Tuyển tập các câu hỏi tự luận và trắc nghiệm lịch sử 12 phần 1

rhdn chi^tmgi L L f C H SIT T H ^ Q l d l B ' I C A N H Q U d c T1&' S A U C H I E N T R A N H T B M GI6I 0^/7 TRAT THtT H A I THE G i d l MCll SAU CHIEN TRANH I, C A U H I T^f L U A N C&a 1: Trinh bay hoan ckhh d&n d i n H^i nghi I-an-ta? NhOng quyg't nghi cua H^i nghi? - Khi Chi§n tranh the gidi lin thuT hai btfdc v^o giai doan s^p k§'t thuc, m6t s6' vfi'n dS cSp thi§'t dat cho cAc nifdc D6ng minh: + K§'t thuc nhanh chi§n tranh d chSu Au, chfiu A - Thdi Binh Duang + To churc lai trSt tif th§' gidi mdi sau chi§'n tranh + PhSn chia khu virc ddng qufin, phfin chia pham vi dnh hudng - Trong boi cdnh d6, hoi nghi cS'p cao cua cUdng qu6'c: Li§n X6, M i , Anh dien tai I-an-ta tif ngfiy 04 d^n 12 - 02 - 1945 - H6i nghi da di d i n nhOmg quylt dinh sau dSy: + V I vi§c k i t thuc Chiln tranh t h i gidi thuf hai: H6i nghi thing nha't Ik ti§u di§t tan goc chu nghia phdt xit Diifc vk chu nghia qukn phi^t Nhat D l nhanh chdng k i t thuc chiln tranh, Li§n X6 se tham chiln chong Nh$t sau chiln tranh da k i t thiic d ch&u Au + Phan chia khu vifc ddng quan d l gidi gidp quan phdt xit vk phan chia pham vi dnh hudng d chau Au va chau A - NhOng quylt dinh cua H6i nghi I-an-ta da dSn tdi sir hinh mot trat tif t h I gidi mdi, duoc goi la : "Trat tif hai cUc I-an-ta" Cdu 2: Hoan cknh d&i, muc dich hoat dpng va nguySn t^c cua to chiic LiSn Hi^p Qud'c? * Hodm cdnh ddi: - Ddu 1945, Chiln tranh t h I gidi thd hai s^p budc vao giai doan k i t thuc; cac nirdc D6ng minh va nhan dan t h I gidi c6 nguyen vong gin giOr h6a binh, ngSn chan nguy ccJ chiln tranh t h I gidi mdi - Tai Hoi nghi I-an-ta (02 - 1945) ckc vi ddng ddu cudng quie: Lien X6, M i , Anh da thing nha't lap m6t t^ chiJc quic t l mang t§n Li§n Hi^p Quic de gin giOr h6a binh, an ninh va trat tU t h I gidi sau chiln tranh - Tir 25 - 4dS'n 26 - - 1945, h6i nghi dai b i l u cua 50 nifdc da hop tai Xan-phcf-rang-xi-c6 d l thdng qua h i l n chUcfng Lien Hi§p QuIc, lap to chute Li§n Hiep Quoc Ngay lap Lien Hi$p Quoc 24 - 10 - 1945 va la Hien chifcfng c6 hi§u lijfc * Muc dich hoat dong: - Buy tri h6a binh va an ninh t h I gidi - Thuc d^y quan h$, hCTu nghi va hdp tac giOra ckc nirdc tr§n cO sd t6n quyin dan toe tir quylt va quyin binh ding giOa cac qu6c gia '^•f'' * Nguyin tdc: I I C A U H I T R X C NGHlfiM - Q u y i n b i n h d i n g giOTa qu6c gia cdc q u y i n dfin t^c tif quyet - T6n to&n ven ISnh th6 d^c Ifip chinh t r i ciia tS't ci c&c nUdc - G i i i quyS't quyS't t r a n h chtfp quo'c te bling phuong ph&p h6a b i n h - Ph&i c6 sU nha't t r I giOa 05 cUdng qu6c : Lifen Xa, M i , Anh, Phdp, Trung QuCic - Li§n Higp Quoc khong can thiep vao cong vi$c n6i bo ciia bfi't ciJf nude n^o Cfiu TvC thdng nim 1945 d§'n t h a n g 10 nfim 1949, t i n h h i n h nvCdc DuTc dvtffc giai quyet nhrf th§' nko7 - Yho ngky - - 1945, nUdc Dure ph^t x i t bi Dong m i n h ddnh bai d B6c-lin Chi§'n t r a n h th§' gidi t h d hai kd't thuc d mat trkn chau ^ u - Sau k h i Chien t r a n h thS' gidi t h d hai kS't thdc, va'n