion

      • Electrochemical Mechanism of Corrosion

      • Dissimilar Metals

      • Heterogeneous Surface Composition

      • Stress Corrosion

      • Concentration Cell Corrosion

      • Protection Against Corrosion

      • Clinical Significance of Galvanic Currents

    • Magnetic Materials

    • Acknowledgement

    • Selected Readings

      • Physical Properties

      • Color and Optical Effects

      • Electrochemical Properties

  • Ch 4: Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • What Are Mechanical Properties?

    • Stresses and Strains

      • Tensile Stress

      • Compressive Stress

      • Shear Stress

      • Flexural (Bending) Stress

    • Elastic Properties

      • Elastic Modulus (Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity)

      • Dynamic Young’s Modulus

      • Flexibility

      • Resilience

      • Poisson’s Ratio

    • Strength Properties

      • Proportional Limit

      • Elastic Limit

      • Yield Strength (Proof Stress)

      • Permanent (Plastic) Deformation

      • Cold Working (Strain Hardening or Work Hardening)

      • Diametral Tensile Strength

      • Flexural Strength

      • Biaxial Flexural Test

      • Impact Strength

    • Weibull Statistics

    • Other Important Properties

      • Toughness

      • Fracture Toughness

      • Brittleness

      • Ductility and Malleability

      • Which Tests Are Used for Ductility?

      • Hardness

    • Stress Concentration Effects

      • How Can We Minimize Stress Concentrations?

      • Strength of Tooth Structure

    • Clenching and Mastication Forces

    • Criteria for the Selection of Restorative Materials

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 5: Structure & Properties of Cast Dental Alloys

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • History of Metal Development in Dentistry

    • Metals and Alloys

    • Metallic Bonding

    • Classification of Alloys

    • Effects of Alloy Elements on Properties of High Noble and Noble Metal Alloys

    • Solidification and Microstructure of Cast Dental Alloys

      • Nucleus Formation

      • Liquid-to-Solid Transformation of Cast Metals

      • Grain Refinement and Grain Size

    • Solid Solutions

      • Solutes and Solvents

    • Conditions for Solid Solubility

      • Physical Properties of Solid Solutions

    • Equilibrium-Phase Diagrams

      • Interpretation of the Phase Diagram

      • Coring and Homogenization Heat Treatment

    • Eutectic Alloys

      • The Silver-Copper System

      • Properties of Hypoeutectic and Hypereutectic Alloys

    • Peritectic Alloys

    • Solid-State Reactions in High Noble and Noble Alloy Systems

      • Gold-Copper System

      • Other Gold Alloys

      • Palladium-Based Alloys

      • Multicomponent Alloy Systems

      • Base Metal Alloys

    • Color of Cast Metal Alloys

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 6: Dental Polymers

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • History of Dental Polymeric Materials

    • Dental Uses of Polymeric Materials and Resins

    • Components and Composition

      • Fundamental Nature of Polymers

      • Chain Length and Molecular Weight

      • Chain Branching and Crosslinking

        • Copolymer Structures

      • Molecular Organization

    • Performance Criteria for Dental Resins

      • Mechanical and Physical Properties

      • Manipulation Properties

      • Esthetic Properties

      • Chemical Stability

      • Biological Compatibility

      • Economic Considerations

    • Mechanical and Physical Properties of Polymers

      • Mechanical Properties—Deformation and Recovery

      • Rheometric Properties

      • Solvation and Dissolution Properties

      • Thermal Properties

    • Chemistry of Polymerization

      • Addition Polymerization

      • Stages in the Addition Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers

        • Induction

        • Propagation

        • Chain Transfer

        • Termination

      • Inhibition of Addition Polymerization

      • Ring-Opening Addition Polymerization

      • Step-Growth/Condensation Polymerization

    • Copolymerization

    • Acrylic Dental Resins

      • Acrylic Resins

      • Methylmethacrylate

      • Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)

      • Multifunctional Methacrylate and Acrylate Resins

    • Acknowledgement

    • Selected Readings

      • Useful Websites for Dental Resins (Accessed February 2012)

  • Ch 7: Biocompatibility

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Historical Perspective

      • Influence of the American Dental Association

      • Requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

        • General Controls (Classes I, II, and III)

        • Special Controls (Class II)

        • Premarket Approval: PMA (Class III)

