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Mục tiêu nghiên cứu của đề tài là quy hoạch dòng rác thải tối ưu cho xử lý hiệu quả nhất, kinh tế nhất. Xây dựng các mô hình tối thực hiện quản lý chất thải rắn tại nguồn nhằm tối thiểu lượng rác phát sinh, tối đa lượng rác thu hồi cho tái chế, tối ưu kinh tế chất thải và tối thiểu lượng khí phát thải ô nhiễm môi trường.
ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ NẴNG TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM KỸ THUẬT BÁO CÁO TỔNG KẾT ĐỀ TÀI KHOA HỌC VÀ CƠNG NGHỆ CẤP TRƯỜNG TỐI ƯU HĨA MƠ HÌNH QUẢN LÝ VÀ XỬ LÝ CHẤT THẢI RẮN CHO ĐÔ THỊ DU LỊCH Ở VIỆT NAM – NGHIÊN CỨU ĐIỂN HÌNH CHO THÀNH PHỐ HỘI AN Mã số: T2019-06-115 Chủ nhiệm đề tài: TS Phạm Phú Song Toàn Đà Nẵng, 08/2020 ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ NẴNG TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM KỸ THUẬT BÁO CÁO TỔNG KẾT ĐỀ TÀI KHOA HỌC VÀ CƠNG NGHỆ CẤP TRƯỜNG TỐI ƯU HĨA MƠ HÌNH QUẢN LÝ VÀ XỬ LÝ CHẤT THẢI RẮN CHO ĐÔ THỊ DU LỊCH Ở VIỆT NAM – NGHIÊN CỨU ĐIỂN HÌNH CHO THÀNH PHỐ HỘI AN Mã số: T2019-06-115 Xác nhận quan chủ trì đề tài (ký, họ tên, đóng dấu) Chủ nhiệm đề tài (ký, họ tên) MỤC LỤC Danh mục bảng biểu Danh mục hình ảnh Danh mục viết tắt Thông tin kết nghiên cứu Information on research resuts Mở đầu ··················································································· Chương 1: Tổng quan ································································ 1.1 Các vấn đề chất thải rắn ····················································· 1.2 Mục tiêu đề tài·················································································· 1.3 Quy mô đề tài thời gian thực ·············································· Chương 2: Đối tượng nghiên cứu phương pháp nghiên cứu ·············· 2.1 Đối tượng nghiên cứu············································································· 2.1.1 Đặc trưng khu vực nghiên cứu ··························································· 2.1.2 Hệ thống quản lý chất thải rắn đô thị Hội An ······························ 10 2.2 Phương pháp nghiên cứu ······························································································· 13 2.2.1 Phương pháp lấy mẫu xác định thành phần ································· 13 2.2.2 Phương pháp khảo sát thực trạng lấy ý kiến ································ 14 2.2.3 Phương pháp phân tích tính chất CTR ·············································· 15 2.2.4 Phương pháp thống kê ······································································· 16 2.2.5 Phương pháp xây dựng mơ hình ························································ 16 2.2.6 Phương pháp đánh giá mơ hình ························································· 23 Chương 3: Kết biện luận···················································· 24 3.1 Định lượng phát thải từ nguồn phát thải chất thải rắn đô thị thành phố Hội An ·························································································· 24 3.2 Phân tích thành phần rác thải đô thị ····················································· 26 3.3 Đánh giá hoạt động quản lý rác thải nguồn ···································· 29 3.4 Hiện trạng thu gom xử lý CTR Hội An ······································ 31 3.5 Tối ưu hóa dịng rác thải tương ứng với hệ thống xử lý phù hợp······ 34 3.6 Đánh giá mơ hình quy hoạch hệ thống quản lý chất thải rắn ··········· 41 3.6.1 Hiệu giảm lượng chất thải rắn phát sinh nguồn·················· 41 3.6.2 Thành phần tính chất CTR thu gom cho xử lý ···························· 43 3.6.3 Đánh giá tính kinh tế phương án quy hoạch hệ thống quản lý CTR ············································································································ 44 3.6.4 Đánh giá hiệu môi trường phương án quy hoạch hệ thống quản lý CTR ······························································································· 47 Kết luận kiến nghị ······························································ 50 Kết luận ··································································································· 50 Kiến nghị ·································································································· 53 Tài liệu tham khảo Phụ lục DANH SÁCH THÀNH VIÊN THAM GIA NGHIÊN CỨU GS.TS Takeshi Fujiwara Khoa Khoa học Môi trường Cuộc sống - Đại học Okayama ThS Kiều Thị Hịa Khoa Cơng nghệ hóa học Môi trường – ĐH Sư phạm Kỹ thuật – ĐHĐN DANH SÁCH ĐƠN VỊ PHỐI HỢP CHÍNH Khoa Khoa học Môi trường Cuộc sống - Đại học Okayama Cơng ty Cổ phần Cơng Trình Cơng Cộng Hội An Phịng Tài Ngun Mơi Trường Hội An Phòng Thương Mại Du lịch thành phố Hội An DANH SÁCH BẢNG BIỂU Bảng 2.1 Thành phần CTR phân tích ························································· 14 Bảng 2.2 Đặc trưng trang thực quản lý CTR sở kinh doanh lưu trú ········································································································ 18 Bảng 2.3 Thông số thực quản lý CTR nguồn sở lưu trú ········ 22 Bảng 3.1 Thành phần CTR nguồn thải từ hoạt động thương mại du lịch ······························································································································ 28 Bảng 3.2 Lượng CTR tái chế thu hồi phương án quy hoạch ········· 43 DANH MỤC HÌNH ẢNH Hình 2.1 Bản đồ hành Hội An ································································ Hình 2.2 Lượng khách du lịch đến Hội An thời gian qua ······················· Hình 2.3 Sự phát triển mạnh mẽ ngành công nghiệp du lịch Hội An ···· Hình 2.4 Lượng chất thải rắn đô thị Hội An thập niên qua ················ 10 Hình 2.5 Lượng khách du lịch lượng CTR phát sinh năm 2018 ········ 11 Hình 2.6 Quy trình nghiên cứu ········································································· 13 Hình 2.7 Phương pháp “Corning and quartering” ········································· 14 Hình 2.8 Phương pháp kiểm định chuẩn data ·················································· 16 Hình 2.9 Mơ hình phân tích cấu trúc AHP cho chiến lược cải thiện hệ thống tái chế ··················································································································· 17 Hình 2.10 Hệ thống tái chế thống··························································· 20 Hình 2.11 Mơ hình kinh tế tuần hồn chất thải ················································ 21 Hình 3.1 Tỷ lệ (a) lượng (b) CTR phát sinh từ nguồn phát thải ··········· 24 Hình 3.2 Tỷ lệ phát thải CTR từ (a) hộ gia đình, (b c) từ khách sạn··········· 25 Hình 3.3 Tỷ lệ phát thải CTR hoạt động thương mại khác ········· 26 Hình 3.4 Thành phần CTR sinh hoạt chung (a) khu vực khác (b)··· 27 Hình 3.5 Thành phần CTR ngành Công nghiệp du lịch Hội An ·········· 27 Hình 3.6 Tỷ lệ thực quản lý CTR nguồn ·············································· 29 Hình 3.7 Hiệu thực phân loại CTR nguồn đơn vị ··············· 30 Hình 3.8 Dịng chất thải rắn từ hoạt động du lịch Hội An ··························· 31 Hình 3.9 Phân tích dịng CTR thị HA S1 (PA1) ··························· 36 Hình 3.10 Phân tích dịng CTR đô thị HA S2 (PA1) ······················· 37 Hình 3.11 Phân tích dịng CTR thị HA S3 (PA2) ······················· 38 Hình 3.12 Phân tích dịng CTR đô thị HA S4 (PA2) ························ 39 Hình 3.13 Lượng CTR phát sinh mơ hình ············································· 42 Hình 3.14 Tính chất CTR mơ hình ··········································· 43 Đồ thị 3.15 Phân tích chi phí vận hành từ mơ hình quản lý CTR ·················· 45 Hình 3.16 Phân tích tính kinh tế vận hành dự án ································ 46 Hình 3.17 Sự phát thải khí CO2 từ phương pháp xử lý CTR thị Hội An ························································································································· 48 Hình 3.18 Ước tính lượng CO2 phát thải tương lai từ PA1 PA2 ····· 49 Các ký hiệu viết tắt AHP : Analytic hierarchy process AP : Application of sanction BAU : Business as usual CBA : Cost-benefit analysis CBR : Cost-benefit ratio CG : Co-ordination of the government CH : Consensus of hotels CI : Consistency index CP : Composting practice CR : Consistency ratio CTR : Chất thải rắn DFR : Development of a facility for recycling DNC : Danang city EBO : Economic benefit optimisation EIM : Environmental impact mitigation ERS : Economic benefit for recycling sectors ES : Economic benefit of society ESH : Economic benefit of hotels GHG : Greenhouse gas HAC : Hoi An City HLC : Ha Long City HOM : Homestays HPF : Handicraft production facility HSH : High-scale hotels IE : Intensification of Encouragement LHV : Low heating value LSH : Low-scale hotels MFA : Material flow analysis MSH : Midle-scale hotels NGO : Non-government organisation PET : Polyethylene terephthalate PH : Public health PP : Policy promulgation PPC : Phnom Penh City PR : Promulgation of regulation RFC : Recycling facility of the city RFH : Recycling facility of hotels RP : Recycling practice RPE : Recycling practice enhancement RSC : Recycling system of the city SCI : Social consensus improvement SoN : Support of NGOs SP : Separation practice SSWM : Sustainable solid waste management SWC : Solid waste composition SWE : Waste separation efficiency SWG : Solid waste generation SWG : Solid waste geeneration SWGR : Solid waste geeneration rate SWM : Solid waste management VIL : Villas WMP : Waste management practice 1083 Pham Phu et al Table 4. Characterisation of solid waste by sources Waste sources Moisture (%) Density (kg m-3) C (%) H (%) N (%) LHV (kJ kg-1) Restaurant waste Hotel waste Household waste Tourist waste Hoi An Market Street waste Shop waste Clothing store wase Municipal waste of TD 50.4 43.6 43.0 31.3 43.4 42.1 47.0 45.2 46.79 232 198 204 129 139 115 117 122 44.17 45.78 46.76 52.97 46.06 39.71 47.43 49.04 45.21 5.42 5.56 5.64 6.21 5.60 4.79 5.71 5.94 5.50 1.35 1.08 1.26 0.45 1.06 1.12 1.35 1.03 1.22 16,347 17,185 17,632 20,563 17,327 14,199 17,836 18,638 16,866 LHV: low heating value; TD: tourism destination Table 5. Characterisation of solid waste by categories Categories Moisture (%) C (%) H (%) N (%) LHV (kJ kg-1) Kitchen waste Garden waste Cardboard Paper Plastic Plastic bag PET Textile Rubber Wood Bamboo Other combustible waste 61.8 54.2 39.5 46.9 18.2 21.4 16.7 42.2 4.5 32.0 35.5 48.5 38.20 36.96 40.11 38.79 65.58 66.40 61.48 48.67 47.95 40.41 47.74 51.81 5.59 4.49 5.31 5.13 7.03 10.93 4.30 6.83 6.14 5.34 6.40 7.97 2.84 1.16 0.25 0.3 0.18 0.53 0.12 1.81 0.44 0.97 0.42 0.72 14,243 12,859 15,028 14,221 26,024 29,915 22,066 19,466 19,405 15,389 18,815 21,406 LHV: low heating value; PET: polyethylene terephthalate organic waste in a small business area To prevent odours and contamination in a small catering business area, a substantial daily amount of waste is likely to be thrown away This challenge is difficult to combat with collection services Second, recycling practices may face some obstacles Although the proportion of recyclable materials is high (14.68%) and the benefits of recycling are undeniable, the recycling rate in the TD is only around 50% Barriers to the recycling practice are presented by the lack of space for storing recycling materials, lack of care for a negligible income from selling the recycling materials and lack of itinerant buyers that might enter the TD Also, the restaurant owners explain that the trading activities of recyclable materials affect their business, so that the recyclable materials are usually dumped into the garbage or are given to collection crews for free Lastly, while household composting practices are considered an unsuitable solution for a crowded and confined urban area, waste minimisation by reducing and reusing practices also present significant challenges for the SWM As for the business sector, where its profitability is the primary concern, things that negatively affect business operations are rejected Therefore, improvement of awareness and implementation of the 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) programme presents a substantial challenge The SWM practice in the TD of the developing countries also face many difficulties and challenges Notably, waste separation at source in Carpathian destination in Ukraine was never implemented, as it did not get approved by the commercial sector Consequently, waste recycling practice and disposals encountered many disadvantages (Murava and Korobeinykova, 2016) The SWM practice in the TDs of developed countries is more efficient owing to a stable and efficient SWM system For example, on the Spanish island of Mallorca, a door-to-door waste source segregation system was implemented and allows recycling of > 75% of waste Furthermore, on Tenerife, one of the Europe’s most popular tourist destinations, solid waste was sorted