THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION - o0o - VU THI BAC AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN HO CHI MINH CITY Speciality: Geography Code: 9.31.05.01 ABSTRACT OF THE PH.D DISSERTATION IN GEOGRAPHY Hanoi - 2021 The study has been completed at: HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Scientific instructor: Prof Dr Nguyen Viet Thinh Assoc Prof Dr Dang Van Phan Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Truong Quang Hai VNU Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Trang Thanh Vinh University Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Truong Quynh Phuong Thai nguyen University of Education The dissertation will be defended before the Board of doctoral thesis evaluation at the University level, meeting at the Thesis defense room, Library of Hanoi National University of Education At …, /…/2021 Available at: - Vietnam National Library, Hanoi - Library of Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF PUBLISHED PUBLICATIONS Vu Thi Bac, Dang Van Phan, (2015), Conservation of mangrove forest ecosystem and sustainable development in response to climate change in Ho Chi Minh City, of the Communist Science Journal Conference, pages 179-185 Vu Thi Bac, Dang Van Phan, (2016), The situation of aquaculture development in Ho Chi Minh city and propose several solutions for sustainable development, Proceedings of the Ninth National Geographic Conference, Science and Technology Publishing House, pp 491-500 (Book 2) Vu Thi Bac, Dang Van Phan, (2016), The status of tourism development in Ho Chi Minh City and propose a number of sustainable tourism development solutions, Proceedings of the Communist Science Journal Conference, page 167175 Vu Thi Bac (2017), The process of converting livestock industry in Ho Chi Minh City, phase 2005-2015, the Journal of Humanities and Research, No.4(19)/2017, pp 28-34 Vu Thi Bac, Dang van Phan, Doan Quang Dung (2018), The process of transformation of farming in Ho Chi Minh City, Phase 2005-2015, Proceedings the Tenth National Geographic Conference, Natural Science and technology Publishing House, pp 1242-1251 (Book 2) Vu Thi Bac (2019), Factors affecting agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City, Science journal, Hanoi National University of Education, No 8/2019, pp 142-152 Vu Thi Bac (2019), Factors transform the transformation of agriculture in Ho Chi Minh City, Proceedings of the International Conference "Geography of Science in the context of Industrial Revolution 4.0: Opportunities and Challenges", VNU Publishing House HCMC Nguyen Kim Hue Nam, Nguyen Nam Hung, Vu Thi Bac, Ho Quoc Bang (2020), Spatiotemporal Variability of Air Quality Time Series for developing countries: Case of Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems, 01.2020 – 05.2020, episode 7, no 23 Vu Thi Bac, Dang van Phan (2020), Analysis of agricultural tranformation in Ho Chi Minh City in the period of 2015-2017 towards modern urban agriculture model, Proceedings the Twelfth National Geographic Conference PREAMBLE Rationale of the research At present, the growth of Vietnam's agriculture is still largely based on input factors such as soil, fertilizer, and chemicals at a high cost to expand production, using more natural resources and causing nagative influences on the environment Agriculture is strongly affected by the process of industrialization and urbanization, especially in big cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam's agriculture faces great opportunities and challenges in the market, requiring farmers and businesses to create products of high quality, safety and reliability to increase their competitiveness in the international markets In the future, agriculture will still be the business that creates jobs and livelihoods for 25-30% of the population, although the share of employment of agriculture sector will be smaller than the share of GDP The patterns of land use, the organization of agricultural production as well as the value chain of agriculture will change, causing paddy land to be converted to other agricultural purposes or ecological services Vietnam's agriculture in general and Ho Chi Minh City in particular must ensure "adding value, reducing input." That is, agriculture will have to create more economic value, higher efficiency for consumers use but at the same time use less resources, labor and toxic chemicals Agriculture will grow based on efficiency, creativity and diversification of products In the Resolution of the XII Congress of the Party also stated: " restructuring agriculture, building a comprehensive eco-agricultural development in agriculture, forestry and aquacultural in the direction of modernity and sustainability Therefore, the transition of agriculture (TOA) is an inevitable trend of the provinces (cities) in Vietnam to adapt to economic growth Ho Chi Minh City accounts for 0.6% of the area and 9.2% of the country’s population It is the most populous city among 63 provinces (cities) Ho Chi Minh City is located in the southern key economic region, each year it contributes 23% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 20% of the total foreign direct investment to the country In its development trend, Ho Chi Minh City also offers changing directions in agriculture transformation to adapt to the urbanization process when the saline land area of Can Gio coastal area will be converted to aquaculture; rice land in suburban districts will be converted to grow vegetables and ornamental plants; Coastal rice land near Can Gio Biosphere Reserve will play a role in biodiversity maintenance and tourism development City agriculture will enhance multifunctionality and partially address the need for safe, quality food for the city residents Ho Chi Minh City agriculture has made a strong transition from traditional agriculture to an efficient and environmentally friendly modern urban agriculture Since then, contributing to economic growth and improving people's lives, especially in suburban districts such as Cu Chi, Hoc Mon, Can Gio, Binh Chanh However, the process of TOA in Ho Chi Minh City still has many urgent problems that need to be resolved Stemming from the theoretical basis and lessons drawn from the practice of the process of international TOA in general, Vietnam in particular, as well as due to the urgency of the problem, I chose the topic "Agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City” for my thesis Objectives and the mission of the dissertation 2.1 Objectives of the study The research objective of the project is to analyze the current state and trends of agricultural transformation of Ho Chi Minh City under the impact of urbanization and industrialization; impacts of population, technology and economic linkages of the South East region 2.2 Mission of the study To achieve the set goals, the thesis focuses on solving the following tasks: - Overview of theoretical and practical basis for agricultural transformation in countries around the world and Vietnam, applying to the case of Ho Chi Minh City - Analyzing factors affecting agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City - Clarifying the status of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City in the period of 2005-2017 - Proposing solutions to promote agricultural transformation and improve the efficiency of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City until 2025, a vision to 2030 Research limits 3.1 Content limitation: The thesis studies agricultural transformation in the following main aspects: - Factors affecting agricultural transformations in Ho Chi Minh City include geographical location; natural conditions (focusing on soil, climate, water sources); Socio-economic (mainly analyzing the market, science and technology, technical facilities, policies, urbanization ) - Regarding the current status of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City (including agriculture, forestry and fisheries): + Research in depth the dominant agricultural sector in terms of production value (GRDP), analyze the selected criteria + Forms of agricultural territorial organization in Ho Chi Minh City (farm households, farms, SOEs, cooperatives, specialized farming areas and agricultural subregions) + Evaluate agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh in terms of land conversion, changes in land use structure; restructuring of plants and animals, diversifying agricultural products, aquaculture to serve the domestic market and export; the development of agricultural value chains in agriculture; transformation of agricultural production model and territorial