        • 510(k) Classification

        • Substantial Equivalence / Substantially Equivalent

    • Adverse Effects from Exposure to Dental Materials

      • Local and Systemic Effects of Materials

      • Inflammatory and Allergic Reactions

      • Precursors to Adverse Effects of Dental Materials

      • Immunotoxicity

      • Pulpal and Periodontal Effects

      • Interfaces with Dental Materials

      • Influence of Biocompatibility on the Osseointegration of Implants

      • Mercury and Amalgam

      • Methacrylates and Resin-Based Composites

      • Estrogenicity

      • Other Biological Considerations for Resins

      • Titanium and Titanium Alloys

      • Base Metal and Noble Metal Alloys

      • Nickel and Beryllium

      • Cytotoxicity of Metals and Dental Casting Alloys

      • Dental Ceramics

      • Zirconia Biocompatibility

      • Sensitization to and Irritation by Ceramics

      • Radioactivity

      • Latex

    • Adverse Effects Data from National Registries

    • Allergic Reactions

      • Toxicity

      • Toxicity Tests

      • Dose–Response Relationships

      • Significance of Dose–Response Relationships

      • Shortcomings of Dose-Response Data

      • Exposure Pathways for Toxins in Humans

      • Reactions to Toxic Agents

      • Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Carcinogenicity

    • Occupational Hazards for Dental Personnel

    • Hydrofluoric Acid

      • Exposure of Skin, Mucosa, and Eyes to Hydrofluoric Acid

      • Inhalation of Hydrofluoric Acid Vapor

      • Ventilation during Use of Hydrofluoric Acid

      • Eye and Skin Exposure to Hydrofluoric Acid

      • Skin Exposure to Hydrofluoric Acid

      • Neutralization of Hydrofluoric Acid by Calcium Gluconate Gel

      • Hazards Associated with Other Fluorine Compounds

    • Biocompatibility Tests

      • Test Requirements

      • Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocompatibility Tests

      • How Tests Are Used Collectively to Measure Biocompatibility

      • Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocompatibility Standards

      • ISO Standard 10993

      • Material Safety Data Sheets

    • Clinical Guidelines for Selecting Biocompatible Materials

      • Define the Intended Use and Indications for Restorative Materials

      • Identify the Main Components of the Material

      • How Should Clinicians Evaluate the Safety and Performance of Dental Materials?

      • Risks versus Benefits of Dental Materials

    • Acknowledgments

    • Suggested Readings

  • PART 2: AUXILIARY DENTAL MATERIALS

  • Ch 8: Impression Materials

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Classification of Impression Materials

      • Setting Mechanism

      • Mechanical Properties

      • Clinical Application of Impression Materials

    • Elastomeric Impression Materials

      • Polysulfide

      • Condensation Silicone

      • Addition Silicone

      • Polyether

    • Making Impresssions with Elastomeric Materials

      • Impression Trays

      • Tissue Management

      • Manipulation of Impression Materials

        • Hand Mixing

        • Static Mixing

        • Dynamic Mechanical Mixing

      • Making an Impression

        • Multiple-Mix Technique

        • Monophase Technique

        • Putty-Wash Technique

      • Removal of the Impression

      • Preparation of Stone Casts and Dies

    • Properties of Elastomeric Impression Materials

      • Working and Setting Times

      • Reproduction of Oral Structure Detail

      • Rheological Properties

      • Elasticity and Viscoelasticity

      • Tear Strength

      • Dimensional Stability

      • Disinfection

      • Wettability and Hydrophilization

      • Biocompatibility

      • Shelf Life

      • Effect of Mishandling

    • Hydrocolloids

      • Characteristics of Hydrocolloids

      • Agar (Reversible Hydrocolloid)

        • Composition

        • Making the Agar Impression

        • Distortion during Gelation

      • Alginate (Irreversible Hydrocolloid)

        • Composition

        • Gelation Process

        • Controlling Setting Time

        • Preparation of Alginate Impression Materials

        • Making the Alginate Impression

        • Strength

        • Shelf Life

      • Properties of Hydrocolloid Impression Materials

        • Dimensional Stability

        • Compatibility with Gypsum

        • Disinfection

        • Accuracy

        • Effects of Mishandling

      • Laminate Technique (Alginate-Agar Method)

      • Duplicating Materials

    • Inelastic Impression Materials

      • Impression Plaster

        • Composition

        • Manipulation

      • Impression Compound

        • Composition

        • Manipulation

        • Dimensional Stability

        • Disinfection

      • Zinc Oxide–eugenol (ZOE) Impression Paste

        • Composition and Setting

        • Manipulation

        • Dimensional Stability

        • Disinfection

        • Other Applications of ZOE Pastes

    • Acknowledgments

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 9: Gypsum Products

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Production of Gypsum Products