at source strictly for recycling and composting The waste residues are landfilled in sanitary conditions (Ezeah et al., 2015) Although the reality shows some difficulties in the implementation of the waste management practice in the TD of HAC, there are some highlights from the SWM practice intentions The results of the questionnaire survey indicated that most of the business sectors are willing to cooperate with the government to protect the environment in the TD by finding suitable solutions for the SWM Additionally, waste sorting practice may be improved if waste is collected daily by separate trucks or carts Businesses are willing to sort recyclable waste for recycling if it is collected every day by a specialised collection route Moreover, street bins for separate waste collection can be introduced, since 95% of tourists are willing to pay an environmental fee included in the plane ticket price to protect the TD environment Thus, suitable solutions to manage solid waste in the TD can be found 1084 Figure 7. Waste separation and recycling practice rates Figure 8. Efficient waste separation at sources based on local features, demand of business sectors and the effectiveness of the SWM system The solid waste collection system and its challenges The daily solid waste collection system in the TD is illustrated by the timed waste collection flow (Figure 9) and the waste flow (Figure 10), in which solid waste from eight sources is mainly collected by carts and trucks According to the waste collection regulations, mixed waste from street bins and the streets themselves is collected twice a day by blue and green-yellow carts, respectively Market waste is collected daily by a mixed truck by the end of the afternoon Remaining waste is collected separately based on the segregation practice at source Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable wastes are collected alternatively four and three times per week by trucks in the early morning (6:30 am), respectively Figure 10 reveals that separated trucks moved approximately 4490 kg day-1 of biodegradable waste and 4067 kg day-1 of Waste Management & Research 37(11) non-biodegradable waste to the same gathering point It may be explained by the low rate of waste sorting at source Likewise, mixed waste from carts and markets is also transferred to the gathering point at the disposal area This signifies waste segregation at source and a rotating collection system have no value Meanwhile, the recyclable waste is saved by the collection crews on the collection route with the rate of 3%–4% for carts and 2%–3% for trucks This recyclable waste is then moved to the junk shops for selling The financial benefit from selling recyclable materials belongs to the collection crews and signified a ‘spoil’ on that working day Other unpleasant consequences of a solid waste collection system in the TD are revealed by shops and restaurants (Figure 10) Solid waste from shops is sneakily thrown into the street bins at night and into the carts with the approximate rates instead of putting waste into the collecting trucks Consequently, the daily waste amount in street bins doubles and causes overloading (Figure 11) The justification is given by the inappropriate collecting time (about 6:30 am), while shops operate from 10:00 to 22:00 Additionally, about half of all the restaurant waste is collected by trucks in the morning and the other half is thrown illegally into carts (Figure 12), which function for collecting street waste from sweeping and from street bins in the afternoon This illegal waste collection occurs under a tacit deal between collectors and restaurant owners and leads to anarchy in the solid waste collection system in the TD Namely, the carts spend time collecting waste from the restaurants instead of picking waste from the street bins It results in brimming of waste in the cart before the end of the route, hence, street bins full of waste are ignored, not collected and are stocked with waste with about 212.62 kg day-1 (Figure 10) This phenomenon occurs every day and negatively affect the hygiene and landscape in the TD It is negatively viewed by about 80% of visitors This challenge to waste collection system and to the SWM system in the TD is still to be overcome This illegal cooperation in waste collection does not only induce the anarchy in the waste collection system, but also causes loss of a substantial amount of money for the restaurants and the government According to the collection fee regulation by the government, the tipping fee for a restaurant on average is $28.78 month-1 based on the actual waste generation from a restaurant (Quang Nam Province, 2016) However, the restaurant pays about $22.54 month-1 less based on the waste amount estimated when waste collecting happens by trucks This means that the financial loss of the SWM system is about $17,007 year-1 For a restaurant, the total monthly tipping fee is around $35.04, which includes the collection fee by a truck (for the government) and by carts ($12.50 for a collection worker) Thus, the calculated financial loss is $75.08 year-1 for a restaurant Even though the higher the amount of services in solid waste composition (SWC), the higher the tipping fee is, the illegal deal in waste collection causes a severe gap and presents a substantial challenge to the SWM system in the TD Finally, the facilities and operation of the waste collection system also form the significant limitations to the SWM system 1085 Pham Phu et al Figure 9. The flow of MSW by time in the TD Figure 10. The flow of MSW in the TD in the TD Although solid waste from tourists is supposed to be sorted into two separated bins, such as organic and inorganic bins, it is collected and thrown into the same cart tank by garbage collectors This way, waste is mixed by collection crews after being separated by tourists This collecting activity visually negates the efforts of residents and tourists in waste classification, and leads to the distrust of the sustainable waste management strategy that is being implemented by the city Likewise, this adverse effect is spreading widely within the tourist area The majority of residents and traders reveal that their separation at source is not meaningful when waste is gathered and mixed at the end of the waste flow This also explains the low rate in waste segregation practices