structure The thesis focuses on the case studies of communes of Cu Chi district and communes of Hoc Mon district, these two districts are the focus of agricultural development and transformation in HCMC 3.2 Time limitations: The City's agricultural transformation is mainly considered in the period 2005 - 2018 Particularly for the research on the form of agricultural territorial organization in Ho Chi Minh City, the thesis is based on the Rural, Agricultural and Fishery Census 2005, 2011 and 2016 Forecast research period and orientation: to 2025, vision to 2030 3.3 Space limitations The dissertation researches of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City, at district level including nineteen districts and five districts Based on the natural conditions and characteristics of the agro-ecological regions, the case studies are three communes of Cu Chi district and three communes of Hoc Mon district, these two districts are the focus of development and transformation agriculture in Ho Chi Minh City The city's agricultural development is also placed in relation to the provinces of the Southeast and the Mekong Delta, as these are provinces that provide food as well as other important agricultural products for the needs of HCMC Viewpoints and Research methods 4.1 Viewpoint The thesis is done on the basis of views: systematic views; general perspective; territorial views; historical - perspective perspective; perspective of sustainable development; eco-economic perspective 4.2 Research methods The thesis uses a number of main research methods: secondary document collection and processing methods; analytical and synthetic methods; field method; sociological investigation method; Mathematical statistical methods; map and GIS methods; professional solution New contributions of the topic - Clarify theoretical basis for agricultural transformation - Determining the system of criteria for evaluating agricultural transformation and applying it to the provincial or city research area - Analyzing the influence of factors on agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City - Clarify the reality of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City in the period of 2005 - 2018 according to the selected criteria and in case studies in two districts of Cu Chi and Hoc Mon Initially assess the socio-economic efficiency of the transition, mainly in households with agricultural transformation - Proposing solutions to implement agricultural transformation and improve conversion efficiency in the future Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction and Conclusion, the main content of the thesis consists of chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical and practical basis for agricultural transformation Chapter 2: Factors affecting agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City Chapter 3: Actual situation of agricultural transition in Ho Chi Minh City Chapter 4: Orientation and solutions for agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City The thesis also has a list of references and appendices CHAPTER 1: SCIENTIFIC BASIS ON AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION 1.1 Overview of research issues 1.1.1 In the world Research on agricultural transformation: Peter Timmer (1988), David Laborde (2019), Alston JM and PG Pardey (2017), Peter Hazell (2007), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Sara Boettiger (2017), Sietze Vellema (2011) According to Schultz (1964) refer to the development model through the stages of transition; Experience in developed and developing countries in the process of industrialization in both positive and negative directions The studies also examine aspects of the impact of foreign trade on the livelihoods of farmers (low-income parts of the economy), especially in developing countries today Many other countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America are also on the path of conversion Studies of the World Bank (WB), United Nations Development Program (UN), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) also mentioned This problem is in developing countries Research on agrarian transition towards safe agriculture: Fernando P Carvalho (2006), Meiz-hang-xiang-yu Guo (2010), FAO Research (2017), IFOAM EU, Peter Oosterveer (2011), Fred Magdoff (2007), EU (EIP-AGRI) (2017) studies on safe agricultural development have a close connection between theoretical and practical frameworks Expected innovations in agriculture such as organic agriculture and eco-agriculture will have a significant impact on the economic development, especially in urban areas where the land area is significantly reduced due to process of urbanization and industrialization Research on agricultural transformation towards high-tech agriculture: Reina, Giulio, Milella, Annalisa (2016), Scherr, S.J et al (2015), Matthieu De Clercq, Anshu Vats, Alvaro Biel (2016), authors focusing on biotechnology, focused their research on economic development model based on technology agriculture, eco-agriculture, its impact on economic development and its application to the process of economic development, especially in urban areas Research on climate change adaptation agriculture: including FAO (2009) Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) (2017), National Development Agency report The United States Economic Review (USAID, 2013), J.Sundaresan, S Seekesh, Al.Ramanathan, L.Sonnenschein, R BoJh (2012) refer to programs to improve capacity to adapt and reduce, ensuring sustainable agriculture, stabilizing agricultural production, food security, strengthening economic and technical infrastructure and preventing natural disasters Research on agrarian transition towards urban agriculture including FAO, UNDP, Luc J.A Mougeot (1999), René Van Veenhuizen (2006) Dennis M Brown and Richard J Reeder (2007), James McEldowney (2017) provide an overview of urban agriculture, the role of urban agriculture for people, residence, source of environmental, social and economic development benefits Current urban agriculture faces a number of challenges such as space, profitability, and pollution resulting from industry 1.1.2 In Vietnam Research on agricultural transformation in Vietnam: the authors of the Vietnam Development Report monograph - Vietnam agricultural transformation: increase value, reduce inputs (2016), works of FAO (2015), Dao The Anh (2012), Le Dinh Thang (1998), Pham Dinh Ho (2003), Le Xuan Ba (2012), Nguyen Viet Thinh and Do Thi Minh Duc (2005), Dang Van Phan (2008) discuss issues basic and practical theory of agricultural transformation mechanism, economic structure and agricultural and rural economic restructuring in certain spaces and times and in order to create economic values for farmers and at the same time use less resources, chemicals and materials in agriculture Research on changing agriculture towards safe agriculture: including OECD Report on Vietnam's Agricultural Policies 2015, Scheme "Overall planning of the agricultural sector nationwide to 2020 and a vision to 2030" (2012), Nguyen Xuan Hong (2015), Research work of the Southern Institute of Agricultural Planning and Planning (2008) In terms of economic geography, geographers Le Thong and Nguyen Minh Tue mentioned the agricultural policies to increase output quality and competitiveness, raise farmers' income to move towards safe agriculture Research on agricultural transformation towards high-tech agriculture is presented in the topics of the Project of Agricultural Sector Restructuring towards greater value-added and sustainable development (2012) and the Master Plan develop the country's agricultural sector to 2020 and vision to 2030 believes that mechanization contributes to promoting Vietnam's agriculture from production, storage, processing, transportation and consumption of products Doan Xuan Canh and Le Si Loi have evaluated the advantages of new technology It can be said that hi-tech agriculture is a new trend of Vietnamese agriculture, especially in provinces and cities with conditions for science and technology such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Research on adapting agriculture to climate change: including national target programs to respond to climate change (2008) In the report of UNDP (2011); Le Dinh Phung and Hoang Manh Quan (2011) focus on a number of issues such as assessment of the extent and impacts of climate change on sectors, industries and localities; guide the development of action plans to respond to climate change especially in vulnerable and severely affected sectors such as agriculture 1.1.3 In Hochiminh City Research on agricultural transformation based on the transformation of agricultural structure, crop and animal structure by Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ho Chi Minh City and scientists discussing agricultural restructuring in suburban areas towards hi-tech agriculture, orienting to reduce the area of low-yield rice land to land for shrimp, flower and ornamental plants, focusing on key agricultural products to shape the formation of suburban agriculture Research on agricultural transformation towards safe agriculture: In the schemes and regulations of the city from 2005-2018; has set a goal to restructure and accelerate agricultural restructuring by 2025; agricultural development towards safe, eco-friendly agriculture is the city's main goal in the development orientation Research on agricultural transformation towards high-tech agriculture: Dinh Son Hung (2005) "Some solutions to develop agriculture and rural suburban areas of Ho Chi Minh City on the basis of suitable and high-tech science ecology” has assessed the current situation and proposed solutions to develop agriculture and rural Ho Chi Minh City on the ecological, scientific and technological aspects Research on agricultural transformation towards urban agriculture: In the National Target Program to build a new countryside in Ho Chi Minh City period 2010-2020 (2010), Tran Tien Khai (2015), Hoang Thi Mai (2015), Vu Xuan De (2003) assess the current situation and propose appropriate solutions for eco-urban urban agricultural production models based on analysis and evaluation of characteristics of eco-agricultural areas of Ho Chi Minh City Research on agricultural transformation towards climate change adaptation agriculture: Brief report of Asian Development Bank (ADB), Vu Thuy Linh, Pham Thi Anh Ngoc, Ho Minh Dung, Nguyen Kim Loi (2019) analyzed the impact of climate change on agriculture in Ho Chi Minh City when agricultural land was flooded, saline intrusion evaluated climate change adaptation of agriculture in Ho Chi Minh City 1.2 Theoretical basis of agricultural transformation 1.2.1 About agriculture Agriculture is the basic material production sector of society; using land for cultivation and husbandry; exploiting plants and animals as materials and labor materials mainly creates food, food and some materials for industry Safe agriculture is a production system that maintains the ecosystem of land and people, based on biodiversity processes and other processes that are appropriate to local conditions, limiting the use of input products having side effects Safe agriculture combines with traditional agriculture, innovatin of science and technology to benefit the environment and promote a better balance and quality of life for all relevant sectors Urban agriculture is the unity of two constituent parts: urban agriculture and suburban agriculture Urban agriculture refers to small areas (vacant lots, gardens, lawns, balconies, terraces) in large cities, which are used to grow trees or raise small cattle and dairy cows for self-reliance consumption or sale to neighboring markets Suburban agriculture refers to the agricultural units located near the city, produced in the form of intensive farming, providing the urban market with fresh products such as vegetables, flowers, fruits, meat, eggs, and milk The structure of agricultural economy is a comprehensive system that includes the interaction between factors of production forces and production relations in the field of agriculture - forestry - fishery in the period and conditions of economic - Social specific Agricultural economy consists mainly of structure by sector, structure by territory and economic sector Agricultural economic restructuring is the process of changing the quantity, position, density and interaction relationships of economic sectors in agriculture in line with the progress of science and technology, market demand for effective use of all elements of the country's resources Restructuring the agricultural sector is the process of rearranging elements related to the value chain of agricultural commodities from the planning stage, infrastructure, 11 raising ornamental fish, dairy cows and high-yielding porkers which bring much more profitable The scientific achievements in seeds, domestic animals, fertilizers, chemicals, etc have been applied by farmers and brought high efficiency 2.3.4 The infrastructure Ho Chi Minh City is an important transportation hub of the southern provinces with fan-shaped traffic routes, which is a very favorable condition for agricultural development, transporting goods to places of consumption Compared to other localities in the country, Ho Chi Minh City has a very well developed communication system, which helps farmers have the opportunity to capture information to find markets, access new techniques in agriculture to make the transition Currently, all districts and communes in Ho Chi Minh City have national electricity, the percentage of households using national electricity reaches 99.8% (except Thanh An island commune), this is also an important condition to help agricultural production The city has been transformed into a large scale, diversified and modern products 2.3.5 Technical facilities The total length of irrigation canals in the communes is 1.8 thousand km, of which the cooperative manages 1.4 thousand km (2016) Major constructions such as Dau Tieng irrigation lake and Dong canal system directly irrigate about 15,000 in Cu Chi district; contribute to limiting saline intrusion on Saigon river and canal system in the region The irrigation system is ensured, so many agricultural models of the city have been replicated, farmers have converted to growing a variety of fresh fruits, vegetables, ornamental flowers, ornamental fish, dairy farming, and high quality farming In 2016, Ho Chi Minh City had 569 had 569 agricultural product processing establishments, the proportion of communes with facilities specializing in processing agricultural / forestry / fisheries / salt products in the commune was 98.8%, producing and processing food stuffs, rubber, tobacco mainly comes from neighboring provinces The City Agricultural Extension Center has 125 grassroots agricultural extension workers and 120 Agricultural Extension Clubs - VAC in agricultural production communes and wards where agricultural production is involved 2.3.6 Investment capital In 2018, the total investment capital for agriculture in Ho Chi Minh City was 987.7 billion VND, accounting for 0.3% of the total investment capital, accounting for a modest proportion compared to 75.2% of services and industry - construction is 24.6% From 2010 to 2017, 11 private enterprises of the City invested in agricultural production with a total capital of more than VND 1.2 trillion The city focuses on promoting, attracting FDI and private capital into urban agriculture towards high technology 2.3.7 Policies At the Plenum of the Central Party Committee, 10th session, issued Resolution No 7, Central X, on agriculture, farmers and rural areas (Resolution No 26-NQ / TW dated August 5, 2008) In 1993, the Land Law was enacted and amended over the years, most recently in 2013 This is a factor that has a strong impact on foreign ownership, creating positive changes, promoting the development of the industry Agriculture offers a new 12 direction for the countryside Particularly, Ho Chi Minh City has issued programs and policies on agricultural development, support for agricultural products consumption, building agricultural value chains, policies to support businesses, new types of cooperatives and households Significant impact on the process of agricultural transformation is the impetus for promoting the city's agriculture in the direction of producing goods, increasing value and reducing inputs 2.3.8 Urbanization Ho Chi Minh City has a rapid urbanization rate, which is reflected in the continuous increase in both space and population The urbanization process takes place in many districts of Ho Chi Minh City such as districts 2, 7, 9, 12, Binh Tan, Tan Phu and Thu Duc with many new urban areas Urbanization affects agricultural land, the city's green belt is rapidly reducing, many industrial parks and new urban areas develop in a spontaneous way along the canals and rivers causing serious pollution In the process of urbanization, a part of the rural population has become unemployed and lacked agricultural land for cultivation CHAPTER 3: SITUATION OF AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN HO CHI MINH CITY 3.1 The current state of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City 3.1.1 Overview