d l nUde Ddc t r d th&nh vSn d l trung tfim nhieu cuoc gSp gd giOTa cAc nguyen thu ba cUdng quoc Li§n X6, M l Anh - T a i H o i nghi Pot-xdam (7 - 1945), ba cUdng quoc da khdng d i n h : + Nude DiJfc phai t r d t h ^ n h mot qud'c gia th6'ng nhfi't, h6a b i n h , dfin chu + Tieu diet tfin gd'c ehu nghia phdt x i t + Thoa thufin viec phfin chia cdc khu vUc chi§'m ddng vk kiem sodt nude Ddc sau chi§'n t r a n h - Th^ng 12 - 1946, M i vfi A n h da tien hanh rigng re viec hcfp nhfi't hai khu VUC chiem ddng ciia m i n h nhfim ehia cfit Ifiu dfii nUdc Diire Cuoi eung, thfing 1949, M l , A n h , Phfip da hcfp nhfi't cfic vung chi§'m ddng vfi Ifip N h ^ nUdc Cong h6a Lien bang Ddc - d Dong Ddc, vdi sU giiip dd cua Li§n X6, cfic luc lUcfng dfin ehu da thfinh Ifip N h ^ nude COng h6a Dan chu Ddc vfio th^ng 10 - 1949 - N h u vfiy, tii nfim 1949 tr§n lanh tho nUdc Ddc da xufi't hien hai nhfi nUde Dure vdi che chinh t r i va dudng phfit t r i ^ n khfic Cau Sri h i n h t h a n h h a i h ? thd'ng xa hpi c h i i nghia v a tuf b a n c h i i nghia s a u Chi§'n t r a n h th6' gidri thuf h a i nhri the nao? Sau Chien t r a n h th§' gidi t h d hai, cfic nUdc Ddng Au da ti§'n hfinh n h i l u cdi cfich dfin chu quan di cfii tao xa hoi chu nghia Dong t h d i Lien X6 da cung cfie nude Ddng Au k i k§'t n h i l u hi^p Ude tay doi v l k i n h te nhU trao doi buon bfin, vien tro lUdng thUc, thUc phfi'm, mdi quan he giOTa Lien X6 vfi cfie nude Dong Au cfing eung cd, tifng budc h i n h th^nh he thong cfie nude dfin ehu nhfin dan - xa hoi chu nghia NhU the, ehii nghia xa hoi da vU^t khoi pham v i mot nUdc va t r d he tho'ng the gidi Sau Chien t r a n h the' gidi t h d hai, efic nUde Tfiy Au b i chien t r a n h tfin phfi n^ng ne Cfic nUdc deu rfi't edn tien von, thiet b i mdy mde vfi hang tiSu dung, lUdng thue, thue pham n h k m khoi phuc nen k i n h tg' vfi giai quyet khd khfin ddi song nhfin dfin - Vfio luc dd, M l de "K6' hoach phuc chfiu A u " nhkm vien tro cho cfic nude Tfiy Au khdi phuc k i n h te, dong thdi tfing cUdng anh hudng va sU kho'ng che cua M l do'i vdi cfie nude nfiy - Cfic nude Tfiy Au k h i nhfin vi§n trcr cua M i da t r d thfinh dong m i n h cua M i , ttf dd h i n h thfinh hS tho'ng t u ban chu nghia M i dilng diu , cau H p i n g h i ca'p cab c u a ba cvCtfng qud'c L i S n X6, M i , A n h ttf dS'n 12 - - 1945 tai dfiu? A T a i Oa-sinh-tcfn (Mi) C Tai Pdt-xaam (Dde) B Tai I-an-ta (Lien X6) D Tai Lufin Don (Anh) cau G h i ten ngvCHi dring dfiu ba nvlcfc tham dri H p i n g h i ca'p cao c i i a ba cricfng qud'c L i e n X6, M i , A n h Ba CUdng quoc Ten dai biiu du Hoi nghi 1) Lien X6 A 2) M i 3) A n h C cau De ket thuc n h a n h chig'n tranh b c h a u A u v a chau A - T h a i B i n h DiTorng, b a criofng quoc da thd'ng nha't m u c dfch gi? A Sijr dung bom nguyen t d de tieu diet phfit x i t Nhfit B Hong qufin Lien Xo nhanh ehdng tfi'n cong vao tan sfio huyet cua phfit x i t Ddc d Bee-lin C Tieu diet tfin gdc chu nghia phfit x i t Ddc vfi qufin phiSt Nhfit D Ta't ca cfic muc dich tren cau H a y di^n