Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học và kỹ thuật trồng rừng chiêu liêu nước (terminalia calamansanai (blanco) rolfe) tại vùng đông nam bộ tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES ================== NGUYEN THANH MINH STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PLANTING TECHNIQUES OF Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe IN THE SOUTHEAST REGION Specialized: Silviculture Code: 9.62.02.05 SUMMARY OF THESIS ON FOREST DOCTORATE Hanoi - 2021 This work has been completed at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences Full name of instructor: Assoc.Prof.Dr Pham The Dung Dr Giang Van Thang TS Phí Hồng Hải Chairman: Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis is defended in front of the Institute's thesis-judging council meeting at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences At the hour minute day month year 2021 The dissertation can be found at National Library and Library of Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thanh Minh, Do Thi Ngoc Ha (2017), Propagation results of Terminalia calamansanai Rolfe by cutting, Journal of Forestry Science, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, specialized in journals 2017, page 34-39 Nguyen Thanh Minh, Do Thi Ngoc Ha, Phung Van Tinh (2019), Study on seed characteristics, treatment methods and storage methods of Terminalia calamansanai Rolfe, Journal of Forestry Science, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, number 4, page 78 - 85 PREAMBLE The urgency of the subject Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe belongs to the family Combretaceae, a large tree species, up to 30-40 meters high, and the diameter can reach 60 - 80 cm, even meters This plant species is widely distributed in the provinces of the Southwest, Southeast, Central Highlands, South Central regions Terminalia calamansanai wood has white color, smooth, straight grain and easy to process Therefore, its is used to make planks, plywood, household furniture and construction wood Terminalia calamansanai flowers every year, creating good conditions for breeding and afforestation Up to now, this tree species has not been interested in in-depth research on breeding, propagation, planting techniques and enrichment planting techniques Previous studies on this species just stop at description and classification Research on the use of indigenous timber species for afforestation for large timber supply is an important task of the forestry sector However, up to now, the number of indigenous tree species selected for afforestation and forest enrichment in Vietnam is very rare In order to "Improve productivity, quality and value of planted production forests" and "Enhance value of processed wood products" (Decision 774 & 919, MARD), the forestry sector needs to plant large timber forests, especially for with indigenous tree species However, at present, the forestry sector still lacks not only high quality seed sources, but also planting and nurturing techniques for planted forests from indigenous trees This limitation leads to difficulties in achieving the goals of the forestry sector Therefore, research on breeding, propagation, planting techniques and enriching poor natural forests with some indigenous tree species with large natural distribution, rapid growth, large timber is a matter to be interested today The project "Study on biological characteristics and planting techniques Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe in the Southeast" is necessary and meaningful to contribute an afforestation development for large timber of wood processing industry in our country Objectives of the study In theory: Provide main information as a scientific basis for breeding, propagation, planting and nurturing Terminalia calamansanai forests, in order to improve forest productivity and diversify indigenous forest species in the Southeast About practice: - Identify some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai, as a basis for proposing appropriate silvicultural techniques - Choosing the provenance and family Terminalia calamansanai has the ability to grow fast and meet the requirements of planting indigenous trees - Determination of Terminalia calamansanai propagation techniques by seeding and cuttings - Identifying planting and tending techniques for pure and mixed Terminalia calamansanai plantations on some major soil types in the Southeast Scientific and practical meanings Scientific value: Supplement some scientific information on the biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai as a basis for breeding, propagation and afforestation with high yield and quality in the Southeast Practical value: The research results of the thesis can be applied to the development