The waste disposals and its limitations After collecting by carts, solid waste is gathered to the transferring points at the edge of the TD Then, waste is loaded 1086 Waste Management & Research 37(11) Figure 11. Waste overload in street bins of HAC alternately into the compaction trucks with a capacity of 9 m3 and transferred to disposal with a distance of around 10 km Before entering the treatment area, the amount of tourism waste is evaluated by an electronic bridge-scale The waste compaction ratio in the trucks is around 1.3 lower than the compaction capacity of trucks Waste disposal is the final step in the SWM system (Alwaeli, 2015) If landfilling is the typical disposal practice in most of the developing countries, waste treatment process implemented in HAC is a complete processing model with a composting facility, incinerator and a dumping site However, only 50% of the waste amount is treated owing to the inefficient operation of the composting facility (10 t day-1) and incinerator (operating at 30% of designed capacity) Non-separation of waste at source may be one of the barriers to efficient waste treatment Notably, plastic waste is mixed with compost so that it cannot be used as a fertiliser Likewise, a high organic content in waste is a reason for high moisture and low calorie-value of waste that is not favourable for burning As a result, around 40000 kg of waste (about 50% of MSW) is dumped in the open site without any sanitary system Inevitably, the accumulation of waste over time at the dumping site will cause a significant impact on the environment and challenge the government Hence, in addition to upgrading equipment and applying suitable technology, enhancement of the SWM practice at source is necessary in order to improve the treatment plant In the last decade, the rapid growth of the tourism industry in Vietnam has led to a quick increase in MSW in HAC Tourism waste already contributes approximately two-thirds to the amount of MSW and this is estimated to persist because the tourism Figure 12. Illegal waste collection by collection crews and restaurants staff members industry is expected to continue developing rapidly Inevitably, waste management practices, collection systems and recycling activities should be sufficiently improved Waste disposal should be enhanced to lead to sustainability in waste management Sanitation in the TD has to ensure cleanliness and prevent pollution from tourists Hence, a suitable model of the SWM system should be implemented on the way to sustainability and in order to adapt to the rapid development of the tourism industry in HAC Worldwide, there are some common points of waste management challenges in the TD worldwide, namely, high waste generation from an abundance of commercial activities, limitations on waste collection place and time, and strict hygiene requirements in the TD However, the difference in the tourism feature, local culture, even social awareness might lead to a variety in the SWM system Therefore, this study also suggests that two primary factors that should be considered to develop an SWM system for the TD are social consensus and suitability of the SWM system to regional feature Whereby, current status and challenges of the waste management system should be understood, the features of the TD and ability of disposal should be evaluated, obstacles in waste practice implementation and waste collection demand of 1087 Pham Phu et al stakeholders should be examined, and response of stakeholders should be noted Also, evaluation of a sustainable SWM system of the TD should be addressed to gain social acceptance (including stakeholders and tourists), efficiency in operation (including environmental and economic) and favourability to treatment (in accordance with regional existing technology) Conclusion This article presented in detail waste characterisation, waste management practices, collection systems in the TD and disposals in HAC, Vietnam The challenges in waste management practice were analysed as follow The TD in HAC generates around 15080 kg of waste per day, in which waste from restaurants, hotels and households accounts for 46%, 22% and 13%, respectively A high density of solid waste (15050 kg km-2 day-1), abundance of waste sources (8), limitations on waste collection time and restrictions on waste collection facilities present significant challenges to diminish waste from the TD Waste composition in the TD of HAC is presented by the substantial proportion of kitchen waste (46.80%), tissue paper (11.54%) and recyclable waste (12.58%) that may cause high waste moisture content (46.79%) and LHV (16,866 kJ kg-1) Waste management practices in the TD of HAC are not well responded to, except for the households, restaurants and hotels Low rates and inefficiency in waste separation practices are justified by a small area downtown, odour and lack of necessity owing to a small waste amount A low recycling efficiency is explained by inconvenience in storing recyclable materials and lack a recycling collection service In order to develop the efficient SWM system in the TD, waste segregation practices should be improved and waste recycling should be enhanced These practices present significant challenges for the government The overload of waste in street bins and distemper waste collection in the TD of HAC are the urgent problems of the SWM system, and may be caused by the illegal throw of waste into street bins by shops owners and illegal collection of restaurant waste by carts The tacit deal in this illegal collection brings small income for collection crews, but causes a significant financial loss to the SWM system ($17,007 year-1) and restaurants ($75.08 restaurant-1 year-1) This gap in the SWM system in HAC also signifies a major challenge for the government to reach a sustainability goal in the SWM Mixing of waste after separation causes the denial of waste segregation effort at source and leads to the distrust of residents and tourists to a waste management programme in the TD of HAC Inappropriate collection time and manner, and dissatisfaction in waste collection demands from a business sector cause non-cooperation of stakeholders and disruption in the waste collection system Thus, a balance in waste collection demands from a business sector and timely response of the collection system should be found It is