    • Setting of Gypsum Products

      • Setting Reactions

      • Quantifying Setting Reactions

      • Control of the Setting Time

      • Modifiers for Controlling Setting Time

    • Setting Expansion

      • Mechanism of Setting Expansion

      • Control of Setting Expansion

      • Hygroscopic Setting Expansion

    • Strength of Set Gypsum Products

      • Effect of Water Content

      • Effect of W/P Ratio

      • Effect of Manipulation and Additives

    • Types of Gypsum Products

      • Impression Plaster (Type I)

      • Model Plaster (Type II)

      • Dental Stone (Type III)

      • Dental Stone, High Strength (Type IV)

      • Dental Stone, High Strength, High Expansion (Type V)

      • Special Gypsum Products

    • Manipulation of Gypsum Products

      • Care of Gypsum Products

      • Proportioning

      • Mixing and Pouring

      • Care of the Cast

      • Infection Control

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 10: Dental Waxes, Casting Investments & Casting Procedures

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • History of Dental Wax

    • Types of Inlay Waxes

    • Composition of Dental Waxes

    • Desirable Properties of Wax

    • Flow of Dental Wax

    • Thermal Properties of Dental Waxes

    • Manipulation of Inlay Wax

    • Wax Distortion

    • Specialty Waxes

    • Gypsum-Bonded Investment

      • Composition

      • Gypsum-Bonded Investments

      • Silica

      • Modifiers

      • Setting Time

      • Normal Setting Expansion

      • Hygroscopic Setting Expansion

      • Variables That Affect Hygroscopic Expansion

      • Thermal Expansion of Gypsum-Bonded Investments

      • Effect of Chemical Modifiers

      • Thermal Contraction

      • Strength

      • Fineness of Gypsum Investment

      • Porosity of the Gypsum-Based Casting Investment

      • Storage of Gypsum-Based Casting Investment

    • Phosphate-Bonded Investment

      • Composition

      • Setting Reaction

      • Setting and Thermal Expansion of Phosphate-Bonded Investment

      • Working and Setting Time

      • Surface Quality of Cast Metals

    • Ethyl Silicate–bonded Investment

    • Clinical Evaluation of Casting Fit

    • Compensation for Solidification Shrinkage

      • Ringless Casting System

    • Preparation of the Master Die

      • Methods of Altering Die Dimensions

      • Die Stone/Investment Combination

      • Other Die Materials

      • Electroformed Dies

    • Variables and Principles of Optimal Sprue Design

      • Wax Pattern Removal

      • Sprue Diameter

      • Sprue Position

      • Sprue Attachment

      • Sprue Direction

      • Sprue Length

    • Casting Ring Liner

    • Investing Procedure

      • Vacuum Mixing

      • Compensation for Shrinkage

      • Controlled Water-Added Technique

    • Casting Procedure

      • Wax Elimination and Heating

      • Hygroscopic Low-Heat Technique

      • High-Heat Thermal Expansion Technique

      • Casting Metal in Gypsum Investments

      • Casting in Phosphate Investments

      • Time Allowable for Casting

      • Casting Machines

      • Torch Melting/Centrifugal Casting Machine

      • Electrical Resistance–heated Casting Machine

      • Induction Melting Machine

      • Direct-Current Arc Melting Machine

      • Vacuum- or Pressure-Assisted Casting Machine

      • Casting Crucibles

      • Torch Melting of Noble Metal Alloy

      • Cleaning the Casting

      • Melting of Base Metals

    • Technical Considerations for Phosphate-Bonded Investment

    • Causes of Defective Castings

      • Distortion

      • Surface Roughness, Irregularities, and Discoloration

      • Air Voids

      • Water Films

      • Liquid/Powder Ratio

      • Composition of the Investment

      • Foreign Bodies

      • Impact of Molten Alloy on the Mold Wall

      • Pattern Position

      • Carbon Inclusions

      • Porosity

      • Incomplete Casting

      • Other Causes

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 11: Materials & Processes for Cutting, Grinding, Finishing & Polishing

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • A Brief History of Abrasives

