Effects of shrimp farming to mangoves and local livelihoods in giao thuy district nam dinh province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS EFFECTS OF SHRIMP FARMING TO MANGROVES AND LOCAL LIVELIHOODS IN GIAO THUY DISTRICT, NAM DINH PROVINCE Major: Natural Resources Management (Advanced Curriculum) Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Nguyen Duc Thang Student ID: 1054061331 Class: K55 Natural Resources Management Course: 2010 - 2014 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Dr Tran Thi Thu Ha Hanoi, November 2014 Acknowledgements I would like to express the deepest appreciation and gratitude to all who gave me the possibility to work on this thesis at Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province and the Vietnam Forestry University for supporting me complete it After a long period of doing thesis, many people have contributed in different ways to my research It means, without their assistance, advice, collaborations and supports this thesis would not have been possible First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr Tran Thi Thu Ha for her guidance throughout the various stages of the thesis I am grateful to her for supporting and encouraging me when I felt stuck and disappointed Ms Ha, you let me think and work alone to find methods and answers, but you did not forget to guide me and always supported to my thinking In this way, you trained me to become an independent researcher Besides, I also especially thank Prof Lee MacDonald for assisting me in the logical outline, structure and for valuable comments and discussions of final presentation It is lucky to learn from you as an academic professor, as a friend and as a father This thesis is developed from invaluable information, experiences and support from many shrimp famers, residents, as well as staff from the government in Giao An and Giao Thien Communes, Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province I am greatly indebted to all of them Specially, my thank also goes to Mr Nguyen Viet Cach, the head of Xuan Thuy National Park, Mr Dinh Cong Thanh, head of Giao Thien Commune, Mr Tran Quang Vong, head of Giao An Commune, Mr Mai Xuan Thanh, assistant of Giao Thien Commune and Ms Nguyen Thi Trang, assistant of Xuan Thuy National Park, for their support and encouragement during my fieldwork They made Giao Thuy become my second homeland and more than any others they have inspired to see the day my thesis is completed i Many thanks are due to my friends in K55 Advanced Program in Natural Resources Management Thanks for your support, fun and study time we had in Vietnam Forestry University I could not spend a long time in this university without you I always appreciated our friendship and heartedly keep it forever Lastly, I express my gratitude to my family, my parent and my brother, for their continuous support and encouragement I would like to say you are my energy and motivation which help me complete this difficult study in a long time And you all deserve this thesis Hanoi, November 2014 Nguyen Duc Thang ii TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgements i List of tables iii List of figures: v Abbreviations vi Introduction Objectives 3 Methodology 3.1 Study site selection 3.2 Collecting data and information 3.2.1 Secondary data: 3.2.2 Primary data 3.3 Data analysis .6 Results 4.1 Overview of Xuan Thuy National Park and two selected communes 4.1.1 Xuan Thuy National Park .7 4.1.2 Giao An commune 12 4.1.3 Giao Thien commune 14 4.2 Situation of shrimp farming and aquaculture 14 4.3 Interaction of people livelihood development and mangrove conservation 18 Discussion 20 5.1 Effects of shrimp farming on mangroves and local livelihoods 20 5.2 Solutions to balance between shrimp farming development and protect mangrove forest 21 Conclusions .22 References 23 Annex .25 iii LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1 Structure of discussion group in Giao An and Giao Thien Commnues Table 3.2 The structure of household by survey questionnaire Table 4.1 Changing mangrove forest from 2000 to 2012 in Xuan Thuy National Park Table 4.2 Summary socio-economic of Giao An and Giao Thien communes Table 4.3 Average aquatic production in Giao An and Giao Thien communes Table 4.4 Aquaculture system in Giao An and Giao Thien in 2014 Table 4.5 The location of shrimp exploitation Table 4.6 Poor household and the percentage of income depend on wetland Table 4.7 The situation of poor households and poor households affected iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Xuan Thuy National Park Map in 2013 Figure 4.2: Loss Forest Site Map from 2000 to 2013 Figure 4.3: Total aquatic area in Xuan Thuy National Park in 2013 Figure 4.4 Total shrimp farming area in Xuan Thuy National Park in 2013 Figure 4.5 Statistic of aquaculture in study areas by households Figure 4.6 Statistic of aquatic exploitation by households Figure 4.7 The average cost of shrimp farming v ABBREVIATIONS FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations VIR Vietnam Investment Review VASEP Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers REED Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation BAU Business As Usual vi Introduction The shrimp farming industry has begun at the middle of 20th century, and increased steady along the tropical and subtropical coasts of the world In 1950, the shrimp production around the world was gained 1325 tons, amounting just 0.3% of the crustaceans production, which were mainly from coastal and estuarine environments In 1982, the global shrimp production reached one million tons By 2009, shrimp production grew to nearly 3.5 million tons valued at approximately 14.6 billion dollars, amounting to 34% of the world’s shrimp production, including marine and estuarine catches (FAO, 2011) Vietnam is one of the most countries covered largely shrimp farming production Summarizing in 2013, the total seafood production of Vietnam gets 6.5 billion USD, far away the target they expected This result of last year has contributed mainly to the shrimp industry which covers billion USD, accounting 46% of total export In the Mekong Delta region, 588,000 tones of shrimp products were exported with total export value of 2.5 billion U.S dollars, based on 666,000 hectares of shrimp breeding area Representing a yearly rise of nearly 33 percent and accounting for 44 percent of the total aquatic export turnover, raising up 12.3% from the previous year and become the third largest shrimp producer in the world (VIR, 2013; VASEP, 2013) It means that there are potential and extensive economic resources By the government support, fisheries have been tried practicing some non-chemical breeding techniques which ensure and improve the quality of aquatic products Other strategies, as upgrade irrigation networks, focusing on waste treatment, the supply of clean water and provide new varieties They have also received preferential loans to help them expand production However, the shrimp farming boom has also created intense debate related the economic, social, particularly, environmental impacts produced by this activity There is a special significant in reducing wetland losses, environmental pollution, increased exotic species and the dispersal of harmful diseases (Boyd and Clay, 1998; Primavera, 2006) The most consequence of shrimp farming is mangrove deforestation Mangrove forests are extremely productive ecosystems that are not only protect the habitat of marine species, but also crucial for the coastal areas Between land and sea, mangroves play a crucial role in controlling monsoon, tide, floods and coastal protection (FAO, 1994) It has been estimated that about 1.0- 1.5 million hectares of the world's coasts are covered by some type of shrimp farming, 20- 40% of this area is mangrove loss (Primavera, 2006) In Vietnam, according to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, there was over 400,000 of mangrove forests in 1943 Because of the destructive war and the excessive forests exploitation, the area of mangrove forests reduced to over 155,000 in 2006 In the North, Xuan Thuy National Park (in Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province) had an area of over 7,000ha, but in the 1990s, 30% of the mangrove forest area was reserved for extensive aquaculture, causing forest loss (Vna paper, 2012) Specifically, in Southeast Vietnam, Can Gio mangrove forest, a “green lung” in Ca Mau, is an important wildlife site combined a wetland bio-system by mangrove and many rare species There also has a lot of mangrove areas harvest and become shrimp farming According to some reports, the locations for shrimp pond construction are located nearly the shore line to take some advantages of the tide, habitat It depends on the local farmers apply extensive, semi intensive and intensive whose systems would determine the management and technology used There are three types of culture shrimp: (1) Intensive culture system-feeds the shrimp in a high density and managed by tanks and ponds; (2) Semiintensive system- keeps in moderate densities with some management in cages and ponds; (3) Extensive systems- Shrimp are raised in low density ponds or tanks with little management in natural bodies of water Chemical substance, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solid from shrimp ponds with high concentration will be increased with high density of shrimp ponds, combine with the degree of intensification, using water, feeds and fertilizers increased waste load When weather and tide appear, the result is a critical degradation of water quality in shrimp pond, wetland, adjacent and mangrove forest (Boyd and Clay, 1998) However, some big challenges in the shrimp farming that fishery have faced The risks of shrimp farming proceed from diseases and natural disaster Shrimp are vulnerable to fungi, bacterial and viral diseases, so the local people could loss hundred million VND if happen And we couldn’t forget the effect of climate change, flood and extreme weather One of the important, the consumption source of shrimp is also a problem Vietnam, there are some indigenous shrimp species, such as: Pink shrimp (Penaeus ensis), Cat Tiger (Paraenaeus sculptilis), Yellow shrimp (Metapenaeus joyneri) The most important species cultured which gets a lot of benefit