also a substantial challenge that the waste collection system currently faces Inefficiency of waste treatment plants and the overload of open dumping sites in HAC owing to the unsuitable technology of treatment facilities and the unfavorability of waste characterisation are the substantial problems for the SWM system Improvement in these restrictions may cause a significant challenge for the government Growth of the tourism industry is essential for the socio-economic development of the country However, the increase in the amount of waste from the tourism activities is inevitable Although TDs are facing many obstacles and challenges in terms of the SWM practice, no optimal SWM model for the TD exists Instead, a variety of locally based practices need to be implemented to enhance sustainability Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to The University of Danang – University of Technology and Education, and Okayama University for financial assistance and their support Declaration of conflicting interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article Funding The authors received financial support for the research from The University of Danang - University of Technology and Education, Vietnam and Okayama University, Japan ORCID iDs Song Toan Pham Phu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-2852 Giang Hoang Minh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-4541 Dinh Pham Van https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1867-0478 Supplemental material Supplemental material for this article is available online References Allesch A and Brunner PH (2017) Material flow 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Toan PP, Takeshi F, Giang HM, et al (2019b) Waste separation at source and recycling potential of the hotel industry in Hoi An City, Vietnam Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 21: 24–34 Toan PPS, Takeshi F and Giang MH (2017) A Comparison of solid waste generation rate between types of hotel in Hoi An ancient city, Vietnam In: Proceedings of the 28th annual conference of JSMSWM, Tokyo, 6–8 September, pp 507–508 Available at: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/ article/jsmcwm/28/0/28_507/_article/-char/ja/https://doi.org/10.14912/ jsmcwm.28.0_507 Von BA, Hernández JD, Macht A, et al (2009) Public-private partnerships as a means to consolidate integrated solid waste management initiatives in tourism destinations: The case of the Mexican Caribbean International Solid Waste Association: 1–10 Available at: https://www.iswa.org/ uploads/tx_iswaknowledgebase/3-340paper_long.pdf 29/9/2020 Web of Science Master Journal List - Search Search Journals Master Journal List Match Manuscript 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Find a Match Search Waste management and Research Sort By: Relevancy Search Results Filters Clear All Web of Science Coverage Found 21,687 results (Page 1) Share These Results WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH Open Access Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND, EC1Y 1SP ISSN / eISSN: 0734-242X / 1096-3669 Category Country / Region Language Frequency Web of Science Core Collection: Science Citation Index Expanded AdditionalBiological Abstracts | BIOSIS Previews | Current Web of Contents Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Science Sciences | Current Contents Business Collection | Indexes: Current Contents Engineering, Computing & Technology | Essential Science Indicators Journal Citation Reports Our policy towards the use of cookies Share This Journal All Clarivate websites use cookies to improve your online experience They were placed on yourprofile computer when you View page launched this website You can change your cookie settings through your browser Cookie Policy Ok to Continue https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results * Requires free login 1/6 319 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL 78, 2020 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.cetjournal.it Guest Editors: Jeng Shiun Lim, Nor Alafiza Yunus, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš Copyright © 2020, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l ISBN 978-88-95608-76-1; ISSN 2283-9216 DOI: 10.3303/CET2078054 Enhancing Waste Management Practice – The Appropriate Strategy for Improving Solid Waste Management System in Vietnam Towards Sustainability Song Toan Pham Phua,*, Takeshi Fujiwarab, Giang Minh Hoangc, Dinh Van Phamc, Hoa Kieu Thia, Yen Anh Tran Thia, Cuong Dinh Leb a The University of Danang, University of Technology and Education, 48 Cao Thang St, Hai Chau District, Danang City, 550000, Vietnam b Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan c Department of Environmental Technology and Management, National University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi City, Vietnam ppstoan@gmail.com This study aims to build the appropriate model of waste management practice (WMP) towards sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) system in a city of developing country like Vietnam A waste audit was performed and material flow analysis method was simulated to describe and analyse the current status of MSW system and its assumpted models Four WMP models were built based on the feature of the region, the intention and optimisation of WMP, and the consensus of the government This study shows that the improvement of the SWM system can reduce a significant amount of waste to landfill Notably, the waste reduction performance is 5.0, 7.8, 11.11 and 29.3 % in S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively Also, the recovery performance of recyclables changes in proportional to the level of SWM practice and reach at 3.78, 5.843, 4.593, and 7.120 t/d, respectively This study reveals that the improvement of SWM practice at source from intentional to optimal rate is the sustainable strategy for developing an SWM system in Hoi An City Introduction Solid waste is becoming an urgent problem and a significant challenge to society due to the urbanisation and rapid development of the tourism industry in developing countries (Song-Toan et al., 2017) While municipal solid waste (MSW) system in developed countries is approaching sustainability, it seems a burden that developing countries are struggling to solve (Shivika et al., 2017) Sustainability is