Agriculture has been identified as an important economic sector and positively contributing to the city's economy The scale of GRDP of Ho Chi Minh City increased continuously, in the period 2005 - 2018 from 165.3 billion VND in 2005 to 463.3 billion VND in 2010 and reaching 1225.5 billion VND in 2018, ranked first in the total budget revenue in the provinces and cities of the country (accounting for 27.8% of the whole country, in 2018) 3.1.2 Restructuring agricultural land use The total of 209.55 thousand hectares of Ho Chi Minh City's natural area in 2018, agricultural land accounts for a fairly large proportion (54.5%), of which mainly agricultural production land (accounting for 31.3% natural land and 57.1% of agricultural land), tends to decrease in the period 2005-2018 (down 12.35 thousand ha) Thus, the agricultural land fund in general and agricultural land in particular of the city decrease due to the trend of converting to non-agricultural land, reflecting the rapid urbanization, tending to increase 0.8% (due to increased planted land area) The remaining types of land tend to fluctuate, this is consistent with the process of changing land use purposes of the City, especially industries that need to use land for non-agricultural purposes The change of agricultural land use structure is closely related to the agricultural tranformation In the land use structure in Ho Chi Minh City, agricultural land accounts for the highest proportion with 54.7%, mainly concentrated in Can Gio district (44.1 thousand ha), Cu Chi (33.3 thousand ha) and Binh Chanh (19.4 thousand ha) Next is non-agricultural land, accounting for 44.9% (in 2005 it was only 39.9%) In the structure of agricultural land, agricultural land has the largest area of 66 thousand hectares, with a decreasing trend from 13 2005-2018, accounting for 31.5% (2018), forestry land tends to increase by 1,82%, aquaculture land increased, while other agricultural land decreased Land potential assessment: The potential for land to serve the agricultural tranformation is quite large, currently, agricultural land accounts for 54.7% of the total natural area of Ho Chi Minh City Non-agricultural land accounts for 44.8% of the total natural area, the area of 19 urban districts accounts for 23.5%; suburban districts account for 76.5% of the area (due to the majority of agricultural land) 3.1.3 Transition agricultural production 3.1.3.1 Transition within agriculture The structure of production value within the agricultural sector is undergoing positive changes From 2005-2018, the city's livestock industry increased significantly (from 49.7% to 59%), although there was a slow growth period (from 2015 to 2018), but not significantly due to the influence of the market consume The proportion of crop production in 2018 compared to 2005 decreased from 39.4% to 33.0%, the proportion of agricultural services decreased intermittently from 10.9% to 8.0% The trend of rapidly shifting from cultivation to animal husbandry is in line with the orientation of Transition agricultural in Ho Chi Minh City The proportion of agricultural services decreased due to market factors, not meeting the requirements of commodity-oriented production in the transformation of the agricultural sector a) Plant structure change Cultivation is a major contributor to the agricultural structure of Ho Chi Minh City thanks to the full range of favorable socio-economic factors (market demand, labor force ) and natural factors (land , country) In the period 2005 - 2018, the agricultural sector focused on investment in agricultural materials, seed support, science and technology and production infrastructure for farm households In particular, Ho Chi Minh City gives priority to ornamental plants, orchids, fruit trees and vegetables In the structure of the value of value of the crop industry, annual crops still dominate compared with perennial plants, accounting for 82.3% (2018), perennial plants account for 19.7% of total value of crop production Cultivation is a major contributor to the agricultural structure of Ho Chi Minh City thanks to the full range of favorable socio-economic factors (market demand, labor force ) and natural factors (land , country) In the period 2005 - 2018, the agricultural sector focused on investment in agricultural materials, seed support, science and technology and production infrastructure for farm households In particular, Ho Chi Minh City gives priority to ornamental plants, orchids, fruit trees and vegetables In the structure of the value of value of the crop industry, annual crops still dominate compared with perennial plants, accounting for 82.3% (2018), perennial plants account for 19.7% of total value of crop production The crop industry transformation in Ho Chi Minh City is determined by annual crops, the structure tends to increase, but the cultivated area decreases in accordance with the trend of restructuring the crop industry Annual crops such as industrial crops (peanuts, 14 sugarcane, tobacco) or food crops (maize, potatoes, and cassava) are also not the city's strength Currently, Ho Chi Minh City is focusing on converting to trees with high economic value, requiring less agricultural labor, less land-consuming such as planting cut flowers (orchids), ornamental plants and vegetables The common characteristics of these trees are easy to grow, low investment cost, easy to intensify, grow many crops in a year, fast capital turnover, large consumption markets (in the city and for export) Furthermore, Ho Chi Minh City is the largest industrial center in the country, and annual agricultural crops are the input materials for the food processing industry (canned vegetables, tubers) During the vocational training period, ornamental plants and flowers were selected as the main plants for the development of the city Ho Chi Minh City has many advantages for tropical ornamental flowers and some types of sub-tropical ornamental flowers By the end of 208, the area of flowers and ornamental plants in the city reached 2,500 hectares In terms of sales: the total production value of ornamental plants increased from 1,257.4 billion VND (2010) to 1,833.8 billion VND (2015) Average production value per of flowers and ornamental plants reaches 800 -900 million VND / year The production value of perennial industrial crops accounted for 19.7% of the total value of the crop industry, bringing in nearly 900 billion VND each year (in 2018) Formerly, the city's perennial trees had rubber, cashew and pepper During the transition, the area of land for perennial crops decreased rapidly due to the conversion to annual crops Among the perennial plants, the most important is fruit trees The group of fruit trees in Ho Chi Minh City concentrated in communes and wards along the Saigon River in the districts of Cu Chi, Hoc Mon district, District 12, Thu Duc district; along the Dong Nai river in the wards of District 9; coastal sand dunes in the communes of Can Gio district and the communes in the southwestern alum area of Binh Chanh district, with a total area of 10,000 hectares b) Changing the crop structure Ho Chi Minh City cultivates rice crops a year (winter-spring, summer-autumn and crop) In the seasonal structure, the winter-spring crop is cultivated with the lowest area, with the highest in seasonal rice This crop is from May to November, this is the main crop in the South, the area of seasonal rice is usually the highest (with long-term varieties), the time of the rainy season in the South to ensure water for crops, suitable for plants to grow and develop quickly Rice variety conversion: about 26 rice varieties are planted, of which over 70% of commonly grown rice varieties replace the old low-yielding rice varieties c) Transformation of livestock structure The total value of the livestock industry has increased continuously, increasing the proportion of the livestock industry to 58% (2018) in the total production value of the agricultural sector (to 7.8 trillion VND in 2018) The average growth rate of the livestock industry in the 2005 - 2018 period is 9%/year However, the growth rate is not stable, mainly due to the effects of disease and fluctuations in animal feed prices Changing the structure of livestock, focusing on dairy cows, pigs and poultry (egg-oriented chickens, meat-oriented chickens and colored backyard chickens), livestock development towards 15 new technologies to adapt to climate change, develop farm Breeding tends to move to suburban districts, concentrating mainly in Cu Chi district Form centralized husbandry, livestock establishments reduce small breeding households, develop farms