of Terminalia calamansanai plantations to provide high quality and productive timber in the Southeast New contributions of the thesis - Firstly, provide some scientific basis from forestry characteristics, artifacts, seed characteristics to breeding, propagation and Terminalia calamansanai planting - Secondly, provenance and families of Terminalia calamansanai have been identified, meeting the standards of the forestry sector to recognize new varieties - Thirdly, perfecting techniques for seed propagation and cloning and determining seedling standards and some major techniques for planting Terminalia calamansanai Research subjects and Scope 5.1 Subject of research Subjects of the study are populations of natural Terminalia calamansanai, seeds, seedlings in nurseries and pure and mixed Terminalia calamansanai plantations from 1- years old and years old, respectively 5.2 Scope of the study Research content: This thesis studies on some of biological characteristics as silvicultural characteristics; fruits and seeds phases of Terminalia calamansanai; provenance trial combined with family trial; propagation techniques by sowing seeds and cuttings; techniques of planting pure, mixed and enrichment forests by Terminalia calamansanai Research location: Research on silvicultural characteristics, flowers and fruits were investigated in the tropical humid forest in Ma Da, Dong Nai Selection of plus Terminalia calamansanai was done in ecological regions: South Central (Ninh Thuan), Southwestern (Kien Giang), Southeast (Dong Nai, Tay Ninh) and Central Highlands (Gia Lai) Seed preservation and propagation experiments were conducted in Trang Bom, Dong Nai Trials of provenance combined with family trials are carried out in Tan Bien, Tay Ninh province Experiments on seedling standards for afforestation, fertilizers, density and mixed afforestation were implemented in Vinh Cuu, Dong Nai province The experiment of enrichment planting with natural poor forest with Ter species was carried out in Tan Lap, Binh Phuoc province Research time: Seed preservation experiments were carried out for a period of 24 months The nursery experiment was followed at months old Cuttings experiments were followed until fully rooted after month of age Trials of provenance combined with family trials to years old Planting techniques experiments are followed up until the forest reaches years old and years old Dissertation Layout: The thesis consists of 113 pages with 15 pictures and 55 tables, including: Introduction (4 pages); Chapter 1: Overview of research issues (23 pages); Chapter 2: Content, materials and research methods (22 pages); Chapter 3: Research results and discussion (61 pages); Conclusion, existing and recommendations (3 pages) CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES Research situation in the world 1.1 Plant classification and morphological characteristics Its scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe Trade name is Kwako, Yellow terminalia This is a wooden tree of the genus: Terminalia, the family: Combretaceae In the Indochinese plant, Lecomte (1911) described, Terminalia calamansanai is 25 to 30 meters high, diameter can reach from 50 to 80 cm The trunk is gray, the bark is not separated The leaves are oblong, dark green, the underside is slightly pale; length - 15 cm, width 2.5 - cm; - pairs of veins; petiole small, smooth, 15-25 mm long, with glands at the base The hermaphrodite flowers are hairy, not have coronary petals, stamens 10 The sepals are united at the base into a shape, on the triangular petals The cylindrical pistil has thick bristles that is easy to separate, mm long, with hanging ovules The fruit has rhombohedral wings about cm long, wings almost rectangular to - cm long 1.2 Ecological characteristics In Southeast Asia, Terminalia calamansanai is distributed in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Trees distributed mainly in lowlands, altitudes below 500m above sea level, grow best where the average annual temperature is from 28 – 34 0C, the trees can tolerate the average temperature from 18 – 38 0C The tree is suitable for an average annual rainfall of 3.000 – 4.000 mm and can expand at 2.000 – 5.000 mm Terminalia calamansanai prefer good soil, drainage, soil pH from 5.5 - 6.5 and can expand 4.5 - 7.5 It grows very fast, can reach the yield at 25-30 m3/ha/year 1.3 Forest planting situation Nile (1989) in the study of plantation species selection in Western Samoa divided the scale of 100, in which wood quality and use: 40 points; stem shape and growth: 30 points; weed competition: 15 points; seed source: 10 points; nursery care: points According to the author, Terminalia genus has species, Terminalia calamansanai ranked 2nd out of species of Terminalia genus and 12th (66 