a goal of a long-term process that MSW system has to be implemented and upgraded gradually In which, planning an orientedstrategy for MSW system is important Specifically, in developing countries, MSW system that is sketchy aims to collect thoroughly generated waste and transferred to the disposal Waste management practices (WMP) at source have not paid attention Vietnam is a developing country in South-East Asia The MSW system in Vietnam is also facing many significant challenges The rapid growth of MSW, inefficiency in waste management, and low performance of waste collection caused to the overload of waste in urban areas and at the disposals (Giang et al., 2017b) In the centre of Vietnam, Hoi An City (HAC) is known as one of several cities has a typical MSW system HAC generates daily about 75 t of solid waste, in which waste from the tourism industry accounts for 65 % (Giang et al., 2017a) Recently, municipal waste in HAC increases quickly due to the speedy development of tourism activities This leads to the overload of waste in the downtown of the city, brings obstacles to WMP and challenges to MSW system Although waste separation at source has been implemented since 2012, its efficiency is still low due to non-consensus of society So in the context of facing many challenges and lack of financial and technical conditions, what strategies of MSW system in Vietnam can solve current problems towards sustainability? Pham Phu et al (2019) indicated that the accommodation industry in HAC has high Paper Received: 17/04/2019; Revised: 13/07/2019; Accepted: 14/11/2019 Please cite this article as: Pham Phu S.T., Fujiwara T., Hoang G.M., Pham D.V., Kieu Thi H., Tran Thi Y.A., Le C.D., 2020, Enhancing Waste Management Practice – The Appropriate Strategy for Improving Solid Waste Management System in Vietnam Towards Sustainability, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 78, 319-324 DOI:10.3303/CET2078054 320 potential to reduce waste generation by enhancing waste separation at source and recycling practice The improvement of recycling was suggested as a suitable solution for establishing a sustainable MSW system in HAC (Song-Toan et al., 2018a) Also, Giang et al., (2018) optimised a waste treatment model for MSW in HAC aims to minimise cost, waste to landfill and emission However, these treatment solutions require excellent WMP performance and appropriate policies Therefore, this study aims to build a suitable strategy for enhancing WMP at source to contribute to developing the MSW system in HAC toward sustainability Methodology 2.1 Waste audit Solid waste generation in HAC was summarised by a waste audit from seven waste sources A waste audit was calculated by multiplying solid waste generation rate (SWGR) of each waste source with the number of stakeholders in (Table 1) In which, SWGR of each source was identified in the previous studies Table 1: Number of stakeholders and solid waste generation rate in each waste sources Sources of waste Total number SWGR (kg) Accommodation Households Restaurant Market Shop Handicraft production 272 17.27 Others 567 93.216 608 1124 29.20 0.223 26.17 795 0.86 (Song-Toan et al., (Giang et al., References (Song-Toan et al., 2019) 2018b) 2017b) The SWM practice is considered as an important factor for developing municipal SWM system Thus, the SWM system is simulated by different SWM practice rate in scenarios The performance of the SWM system is described by Material flow analysis (MFA), and the efficiency of waste reduction and recycling enhancement is analysed and compared between scenarios 2.2 Material Flow Analysis The flow of municipal waste in HAC was described by MFA method with STAN software STAN is a freeware was standardised using the Austrian Standard ONORM S 2006 In this study, MFA was used to provide a systems-oriented view of MSW processes and support the priority-oriented decisions to design MSW strategy The MSW flow will be assessed in the defined space of HAC and the time by day Three steps to simulate by STAN comprise graphical model, entering data, and calculation with mass balance 2.3 Building the scenarios of municipal solid waste management practice development In this study, five scenarios of MSW system were built based on the current status of WMP, the intention of residents and stakeholders in implement WMP, a feature of the region, and consensus of the government Table presents in detail the parameter of models of WMP Notably, S0 describes the MSW system in the current status of WMP S1 and S2 were assumed that MSW system in HAC will be planned with the minimalism in WMP In which, waste is not sorted at sources and collected by trucks for landfilling, which is the common disposals in developing countries Recycling activities are encouraged to improve with intention (S1) and optimal (S2) practice rates Table 2: Scenarios of municipal solid waste practice development in Hoi An City S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 Scenario Business as Usual (BaU) Minimalism in waste practice at source Minimalism in waste practice at source Enhancement of waste practice at source Enhancement of waste practice at source Separation at source Recycling Composting Current Current rate Current rate No separation Intention rate No No separation Optimal rate No Separate into three types Intention rate Intention rate Separate into three types Optimal rate Optimal rate In addition, S3 and S4 were built based on the sustainable concept of MSW practice Whereby, waste separation at source is improved by three types such as biowaste, recyclables, and non-biowaste instead of two types as currently The recycling and composting practice at sources were assumed to be gradually enhanced in S3 by intention rate and in S4 by optimal rate The intention rate was identified by interview survey Also, the optimal rate was measured by a combination of intention rate, the region feature, and the interference of waste regulation 321 Results and discussions 3.1 Analysis of the models of municipal solid waste management practice The flow of MSW in HAC in scenarios is described to analyse the waste management system in the city under different assumptions In the first orientation for developing the MSW system in HAC, recycling practice is gradually enhanced, and the waste collection performance is aiming for optimisation Figure shows that