Tài liệu Oxfore guide to english grammar part 59 doc

GLOSSARY PAGE 400 ing-form the form of a verb with ing added, e.g. making, flying, used as gerund or active participle. intonation the rise and fall of the voice • 54 intransitive verb a verb that cannot take an object, although it may have a prepositional phrase after it, e.g. Something happened. You must listen to me. • 8 invert/inversion Inversion means changing the order. In the question Has the play started? there is inversion of subject and auxiliary verb (The play has started.). irregular See regular. linking adverb e.g. also, however, finally • 216 linking verb a verb like be, seem, become, look, feel that can take a complement • 9 literary A literary style is a formal style typical of literature, of writing. main clause A sentence has one or more main clauses, e.g. It rained or It rained and I got wet. A main clause can have a sub clause, e.g. I woke up when the alarm went off. Here I woke up is the main clause, and when the alarm went off is a sub clause. A main clause can stand on its own, but a sub clause is part of the main clause. •239(2) main verb the finite verb in a main clause, e.g. I like classical music. Hearing a knock, he jumped up. Your friend will expect us to be ready. manner An adverbial of manner tells us how something happens, e.g. sadly, in a hurry. • 209 mid position in the middle of the sentence, after an auxiliary verb but before an ordinary verb, e.g. I was just writing a note. For details • 208(4). modal (auxiliary) verb The modal verbs are will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought to, dare. modifier/modify In the phrase a narrow street, the adjective narrow is a modifier. It modifies the noun street. It changes our idea of the street by giving more information about it. Other kinds of words can modify: I've got a tennis ball. We stopped suddenly. nationality word e.g. English, French, Japanese, Mexican • 288 negative A negative sentence has n't or not or a negative word such as never, nothing. • 17 nominalization expressing the meaning of a clause (e.g. They are enthusiastic) in a noun phrase (Their enthusiasm is obvious.) • 149 non-finite See finite. noun a word like desk, team, apple, information •141 noun clause In the sentence I knew that England had won, the noun clause that England had won functions as the object. Compare I knew the result. • 260 noun phrase a noun or pronoun on its own, e.g. butter, Helen, you, or a group of words that can function as a subject, object or complement, e.g. a shop, my bag, a lot of spare time • 143 object In the sentence He was wearing a sweater, the noun phrase a sweater is the object. The object usually comes after the verb. See also indirect object, prepositional object. object complement a complement that relates to the object of the sentence, e.g. The quarrel made Al unhappy. They voted her their leader. • 11 ordinary verb a verb such as write, stay, invite, sell, not an auxiliary verb PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plural noun like jeans, pyjamas, glasses • 155 participle See active participle, past participle, passive participle. participle clause a clause with a participle as its verb, e.g. Arriving home, I found a parcel on the doorstep. We saw a ship launched by the Queen. passive The sentence Someone stole my coat is active, but My coat was stolen is passive. A passive verb has be and a passive participle: was stolen. • 103 passive gerund e.g. No one likes being made to look foolish. passive infinitive e.g. to be done, to be expected passive participle the form of a verb used after be in the passive, e.g. The room was cleaned, and used before a noun, e.g. We don't eat frozen food. past continuous a form with the past of be and an active participle: It was raining at the time. • 66 past participle the form of a verb used after have in the perfect, e.g. They have arrived. How long has he known? past perfect a form with had and a past participle, e.g. / had answered the letter the week before. • 68 past perfect continuous