is Black Tiger (Penaeus Monodon), and the new white leg shrimp, or P Vannamei Especially, with the requirement about varieties quantity, no diseases and some environmental standard of shrimp farming ponds from consumption countries make a lot of disadvantages Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh Province, has an advantage because of having Xuan Thuy Ramsar- the most important staging and wintering area for migratory water birds in the coastal zone of the Red River Delta It also is an economic opportunity to shrimp farming development Specific, in 2013, Nam Dinh has reached 486 of P Vannamei production, increasing 188 more than 2012, concentrated mainly in Giao Thuy, Hai Hau, Nghia Hung District Many farmers have gotten 10 ton of shrimp production per ha, someone could reach 14-15 ton/ ha, with the total profit is 1.2 billion VND / (VASEP, 2013) However, the process of monoculture and raising crop of white shrimp in complicated weather conditions appear some problems, such as, poor shrimp growth, disease vulnerability, could be mass death caused great damage to household Objectives There are two conflicts occurring here, the development of shrimp farming will increase aquaculture products, income of local people, but also lead to consequences reduce unsteady of local market price is the most challenge The reason is other regional traders want to buy and they will sell higher in their region Other difficult are transporting process and storage products can due to traders unsatisfied Table 4.5 The location of shrimp exploitation No Location Giao Thien (%) Giao An (%) Channel ponds and fields 2.7 Inside coast 2.7 15.79 Mix of mangrove and plantation forest 5.41 63.16 Dune areas- Con Ngan 29.73 10.53 Natural mangrove forest 21.62 10.53 Dune areas- Con Lu 16.22 Other dune areas 21.62 100 100 Total (Sources: Field survey, 2014) Locations where people catch is very diverse but concentrate in natural mangrove forests, Con Lu dune and the sea, over 20% Depending on the natural conditions, Giao Thien has more different exploitation places than Giao On the other hand, because of the long distance, there is 40% of local famer had used bicycles to arrive caught areas, 50.25% using the sail boat and a few people using motorbike People exploit every year, and some households work all months as much as possible, focus on March-May and September-November In the cold time, fisheries exploit less The average time to household working is 14.53 days/months, someone try to exploit 30 days / month Time of people catch average of 7.6 hours/ day, from 14h to18h and 19h-05h 4.3 Interaction of people livelihood development and mangrove conservation The issue is the need to take measures to conserve wetlands, restrict development activities affect the biodiversity of this region Recently, the Ministry of Fisheries and Kien Giang provincial People's Committee has instructed the district requests in the buffer zone of 18 U Minh Thuong immediately deploy the damming of water salinity and shrimp prohibited in this area Households violations will be dealt with according to law In the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park, the local people income living here is approximately 50% dependent on the activities related to wetland, some households depend on fishing activities 100%, work in the dunes, exploit aquaculture… Table 4.6 Poor household and the percentage of income depend on wetland Number (N) Average (%) Max (%) Min (%) Poor household 184 44 100 4.3 Non-poor household 864 50 100 4.4 (Sources: Field survey, 2014) According to interview and questionnaire surveys, 43% poor households have income depends on the activities related to wetland, 49.7% non-poor have income depends on aquaculture exploitation Thus, if we stop the exploitation and fisheries, the livelihood of local people will greatly affect According to the table, there are scenarios for fisheries living in Giao Thuy The first case is not impact to the aquatic resources, and poor people still can exploit aquatic products The second case is set some strategies/ policies to protect the wetlands like mangrove forests, it means we have to stop the fishing activities and aquaculture exploitation of local people It means 286 households under investigation will become poor, or the poverty rate will raise from 17.6% to 27.3% by 100 households 19 Table 4.7 The situation of poor households and poor households affected Poor household 184 Percentages (%) 17.6 Non-poor household 864 82.4 Both 1048 100 Poor household 286 27.3 Non-poor household 762 72.7 Both 1048 100 Indicators Number Situation of poor households (Business As Usual) Situation of poor households if prevented aquaculture exploitation (Sources: Field survey, 2014) Through investigation, the livelihoods of local people still depend heavily on the exploitation and aquaculture, this also shows that develops sustainability livelihood is affected by adjusting policies This is also a problem that policy makers need to attention could affect people living in the buffer zone Discussion 5.1 Effects of shrimp farming on mangroves and local livelihoods By semi- structured interviews, the local