    • Applications of Abrasives in Dentistry

    • Benefits of Finishing and Polishing Restorative Materials

    • Principles of Cutting, Grinding, Finishing, and Polishing

      • Bulk-Reduction Process

      • Contouring

      • Finishing

      • Polishing

      • Biological Hazards of Grinding, Finishing, and Polishing Processes

    • Abrasion and Erosion

      • Abrasion

      • Erosion

      • Hardness of Abrasives

    • Abrasive Instrument Design

      • Abrasive Grits

      • Bonded Abrasives

      • Coated Abrasive Discs and Strips

      • Nonbonded Abrasives

      • Abrasive Motion

    • Types of Abrasives

      • Aluminum Oxide

      • Arkansas Stone

      • Chalk

      • Cuttle

      • Corundum

      • Natural Diamond

      • Synthetic Diamond Abrasives

      • Emery

      • Garnet

      • Kieselguhr

      • Pumice

      • Quartz

      • Sand

      • Tripoli

      • Rouge

      • Silicon Carbide

      • Tin Oxide

      • Zirconium Silicate

      • Abrasive Pastes

    • Finishing and Polishing Procedures

      • Resin-Based Composite Restorations

      • Dental Amalgam

      • Gold Alloy

      • Ceramic Restorations

      • Acrylic Resins for Denture Bases and Veneers

      • Air-PARTICLE ABRASION Technology

      • Prophylaxis Paste Selection for Dental Hygiene Procedures

    • Dentifrices

      • Dentifrice Composition

      • Dentifrice Abrasiveness

      • Toothbrushes

    • Summary and Recommendations

    • Acknowledgment

    • Selected Readings

  • PART 3: DIRECT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS

  • Ch 12: Bonding & Bonding Agents

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Terminology

    • Historical Background

    • Applications for Bonding

    • Mechanisms of Adhesion

    • Smear Layer

    • Acid-Etch Technique

      • Enamel Etching

      • Dentin Etching

    • Process and Procedural Factors

      • Etching Time

      • Rinsing and Drying Stage

      • Cleanness of the Bonding Surfaces

      • Other Factors

    • Dentin Bonding Agents

      • Composition

        • Etchants

        • Primers

        • Solvents

        • Adhesives

        • Initiators

        • Filler Particles

        • Other Ingredients

      • Properties

        • Measurement of Bond Strength

        • Measurement of Microleakage

        • Aging Effects and Degradation of the Hybrid Layer

      • Classification

        • Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives

        • Self-Etch Adhesives

    • Luting Agents and Resin Cements

    • Orthodontic Bracket Bonding Resins

    • Root Canal Sealers

    • Glass Ionomer Restoratives

    • Amalgam Bonding

    • Pit and Fissure Sealants

    • Acknowledgement

    • Selected Readings

      • Useful Websites

  • Ch 13: Resin-Based Composites

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Terminology

    • History

    • Applications

    • Classification

    • Composition and Function

      • Matrix

      • Filler

        • Function of Fillers

      • Classifications of Filled Resins

        • Classification by Filler Particle Size

          • Microfilled Composites.

          • Hybrid Composites.

          • Nanofilled Composites/Nanocomposites/Nanohybrid Composites.

        • Classification of Composites by Manipulation Characteristics

          • Flowable Composites.

          • Condensable (Packable) Composites.

      • Coupling Agent

      • Activation/Initiation System

        • Chemically Activated (Self-Cure) Resins

        • Photochemically Activated (Light-Cure) Resins

          • Factors Involved in Photocuring

            • Curing Lamps.

            • Depth of Cure and Exposure Time.

            • Safety Precautions for Using Curing Lamps.

        • Dual-Cured Resins

      • Inhibitor

      • Optical Modifiers

    • Properties of Resin-Based Composites

      • Degree of Conversion (DC)

      • Matrix Constraint

      • Toughness

      • CURING Shrinkage and Shrinkage Stress

        • Reduction of Shrinkage Stresses

        • Incremental Buildup and Cavity Configuration

        • Soft-Start, Ramped Curing, and Delayed Curing

      • Wear (Volume Loss by Abrasion and Other Mechanisms)

        • Indirect Posterior Composites

      • Longevity of Composites

      • Placement Time of Composites

      • Biocompatibility of Composites

        • Bisphenol A Toxicity

    • Finishing of Composites

      • Environment

      • Elapsed Time Between Curing of the Composite and Finishing and Polishing

      • Types of Materials and Devices

      • Surface Coating and Sealing

    • Repair of Composites

    • Acid Etching

    • Use of Composites for Resin Veneers

    • Selection Criteria for Posterior Composites

    • Innovations in Dental Composites

      • Monomer Systems

        • Polycarbonate Dimethacrylate

        • High-Molecular-Weight Urethane with a Rigid Central Section and Flexible End Groups

