Người học Tiếng Anh như là 1 ngôn ngữ thứ hai thì chắc hẳn ai cũng có trăn trở, tự hỏi làm sao để mình có thể nói Tiếng Anh với ngữ điệu như người bản xứ. Tài liệu dưới đây sẽ trả lời cho câu hỏi đó, tài liệu chỉ rõ ra cách nhấn âm trong từ vựng hoặc cả câu. Kết hợp với những ví dụ cụ thế, giúp người học có thể luyện tập để nâng cao khả năng phát âm của mình.
əʊpən/, follow /ˈfɒləʊ/ Adjectives are stressed in the same way as disyllabic verbs e.g lovely /ˈlʌvli/, even /ˈiːvən/, hollow /ˈhɒləʊ/, divine /dɪˈvaɪn/, correct /kəˈrekt/ Exceptions: honest /ˈɒnəst/, perfect /ˈpɜːfɪkt/ Chapter 8: Stress 44 English Phonetics and Phonology Adverbs and prepositions tend to behave like verbs and adjectives Nouns: Short vowel e.g money /ˈmʌni/, product /ˈprɒdʌkt/, larynx /ˈlærɪŋks/ exception: estate /ɪˈsteɪt/, ballon /bəˈluːn/, design /dɪˈzaɪn/ Trisyllabic words Verbs short vowel/ends with one consonant e.g encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə/ determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ Nouns long vowel/diphthong long vowel/diphthong/ends with more than one consonant e.g entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/ resurrect /ˌrezəˈrekt/ short vowel or /əʊ/ or end with one consonant e.g potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/, disaster /dɪˈzɑːstə/ Chapter 8: Stress 45 English Phonetics and Phonology long vowel/diphthong/ends with more than one consonant Short vowel e.g quantity /ˈkwɒntəti/, cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/, emperor /ˈemprə/ Adjectives seem to follow the same rule as nouns e.g stimuli /ˈstɪmjʊlaɪ/, intellect /ˈɪntəlekt/ e.g opportune /ˈɒpətjuːn/, humanoid /ˈhjuːmənɔɪd/, derelict /ˈderɪlɪkt/, insolent /ˈɪnslənt/ Stress in Complex Words Complex words have one or more affixes, which can be prefixes or suffixes We can classify affixes according to the effect they have on word stress: ▪ ▪ ▪ The affix itself receives primary stress The word is stressed as if the affix was not there: most suffixes are added to the base with no effect on the placement of stress The suffix attracts stress to the immediately preceding syllable Prefixes The effect of adding prefixes is less predictable than of suffixes There is no prefix of one or two syllables that always carries primary stress Generally, stress in words with a prefix is determined by the same rules as stress in words without a prefix Suffixes Suffixes carrying primary stress themselves Some examples: -ain -ee -eer -ese -ette -esque enter refuge mountain vietnam cigar picture /ˈentə/ /ˈrefjuːʤ/ /ˈmaʊntən/ /ˌvjetˈnɑːm/ /sɪˈgɑː/ /ˈpɪkʧə/ entertain refugee mountaineer vietnamese cigarette picturesque /ˌentəˈteɪn/ /ˌrefjʊˈʤiː/ /ˌmaʊntəˈnɪə/ /ˌvjetnəˈmiːz/ /ˌsɪgˈret/ /ˌpɪkʧəˈresk/ Chapter 8: Stress 46 English Phonetics and Phonology Suffixes that not affect stress placement Some examples -able -age -al -en -ful -ing -ish -like -less -ly -ment -ness -ous -fy -wise -y comfort mile refuse wide wonder amaze devil child power hurried punish happy poison glory other fun /ˈkʌmfət/ /maɪl/ /ˌrəˈfjuːz/ /waɪd/ /ˈwʌndə/ /əˈmeɪz/ /ˈdevl/ /ʧaɪld/ /ˈpaʊə/ /ˈhʌrɪd/ /ˈpʌnɪʃ/ /ˈhæpi/ /ˈpɔɪzn/ /ˈglɔːri/ /ˈʌðə/ /fʌn/ Suffixes that influence stress in the base comfortable mileage refusal widen wonderful amazing devilish childlike powerless hurriedly punishment happiness poisonous glorify otherwise funny /ˈkʌmftəbl/ /ˈmaɪlɪʤ/ /rəˈfjuːzl/ /ˈwaɪdn/ /ˈwʌndəfl/ /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ /ˈdevlɪʃ/ /ˈʧaɪldlaɪk/ /ˈpaʊələs/ /ˈhʌrɪdli/ /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/ /ˈhæpɪnes/ /ˈpɔɪznəs/ /ˈglɔːrɪfaɪ/ /ˈʌðəwaɪz/ /ˈfʌni/ advantageous photography proverbial climatic perfection injurious rapidity productive /ˌædvənˈteɪʤəs/ /fəˈtɒgrəfi/ /prəˈvɜːbiəl/ /klaɪˈmætɪk/ /pəˈfekʃən/ /ɪnˈʤʊərɪəs/ /rəˈpɪdɪti/ /prəˈdʌktɪv/ The stress shifts to the last syllable of the base Some examples: -egous -graphy -ial -ic -ion -ious -ity -ive advantage photo proverb climate perfect injure rapid product /ədˈvɑːntɪʤ/ /ˈfəʊtəʊ/ /ˈprɒvɜːb/ /ˈklaɪmɪt/ /ˈpɜːfɪkt/ /ˈɪnʤə/ /ˈræpɪd/ /ˈprɒdʌkt/ Stress in Compound Words A few rules can be given, but they are not completely reliable The element which does not carry primary stress normally gets secondary stress Chapter 8: Stress 