vao ch6 cAc chu sau day: A De nhanh ehdng ket thuc chien tranh d chfiu Au vfi chfiu A - Thdi Binh Duong vfi so t h a m chig'n ehdng Nhfit d chau A - Thdi B i n h Duong B Ba CUdng qud'c thd'ng nhfi't thfinh lap t6 chdc di^a trSn sU nhfi't t r i cua CUdng quo'c Lien Xd, M i , A n h , Phfip va Trung Qud'q^, '^'2 -, C Hoi nghi tien den thoa thufin viec ddng qufin tai cfie nUde nh^m giai gifip qufin doi phfit x i t vfi phfin chia pham v i anh hUdng d cau Theo quy d i n h c i i a H Q I nghi I-an-ta, q u a n dpi nwfdrc nao se chig'm dong cac v u n g l a n h tho T a y Dric, I-ta-Ii-a, Nhat B a n , N a m T r i e u T i d n s a u Chi§'n t r a n h the gidri thuT h a i ? A Lien Xd B A n h C M i D Phfip cau T h e o quy d i n h c i i a Hpi nghi I-an-ta, q u a n dpi nridrc nao se c h i e m dong cac v u n g D o n g Diifc, D d n g A u , Ddng B S c T r i l u T i e n s a u C h i e n t r a n h the gidri thiif h a i ? A Lien Xd B A n h C M i D Phfip cau B a crioTng quoc L i e n Xd, Mi, A n h thd'ng n h a t t h a n h l?ip to' chuTc L i d n Hrip Qud'c tai hpi n g h i nao? A Hdi nghi I-an-ta (Lien Xd) : 9-2-1945 B H o i nghi Xan-pha-rfirig-xi-cd (Ml) : 4-6-1945 C H p i nghi Pot-xdam (Dde) : 7-8-1945 D A, B d u n g cau N h i p m v u c h i n h l a tri hoa b i n h v a a n n i n h the gidri, phat •tri^n md'i q u a n hp gii^a cac dfin tpc trdn cor sdr tdn dpc l|lp, c h i i q u y i n c i i a c a c d a n tpc v a thric hipn hcfp tac qud'c te've k i n h te, vdn hoa, xa h p i v a n h a n dao l a n h i e m v i i c h i n h c i i a : A L i S n m i n h chfiu A u C A S E A N B H o i n g h i I-an-ta D L i d n H a p Quoc c a u Hay n o i n p i d u n g diidri day c h o p h u h ^ v d i m u c d l c h v a n g u y ^ n D ChUa gay chig'n t r a n h n h u n g d i j n g c h i n h s ^ h vi§n trcf d i k h o n g chg' ckc nvtdc *tdc h o ^ t d p n g c i i a t o chuTc Lifen Hofp Q u d c N6i Mgc dlch Nguy§n t^c c a u 14 Suf k i ? n n a o d S n d e n sif t a n v d m o i q u a n h^ D n g m i n h chd'ng dung A Quy^n blnh d i n g giOa c^c qu6'c gia q u y i n dSn t6c ti^ quy§'t B T6n trpng toSn v^n lanh thd d6c lap chlnh tn cua tS't ca cac ni/dc C Duy tri nen hda binh an ninh the gidi D G\k\t cAc tranh chap quoc te bang phudng phap hoa binh E Thuc d l y quan h§ hufu nghi va hdp t^c giOfa cac nifdc tren cd sd t6n trpng quyen binh d i n g giCa cac qud'c gia va nguyen t i c dSn toe ti^ quyet F Khong can thiep v^o cong viec n6i b6 cua bat cijf nude nao v i ^ c gild q u y e t vaii d e c a c nriete p h a t x i t chifen b a i s a u C h i e n t r a n h t h e gidithvrhai ã ca b a n cua viĐc g i a i q u y e t v S n d l nUdc Diic 1^ q u y d i n h n h O n g n g u y e n tic vk b i e n p h d p n h k m d f i n c h u h a v a h a b i n h h a nUdc Dtjrc l i W n g q u a n p h i e t d u d i n h i e u h i n h t h i l c khkc % C L i § n X da g i i i p d d ckc life I d d n g d a n c h u d D n g D d c ti§n hknh c a i ckch nhOmg dan chu D C h u q u y i n cua N h a t B S n g i d i h a n tr§n da't N h s i t c h i n h t h o n g • • E N h a t B a n k h o n g diiac p h d t t