towards biology, industrialization and modernization The size of the sow herd is 5.73 heads/household, pigs for meat are 28.23 heads / household and dairy cows are 9.13 heads / household Cow raising ranks second in terms of production value after pig farming in Ho Chi Minh City (accounting for 42%) The number of cows continuously increased from 80.3 thousand heads to 130.6 thousand heads from 2005 to 2018 Dairy cows were domesticated with semen lines of Holstein Friesland of Canada, Israel, USA; select high quality dairy breeds The structure of production value of the poultry industry in Ho Chi Minh City currently tends to decrease in the total value of the livestock industry from 5% in 2005 to 0.8% in 2018, but the number of poultry increases in the period of 2005 - 2018 from 599.3 thousand children in 2005 to 785.4 thousand children The main reason is the high demand for poultry meat in the City due to the increasing population of the city Poultry raising is mainly chickens, ducks, geese, geese, quail and ostriches Goats, horses, rabbits, crocodiles and swiftlets are some of the animals that contribute to diversifying livestock production, which is also a new direction into high value commodity products serving the needs of the city and provinces For the goats, the city currently maintains the number of goats at 2,849, concentrated in Hoc Mon, Cu Chi and Binh Chanh districts Crocodile herd maintain about 200,000 animals by 2020, concentrated in districts 9, 12, Thu Duc, districts of Cu Chi, Binh Chanh, Can Gio serving mainly for the domestic market The horse herd has 37 horses, the number of horses declines rapidly because Phu Tho Racecourse no longer maintains horse racing as before The herd of rabbits decreased from 10,008 to 2,737 due to decreased market demand Bird nest raising is one of the forms of development in Ho Chi Minh City in the current period Bird nest farming is concentrated mainly in suburban districts such as Can Gio, Binh Chanh, and Nha Be; The number of swiftlet farming houses is about 550 houses and the production of swiftlets is about 12,000 kg (2018) 3.1.3.2 Transition within the forestry sector a) Timber exploitation and forest product processing industry In Ho Chi Minh City, the task of the forestry sector is mainly to plant and protect forests, so the products harvested from the forest are mainly timber tends to decrease from 14,041m3 to 10,962m3, and firewood also decreases rapidly, decreased from 2005 - 2018 Besides that, bamboo, bamboo, giant umbrella, nipa leaves, fresh bamboo shoots also decreased significantly b) Planting and protecting forests The protection forest areas are mainly Can Gio mangroves and protection forests in Binh Chanh and Cu Chi districts For Ho Chi Minh City, afforestation must be done regularly and continuously because the area of planted forests in Ho Chi Minh City tends to decrease, especially protection forests by 65.9 (2018), due to many households in Can Gio, deforestation is used for salt fields and shrimp farming The city's forest development model is protection forest development in parallel with environmental protection The area 16 of production forests tends to increase but not significantly, the special-use forests have since 2013 transformed into main protection forests in Binh Chanh 3.1.4 Transformation of production organization and agricultural territorial organization 3.1.4.1 Transformation in the product value chain In big cities like Ho Chi Minh City, the demand for food decreases, while livestock products tend to increase significantly This also promotes the competitiveness of companies supplying agricultural products to Ho Chi Minh City The risks of dirty food, the possibility of infection, and residues of chemicals left in livestock also increase as the demand of households increases As a result, the value chain of agricultural products in livestock production has been improved The model of chain management, monitoring from input to output (source of raw materials to production, processing, and preservation) ensures food quality, hygiene and safety However, the value chain of agricultural products still lacks consistency between the participating stages In the current agricultural value chain in the city, there are still many wasteful stages and intermediaries that increase unnecessary costs In the current value chain of agricultural products, there are still many intermediaries (traders, agents ) committed between sellers and buyers that are difficult to fulfill, difficult to ensure that the origin of products is safe and sustainable 3.1.4.2 Conversion in agricultural territorial organization a) Agricultural cooperatives The cooperatives mainly services and by each industry, independent businesses such as agricultural cooperatives, flower - ornamental plants, and livestock cooperatives In 2018, Ho Chi Minh City currently has 86 cooperatives N, L, TS with 2,389 cities pellets (average 28 members / cooperative) operating in 10 industries including: mushrooms, safe vegetables, flowers - ornamental plants, husbandry, mixed cultivation, fisheries, rural industries, salt production, agricultural services and general business In which, the industry with the most number of cooperatives participating is general business with 25 cooperatives However, the cooperative has just changed to a new form, so its operation has not achieved high efficiency, has not been active in finding markets and creating production relationships b) Agricultural enterprises Ho Chi Minh City has 22 enterprises exporting vegetables and fruits with an estimated output of 11,113 tons / year, estimated at 330 billion VND / year, the main markets are China, Japan and European countries Enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City also have the strength of producing breeds with 28 enterprises producing breeds, trading in livestock, breeding aquatic breeds and ornamental fish The business model shows superiority compared to other management models in terms of strong financial capacity, high economic efficiency, and organization of the value chain of agricultural products from production to consumption product distribution c) Farm By 2018, according to the new regulations of the Government, the farm area must be at least 1ha, so the number of farms in Ho Chi Minh City decreased to 239 farms In which, there are 31 aquaculture farms, 205 general farms and livestock farms Currently, although 17 the farm area is not large, but due to large investment capital, most of the farm models create higher production value than the household model However, due to new regulations on income and farm size, as well as the decreasing trend of agricultural land in Ho Chi Minh City, this model is not as developed as other provinces and cities in the Southeast region The set d) Urban agricultural belt The agricultural belt in Ho Chi Minh City is not clearly formed compared to other urban areas such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Depending on natural conditions, traffic conditions and geographical location compared to districts In the city center, it can be determined that Ho Chi Minh City currently has different agricultural production belts: - The inner-city agricultural belt: covers all urban districts having agricultural production (District 2, Tan Binh, Tan Phu, Go Vap, Binh Thanh) The small and scattered cultivation model has the advantage of being a safe product (hydroponic vegetables) - The central urban peri-urban agricultural belt: located closest to the city center compared to other belts, providing safe vegetables and livestock products (meat, eggs and milk from poultry, cow and pig) for the city residents - Agricultural belt far from the central urban area: adjacent to the peri-urban agricultural belt This belt includes some communes of Cu Chi, Hoc Mon, Binh Chanh, Nha Be and Can Gio districts; Low economic efficiency, there is a strong transition to crops and other animals, providing fresh seafood to urban residents, including fresh, brackish and saltwater fisheries d) Concentrated production and cultivation areas From scattered and fragmented production, the agricultural, forestry and fishery production territory of Ho Chi Minh City is undergoing a positive change based on the actual production, the suburbs of the city have formed a number of specialized farming area towards investing in a number of products with high economic value to serve the needs of the city These territories are formed based on the similarity of production conditions such as land fund, ecological conditions, production experience of workers and the needs of the consumer market These