        • Dimethacrylate with a Bulky, Space-Filling Central Group

        • High-Molecular-Weight Phase-Separating Dicarbamate with Hydrophobic Side Chains

        • “Silorane” Ring-Opening Tetrafunctional Epoxy Siloxane

      • Molecule-Sized Reinforcing Filler Phases

        • Organically Modified Ceramic Oligomers

        • Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)

      • Photocuring Training, Evaluation, and Process Management

        • The MARC Device and Training System

    • Acknowledgement

    • Selected Readings

      • Useful Websites

      • Publications and Patents

  • Ch 14: Dental Cements

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Cements for Luting

      • Luting Interface

      • Procedure for Luting A Single Crown

        • Cement Placement

        • Seating

        • Removal of Excess Cement

      • Dislodgment of Prostheses

      • Film Thickness

    • Cements for Pulp Protection

      • Cavity Varnishes

      • Cavity Liners

      • Cement Bases

    • Cements for Restoratives

    • Zinc Phosphate Cement

      • Chemistry and Setting

      • Clinical Manipulation

        • Mixing of Zinc Phosphate Cement

        • Removal of Excess Zinc Phosphate Cement

        • Control of Working Time

        • Retention

      • Mechanical and Biological Properties

    • Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement

      • Chemistry and Setting

        • Composition

        • Setting Reaction

        • Mechanism of Adhesion

      • Clinical Manipulation of Polycarboxylate Cement

        • Mixing of Cement

        • Removal of Excess Cement

        • Control of Working Time

      • Mechanical and Biological Properties

    • Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC)

      • Chemistry and Setting

        • Glass Composition

        • Liquid Composition

        • Setting Reaction

        • Mechanism of Adhesion

      • Clinical Manipulation

        • Surface Preparation

        • Material Preparation

        • Placement of Material

        • Release of Fluoride

      • Biological and Mechanical Properties

    • Metal-Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cements

    • High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement

      • Clinical Manipulation

    • Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (Hybrid Ionomer)

      • Chemistry and Setting

        • Mechanism of Bonding

      • Clinical Manipulation

        • Fissure Sealant

        • Liner and Base

        • Restorations

        • Water Uptake

        • Delivery System

    • Calcium Aluminate Glass Ionomer Cements

    • Compomer

      • Chemistry and Setting

        • Bonding Mechanism

      • Clinical Manipulation

        • Water Uptake

        • Clinical Performance

    • Resin Cements

      • Chemistry and Setting

      • Clinical Manipulation

        • Metallic Prostheses

        • Polymeric Prostheses

        • Ceramic Prostheses

        • Orthodontic Brackets

    • Zinc Oxide−Eugenol Cement

      • Chemistry and Setting

      • Clinical Manipulation

    • Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Cements

      • Chemistry and Setting

      • Clinical Manipulation

        • Endodontic Applications

        • Pulp Capping

        • Compatibility with Restorative Materials

        • Mechanical Properties

    • Root Canal Sealers

    • Calcium Phosphate Cements

    • Fluoride-Releasing Materials

      • Factors Affecting Fluoride Release in Vitro

      • Fluoride Recharging

      • Clinical Significance

    • Solubility and Disintegration of Cements

    • Summary

    • Acknowledgment

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 15: Dental Amalgams

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Amalgam Alloys

      • Composition

        • The Silver-Tin System

        • Low-Copper Alloys

        • High-Copper Alloys

        • Gallium-Based Alloys

      • Powder Configuration

        • Lathe-Cut Powder

        • Atomized Powder

        • Particle Size

        • Lathe-Cut Powder versus Spherical Powder

    • Amalgamation

      • Low-Copper Alloys

      • High-Copper Alloys

        • Admixed Alloys

        • Single-Composition Alloys

    • Clinical Manipulation of Amalgam for Restorations

      • Mercury/Alloy Ratio

        • Proportioning of Mercury and Alloy

      • Mechanical Trituration

        • Triturators

        • Consistency of the Mix

      • Condensation

        • Condensation Procedure

        • Condensation Pressure

      • Carving and Finishing

    • Properties of Amalgam

      • Dimensional Stability

        • Mechanism of Dimensional Change

        • Effect of Moisture Contamination

      • Strength

        • Effect of Trituration

        • Effect of Mercury Content

        • Effect of Condensation

        • Effect of Porosity

        • Effect of Amalgam Hardening Rate

      • Creep

      • Tarnish and Corrosion Resistance

    • Clinical Performance of Amalgam Restorations

      • Clinical Significance of Dimensional Change

      • Marginal Breakdown

      • Improper Cavity Preparation or Finishing

      • Creep

      • Survival of Amalgam Restorations

      • Repaired Amalgam Restorations

    • Safety of Amalgam Fillings

      • Allergy

      • Toxicity

      • Mercury Hygiene IN Dental Offices

      • Regulation of Amalgam Use by Governments

    • Acknowledgements

    • Selected Readings

  • PART 4: INDIRECT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS

  • Ch 16: Dental Casting Alloys & Metal Joining

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Historical Perspective on Dental Casting Alloys