a form with had been and an active participle: I saw that it had been raining. • 68 past simple the past tense without an auxiliary, e.g. it stopped, they left • 65 perfect a verb form with have and a past participle, e.g. The film has started. • 61(3) perfect gerund e.g. He denied having taken the money. perfect infinitive e.g. to have done, to have waited perfect participle e.g. Having paid the bill, we left. performative verb When we say I agree to express agreement, we are using a performative verb, one which expresses the action it performs. Others are promise, apologize, suggest, refuse. • 16(3) person First person relates to the speaker (7, we). Second person relates to the person spoken to (you). Third person relates to other people and things (he, she, it, they). personal pronoun e.g. /, you, he, we • 184 phrasal verb a verb + adverb combination, e.g. get up, look out, turn off phrase a word or group of words that is part of a clause, e.g. your friend (a noun phrase), was asking (a verb phrase) • 4 plural A plural form means more than one. Tree is singular; trees is plural. positive I'm ready is positive; I'm not ready is negative. possessive a form expressing the idea of something belonging to someone, or a similar relationship, e.g. my chair, theirs, whose sister, Diana's job possessive determiner my, your, his, our etc • 174 possessive pronoun mine, yours, his, ours etc • 174 predicative the position of an adjective after a linking verb such as be, e.g. The day was cold. prefix Minibus has the prefix mini. Unhappy has the prefix un. • 284 preposition a word like on, by, to, with • 223 prepositional object In the sentence We sat on the floor, the noun phrase the floor is a prepositional object, the object of the preposition on. prepositional phrase a preposition + noun phrase, e.g. on my way, in the garden, to you, or a preposition + adverb, e.g. before then. prepositional verb a verb + preposition combination, e.g. look at, pay for, believe in present continuous a form with the present of be and an active participle, e.g. we are waiting • 64 GLOSSARY PAGE 402 present perfect a form with the present of have and a past participle, e.g. it has arrived, we have begun • 65 present perfect continuous a form with the present of have + been + active participle: she has been working all day • 67 present simple the present tense without an auxiliary, e.g. we know, she travels • 64 pronoun A pronoun is a word that functions like a noun phrase, e.g. you, he, ourselves, someone. • 183 quantifier a word saying how many or how much, e.g. all, some, half, a lot of, enough question a sentence which asks for information • 21 question phrase a phrase with what or how, e.g. what time, how long • 28 question tag a short question added to the end of a statement, e.g. That was nice, wasn't it? • 34 question word These words can be used as question words: who, whom, what, which, whose, where, when, why, how. • 27 reflexive pronoun a pronoun such as myself or themselves referring to the subject, e.g. David blamed himself for the accident. • 186 regular A regular form is the same as most others; it follows the normal pattern. The verb call has a regular past tense called. But the verb sing has an irregular past tense sang. relative adverb where, when and why in a relative clause, e.g. the hotel where we stayed • 279 relative clause a clause that modifies a noun, e.g. the woman who called yesterday, the car you were driving, people going home from work • 271 relative pronoun a word like who, which, that in a relative clause, e.g. the person who started the argument s-form the form of a verb with s or es added, e.g. The weather looks good. sentence A sentence can be a statement, question, imperative or exclamation; • 15. It consists of one or more clauses. A written sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.) or question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!). sequence of tenses the use of the same tense in the main clause and sub clause, e.g. I'm going to Greece because I like it