r i e n cong n g h i e p h a b i n h Q F M l vk ckc nude D n g m i n h d a p h a i t o chufc t o a kn T - k i - c a u 15 H p i n g h i P o t - x d a m drirfc t r i ^ u tap v a o thofi g i a n n a o ? A T h d n g n a m Li§n X B T h d n g n a m 1945 Ddc C T h a n g n a m 1945 M i D T h a n g 10 n a m 1945 Ddc d a thi§'t Ifip m o t t r S t t d t h e g i d i m d i sau chig'n t r a n h c a u 1 Trat trf t h d ' g i d i m d i t h e o k h u n k h d t h o a thuan I - a n - t a c u a n h v F n g nvtdc n a o ? A L i e n X , A n h , Phkp, Mi B Li§n X , M i , A n h C L i e n X , A n h , P h d p , M i , T r u n g Quoc c a u 16 T h e o t i n h t h f i n c i i a H p i n g h i P d ' t - x d a m , q u a n d p i L i e n X c h i d ' m A V u n g l a n h t h p h i a D n g nude Ddc B V u n g l a n h t h o p h i a T a y nudc Ddc C V u n g l a n h t h o p h i a N a m nude Ddc D V u n g l a n h t h o p h i a Bac nUdc Ddc d^ng cupc " C h i e n tranh l a n h " nhkm m u c c u a M i c h f n h thufc A A n h c h i e m v u n g Tay Bac, M i chi§m v u n g p h i a N a m C L i g n X c h i e m v u n g T a y Bac, P h d p c h i e m v u n g p h i a N a m D P h a p c h i e m v u n g Tay Bkc, L i g n X c h i e m v u n g p h i a N a m c a u 18 NiTdc C p n g h o a L i d n b a n g DuTc dtfdc t h a n h lap v a o t h d i g i a n : A T h a n g n a m B T h a n g 12 n a m 1948 C T h a n g n a m 1949 D T h a n g 10 n a m 9 A Nudc D d c dugc h o a n t o a n t h o n g nha't C M i , A n h , P h a p h o p nha't cac v u n g chig'm d n g D Ta't ck ckc sU k i e n t r S n c a u 20 N h a nrfdc C p n g h o a Dan c h u Ddfc dufdc t h a n h l^p v a o thcri g i a n n a o ? A T h a n g n a m 1949 B T h a n g 10 n a m 1949 C T h a n g 12 n a m 9 D T h d n g n a m 1950 DAP AN CAU H I TRXC NGHIEM BAI phat dfch g i ? L B A C h o n g L i § n X vk ckc nddc x a h i c h u n g h i a B GiOr vCTng n e n h d a b i n h , a n n i n h t h e g i d i sau chiS'n t r a n h 1) Li§n X : X t a - l i n 2) M i : F Ru-do-ven C C X o a d i u t i n h t h d n da'u t r a n h ciia cong nhkn A L i § n X d ckc nddc t i f hkn c h u n g h i a D Chd'ng p h o n g t r ^ o g i d i p h d n g d a n toe d M i L a - t i n h 13 T h d ' n a o l a " C h i d ' n t r a n h l^nh" phia N a m nrfdc Ddfc d o n i ^ d c n a o c h i S ' m d o n g ? D A n h , Phdp, M i T h a n g 3-1947, T o n g thd'ng T d - r u - m a n cau d&u? B Nudc D d c d a t i e u di§t t a n goe c h u n g h i a p h a t x i t G TiS sau h i n g h i cfi'p cao I - a n - t a d§'n H a ddc P a - r i , ckc nUdc D n g m i n h cau C V i e c L i e n X o che t a o t h & n h c5ng b o m n g u y e n t d (1949) D S u r a d d i cua k h o i N A T O (9-1949) c a u 19 S r f k i ^ n n a o d&n dS'n t h a n h lap nrfdc C p n g h o a L i g n b a n g D t f c ? xijf t o i p h a m chiĐ'n t r a n h ã B S u r a d d i cua " C h i i n g h i a T o - r u - m a n " v a " C h i e n t r a n h l a n h " (03-1947) B T r u n g Qud'c c h i e m v i j n g Tay Bkc, M i c h i e m v i j n g p h i a N a m B d D n g Diirc v ^ T a y DuTc, M y , A n h , P h d p dfi d u n g t u n g , n u o i d u d n g luc ' • A Sir h i n h t h a n h he t h o n g X H C N sau Chi6'n t r a n h t h g ' g i d i t h d h a i c a u 17 T h e o t i n h th^n H p i n g h i P o t - x d a m , v u n g Tay B l c v a v u n g A N o i d u n g v& t i n h th&n O p h a t x i t giffa L i n X v a M i ? d o n g v u n g n a o d nufdc DiiTc? c a u 10 G h i d u n g ( D ) h o ^ c s a i (S) v a o c a c dSt trtfoTc n h i f n g c a u s a u day vi C T h u c tS' ehua gfiy chi§n t r a n h , n h t f t i g chay dua v u t r a n g l a m cho n h f i n l o a i " l u o n l u o n d t r o n g t i n h t r a n g c h i e n t r a n h " thifc h i e n " c h l n h skch d u dUa b e n mi§ng h6 c h i e n t r a n h " M I p h a t d p n g t h e o thtfc d ^ y d i i nhat? A C h u ^ n b i gky r a m o t cu6c c h i e n t r a n h th§' g i d i m d i C phtfofng B Li§n H o p Qud'c 3) A n h : S d c - x i n C chau A u va chfiu A 6.A A 8.D 1) C, E ; 2) A , B , D , F 10 A , C, D , F , G : D u n g B , E : S a i 11 B 20 B 12 A 13 C 14 B 15 B 16 A 17 A 18 G 19 C B D u n g sdc m a n h q u a n s d de de doa dd'i phufong ChUffng n LifiN X VA C A C Nl/dC D N G A U (1945 - 1991) LIEN BANG NGA Bai2 L I E N X6 V A C A C N U d C D O N G A U ( - 1991) LIEN BANG NGA I cAu H6I Ti; LUAN C a u 1: Nhang t\fa chii y§'u c6ng cupc xSy diAig chii nghia xa hpi d Li6n X6 tii sau Chi^'n tranh th#' gioTi thuT hai den giCa nhijfng nam 1970? - Sau Chien tranh the gidi thdf hai vdi i\i the cua ngif&i chien th.L g, uy tin chinh t r i vk dia vi quoc tS' cua Li§n X6 dugc nang cao - Tuy nhien chien tranh da t^n ph^ dat nUdfc vdi nhCfng ton that nang n l , to Idn: + 20 trieu ngucri chg't + 1710 th^nh v^ hon 70.000 Ikng m a c hi tiSu huy, gAn 32.000 nh^ mky, xi nghiep hi tan phk + B(3i song gap nhieu kh6 khan, thi&'u thon - Th§in vao d6, ckc nudc phufang Tay (do Mi cam ddu) da thuc hign chinh sach thu dich vdi Lien X6: Tien hanh "chien tranh lanh", r^o riet chay dua vu trang vk bao vay kinh te nhSm chuan bi chien tranh tong lUc de tieu diet Lien X6 va ckc nude xa hoi chu nghia - Ngo^i ra, Li§n X6 c6n phai lam nghia vu giup dS cdc nUdc xa hoi chu nghia v^ ung ho phong trao giai phdng dan t5c trSn th&' gidi - De dua dat nudc vuot qua khd khan, nhan dan Lien X6 da khan trUcfng tien h^nh h^n gdn vet thuong chien tranh, xay dung lai dat nUdc, hoan thang lai ke hoach nam khoi" phuc kinh tg' (1946 - 1950) vong nam th^ng - TU nam 1950, Lien X6 thUc hien nhieu ke hoach d^i han nham tiep tuc xay dung CO sd vat chat - k i thuat cua chu nghia xa hoi va da thu duoc nhieu tUu to Idn - Ve cong nghiep: DengiOa nhOng nam 1970, Lien X6 trd cUdng quoc cong nghiep dUng thU hai tren the gidi (sau Mi) chiem khoang 20% t6ng sAn luong cong nghiep the gidi - Ve nong nghiep: Rieng 1970, Lien X6 dat dUOc san lUcfng va nang suS't ngu coc chua titog c6 vdi 186 trieu ta'n ngu coc va nang suKt trung binh 15,6 ta/h6cta - Vi khoa hoc - ki thuat: Lien X6 dat nhiSu dinh cao d cdc linh vUc vat ly, hda hoc, dien tu^, dieu khien hoc, khoa hoc vu tru Nam 1957 la nifiJc ddu tien phdng cong ve tinh nhan tao cua Tr^i