      • 1907: the Lost Wax Process

      • 1932: Classification of Gold-Based Casting Alloys

      • 1933: Cobalt-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium Alloys

      • 1959: Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Prostheses

      • 1971: the End of the Bretton Woods System

      • 1976: the Medical and Dental Devices Act

      • 1996: the European Medical Devices Directive

      • 1998: the Clean Air Acts

    • Classification of Dental Casting Alloys

      • Alloy Classification by Noble Metal Content

      • Alloy Classification by Mechanical Properties

      • Alloy Classification by Principal Elements

      • Alloy Classification by Dental Applications

    • Desirable Properties of Dental Casting Alloys

      • Biocompatibility

      • Tarnish and Corrosion Resistance

      • Thermal Properties

      • Strength Requirements

      • Fabrication of Cast Prostheses and Frameworks

      • Porcelain Bonding

      • Economic Considerations

    • Functional Mechanical Properties of Casting Alloys

      • Elastic Modulus

      • Yield Strength

      • Ductility

      • Hardness

      • Fatigue RESISTANCE

    • Alloys for All-Metal Prostheses

      • High Noble and Noble Alloys

        • Gold-Based Alloys

        • Heat Treatment of Gold-Copper Alloys

        • Silver-Palladium Alloys

      • Predominantly Base Metals

      • Titanium and Titanium Alloys

        • Commercially Pure Titanium

        • Titanium Alloys

        • Manipulation of Titanium Alloys

    • Alloys for Metal-Ceramic Prostheses

      • Requirements of Alloys for Metal-Ceramic Applications

        • Porcelain Bonding to Metals

        • Coefficient of Thermal Contraction

        • Solidus Temperature

      • Thermal Compatibility of Metal-Ceramic Systems

        • Effect of Metal-Ceramic Contraction Mismatch

        • Other Causes of Premature Failures

      • Discoloration of Porcelain by Silver

      • High Noble and Noble Alloys

        • Gold-Platinum-Palladium Alloys

        • Gold-Palladium-Silver Alloys

        • Gold-Palladium Alloys

        • Palladium-Gold Alloys

        • Palladium-Gold-Silver Alloys

        • Palladium-Silver Alloys

        • Palladium-Copper-Gallium Alloys

        • Palladium-Gallium-Silver Alloys

      • Base Metal Alloys

        • Manipulation of Base Metal Alloys

        • Mechanical Properties

      • Titanium-Based Alloys

    • Alloys for Removable Partial Dentures

      • Base Metal Alloys

      • Titanium-Based Alloys

    • Alternative Technologies for Fabricating Prostheses

      • Sintering of Burnished Foil

      • CAD-CAM Processing

      • Copy Milling

      • Electroforming

      • Three-Dimensional Printing

    • Biological Hazards of Base Metal Alloys

      • Risks for Dental Laboratory Technicians

      • Potential Patient Hazards

    • Joining of Dental Alloys

      • Soldering Flux

      • Filler Metal for Soldering (Brazing)

        • Flow Temperature

        • Wetting

        • Fluidity

      • Heat Sources for Soldering

        • Hydrogen

        • Natural Gas

        • Acetylene

        • Propane

        • Furnace Soldering

      • Technique Considerations for Soldering

        • Gap Width

        • Flame

        • Temperature and Time

      • Laser Welding of Commercially Pure Titanium

      • Radiographic Analysis of Solder Joint Quality

    • Acknowledgements

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 17: Wrought Metals

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Deformation of Metals

      • Theoretical and Observed Shear Strengths of Metals

      • Crystal Imperfections

        • Point Defects

        • Line Defect (Dislocations)