people’s livelihood in the buffer region, specifically, Giao An and Giao Xuan Communes in Giao Thuy District have been shown: The quantities of mangrove forest would be declined by shrimp farming development Some famers have expanded their shrimp pond areas Also the percentage of mangrove forest in Xuan Thuy National Park has declined (Table 4.1), meaning local people are changing their behavior, it is not sure that the exploitation activities would be decreased In additions, not only the total mangrove forest area but also their quality could be affected by shrimp farming Effluents from shrimp ponds are enriched in suspended solids, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) with concentrations largely depending on whether the management is extensive, intensive or semi intensive The degree of intensification, i.e., higher stocking density, use of water, feeds and fertilizers, produces an 20 increased waste load When effluents derived from agriculture, industry, and municipal areas are combined, sources of good quality water are sometimes scarce Besides, while weather and tidal conditions (i.e., cloudy days, low winds, and neap tides) are combined, the result is a critical degradation of water quality in the shrimp ponds and the adjacent estuarine/lagoon waters The local people still depend on farming and fishing in the buffer areas of national park Thus, the policies to support job training for people to change the direction of livelihood development that is needed and applying shrimp farming- mangroves model is a good choice Furthermore, the project development programs should focus more on helping people develop livelihoods, limited livelihood development in the national park is a protected way effectively And the project should prioritize support for poor families so that they respond to changes in natural conditions Last, the conservation policies need concentrate to the object is dependent on the buffer zone of national parks 5.2 Solutions to balance between shrimp farming development and protect mangrove forest When Vietnam signed Ramsar Convention in 1989, until 2003 we has more than 500 regulations related to preservation However, just 10 regulations follow directly to the mangrove forest By the support of some international non-organizations, investment, we have reached incremental changes of government about how wetland is important But there are also some limitations that government needs to adjust: The wetland system legal is huge but it has not concentrated together, these regulations have just related to wetland about orientation The content of the documents overlaps, one problem might be mentioned in many papers The sanctions for over-exploitation or environmental degradation activities in mangrove forests have not yet strong enough Because the majority of people living around the buffer zone, their livelihoods depend mainly on fishing In the future, the government 21 must have policies to support local people developing alternative livelihood fishing restrictions There are some management options should be applied in this case to balance between the development of shrimp farming and protecting mangrove forests: First, increasing enforcement and punishments for environmental infractions: all activities that harmful to mangrove forests and the natural environment must be closely monitored and strictly measured Second, increasing management authority to Commune People’s Committees: need to enhance the role of the People's Committees of communes in the management and protection of forests through close coordination between the management of national parks and local government at communal and village levels Third, co-management of natural resources and mangroves between local communities and national parks is an effective solution to enhance the role of local people; and to contribute to improving livelihoods of the people Fourth, developing environmentally friendly cultivation techniques that not harm the mangroves while ensure the productivity and income of farmers with the supports from scientists and aquaculture extension staff Fifth, developing and expanding the market for products made by local people to enhance the value of these products and thus increase their incomes and improve their living standards This is also the way to reduce pressure to mangroves and natural environment Conclusions The livelihood sources of the household is very benefit to develop economy The research from two communes in Giao Thuy district shows that: a long coastal is favorable for aquaculture development and shrimp farming However, the quantity of aquaculture participants mainly concentrate on some small groups Third, the main occupations are agriculture, rice cultivation, livestock but they gain low-income 22 The extensive model is the most popular system of shrimp farming On the other hand, the shrimp farming- industrial method is gained more profit than other, meaning have a lot of investments and challenges of natural disaster Other problem is that commercial fisheries have difficulty to sell products instability, often being forced by traders The income of poor households depend