waste from sources is un-sorted and collected daily by trucks Whereas, recyclables are separated by the optimal recycling rate and collected by the itinerant buyers at sources Also, recyclable materials in mixed waste are picked out again of trucks before loading by collection crews These similar solutions are found in many developing countries corresponding to the current status of MSW system In Nigeria, waste collection service was suggested to be upgraded in quantity and quality to solve the problems of increasing waste amount and illegal dumping sites Also, recycling practice was planned to improve by developing co-operation between communities, the informal sectors and the authorities, and encouraging markets for recyclables Whereas, in Malaysia, many solutions were presented to increase recycling practice such as providing recycling bins in every residential area, promoting recycling attitudes in households, and enhancing the accessibility of recycling facilities (Avraam and Stamatia, 2012) As a result, the improvement of recycling practice and optimisation of collection performance might be the desirable and urgent goals of MSW system for developing countries as Vietnam Figure 1: The flow of municipal solid waste in scenario 322 While the MSW system in developing countries is struggling to find suitable solutions, MSW system in developed countries is approaching sustainability Inevitably, the optimisation of MSW system corresponding to the regional feature is essential, and the improvement of that system should be planned for sustainability (Mirza et al., 2019) In this study, the optimal model of MSW system in HAC was planned for sustainability is shown in Figure Notably, waste is suggested to be sorted into three types instead of two types as the current regulation This change in waste separation at sources brings favourable condition for improving recycling practice at sources, in which home-composting is an effective solution to reduce waste generation Figure indicates that a significant amount of biowaste is stocked in the waste flow by home-composting at the garden of hotels, restaurants and households The rest of the biowaste is collected separately by trucks and treated by an existing composting facility The informal sectors as itinerant buyers and service facilities for recycling should be upgraded by support from the government for collecting thoroughly recyclable materials at sources Additionally, waste recycling practice rate may be enhanced by promulgating incentive policies and regulations, improving education and training skills Hence, a significant amount of recyclables is recovered daily for recycling brings substantial economic benefits for residents and MSW system Figure 2: The flow of municipal solid waste in scenario Figure and reveal that the more minimalist the waste management practice at source, the simpler the MSW system However, the performance of MSW system in the different levels of WMP at source should be assessed by many criteria In this study, the performance of waste reduction to landfill and recycling potential are two main parameters of waste planning strategy in HAC 323 3.2 Assessment of the models of municipal solid waste management practice Figure indicates that the amount of waste in S1 and S2 is no change due to the minimalism of WMP at source Whereas, waste generation volume in S3 and S4 gradually reduce proportionally to the efficiency of waste separation and the rate of WMP In which, the organic waste is handled by home-composting with the significant amount by 3.7 and 14.9 t/d in S3 and S4, respectively Home-composting activities are encouraged by the government, trained and supported to deploy in hotels, households, and restaurant with a garden These implementers may receive immediate benefits such as tipping fee reduction and using compost as an organic fertiliser for the garden instead of buying (Pham Phu et al., 2019) Additionally, Figure also reveals that the amount of recyclables increase gradually from S0 to S2, and S4 Notably, the amount of recyclable materials rises from 1,835 kg/day to the double times and 3,2 times corresponding to the assumption of intention and optimal recycling practice rate in S1 and S2, respectively Likewise, the amount of recyclables collected in S3 and S4 is higher 2.5 and 3.9 times than that of S0 The higher the recycling practice rate, the higher the recovery performance of recyclables Comparing to the same level of recycling practice at source, Figure indicates that the amount of recyclables in S3 and S4 is higher than that in S1 and S2 1.22 times, respectively As a result, waste separation practice at source may bring higher performance in recovering recyclables 80,000 70,000 kg/d 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 - S3 S4 Non Biowaste 32,794 27,797 Biowaste 33,904 25,238 4,593 7,120 Mixed waste Recyclable waste S0 73,164 1,835 S1 71,219 3,780 S2 69,156 5,843 Figure 3: Amount of waste collected in different scenarios In term of macro-view, the MSW system significantly benefits from activities of WMP at sources Notably, the amount of waste to the disposals significantly reduces by 5.0 %, 7.8 %, 11.1 %, and 29.3 % in S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively due to the enhancement of recycling and composting practices The minimisation of waste to the landfill may contribute to reduce the number of waste collection routes and mitigate the greenhouse gases emission from landfilling Also, the development of recycling activities may bring many benefits to finance and material recovery Another highlight of the MSW system in S3 and S4 is that waste is separated into biowaste and non-biowaste The higher the separation rate, the higher the purity of each waste type This is a favourable condition for bio-treatments or incineration (Dinh et al., 2018) The increase in municipal solid waste is an inevitable consequence of the rapid development of urbanisation and industry taking place worldwide In China, Shanghai City is struggling to find suitable solutions to reduce organic waste generation A sustainable framework of organic waste management was studied focusing on developing some key drivers such as environmental policy and value of waste utilisation (Mirza et al., 2019) Likewise, the high rate of waste growth due to the development of income and urbanisation in India