      • Dislocation Movement IN Polycrystalline Alloys

      • Effects of Strengthening Metals

      • Fracture

      • Plastic Deformation Without Dislocation Movement

      • Application of Wrought Metal IN Dentistry

    • Effects of Annealing Wrought Metal

      • Recovery

      • Recrystallization

      • Grain Growth

      • Cast Structure Versus Wrought Structure

    • Stainless Steel Alloys

      • Iron-Carbon System

      • Types of Stainless Steels

        • Ferritic Stainless Steels

        • Martensitic Stainless Steels

        • Austenitic Stainless Steels

      • Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steel

      • Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel

        • Recovery Heat Treatment

      • Soldering and Welding Stainless Steel

        • Technical Considerations for Soldering

        • Welding

    • Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloys

    • Nickel-Titanium Alloys

      • Mechanical Properties

      • Superelasticity and Shape Memory of Nitinol

      • Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments

    • Beta-Titanium Alloys

      • Mechanical Properties of Beta-Titanium Wires

        • Welding

        • Corrosion Resistance

        • Surface Property

    • Additional Wrought Alloys

    • Direct Filling Gold

      • Forms of Direct Filling Gold

        • Gold Foil

        • Electrolytic Precipitate Gold

        • Granular (Powdered) Gold

      • Preparation of Direct Filling Gold for Restoration

      • Compaction of Direct Filling Gold

        • Condensers

        • Size of the Condenser Tip

        • Compaction Method

      • Physical Properties of Compacted Gold

      • The Direct Gold Restoration

    • Acknowledgment

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 18: Dental Ceramics

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • What Are Ceramics?

    • Applications of Ceramics in Dentistry

    • History of Dental Ceramics

    • Classification of Dental Ceramics

    • Metal-Ceramic Systems: Composition and Properties

      • Benefits of Metal-Ceramic Prostheses

      • Ceramic Composition

      • Metal Composition

      • Ultralow-Fusing Ceramics for Metal-Ceramic Prostheses

      • Glass Modifiers

      • Ceramic Processing Methods

    • Fabrication of Metal-Ceramic Prostheses

      • Porcelain Condensation

      • Sintering Procedure

      • Cooling

    • Cast Metal for Metal-Ceramic Prostheses

    • Technical Aspects of Metal-Ceramic Products

      • Cast Metal Copings and Frameworks

      • Creep or Sag

      • Metal-Ceramic Crowns and Bridges Based on Swaged Metal Foil Laminates

      • Bonding Porcelain to Metal

      • Glazes and Stain Ceramics

      • Benefits and Drawbacks of Metal-Ceramic Restorations Compared with All-Ceramic Restorations

    • Methods for Strengthening Ceramics

      • Minimizing the Effect of Stress Concentrations

      • Development of Residual Compressive Stresses

      • Minimizing the Number of Firing Cycles

      • Ion Exchange

      • Thermal Tempering

    • All-Ceramic Systems

      • Aluminous Porcelain

      • Effect of Design on Fracture Susceptibility of Metal-Ceramic and All-Ceramic Restorations

      • Glass-Ceramics

      • Hot-Isostatically Pressed (HIP) Glass-Ceramics

      • Glass-Infiltrated Core Ceramics

      • Alumina Core Ceramic

      • Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

      • Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA)

      • Dispersion Strengthening and Toughening

      • Fluorapatite Glass-Ceramic

    • CAD-CAM Processing of Ceramics

      • Copy-Milling Technology

      • Bonding of Resin Ceramic to Dental Ceramics

    • Abrasiveness of Dental Ceramics

      • Wear Rates of Ceramics Compared with Other Materials

      • Wear of Enamel by Ceramic Products and Other Restorative Materials

      • Reducing Abrasiveness of Ceramics by Polishing and Glazing

      • Guidelines for Minimizing Excessive Wear of Enamel by Dental Ceramics

    • Clinical Performance of All-Ceramic Restorations

      • Ceramic Veneers

    • Chemical Attack of Glass-Phase Ceramics by Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride

    • Porcelain Denture Teeth

    • Factors Affecting the Color Appearance of Ceramics

    • Ceramic Veneers, Inlays, and Onlays

    • Critical Observation and Analysis of Fractures

    • Principles Governing the Selection of Dental Ceramics

    • Ident-Ceram System for Identification of Ceramic Products

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 19: Prosthetic Polymers & Resins

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Dentures and Denture Base Resins