points) out of 47 selected species, wood quality reached 23 out of 40 points, tree shape and growth reaching 24 points out of 30 points, proving that Terminalia calamansanai is a species with good wood quality, standard stem shape and rapid growth Burslem & Whitmore (1996) have been studying Terminalia calamansanai at Kolombangara Solomon since 1964 According to the author, the research results on the experiment of opening the natural forest canopy for the average diameter growth of 0.9 mm/year for the Terminalia calamansanai trees with the diameter less than 10cm; 1.6 mm/year for trees with a diameter of 10-20cm and the highest one is 4.8 mm/year for trees with a diameter of 30 -50cm 1.4 Use of Terminalia calamansanai wood According to Anon (1976), Terminalia calamansanai wood tends to crack vertically, with medium wood density and moderate hardness The wood color ranges from light yellow to light brown Terminalia calamansanai wood can very effectively pick up verneer Terminalia calamansanai wood is also used for high quality furniture (Pleydell, 1970) In addition to the value of wood, Terminalia calamansanai bark contains tannins used in dyeing technology Especially, the leaves of this species contain some acetone that can be used as anti-cancer drugs (Lih-Geeng Chen et al., 2009) Research situation in Vietnam 2.1 Plant classification and morphological characteristics Scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe; Terminalia papilio Hance belongs to the family: Combretaceae, Order: Myrtales Terminalia calamansanai is a deciduous tree in the dry season, 15-30m high, average diameter 50-70cm, but there are also trees up to m in diameter Branchlet is fat, tall, single leaf, spaced, usually concentrated at the tip of the branch Hard leaves are spear-shaped, with pointed tips tapering toward the base, 6-10cm long, - 3cm wide The leaf blade is smooth on the upper surface, the lower surface is slightly coarse, the lateral ribs are - pairs, prominent on the lower surface, slightly visible on the upper surface, the network tendon is not clear The leaf stalk is - 3cm long, hairless, has glands at the base, the flower cluster is very thick, the flowers grow in the leaf axils at the tip of the branch, 10 - 15cm long, the common stalk is covered with fine yellow hair Ivory white hermaphrodite flowers with a dark aroma, small bracts, 1-2mm long, hairy, deciduous The sepals are united at the base into a shape, on triangular wings with many feathers There are no wings 10 stamens, - mm long, attached with the sepals hairy segmental disc The lower gourd is covered with a lot of hair, cell, ovules, 3mm long, with feathers below The fruit is flattened, has wings, has smooth white feathers, is - 5cm wide, 1.5 - 4cm high One seed, 7-10mm long, - 6mm wide (Tran Hop and Nguyen Boi Quynh, 1993) 2.2 Ecological characteristics Terminalia calamansanai is a deciduous tree in the dry season The tree is a light-prefer tree, commonly found at the edge of the forest, prefers sandy, moist clay, has a lot of humus In Vietnam, the tree grows in the mountainous areas of Gia Lai, Kontum and grows popular in the Southeastern provinces, Ba Ria Vung Tau, in the low mountainous areas of Kien Giang, Ha Tien, Phu Quoc In Southeast Asia, this species is also distributed in countries such as Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines, Malaysia (Tran Hop and Nguyen Boi Quynh, 1993) 2.3 Forest planting situation In the country, Terminalia calamansanai has not been studied in cultivation techniques, but only very few studies in the nursery stage Nguyen Van Them, Pham Thanh Hai (2004) studied the effect of potting medium mix on growth of 6-month-old Terminalia calamansanai in nursery stage In this study, the good fertilizer content for Terminalia calamansanai in the nursery stage is NPK 1.0%, super phosphate 1.0%, and decomposed organic fertilizer is 15 - 20% According to Nguyen Thanh Minh (2010), when sowing Terminalia calamansanai, seeds need to be soaked in water at room temperature for days, incubated and washed every days From day the seeds start to germinate The highest germination rate was 86% The potting medium has a ratio of 25% -50% coir for the seedlings to grow well in the nursing stage 2.4 Use of Terminalia calamansanai wood According to Tran Hop and Nguyen Boi Quynh (1993) Terminalia calamansanai wood is white, medium, smooth, easy to process, furniture, used in construction According to Pham The Dung et al (2018), Terminalia calamansanai wood has many low physical and mechanical properties, so the use of wood can be used for many purposes that not require force, good impact resistance, so it can make wooden boats Terminalia calamansanai wood can be used as a raw material for the manufacture of laminated boards, relatively