heavily on the activities related to wetland and get 45% total income There will be 10% of surveyed households become poverty if we will not allow them to exploit or aquaculture in the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park The solutions and government policy should therefore focus on resolving the relationship between the conservation and protection of mangroves and improving livelihood of local people Management solutions have been proposed to solve this issue from the case study in Giao Thuy district which include increasing enforcement and punishments for environmental infractions; increasing management authority to Commune People’s Committees; applying co-management of natural resources and mangroves; developing environmentally friendly cultivation techniques; and developing and expanding the market for products to enhance the value of local products 23 References Boyd, C E., and J W Clay 1998 Shrimp aquaculture and the environment Scientific American, 278:58–65 César Alejandro Berlanga-Robles, 2012 Impact of Shrimp Farming on Mangrove Forest and Other Coastal Wetlands: The Case of Mexico, pp 17-22 FAO, 2007 The World’s Mangroves 1980-2005, FAO Forestry Paper 153, ISBN 9789251058565, Rome FAO, 2011 Global Aquaculture Production 1950-2009, accessed 22-07-11, http://www.fao.org Primavera, J.H 2006 Overcoming the impacts of aquaculture on the coastal zone Ocean & Coastal Management, 49, pp 531-545 Ha, T.T, Tran 2012 Global and local governance of shrimp farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, pp 86-90 Primavera, J.H., 1997 Socioeconomic impacts of shrimp culture Aquacult Res 28, 815-827 Primavera, J.H., A delos Reyes, J Altamirano, C.L Torres and J Lebata Processing of shrimp pond effluents in a natural mangrove wetland SEAFDEC/AQD 2004 Promotion of Mangrove-Friendly Shrimp Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, Report on the Regional Seminar-Workshop on Mangrove-Friendly Shrimp Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, 24-27 June 2003 10 Spalding, M., F Blasco, and C Field (eds) 1997 World Mangrove Atlas The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan, 178 pp 11 Tuan, M.S 1997 Building up the strategy for mangrove management in Vietnam, pp 244-255 In: Hong, P.N., N Ishwaran, H.T San, N.H Tri and M.S Tuan (eds) Proceedings of Ecotone V, Community Participation in Conservation, Sustainable Use and Rehabilitation of Mangroves in Southeast Asia UNESCO, Japanese Man and the Biosphere National Committee and Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre, Vietnam 12 Ronnback P The ecological basis for economic value of seafood production supported by mangrove ecosystems Ecol Econ 1999: 29: 235-252 13 Valiela, I., J.L Bowen and J.K York 2001 Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments Bioscience 51 (10): 807-815 24 Annex Annex Survey Questionnaire General information Full Name Age Sex Address Education Married status Religion Ethnic Female Male Household information: Household size 10 11 How many children in your family? Number of people working and non-working Working Non-working Bad Normal Male Female 12 How is your living condition? 13 Do you get supports? From Whom? How much? Good Shrimp farming and mangrove forest information Total area of shrimp 14 farming (ha) 15 Total shrimp production/ year (ton/crop) 16 Length of the crop (month) 17 Total cost(dong/crop) 25 A Pond preparation B Fingerlings C Chemicals D Feed E Electricity F Petroleum G Labour H Others 18 Which shrimp you apply? 19 How much is the price of shrimp? (VND/ kg) 20 Total income by shrimp/year (million VND/year) Who will collect your shrimp? 21 Which aquaculture system you apply? 22 23 How about the aquaculture situation in the past and current? Could you predict in the future? (click X in the box) 4 Small collector Big collector Trading company Other (specify) Intensive/semi-intensive Extensive/semi-extensive Shrimp-forest Aquaculture+ trade Aquaculture + agriculture Aquaculture + industry Other (specify) Very Good Difficult Very Good Difficult 10 years ago years ago Now Future How many times? How is the effect of shrimp disease in your pond 24 2011 26 Which months? 2012 2013 24 How is the damage? (Dong/time of disease) 26 How often you plant/harvest mangrove? 27 Do you get any supports from the government for plantation? If not, why? 28 Do you feel need to protect mangrove forest? If not, why? Please give us some ideas to manage shrimp pond and protect environment 29 Technique 1.Depositing sediment, filtering and treating water before to the pond Treating water before discharge to the river Having clean water source Apply mangroveshrimp system or planting mangrove Others Annex List Local Peple In Questionaire Survey No Name Adress Pham Van Phuong Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune Tran Van Nguyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune Nguyen Thi Hang Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune Tran Van Thuy 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune Cao Thi Soi 10 Hamlet, Giao An Commune Tran Thi Hue 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune Hoang Thi