da't, md ddu ki nguyen chinh phuc vu tru cua loai ngudi Nam 1960 dUa nh^ du hanh vu tru Ga-ga-rin bay vong quanh Trdi Dat ã - Lien X6 ddng d^u thĐ' gidi ve trinh hoc vS'n cua nhSn dan vdi 3/4 dan so c6 trinh dai hoc va trung hoc, tren 30 trieu ngUdi lam viec t r i 6c, cong nhan chiem hon 1/2 so ngUdi lao dong ck nUdc - DIU nam 1970, bkng viec ki ket vdi Mi ckc hiep udc ve han che h§ thong phdng chong ten luTa vk v l mot s6' bi§n phdp nhkm han chg' vu tien cong 10 chiS'n luoc, LiSn Xa da dat ducfc thS' cfin b^ng chiS'n lucre ve sUc manh qufin sU ndi chung va sure manh luc lucrng hat nhan ndi rieng vdi ckc nudc phuang Tfiy c a u 2: Tinh hinh kinh t§' - xa h^i d Lien X6 tit nufa sau nhffng nSm 1970 dfe'n 1985 nhvf the nao? - Nam 1973 cuoc khung hoang ddu md nghi§m da n6 khdi dIu cu6c khdng hoang chung cua toan the gidi tren nhieu mat kinh tg', chinh t r i , tai chinh dat cho nhSn loai nhilu vfi'n de cfi'p thig't can giai quyet: + Su bung n6 dan so va hiem hoa voi can dan cac nguon Xhi nguyen thien nhi6n + Su phat t r i l n manh me ciia cuoc cdch mang khoa hoc k i thuat, ddi hdi cac qud'c gia phai cd nhufng dieu chinh Idn ve moi mat de thich Ung vdi tinh hinh, sU giao luu, hop tac quoc t§' cang phdt trig'n theo xu hudng quoc tS' hoa cao - Song nhOhg ngudi lanh dao Dang v^ NhA nUdc Lien Xd chu quan cho r&ng: quan he san xuS't xa hoi chu nghia khong chiu sU ike dong cua cuoc khung hoang toan the gidi, dd cham thich Ung, cham sufa doi Tren thUc te mo hinh va co ch6' cu cua chu nghia xa hoi vg kinh te, chinh t r i , xa hoi ducrc hinh trudc dd v6'n da tich tu nhUng thieu sdt va sai l l m nen khong phCi hop vk can trd su phat t r i l n cua xa hoi X6 viet Mat khdc cung vdi co che tap trung quan lieu bao cS'p la tinh trang thieu dan chii, thieu cong b^ng vi pham nghiem phdp ch6' xa hoi chu nghia va nhilu te nan khdc da gay nen sU ba't man nhSn dan, da't nudc lam vao tinh trang " t r i tre" k6o dai, lUdng thuc thUc pha'm phai nhap tU cac nude phucrng Tay Ddi song nhan dfin cang giam sut c a u 3: Cong cupc cai to d Lien X6 ttf ndm 1985 den 1991 nhtf thg' nao? H § u qua cua no? Dau 1985, Go6c-ba-chdp len nAm quyen lanh dao D^ng va Nha nUde Lign X6 da tien hanh cong cuoc cai to - Cuoc cai to duoc tig'n hanh tren cac mat chinh t r i , xa hdi nhU: thiet lap chS' dd tdng thong tap trung n^m moi quyen lUc, thUc hien da nguyen, da dang ve chinh t r i , de cao dan chu va cong khai ve kinh te: Chinh phu Lien Xd dUa nhieu phucfng an nh^m chuyin big'n nen kinh tg' Xd viet sang co che thi trUdng nhung chua thuc hien duoc gi, dd quan he kinh te cu bi phd vd ma c&c quan he kinh tg' mdi chua hinh - Trong gin thdng tig'n hanh, cong cuoc cki to cang lun sau vao be t^c va'p phai nhieu khd khan, trd ngai: Su suy sup ve kinh tg' keo theo nhUng khd khan ve chinh t r i va nhUng te nan xa hoi, mau thuan va xung dot giOa cac dan tdc dSn den hien tUcrng l i khai cua mot so' nudc cong hda khdi Lign bang X6 vigt: Lit-va, Es-to-ni-a, Lat-vi-a; sU chia re va hinh cac phe phai ngi bd Dang Cong san Lien X6 cung su xuat hien mot loat