    • Fabrication of Dentures

    • Acrylic Resins

    • Heat-Activated Denture Base Resins

      • Composition

      • Storage

    • Compression Molding Technique

      • Preparation of the Mold

      • Selection and Application of A Separating Medium

      • Polymer-to-Monomer Ratio

      • Polymer-Monomer Interaction

      • Dough-Forming Time

      • Working Time

      • Packing

      • Injection Molding Technique

      • Polymerization Procedure

      • Temperature Rise

      • Internal Porosity

      • Polymerization Cycle

      • Polymerization via Microwave Energy

    • Chemically Activated Denture Base Resins

      • Technical Considerations

      • Processing Considerations

      • Fluid Resin Technique

    • Light-Activated Denture Base Resins

    • Physical Properties of Denture Base Resins

      • Polymerization Shrinkage

      • Porosity

      • Water Absorption

      • Solubility

      • Processing Stresses

      • Crazing

      • Strength

      • Creep

      • Miscellaneous Properties

    • Miscellaneous Resins and Techniques

      • Repair Resins

      • Relining Resin Denture Bases

      • Rebasing Resin Dentures

      • Short- and Long-Term Soft Denture Liners

      • Resin Impression Trays and Tray Materials

      • Denture Cleansers

      • Infection-Control Procedures

      • Allergic Reactions

      • Toxicology

    • Resin Teeth for Prosthetic Applications

    • Materials for Maxillofacial Prosthetics

      • Latexes

      • Vinyl Plastisols

      • Silicone Rubbers

      • Polyurethane Polymers

      • Chlorinated Polyethylene

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 20: Dental Implants

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • History of Dental Implants

    • Classification of Implants

      • Implant Design

      • Implant Properties

      • Tissue Integration

    • Implant Components

    • Evaluation of Clinical Success

      • Longevity of Dental Implants

    • Implant Biomaterials

      • Metallic Implants

      • Ceramic and Ceramic-Like Coated Implant Systems

      • Other Implant Materials

    • Selecting an Implant Biomaterial

    • Biocompatibility of Implants

    • Biomechanics

    • Summary

    • Selected Readings

  • Ch 21: Emerging Technologies

    • Outline

    • Key Terms

    • Biomaterials

      • Nanotechnology

      • Resin Restorative Materials

      • Antimicrobial Materials

      • Remineralizing Agents and Materials

      • Bone-Grafting Materials

      • Stimulus-Responsive “smart” Materials

      • Self-Assembling Materials

      • Self-Healing (Self-Repairing) Materials

      • Bioactive Materials

    • Biological Materials

      • Biomimetics

      • Tissue Engineering

      • Delivery Systems for Biologicals

      • Regenerative Dentistry

    • Instruments and Processes

      • Diagnostic Devices and Techniques

        • Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

        • Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT)

        • Laser-Induced Fluorescence

        • Laser Photothermal Radiometry (PTR)

        • Ultrasound Imaging

        • Infrared Spectroscopy for Multiple Inflammatory Parameters

        • Salivary Genetic Testing

        • Liquid-Based Cytology

      • Computer-Driven Fabrication Systems

      • Computer-Aided Educational Systems

        • Haptic Technology

        • Just-in-Time Learning

    • Environmental Considerations

      • Green Dentistry

    • Summary

    • Acknowledgement

    • Selected Readings

      • Useful Websites (accessed February 2012)

    • References

  • Index

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • F

    • G

    • H

    • I

    • J

    • K

    • L

    • M

    • N

    • O

    • P

    • Q

    • R

    • S

    • T

    • U

    • V

    • W

    • X

    • Y

    • Z

Nội dung

Cuốn sách này trình bày tổng quan toàn diện về thành phần, tính tương thích sinh học, tính chất vật lý, tính chất cơ học, các biến số thao tác và hiệu suất của vật liệu phục hình trực tiếp và gián tiếp và vật liệu phụ được sử dụng trong nha khoa. Cuốn sách được dùng làm giáo trình cho sinh viên nha khoa, sinh viên vệ sinh răng miệng, kỹ thuật viên phòng thí nghiệm và các nhà khoa học vật liệu nha khoa. Nó cũng được thiết kế như một cuốn sách tham khảo có thẩm quyền cho các nha sĩ, trợ lý nha khoa, nhân viên vệ sinh nha khoa và nhân viên tiếp thị của công ty. Mặc dù các khái niệm khoa học được trình bày trong một số chương có phần nâng cao, thông tin văn bản trong hầu hết các chương có thể dễ dàng hiểu được bởi những người có trình độ đại học phổ thông. Ấn bản thứ mười hai của Phillips ’Science of Dental Materials được chia thành bốn phần để phản ánh trọng tâm của các chương trong mỗi phần

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