47 English Phonetics and Phonology Compound nouns Compound adjectives Compound adverbs Compound verbs (n) + (n) (adj) + (n)-ed stress last element (v) + prep ˈtypewriter, ˈsuitcase, ˈtelephone directory ˈbattery charger, bad – ˈtempered, heavy – ˈhanded head – ˈfirst, North – ˈEast, downˈstream to take ˈoff, to switch ˈon Variable of Stress The stress pattern of English words is not always fixed Stress in words may vary for mainly two reasons: 1) As a result of the stress on other words occurring next to that word: the stress on a finalstressed compound word tends to move to the preceding syllable if the following word begins with a strongly stressed syllable e.g bad – ˈtempered but a ˈbad-tempered ˈteacher, heavy – ˈhanded but a ˈheavy – handed ˈsentence 2) Sometimes there is more than once correct pronunciation of a word e.g controversy /ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi/ or /kənˈtrɒvəsi/ ice-cream /ˈaɪs kriːm/ or /aɪs ˈkriːm/ kilometer /ˈkɪləmiːtə/ or /kɪˈlɒmətə/ formidable /ˈfɔːmɪdəbl/ or /fəˈmɪdəbl/ Word-class Pairs Some disyllabic words are distinguished as being either a noun/adjective or verb merely by stress placement In these cases, the verbs get stressed on the second syllable while nouns and adjectives have stress on the first syllable the unstressed vowel may be weakened, but this does not always happen Some illustrations: contrast desert export import insult object (n) / (adj) /ˈkɒntrɑːst/ /ˈdezət/ /ˈekspɔːt/ /ˈɪmpɔːt/ /ˈɪnsʌlt/ /ˈɒbʤekt/ (v) /kənˈtrɑːst/ /dɪˈzɜːt/ /eksˈpɔːt/ /ɪmˈpɔːt/ /ɪnˈsʌlt/ /əbˈʤekt/ perfect permit present produce rebel (n) / (adj) /ˈpɜːfɪkt/ /ˈpɜːmɪt/ /ˈpreznt/ /ˈprɒdjuːs/ /ˈrebl/ (v) /pəˈfekt/ /pəˈmɪt/ /prɪˈzent/ /prəˈdjuːs/ /rɪˈbel/ Chapter 8: Stress 48 English Phonetics and Phonology Phrases, Compounds, Stress Shift Phrases When an adjective modifies a following noun, they make a phrase Typically, they have late stress, i.e the second word has more stress than the first ˌpolished ˈwood ˌinteresting ˈbook ˌnew ˈassistant Compounds ˌrunning ˈwater ˌhard ˈwork ˌdifficult ˈcourse When two elements combine to make inseparable unit with a new meaning, they form a compound Compounds typically have early stress, i.e the first element is more stressed than the second ˈfirewood ˈhomework ˈBatman Note that compounds are often written as two words: ˈrunning shoes ˈsafety valve ˈshop assistant ˈlibrary book ˈtoy story ˌcorreˈspondence course Some can optionally by hyphenated, e.g safety-valve Native speakers of English are often inconsistent in the use of the hyphen Primary stress [ ˈ ] and secondary stress [ ˌ ] mark syllables which can take an accent Sometimes the same sequence of words can make a phrase or a compound Here the late or early stress distinguishes them a ˌdark ˈroom a ˈdarkroom the ˌwhite ˈhouse the ˈWhite house a ˌtoy ˈfactory a ˈtoy factory Late-stressed compounds: some compounds have late stress as if they were phrases Three useful categories: a) The first element is the material or ingredient out of which a food is made: ˌcherry ˈpie ˌpork ˈshop ˌrice ˈpudding ˌchocolate ˈeggs except for cake, bread, juice, and water These compounds have early stress, as we would expect: ˈchocolate cake ˈrye bread ˈorange juice ˈmineral water b) The first element is a proper name ˌLondon Uniˈversity Ro ˌDeo ˈDrive ˌEuston ˈRoad the ˌHilton Hoˈtel ˌSunset Boulevard ˌOxford ˈCircus except for Street: these have normally early stress ˈOxford Street ˈEuston Street ˌForty ˈSecond Street Chapter 8: Stress 49 English Phonetics and Phonology c) The first element names a time or place ˌChristmas ˈpudding ˌsummer ˈholidays ˌkitchen ˈwindow ˌcity ˈcenter ˌevening ˈdress ˌocean ˈvoyage ˌ New compounds may at first be spoken with late stress and in time switch to early stress Some compounds have late stress in British English but early stress in America ˈbank note Stress shift ˈice cream ˈspare ribs ˈRobin Hood Late-stress patterns switch to early-stress in constructions where they are followed by strangerstressed item ˌfourˈteen ˌtown ˈhall ˌOxford ˈCircus ˌBeverly ˈHills ˌHeathˈrow ˌfourteen ˈmen ˌtown hall ˈclock the ˌtown hall’s closed ˌOxford Circus ˈtube Is ˌOxford Circus ˈinteresting? ˌBeverly Hills ˈCop ˌHeathrow ˈAirport Chapter 8: Stress 50