dang phai vdi nhieu xu hudng chinh t r i khac xa hoi; sU ngdc dau day cua cac the lUc chdng chij nghia xa hoi Ta't ca da dat da't nUdc X6 vie't trUdc nhOng khd khan va thOf thach nghigm trdng, dac biet vao dau thap nien 90 - Ngay 19 - - 1991, mot so ngUdi lanh dao Ding, Nha nUdc Xo vig't da tien nanh cudc dao chinh lat Go6c-ba-chdp Cuoc dao chinh tha't bai nhanh chdng (21 - 8) Sau dd, Oodc-ba-chd'p tU chUc Tdng bi thu Dang Cong san Lien Xd 11 B&ng C6ng s&n Li§n Xa bi dinh chi boat dSng tokn lifen bang; chinh quyen X6 viet b i giai th§' Ma&i m6t nifdc Cong ho^ tuyen b6' d6c lap M6t Ikn s6ng chong Ddng, chong chu nghia xS h6i dfi'y l§n t r o n g ntfdc - Ng&y 21 - 12- 1991, t a i t h u d6 An-ma-ta (Ca-dac-xtan) nhufng ngUdi iSnh dao 11 nifdc cpng hoa k i Hiep dinh v l gidi t ^ n Li§n bang X6 vi§'t th^nh lap Cong d6ng cAc quoc gia doc lap (SNG) - Ngay 25 - 12 - 1991, T6ng th6ng Go6c-ba-ch6'p phdi tuyen bo tif chufc va cung l a cd bua Hem tr§n n6c dien K r e m - l i bi xuong, danh da'u sU sup d6 cua m6 h i n h che dp xa hoi chu nghia x6 vi&'t va sU tan v9 cua Lien bang C6ng h6a xa h6i chu nghia X6 vi&'t Cau 4: Stf khung ho^ng r6i sup ciia chii nghia xa h^i of Dong Au d i l n nhtf th#' nao? - V a o nhOng nam 1970, nen k i n h t§' c&c nUdc D6ng Au suy giam ve nhip dp tang trudng - Sang nhCmg nam 1980, Dong Au de chig'n lUdc phat t r i e n k i n h te - xa h6i vdi cho difa l a t h a n h tiTu khoa hoc k i thuSt nhong chua dat dUPc kg't qud gi - Den nam 1985, k h i LiSn X6 tien hanh cdi t8 t h i cac nUdc D6ng Au vSn chUa chuyen biS'n manh de thich tjfng: + An-ba-ni van giuT nguyen cO che cu + C6ng h6a Dan chu DiJc v a Ru-ma-ni cho r^ng m i n h khong c6 gi sai s6t phdi cdi to cai each + Ba Lan: t i n h h i n h k i n h tg', chinh t r i xa h6i t r d nen cang t h ^ n g v a phOfc tap Sir ba't b i n h cua nhan dan trifdc sU doc doan hoac l a m dung quygn luc cung nhOmg dac quy^n dac l a i cua mot so ngifdi lanh dao quan chufc cap cao N h a nUdc - Lcfi dung t i n h h i n h do, cac the lire chS'ng chu nghia xa h6i sure kich dpng cong nhan b a i eong, quin chung bieu t i n h , da'u t r a n h d5i Dang v a N h a mrdc cac nirdc D6ng Au phai cai each k i n h te, chinh t r i thiTc hien chS' dp da nguyen ve chinh t r i , xoa bo doc quyen lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san, tien hanh cupc tong t u y i n cuf tir NhOng boat dpng tren l a m te li§t moi sinh boat cua dat nUdc day ch6' d6 xa hoi chu nghia vao cupc khiing hoSng toan di§n v a trfim Ban lanh dao Ddng va N h a nirdc Dong Au \in iMt bu6c phSi cha'p nhan xoa b6 dOc quy^n lanh dao cua Dang Cong sdn, thCra nhan ehS' d6 da nguy§n v l chinh t r i v a ti&'n hanh tdng tuyen euf tir - NhU vay, nhOng nam 1989 - 1991, che x a h6i chu nghia da b i sup d hAu hg't cac nude Dong Au v a che dp mdi diTcfc diAig len vdi nhOng n6t chung ndi bat l a : + Tuyen b6' tiT bo Chu nghia M a c - L§-nin v a chu nghia x a hoi, thirc hien da nguy§n v l chinh t r i v a ch§' dp da ddng ;> + X a y dung N h a nirdc phap quySn dai nghi v a k i n h tg' t h i trUdng + Giai ca'p e6ng nhan chia re n h i l u phe phai + Ten nUdc, qu6'c k i , quoc buy v a quoc k h ^ n h d i u thay ddi theo hudng chung gpi l a c6ng boa c a u Sijf sup ciia Li6n bang X6 viet d i l n r a nhtf the nao? - Ngay 19 - - 1991, m6t so ngUdi lanh dao B&ng, N h a nUde X6 vife't da ti6n hanh cudc dao chinh lat Go6c-ba-eh6p Cupc dao chinh thg^t bai nhanh chong (21 - 8) 12 - Sau k h i t r d l a i n^m chinh q u y i n , Go6c-ba-ch6p tCr chijrc Ta'ng bi t h u BAng C6ng san L i e n X6, yeu cAu giai tan U y ban Trung uong Dang (24 - 8- 1991) Dang Cpng san Lien X6 bi dinh chi boat dpng (29-8-1991) C h i n h quyen Xo viet toan lien bang bi te liet - Ngay - - 1991, Qud'c h6i bai bd Higp ude Li§n bang nam 1922, trao q u y i n cho cac co quan lam thdi - Ngay 21 - 12- 1991, t a i thu An-ma ta (Ca-dac-xtan) 11 nudc cpng hoa k i Hi§p dinh ve giai t d n Lien bang Xo viet va lap Cpng d6ng cac quS'c gia dpc lap (SNG) - Ngay 25 - 12 - 1991, T6'ng thong Go6c-ba-chdp phai tuyen b6' tU chUc va la cd dd biia Hem t r e n ndc Dien K r e m - l i bi xuong, danh da'u su sup d6 cua che dp xa hpi chii nghia v a sU tan vd cua L i e n bang C6ng hda xa hdi chu nghia Xo viet Cling c a u S\i sup ciia chu nghia xa hpi d D6ng Au d i l n r a nhvT the nao? - Cud'i nam 1988, cupc khung hoang no d Ba Lan sau dd lan sang cac nude Hung-ga-ri, Tiep Khic, Cpng hda D a n chu DUc, Ru -ma-ni, Bun-ga-ri, An-ba-ni - N h i l u cu6e m i t t i n h , bieu t i n h , tuan hanh dien don dap, ddi cai each k i n h t l , thue hien da nguyen ve chinh t r i , tien hanh tong tuyen cijf t u - c a c th§' lire chong p h a chu nghia xa hpi v a ngpai nUdc kieh dpng quan chung, thue diy cAc boat dpng lat chinh quyen - NhOng hoat dpng tren lam te liet mpi sinli boat cua da't nUdc, da'y chu nghia xpi l a m vao khijng hoang toan dien - NhU vay, t r o n g nhOfng nam 1988 - 1991, che dp xa hpi chu nghia da bi sup dd d hau het cac nUdc Dong Au - Cung v d i sU k h u n g hoang va sup dd cua chu nghia x a hpi d Dong Au, 28 - - 1991, H i dong Tuong t r p K i n h te tuyen bd giai the, - - 1991 td chUe Hi$p ude Vac-sa-va cham dUt hoat dpng C&u Nguyen nhSn dSn d§'n sup ciia chi" dp xa h^i chii nghia d Li§n X6 va Dong Au? - Thig'u tdn day dii cac quy luat phat t r i d n khach quan v l k i n h t d - xa hdi, chu quan y chi, thUe hien ccf che tap trung quan lieu bao cap thay cho cP chd t h i trUdng - Khong hit k i p sU phat t r i d n ciia cupc each mang khoa hoe - k i thuat hien dai, dua t d i su khiing hoang ve k i n h t d - xa hpi - K h i tien hanh cai td l a i pham sai lam tren nhieu mat, lam cho khung hoSng cang them nang n l - Hoat dpng chong pha cua cac the lUc chd'ng chu nghia x a hpi va ngoai nUdc 11 C A u H I T R A C NGHIEM c a u Sau Chien tranh th§' giofi thuT hai, cdc nrfdTc de qud'c MI c^m dfiu da thtfc hipn am mvtu cd ban gi de chd'ng lai Li§n X6? A Tien hanh bao vay k i n h t l B G a y cupc "chien tranh lanh" C Day manh chien t r a n h tdng luc D Loi keo cac nUdc dong m i n h chdng l a i Lien Xo 13 Cfiu Ttf nftm 1946 - 1950, Lifin X dS dsit dvt^c th&ng l