there. (both present), I realized I had given the wrong answer. (both past) short answer a subject + auxiliary used to answer a question, e.g. Who's winning? ~ You are. • 29(4) See also yes/no short answer. short form Some words can be written in a full form or a short form, e.g. have or 've. In the short form we use an apostrophe in place of part of the word. • 55(2) simple tenses the present simple or past simple tense without an auxiliary, e.g. it opens, it opened singular A singular form refers to one thing only. Car is singular; cars is plural. state verb a verb that refers to something staying the same, not an action, e.g. be, belong, remain, know • 62 statement a sentence which gives information, not a question or request • 16 stress speaking a word or syllable with more force and so making it sound more important strong form See weak form. sibilant the sounds and sub clause See main clause. subject In the sentence The ship sails in an hour, the noun phrase the ship is the subject. In a statement the subject comes before the verb. subject complement See complement. subjunctive The subjunctive is the base form of a verb. We can use it in rather formal English in some contexts, e.g. I propose that the money be made available. • 242 suffix The adverb calmly has a suffix ly. The noun movement has a suffix ment. • 285 superlative Superlative forms are oldest, most famous, most sharply etc. • 217 syllable The word important has three syllables: important. tag See question tag. tag question a sentence with a question tag, e.g. We've got time, haven't we? tense a form of the verb which shows whether we are talking about the present (I refuse, he knows, we are) or the past (I refused, he knew, we were) •61(1) to-infinitive a verb form like to go, to answer, to sleep • 115 to-infinitive clause See infinitive clause. transitive verb a verb that takes an object, e.g. We enjoyed the meal. The postman brings the letters. • 8 truth adverb e.g. definitely, possibly, maybe • 214 uncountable noun a noun that cannot have a/an in front of it and has no plural form, e.g. gold, petrol, music, • 144. An uncountable noun takes a singular verb. verb In the sentence The parcel arrived yesterday, the word arrived is a verb. Verbs are words like play, walk, look, have, discover. verb of perception e.g. see, hear, feel, smell verb of reporting a verb used to report what someone says or thinks, e.g. say, tell, answer, promise, think • 265 verb phrase a verb or a group of words that functions as a verb, e.g. opens, went, is coming, had waited, can swim, must have seen • 57 viewpoint adverbial e.g. economically, weather-wise • 213(3) vowel The letters a, e, i, o and u are vowels. The other letters, e.g. b, c, d,f, are consonants. weak form Some words can be spoken in a strong form or a weak form. For example, the word can has a strong form and a weak form .•55(1) wh-question a question that begins with a question word, e.g. who, what, where • 24 word class a type of word such as a noun, adjective or preposition • 3 yes/no question a question that can be answered yes or no, e.g. Are you ready?~ Yes, I am. Did anyone call? ~ No. • 24 yes/no short answer an answer such as Yes, it is. or No, they didn't. • 29(2) PAGE 403 GLOSSARY voiced/voiceless These consonant sounds are voiceless: . These consonant sounds are voiced: . All vowel sounds are voiced. Index PAGE 404 The numbers refer to sections, not pages. For example, 158 means section 158, and 221(3c) means part 3c of section 221. Numbers in bold type mean a direct treatment of or main reference to a topic. a/an summary 158 as + adjective + a 221 (3c) alone hundred 191(1) Note b leaving out 42(3), 45(2), 45(4) many a 177(3b) 50 miles an hour 172 with possessive 174(5) quite a, such a 212(4) a bit (adverb) 212(1a) Note e, f, 212(7c) + comparative 212(2) a bit more/less 212(8f) a bit of 177(2a) a bit of a 212(4) Note b + gerund 133(1), 138 (2c) quite a bit of 212(8c) a few 177(2), 178(7a) quite a few 2l2(8c) a great many 177(1b) Note c a little adverb 212(1a) Note f, 212(7c) + comparative 