specialized farming areas have created products of great commodity value, combining food production with husbandry and production of seeds, animals, vegetables, flowers, ornamental plants to taking advantage of the conditions for developing and diversifying crops and animals in a territory to create socio-economic and environmental effects Currently, basically, in cultivation and husbandry, Ho Chi Minh City has eight specialized farming and concentrated production areas: vegetable production areas; specialized cultivation areas of flowers and ornamental plants; food crop production areas (rice, maize, potato, cassava); short-term industrial crops; fruit tree growing areas; dairy cow breeding area; pig breeding area; aquaculture and salt production areas 3.2 Surveying the status of agricultural transformation in Cu Chi and Hoc Mon districts 3.2.1 Survey on models of vocational colleges in two districts of Cu Chi and Hoc Mon 18 Surveyed 110 farmers in Cu Chi and Hoc Mon districts, Ho Chi Minh City, in which households changed their production model from cultivation to livestock or from low-yield crops to crops be productive by using household questionnaires On the characteristics of farmers: most of the surveyed households were in Cu Chi (60 votes per communes Pham Van Coi, Tan Phu Trung and Tan Thong Hoi) and Hoc Mon (50 votes per communes Xuan Thoi Son and Xuan Thoi) Upper) Households with 4-6 members / household account for 56.4% of the households questioned Regarding the education level of the household head, more than half of the respondents (55.5%) have lower secondary education, 35.5% are from high school, only 9% have university degree 3.2.2 About the transition situation 3.2.2.1 About the status of conversion: Change of land use purpose: in the past 10 years, 48 households per 110 households have changed the land use purpose, of which switching to planting other trees or raising other children has 15 households, trading, transferring There are 12 households, households are leased and the remaining 15 households are converted for other purposes Regarding types of machinery: applied in the process of agricultural production, 21/110 interviewed households have invested in farming machines such as plows (5 households), tillers (4 households), sprayers medicine (4 households), lawn mowers (5 households) such as rice threshers (1 household) for cultivation also account for a significant number of the interviewed households Regarding seed production: in the process of agricultural production, farmers need sources of seed However, only 18.2% of households bought from seed companies, 26.4% bought from private traders and traders, the remaining more than 2/3 of the households asked to produce their own seed, which means buying their own seed from different sources or self-producing plant varieties Regarding facilities for production: 52/110 farmers were asked to have computers connected to the Internet, but the use of computers for production and business was not much, because only 10/52 households use the internet to exchange and trade online, transact electronically… The main agricultural products of the district are 44 livestock (households) Then there are households specializing in cultivation such as rice with (households), (household) planting forage crops, (households) planting ornamental flowers, (households) cultivating mushrooms, the rest are a few small households, of which 1(households) rasing goats and (households) raising python From these main products, the majority of households are changing from an inefficient rice model to raising livestock (mainly cows) for a higher production value, some households turn to ornamental plants, mushrooms, planting food crops for cattle (mainly milk grass for cattle raising) This transformation is in line with the ongoing transformation model of the city from the selection of valuable animals and crops instead of rice, in the first phase, the conversion of production structure was carried out with plants (vegetable and ornamental plants), animals (dairy cows and tiger shrimp) in some districts have changed their production structure to gradually switch to ornamental fish, crocodiles and tropical flowers (Dendrobium orchids, Mokara) ) 19 Regarding capital, revenue: According to the survey, the average annual revenue is different between the two districts, Cu Chi district, the annual revenue is about 70 million, while Hoc Mon is 83 million, profit of Hoc Mon is higher with 63 million, while Cu Chi is nearly 50 million, while the approximate investment capital is more than 100 million The average revenue per person in Cu Chi is mostly from 16.7 million to 25 million people per year (21 households), while less than 16.7 million is 39 households, while Hoc Mon has a disparity in the number of households between the two main income groups from 16.7 million or more (21 households) with less than 16.7 million also 29 households This shows that the low-income groups are still concentrated in the remote districts Among the major sources of investment capital, equity accounted for 101 households, followed by loans from friends (29 households), bank loans were very few, only 17 households Thus, it can be seen that developing livestock production requires large investment capital, so most of livestock households are considering loan requests from banks in addition to equity However, it can be seen that in the transition from cultivation to husbandry, there are still many households who are hesitant to know about its greater efficiency but the lack of capital, access to preferential loans and market consumption market also makes many farmers afraid to switch 3.2.2.2 Evaluate the conversion process: In 10 years, in two districts of Cu Chi and Hoc Mon, 48/ 110 households had a change in land use purpose, 17 households / 110 households convert and earn 10% or more profits Considering the manifestations of the transition process, 43.6% of the surveyed households have practiced agricultural transformation, but to achieve high value of agricultural products is still modest (35.4%) Among the converted households, the survey in terms of profit increases about 10% in households with livestock (mainly beef cattle), from 11 to 40% of profits go to the households raising dairy cow and households of vegetable growing also increased but not significantly Thus, the model of conversion from rice-vegetable, rice-beef can be the main model in Cu Chi and Hoc Mon districts Difficulties and aspirations: 84 out of 10 households surveyed are worried about unstable price, 42/110 households also answered lack of information about the consumer market for products, it can be seen that the output for the product is always the biggest concern of farming households Although the city government has a policy of prioritizing the development of output markets for agricultural products, applying hi-tech agricultural production models to agriculture, due to the small amount of agricultural land, mainly small farming households, large investment costs for farming, farmers selling to traders or wholesale markets are always pressed so farmers expect the city to have policies support the farmers to sell agricultural products to other consumption channels with good prices and more stable outputs (60/110 households need support policies for farmers) 3.3 General assessment 3.3.1 Achievement Transforming the economic structure of Ho Chi Minh City is in a positive direction There is a shift towards specialization in the structure of the agricultural sector The most obvious manifestation of the agricultural transfomation process is the shift in employment, income and 20 expenditure of the people The labor structure in agriculture has clearly decreased The income gap between suburban and central areas of Ho Chi Minh City is different, so there is a change in the structure of consumption and spending on food and foodstuffs Regarding forms of agricultural territorial organization, Ho Chi Minh City is developing models such as cooperative groups, new types of cooperatives, farms, specialized areas, agricultural production areas, hitech agricultural areas and agricultural belts Urban agricultural territorial organizations in HCMC are plentiful and diverse, ranging from simple to more complex 3.3.2 Exist, limited Some shortcomings and disadvantages include: agro-forestry and aquaculture transformation is still slow, territorial structure changes slowly, mechanisms and policies to encourage agricultural development and farmers are not synchronized, the agricultural land of the city tends to decrease due to industrialization and urbanization