suitable for making raw materials for peeling boards, indoor wood and common furniture The wood is less shrinking and expanding, so it is convenient for use Terminalia calamansanai wood is susceptible to fungus attack immediately after felling, so it is necessary to take measures to cut, dry immediately after cutting or against fungus General comment The scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe belongs to the genus Terminalia of the family Combretaceae Taxonomy and morphological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai have been described in detail in many different documents In the world, Terminalia calamansanai is distributed in some Asian countries (India, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea) and some African countries In Vietnam, Terminalia calamansanai is often found in tropical moist evergreen closed forest and tropical semi-evergreen semi-evergreen forest in the Southeast Treatment Soak seeds in water with temperature 52 - 55 0C Treatment Soak seeds in water with temperature 68 - 70 0C Time to soak seeds in water is days - Effect of coir rate in potting medium on growth of seedlings The experiment includes treatments with the percentage of coir by weight of potting medium: Treatment 1: 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 94% topsoil (Control) Treatment 2: 25% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 69% topsoil Treatment 3: 50% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 44% topsoil Treatment 4: 75% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 19% topsoil (b) Propagated by cuttings - Effects of stimulant categories and it’s concentrations This experiment included 13 treatments Treatment (NT1) - (NT4): IAA = 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm Treatment (NT5) - (NT8): NAA = 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm Treatment (NT9) - (NT12): IBA = 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm Treatment NT13: Control (Without using stimulants) - Effects of stimulant treatment time This experiment has treatments: T1: 30 seconds, T2: 60 seconds and T3: 90 seconds - Effects of potting medium in cuttings This experiment included treatments GT1: 100% of topsoil GT2: 70% of topsoil + 30% coir GT3: 50% of topsoil + 50% coir - Effects of the age of the mother tree on cuttings This experiment includes treatments: NT1: Cuttings from 6-month-old plants; NT2: Cuttings from a year old tree; NT3: Cuttings from years old tree; TN4: Cuttings from a 3-year-old tree; TH5: Cuttings from a 2-year-old mother plant are rejuvenated; 10 NT6: Cuttings from a year old mother plant were rejuvenated - Effects of cuttings season This experiment includes treatments: TV1: Cuttings in March (Dry season); TV2: Cuttings in June (Rainy season); TV3: Cuttings in September (Rainy season); (Dry season) TV4: Cuttings in December Each experiment was arranged in full randomized block, repetitions, 36 cuttings/repetition/treatment 2.2.4 Study on planting techniques (a) Effect of the seedling standards for afforestation + TC1: months old (D0: 0.95-1.05 cm and Hvn: 45-55 cm); + TC2: 12 months old (D0: 1.3-1.5 cm and Hvn: 95-105 cm); + TC3: 18 months old (D0: 2.0-2.2 cm and Hvn 145-155 cm) (b) Effects of fertilizers in afforestation + BL1: Control (No fertilization); + BL2: 100g NPK/tree; + BL3: 200 g NPK/tree; + BL4: 100 g NPK + 200 g microbiological fertilizer/tree); + BL5: 100 g NPK + 400 g microbiological fertilizer/tree - Use NPK fertilizer (14: 8: 6) Binh Dien and Song Gianh bio-fertilizers (c) Effects of the soil type for afforestation + LD1: Ancient alluvial gray soil + LD2: red and yellow feralit soil (d) Effect of planting density + MD1: 1.110 trees / ha, distance 3x3m + MD2: 833 trees / ha, distance 4x3m +MG3: 667 trees / ha, distance 5x3m (e) Effects of mixed afforestation 11 + HG1: 75% Terminalia calamansanai + 25% Hopea odorata (planted in rows of Terminalia calamansanai and Hopea odorata tree); + HG2: 75% Terminalia calamansanai + 25% Dipterocarpus alatus (planted in rows of trees Terminalia calamansanai and Dipterocarpus alatus); + HG3: 50% Terminalia calamansanai + 25% Hopea odorata + 25% Dipterocarpus alatus (planted in rows of tree Terminalia calamansanai + tree Hopea odorata + tree Terminalia calamansanai + tree Dipterocarpus alatus); + HG4: Terminalia calamansanai 50% + Indigofera zollingeriana 50% (planted by row of tree Terminalia calamansanai + Indigofera zollingeriana tree); + HG5: Planting pure Terminalia calamansanai for control (f) Effects of Terminalia calamansanai planting method to enrich poor natural forests LG1: The planting band is m wide (1/3 of the height of the forest tree), the remaining band is m wide; planting tree by tree: m (333 plants/ha) + LG2: The planting band is m wide (1/2 