212(2, 8f) + gerund 133(1) quantifier 177(2), 178(7a) a lot + comparative 212(2, 8f), 221 (8) degree 212(7c) frequency 211(2) a lot of 177(1), 178(7) agreement 153(2) + gerund 133(1), 138(2c) quite a lot of 212(8b) abbreviated clause with adjective 199(5) leaving out words 36 patterns with participles 134 participle relative clauses 276 with so/not 43 special styles 45 abbreviations with a/an 159(2) capital letters 56(6h) plural 145(1d) ability 98 ability ability at/in 237(2j) + to-infinitive 124(1a) able ending 285(5i) able comparison 218(4b) able to 98(2,3) about 228(1) after adjective 236(2) = approximately 191(4) and around 225(1) Note d + gerund 132(2, 3) after noun 237(2i) after say/tell 266(1) Note c after verb 233(3), 234(5) about to 78(1a),80(3) above 225(1), 225(3b), 226(2a) absent from 236(4) absolutely 212(1a) Note a, 212(7a) absolutely no 17(6b) abstract noun countable/uncountable 144(1b) linking with previous text 48(3) + of 133(2b) suffixes 285(2) without the 165 absurd quite absurd 212(5c) the absurd 204(2a) accept + noun clause 262(1c) performative 16(3) verb of reporting 265(2) accommodation: uncountable 144(4b) accompany + object 233(4) according to 228(1) accusative: see object pronoun accuse . of 234(2) + gerund 132(2) accustomed to 236(4) + gerund 132(6) ache: simple/continuous 62(6) across 225(1) and through, along 226(4) act and action 87(2) action verb 62 and linking verb 209(1b) active and passive summary 103 overview of forms 114 active with passive meaning 113 active participle 134, 135(2) before noun 137, 283(2) Note after passive verb 110(2) in relative clause 276(1) spelling 64(1) Note a add + noun clause 262(1c) verb of reporting 265(2) adding relative clause 274 and identifying clause 272 (4a, 5) additions (e.g. So do I) 43 adjectival clause: see relative clause PAGE 405 INDEX adjective summary 197 and adverb 87(4), 149(2), 209(1), 305(2) same form as adverb 207(3) with adverb of degree 212 comparison 218 in complex noun phrase 147(7b) in compound noun 283(1) Note formed from other words 285(5) + gerund 133(1) Note a in ly 207 (2) after linking verb 9(1) nationality word 288(1a) + noun clause 262(6) after number + noun 283(5) + preposition 236 + preposition + gerund 132(4) after someone etc 189(4) + to-infinitive 123 after verb + object 11(1) adjective phrase 4(3), 199(1) after noun 148(2) adjunct: see adverb, adverbial admire action/state 62(3) admire for 234(2) admit + gerund 121(1) passive pattern 109(1) performative 16(3) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2d, 2g) admit to 233(2) admit to + gerund 132(2, 6) adore: state verb 62(1) advantage advantage for with to-infinitive 126(4) advantage in/of 132(7), 237(2a) adverb summary 205 and adjective 87(4), 149(2), 209(1), 305(2) after be 232(4) comparison 219 with an infinitive 117(1) + participle 137(2) in phrasal verb 231 after preposition 224(1) spelling 207(1) Note compound in where 189(1c) adverb clause: see adverbial clause adverb of degree 212 + comparative 212(8f), 221(8) + preposition 224(3) adverb of frequency 211 in front position 49(1c) adverb of manner 209 in front position 49(1c) adverb particle: see phrasal verb adverb phrase 4(4), 206(1) after noun 148(2) adverbial 5, 205 extra adverbial 12 in front position 49(1) and inversion 17(6c) after linking verb 9(2) punctuation 56(3a) after verb + object 11 (2) adverbial clause 248 adverbial of place 210 in front position 49(1c) and inversion 49(3) after a superlative 221(7) adverbial of time 210 and articles 169 in front position 49(1b) in indirect speech 267 with present perfect/past simple 65(5) after a superlative 221(7) adverbial phrase: see adverbial advice conditional 256(2) I'd advise 16(3) imperative 19(3) shall I/we 71(7) should, ought to 93 advice: uncountable 144(4b) advisable + subjunctive 242(1) + to-infinitive 123(1) advise + gerund/to-infinitive 121(1) Note f + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) + passive clause 112(2c) Note + object + to-infinitive 122(2a), 270(2c) performative 