Farmers are too concerned about chemicals and inputs instead of increasing efficiency by increasing productivity and reducing costs for agricultural supplies New types of cooperatives also face management problems, lack of linkages between households, making the value chain of agricultural products loose The main difficulties of the surveyed households are price instability, lack of information on consumption markets, capital constraints to change production models CHAPTER ORIENTATIONS AND SOLUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN HO CHI MINH CITY 4.1 Basis for orienting and proposing solutions to agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City 4.1.1 International and domestic context affecting agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City 4.1.1.1 The impact of the international market on foreign laborers in HCMC The trend of international economic integration and economic globalization is taking place more and more widely on a global and regional scale, is strongly impacting on Vietnam's economy in general and Ho Chi Minh City's economy in particular International economic integration has also affected agricultural products and changed consumption patterns The market develops in accordance with the trend of consuming high quality products to ensure food safety On the other hand, the process of trade liberalization also facilitates the protection of the environment such as the dissemination of clean technologies, environmentally friendly products, increasing environmental cleaning costs, and strengthening international cooperation to environmental protection; the agriculture sector must reduce costs, apply environmental standards to expand markets, resulting in resource savings and compliance with domestic environmental requirements 4.1.1.2 The impact of the domestic market on foreign ownership in HCMC During this period, our country continues to integrate into the world and regional economy by participating in many free trade agreements, bilateral and multilateral cooperation, Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), Implementing 10 WTO- 21 committed programs, AFTA will provide industry with many opportunities to access large markets, capital and science and technology 4.1.1.3 The impact of climate change on the vocational colleges in HCMC Ho Chi Minh City government has issued action plans to cope with climate change in order to set specific goals, solutions, and integrate climate change elements into the economic development programs, master plans and plans of TP 2016 - 2020 The city enhances the efficiency of renewable energy, towards low carbon society development, building smart urban models, monitoring environmental indicators, contributing to the healthy living environment protection for everyone In addition, Ho Chi Minh City actively participates in international cooperation (the Netherlands and Japan) in adapting and responding to climate change 4.1.1.4 Impact of Science - Technology on agricultural transformation in HCMC The proportion of agricultural production value will increase by applying high technology applications by 2020, accounting for 60-70% of the total agricultural production value of the whole city By 2020, the city strives for 50 - 60% of farm households and 7080% of enterprises participating in agricultural production to apply hi-tech technical measures on seeds, cultivation process and post-harvest technology; mechanization and automation in the breeding process, waste treatment; advanced techniques and high technologies in the process of producing and cultivating key aquatic products By 2020, the city focuses on building 02 projects: High-tech aquaculture zone in Long Hoa commune, Can Gio district (98 hectares) for brackish water aquatic objects and High-tech Agriculture zone in Phuoc Vinh An commune, Cu Chi district (23 ha) in the field of processing, storage and cultivation By 2025, the other project will be implemented as a high-tech agricultural application zone for animal husbandry, expected in Binh Chanh district 4.1.1.5 Socio-Economic Development Master Plan of Ho Chi Minh City to 2020, vision to 2025 and agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City The overall goal is to build a civilized and modern Ho Chi Minh City with a special urban role; ensure economic growth towards sustainable development, economic development in parallel with environmental protection, assurance of national defense, security and social order and safety in the area Socio-economic goals under the Master Plan to 2025 will have a significant impact on the foreign trade community in Ho Chi Minh City, especially in terms of land conversion, land use changes, and restructuring of plant varieties and livestock to suit development trends and to move towards safe agriculture, high technology and climate change adaptation 4.1.2 Forecast of agricultural product demand in Ho Chi Minh City until 2025 The city has the highest population density in the country, with a population of around 7.94 million expected to reach 10 million by 2025 Therefore, effective exploitation of the local market is important in the city's trade promotion strategy for agro-forestry and aquacultural products Along with the strength and potential of exporting agricultural products of Vietnam, the city's agricultural products are exported to many countries in the region and around the world 4.2 Orientation of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City until 2025, vision 22 2030 4.2.1 Opinion The implementation of the agricultural transformation process in Ho Chi Minh City must be consistent with the common views in Vietnam's agricultural development vision to 2030; ensure consistency with the viewpoint of socio-economic development of the Southeast region 4.2.2 Target 4.2.2.1 General objective The long-term goal of Ho Chi Minh City is to build agricultural production in the direction of modern urban agriculture, high-tech and sustainable agriculture, focusing on commodity production and application of science and technology, contributing to increasing productivity, quality, efficiency and enhance competitiveness with other provinces in the region The city aims for improving the lives of suburban people, raising incomes, meeting the consumers' needs for clean, safe food and boosting the export of key products 4.2.2.2 Specific conversion goals - The average growth rate of GRDP in agriculture will be about 6% per year; labor productivity in agriculture reaches 8.5% per year; trained labor reaches over 90% - Production value of agriculture reaches from 900 million to - billion/hectare per year on agricultural land - Rural residential income reaches VND 100 million -The structure of farmer households participating in becoming members of agricultural cooperatives reaches 20%; about 80% of agricultural cooperatives are of good or above grade - Degree forest cover reaches 18.59% 4.2.3 Conversion orientation 4.2.3.1 By industry a) Cultivation Main products of the agricultural sector are organized in the form of chains; encourage the development of organic agriculture, expand the area of hi-tech agricultural production, apply biotechnology to smart agriculture; continue to build and transfer models of conversion from low-efficiency crops such as rice, sugarcane and rubber to high-efficiency crops such as vegetables and ornamental flowers b) Breeding Establish breeding areas according to the scale of concentration, maintain husbandry by households in the traditional farming method in combination with organic farming, raising animals according to GAP; support projects for the production of animal feeds, production of microbiological organic fertilizers; not let diseases occur in livestock facilities; forming concentrated and stable husbandry areas; improve the quality and productivity of cow's milk, dairy cow breeds and beef cattle c) Aquatic products Objectives: developing in the direction of sustainability, improving product quality and productivity; biosecurity, environmental protection, market response and VietGAP standards; scaling up the export of ornamental fish, businesses are responsible for finding outlets and consumption, linking with small production households, as satellites for businesses 23 d) Forestry By 2025: 35,989 hectares of forest land (35,012 hectares of forested land with 32,928 hectares of protection forest, 26 hectares of special-use forest and 2,058 hectares of production forest) The area of unplanned planted forest trees is 3,500 hectares; the area of forested land and forestry trees planted outside the planning is 38,512 hectares e) Salt By 