is presented by Shivika et al., (2017) A framework to integrate SWM strategy in Ahmedabad city was proposed This study indicated that the local impact is a typical factor influencing to developing a sustainable strategy of the SWM system Consequently, developing a strategy of SWM towards sustainability for a region is necessary and should be studied on many influencing factors In which, the SWM practice the status, the feature of region, and the consensus of society are the important factors In general, this study indicates two directions of waste planning for a city in a developing country as Vietnam There are specific advantages, difficulties and challenges in each direction The minimalism in waste management practice at sources might receive a high consensus from residents and commercial sectors This might bring many favorabilities in the deployment and management of MSW system Also, the mixture of waste might simplify the collection system (including bin system and truck) and reduce investment cost Furthermore, the waste classification may become meaningless if separated waste was transferred to the 324 same place and treated by landfilling which is the typical disposal in developing countries Thus, in term of short-term strategic planning to address the urgent problems of MSW system in the limitation of facilities, the minimalism in waste management practice is a timely strategy However, the minimalism in WMP at source may bring many challenges to MSW system such as the overload of waste disposal and the unfavourability for treatment which are can be reduced by improving waste management practice at source Moreover, the resonance activities in waste management practice may bring many benefits not only to stakeholders but also to the MSW system, which are the favourability toward sustainability Conclusions This study shows that the minimalism in WMP by combining with improving recycling activities is a feasible solution for urgently handling the current problems in MSW system with a positive response from residents and stakeholders However, the enhancement of WMP at source should be considered as a key factor in the long-term development of MSW system This study proves that the optimal model of WMP at source (S4) is an appropriate planning strategy for developing MSW system toward sustainability in HAC, Vietnam Notably, this strategy is estimated that it might contribute to reduce 29.3 % of waste generation amount and substantially enhance the recovery performance of recyclables (3.9 times) This model might bring many benefits to the MSW system such as minimisation of cost, favourability of waste characteristic for treatment, and mitigation of emission Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to students of Environmental Engineering Department for sampling support and thank to The University of Danang – University of Technology and Education (Research grant: T2019 – 06 – 115) and Okayama University for financial support References Avraam, K., Stamatia, K., 2012, Handbook: Waste management in developing countries LHTEE/AUT, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Dinh P.V., Giang H.M., Song-Toan, P.P., Takeshi, F., 2018 Kinetics of carbon dioxide, methane and hydrolysis in co-digestion of food and vegetable waste, Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 4, 401–412 Giang H.M., Takeshi F., Song-Toan P.P., 2017a, Municipal waste generation and composition in a tourist city Hoi An, Vietnam, Journal of Japan Science of Civil Engineering, 5, 123–132 Giang H.M., Takeshi F., Song-Toan P.P., Kim Thai N.T., 2017b, Predicting waste generation using Bayesian model averaging, Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 3, 385–402 Giang H.M., Takeshi F., Song-Toan P.P., Luong D.N., 2019, Sustainable solid waste management system using multi-objective decisionmaking model: a method for maximizing social acceptance in Hoi An city, Vietnam, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3498-5 Mirza H.S., Chew T.L., Cassendra P.C.B., Zhenjia Z., Chunjie L., Jiří J.K., 2019, Sustainable organic waste management framework: a case study in Minhang district, Shanghai, China, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 72, 7–12 Pham Phu S.T., Fujiwara T., Giang H.M., Pham V.D., Tran M.T., 2019, Waste separation at source and recycling potential of the hotel industry in Hoi An city, Vietnam, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21, 23–34 Shivika M., Minal P., Priyadarshi R.S., Erik A., 2017, GHG mitigation and sustainability co-benefits of urban solid waste management strategies: a case study of Ahmedabad, India, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56, 457–462 Song-Toan P.P., Fujiwara T., Dinh P.V., Hoa K.T., 2018a, Waste recycling system for a tourism city in Vietnam: Situation and sustainable strategy approach – Case study in Hoi An city, Vietnam IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 159, 342–349 Song-Toan P.P., Giang H.M, Takeshi F., 2018b, Analyzing solid waste management practices for the hotel industry, Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 4, 19–30 Song-Toan P.P., Takeshi F., Giang H.M., Dinh P.V., 2019, An analysis of the commercial waste characterisation in a tourism city in Vietnam, International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 23, 319–335 Song-Toan P.P., Takeshi F., Giang H.M, 2017, A Comparison of solid waste generation rate between types of hotel in Hoi An ancient City, Vietnam, 28th Annual Conference of JSMSWM, 6th-8th September, Tokyo, Japan, 507–508 Author search ISSN Create account Sources Enter ISSN or ISSNs Sign in Find sources ISSN: 2283-9216 ␡ i × Improved Citescore We 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HỌC ĐÀ NẴNG TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM KỸ THUẬT BÁO CÁO TỔNG KẾT ĐỀ TÀI KHOA HỌC VÀ CƠNG NGHỆ CẤP TRƯỜNG TỐI ƯU HĨA MƠ HÌNH QUẢN LÝ VÀ XỬ LÝ CHẤT THẢI RẮN CHO ĐÔ THỊ DU LỊCH Ở VIỆT NAM – NGHIÊN CỨU... quản lý chất thải rắn thị du lịch Việt Nam; phân tích vấn đề; tìm hội xây dựng chiến lược phù hợp để cải thiện hệ thống quản lý chất thải rắn cho đô thị du lịch Nhận thấy, thành phố Hội An đô thị. .. ứng tối ưu hệ thống quản lý CTR đô thị, đặc biệt đô thị du lịch, bước quan trọng cho trình cải thiện hệ thống quản lý CTR thị Vì thế, nghiên cứu tập trung tìm hiểu khảo sát thị du lịch điển hình