Na 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune Nguyen Viet Cam 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune Doan Dinh Khang Hamlet, Giao An Commune 27 Ideas 10 Le Nang Tinh 11 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 11 Nguyen Thi Trang 16 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 12 Tran Van Quang Hamlet, Giao An Commune 13 Pham Ngoc Hung 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 14 Nguyen Van Cam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 15 Le Quang Dan 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 16 Tran Thi Dung 20 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 17 Cao Van An 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 18 Nguyen Van Thanh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 19 Dinh Thi Anh Xa Chau Hamlet, Giao Thien Commnue 20 Vu Thi Trang Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 21 Le Dinh Ngoc Lac Nghiep Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 22 Vu Kim Xuyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 23 Doan Van Phuc 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 24 Do Thi Lua Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 25 Nguyen Van The Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 26 Tran Manh Luc 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 27 Vu Thi Ha Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 28 Bui Cao Xuan Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 29 Nguyen Thi Tuyet 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 30 Nguyen Van Quyet Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 31 Truong Thi Dinh 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 32 Tran Van Khoi Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 33 Do Dinh Chien Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 34 Tran Van Chung Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 35 Bui Quang Minh 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 36 Do Viet Anh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 37 Bach Mai Linh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 38 Phung Thi Lieu 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 39 Hoang Thuy Luu Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 40 Nguyen Thi May Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 41 Nguyen Dinh Dam Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 28 42 Dang Thi Thuy Hamlet, Giao An Commune 43 Ngo Van Son 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 44 Le Thi Tuoi 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 45 Tran Dinh Quynh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 46 Vu Tien Dung 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 47 Ngo Thi Dinh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 48 Pham Thi Tra Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 49 Dang Tran Ba Khoi Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 50 Vu Ngoc Anh 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 51 Vu Thi Tung Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 52 Le Thi Uyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 53 Tran Van Minh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 54 Tran Van Nam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 55 Vu Tien Dat 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 56 Nguyen Thi Nhung 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune 57 Bui The Thanh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 58 Nguyen Van Cong Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 59 Tran Thi Quynh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune 60 Do Van Nam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune Annex Statistic Of Aquaculture Exploitation And Production In Giao An Commune No Unit Total A Aquaculture exploitation Ton 800 Total exploitation Ton 150 Shrimp Ton 50 Other seafood Ton 100 Fishing vessels Unit 39 B Aquaculture production Total production Ton 650 Total area of aquaculture Ha 609.55 Seed production farm Unit 29 Annex Some pictures in the fieldwork in Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province People’s Committee Office of Giao An Commune A small shack to exploit aquatic in small river, Giao An Commune 30 Aquatic exploitation by boats An intensive shrimp farming pond has been improved in Giao Thien Commune 31 Intensive shrimp farming system being in Giao Thien Commune, Giao Thuy District Tran Van Khang, Assistant of People’s Committee Office in Giao An Commnue 32 ... shrimp farming to mangroves and local people’s livelihoods in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province; (3) to propose some solutions to balance between the development of shrimp farming and protecting... province The specific objectives of the research are: (1) to assess the existing situation and changes of shrimp farming in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province; (2) to analyze the effects of shrimp. .. protection and the sustainable development of shrimp farming The general goal therefore is to protect mangrove forest ecosystem while increase income of shrimp farmers in Xuan Thuy district, Nam Dinh province