2025: The area of salt will be 854 hectares with 100% of the salt produced on canvas; to build concentrated salt production areas in Ly Nhon and Thanh An communes with 664 hectares 4.2.3.2 By territory Based on the map of agro-ecological zoning, map of major soil groups and the socioeconomic development orientation of Ho Chi Minh City from now to 2025, vision to 2030, agricultural production areas of Ho Chi Minh City HCM is divided into concentrated agricultural regions, namely: - Region I (old alluvial zone and new alluvial soil along Northwestern Saigon River), - Region II (old alluvial and new alluvial areas along the Northeastern Saigon River), - Region III (West Saigon River alum soil) includes two sub-regions, - Region IV (saline alluvial soil, Saigon South River) with two sub-regions, - Region V (saline alluvial soil, Southeast Saigon River) with three sub-regions 4.3 Solution of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City 4.3.1 Agricultural policies of the city government The city government needs to invest more in rural infrastructure; irrigation system; administrative services on land; surveillance for pests and diseases; support and food safety assessment There should be policies to create a favorable environment for raising capital from enterprises to agricultural activities 4.3.2 Improving agricultural productivity is associated with sustainable growth 4.3.2.1 Increase the efficiency of agricultural land use The city needs to take advantage of the high value chain of agricultural products due to the needs of the people Increasing product value will improve the efficiency of land and water use, applying the agricultural production model towards new directions: green agriculture, high-tech agriculture The process of land concentration will create favorable conditions for businesses to invest in agriculture, develop farm scale, facilitate mechanization and ensure livelihoods for farmers 4.3.2.2 Increase the efficiency of sustainable use of irrigation water Existing irrigation systems also need to ensure other multi-functional services such as providing for special purposes in coastal areas such as Can Gio district, maintaining irrigation and ensuring the aquacultural development 4.3.2.3 Green agriculture policy The city government needs to have a strategy in protecting the agro-ecological environment, forecasting risks of climate change, and preventing environmental pollution For farmers, it is necessary to focus on integrating the procedures to implement the model of green agriculture cultivation, combining eco-tourism 4.3.2.4 Managing climate change risks in agriculture 24 Under the impact of climate change, the problems of saline intrusion, sea level rise causing floods also cause significant impacts on agricultural production activities and clean water supply Ho Chi Minh City authorities need scenarios to cope with climate change through many different fields such as transport, energy, agricultural resource management, smart city construction, monitoring activities related to environmental impact indicators 4.3.2.5 Building agriculture based on knowledge, science and technology Achievements such as VietGAP safe vegetable model; ornamental flowers (ornamental plants, false bon, orchid, apricot,); aquaculture and ornamental fish farming; raising GAHP pigs; dairy; mechanization in the production of safe vegetables at the stage of watering, spraying and soil preparation; watering on orchids; milking, chopping, cooling system for dairy cows The operation of the agricultural extension center in the future will play a leading role and act as a broker for farmers in making production decisions when the urban agriculture model develops 4.3.3 Improve competitiveness in the market 4.3.3.1 Enhancing innovation in agricultural value chain Researches in the field of high technology applications in production have been focused in recent years High-tech agricultural areas in suburban areas such as hydroponic vegetables, bell peppers, sweet peppers, and melon nets on a greenhouse in a membrane with drip irrigation In the period of 2010 - 2026, the rate of hi-tech agricultural application will increase from 10% to 35.8%, in 2018 it will be 38.2% It is expected that the city will deploy projects: Cu Chi district with the project of expanding Hi-tech Agriculture Park (200 hectares) in Pham Van Coi Commune; in Can Gio district with an investment project to build a high-tech aquatic product park; in Phuoc Vinh An commune (Cu Chi district) with the expansion project of the High-tech Park (23ha); Binh Chanh district is a project to build high-tech breeding areas 4.3.3.2 Strengthening organization and management of food safety To ensure food safety in the long run, the city needs to share responsibility with the participants in the agricultural value chain such as the signing of coordination management and the connection of agricultural and aquatic products consumption in the safe food supply chain If the city only manages by monitoring the output but forgets inputs as well as the actors in the chain, it is difficult to encourage subjects in the agricultural value chain to exercise self-awareness about food safety 4.3.3.3 Building agricultural value chains based on collective connectivity The city also implements cooperation programs with provinces in the region to build goods supply chains between provinces and Ho Chi Minh City Cooperatives and enterprises must be proactive in trade promotion; investing in technological innovation, closely associating with farmers to ensure a stable source of raw materials for production Farmers need to cooperate in production, ensuring the supply of quality products; attend technical courses; attend trade promotion fair Contract for agricultural products should be implemented to enhance accountability among the parties in the value chain of agricultural products 4.3.3.4 Branding of agricultural products in the international market With the project "One program per commune in a rural area of the city until 2020" the city will have agricultural products that have been identified as key including bonsai 25 flowers, vegetables, pigs, brackish water shrimp, dairy cow and ornamental fish These products have the potential to expand the market, both producing seeds to supply to the city and the provinces in the context that the city is becoming a high-quality urban agriculture 4.3.4 Mobilizing investment capital for agricultural transformation The city should have policies to support bank loans in the form of future assets or mortgage; there is a chain link between units, state management agencies, units of production, supply of input materials (seed, fertilizer, technology ), product consumption units (super market, businesses, ) and banks to develop a number of agricultural projects with high-tech applications such as export melon, hydroponic vegetables, ornamental flowers, intensive and intensive Whiteleg shrimp farming Eco-calendar, complete feed factory for TMR dairy cows 4.3.5 Application of science and technology in the process of agricultural transformation Application of information technology, development of science and technology in agriculture contributes to building a smart city, taking advantage of the opportunity of the 4.0 revolution to improve the efficiency of agricultural production Building traceability system of agricultural products: designing agricultural data management software for management and traceability of products Advanced training for staff to meet integration requirements 4.3.6 Innovating forms of agricultural production organization In order for the State Ownership to be effective, it is necessary to have programs and projects to develop agricultural cooperatives models operating in Ho Chi Minh City Currently, the city has supported Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Cu Chi, Hoc Mon and Can Gio districts to build an advanced agricultural cooperative model till 2020 ... the case of Ho Chi Minh City - Analyzing factors affecting agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City - Clarifying the status of agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City in the period... transformation in Ho Chi Minh City Chapter 3: Actual situation of agricultural transition in Ho Chi Minh City Chapter 4: Orientation and solutions for agricultural transformation in Ho Chi Minh City The... Ho Chi Minh City Research on agricultural transformation towards climate change adaptation agriculture: Brief report of Asian Development Bank (ADB), Vu Thuy Linh, Pham Thi Anh Ngoc, Ho Minh Dung,
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