16(3) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2c), 270(2h) advise you what to do 125(2) affix (prefix, suffix) 284, 285 afford not reflexive 186(2d) + to-infinitive 121(1) afraid comparison 218(4b) + noun clause 262(6a) afraid of 236(2) afraid of+ gerund 132(5b) Note e position 200(2) afraid so/not 43(3) + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5b) Note e after and afterwards 210(5) conjunction 250(1,2) + gerund 132(8a) in indirect speech 267(2) order 226(7b) + present 77 after that 65(3a), 210(5) after all 216(2) against 225(1), 228(1) + gerund 132 (8a) agent in the passive 104(3) with verb of reporting 109(4) with to-infinitive 113(2b) ago 227(5c) in indirect speech 267(2) with past 65(3a) Note b agree without be 84(5) Note b + noun clause 262(1c) + passive clause 112(2a) Note passive patterns 109 performative 16(3) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2b, 2g) INDEX agree to/with 233(2) Note a + to-infinitive 121(1), 132(5b) Note a agree with + gerund 132(2), 132(5b) Note a agreeing I agree 16(3) echo tag 35(2) Note c short answer 29(2f), 43(4) agreement + to-infinitive 124(1a) agreement of subject and verb 150 aid: uncountable 144(4b) aim aim at 234(2) aim at+ gerund 132(2, 5a) aim of/in + gerund 132(7) + to-infinitive 121(1), 132(5a) ain't 55(2b)Note c aircraft: plural 297 alarmed, alarming 203 alarmed at/by 236(2) alike: position 200(2) alive: position 200(2) all 178 agreement 153(3) almost/nearly all 212 (8d) all of which 274(4) pronoun 181(1) Note b all the same 246(2) allege: passive patterns 109 allow passive 108(3) + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) Note a, 127(3a) Note + to-infinitive/gerund 121(1) Note f allowed to 94(3) almost 212(7a, 8d) alone position 200(2) quite alone 212(5c) along 225(l), 226(4) along with 244(3) already 210(2c) with past and perfect 65(5a), 303(6) also 244(1) and even 213(1) Note alter: with/without object 8(3) alternative questions 31 alternative to 237(2c) alternatively 245(1) Note a although 246(3) + adjective 199(5c) + participle 139(3) always 211(1,2) with continuous 64(2d), 66(2) Note c am 84(2) short form 55(2b) weak form 55(1b) am (time of day) 195(1) Note a, Note c amazed amazed at/by 236(2) amazed at + gerund 132(4, 5a) quite amazed 212(5c) + to-infinitive 132(5a) not with very 212(1a) Note a amazement at 132(7) amazing quite amazing 212 (5c) not with very 212(1a) Note a ambition + to-infinitive 124(1a) American English 302 American spelling 308 among 225(1, 3b) and between 226(8) amount agreement 153(2) Note b amount of 177(4) amount to 233(2) amused 203 comparison 218(4b) + noun clause 262 (6a) + to-infinitive 123(5) amusing 203 + to-infinitive 123(1) an 159 see also a/an analysis: irregular plural 298(5) and with adjectives 202(2, 3) agreement 152(1), 152(4) conditional 259(6c) taller and taller 221(1) linking clauses 239(1), 244 linking words and phrases 13 in numbers 304(7) with pronoun 184(1c) punctuation 56(2) weak form 55(1) anger anger about/at + gerund 132(7) anger at 237(1) Note a angry angry about/at + gerund 132(4,5a) angry about/at/with 236(2) Note b + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5a) animal as he/she 184(3b) Note a announce + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) passive pattern 109(1) annoyance about/at + gerund 132(7) annoyed 203 annoyed about/at + gerund 132 (4, 5a) comparison 218(4b) + noun clause 262 (6a) + preposition 236(2) Note b + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5a) annoying 203 another 180(2) + number 180(3b) another one 181(1) Note c answer + noun clause 262(1c) with/without object 8(2), 233(4) verb of reporting 265(2) answer to 237(2f) verb and noun 287(1) answering questions 29 anticipate + gerund 121(1) + noun clause 262(1c) . pyjamas, glasses • 155 participle See active participle, past participle, passive participle. participle clause a clause with a participle as its verb,. the past (I refused, he knew, we were) •61(1) to- infinitive a verb form like to go, to answer, to sleep • 115 to- infinitive clause See infinitive clause.