the height of the forest tree), the remaining band is 6m wide; planting tree by tree: m (278 plants/ha) + LG3: Planting in an open area about 500 m2 2.3 Data processing methods The thesis used statistical software Statgraphics Plus 4.0, SPSS 24 Excel software was used to gather data, draw graphs and charts, distribute N/D and N/H One-factor variance analysis and sample comparison standards (Tukey and LSD) were used to compare the difference between the two treatments CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12 Some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai 1.1 The role of Terminalia calamansanai in forest flora communities (FFC) 1.1.1 The role of Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC of medium forest status (MFS) The total number of tree species is 36 species belonging to 33 genera of 27 families The number of dominant and co-dominant tree species (Index IVI ≥ 4.0%) is species (Dipterocarpus dyeri; Anisoptera costata; Syzygium zeylanicum; Knema globularia; Paviesia annamensis; Terminalia calamansanai; Xylopia vielana Lagerstroemia calyculata) The average planting density is 544 trees/ha (100%); in which species of trees are dominant and copper dominant accounts for 44.5 % (243 trees/ha) The remaining species of 28 other tree species are 55.5% (302 trees/ha) In MFS, Terminalia calamansanai has the indexes of N, G and M are 4.2%, 5.6% and 5.6%; the average is 5.1% The study results also showed that the structure of tree species and the role of Terminalia calamansanai changed depending on the FFC Terminalia calamansanai is an ecological co-dominant species; the average IVI index was 5.1%, ranging from 3.2% to 7.7% The wood tree species composition of the FFC in MFS has a high similarity, averaging 77.5%, ranging from 74.1 to 83% 1.1.2 The role of Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC of rich forest status (RFS) Analysis of tree species structure of FFC at RFS shows that the total number of tree species in RFS is 40 species belonging to 34 genera of 28 families The number of dominant and co-dominant tree species (Index IVI ≥ 4.0%) were found species (Dipterocarpus dyeri; Shorea roxburghii; Anisoptera costata; Terminalia calamansanai; Paviesia annamensis Pierre; Parinari annamensis; Lagerstroemia calyculata; Syzygium zeylanicum) Research results show that the average density of the plant is 556 trees/ha (100%); of which species of trees are dominant and copper dominant accounts for 49.8% (276 trees/ha), the remaining 32 species of other trees contribute 13 50.2% (279 trees / ha) In RFSs, Terminalia calamansanai has the indexes of N, G and M 6.0%, 7.1% and 6.6%, the average is 6.6% The wood tree species composition in RFSs has a high similarity, averaging 71.5%, ranging from 65.4 to 82.5% 1.1.3 The role of the regenerating Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC In the FFCs of both these forest states, regenerated trees are distributed at all Hvn levels The percentage of plants regenerating Terminalia calamansanai in MFS plants (7.0%) was higher than that of RFS (6.5%) On the other hand, regenerated Terminalia calamansanai trees are also distributed at all Hvn levels; in which the percentage of plants increased significantly from Hvn level 200 cm (average 15.5% in MFS and RFS) The presence of regenerating trees at all Hvn levels proves that Terminalia calamansanai has the ability to continuously regenerate naturally under the forest canopy 1.1.4 Compare the role of Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC The number of dominant and co-dominant wood tree species in these two forest status are species (Dipterocarpus dyeri; Shorea roxburghii; Anisoptera costata; Terminalia calamansanai; Paviesia annamensis ; Parinari annamensis; Lagerstroemia calyculata; Syzygium zeylanicum) and have similarities is quite high (CS = 75.0%) Terminalia calamansanai is the co-dominant tree species not only in the mother tree layer but also in the regenerated tree layer In the parent plant layer, Terminalia calamansanai in MFS was lower than in RFS In contrast, in the regenerated plant layer, Terminalia calamansanai in MFS was higher than in RFS In both forest status, Terminalia calamansanai regeneration continuously under the canopy of the forest The research results on structure of co-dominant trees with Terminalia calamansanai suggested the possibility to establish the mixed plantation of Terminalia calamansanai plants with co-dominant species as Dipterocarpaceae 1.2 The structure of medium and rich forest 14 1.2.1 Distribution of trees according to diameter classes (N/D) The study results showed that the N/D distribution for the FFCs of these two forest status was consistent with the exponential distribution function These functions have a very high r2 coefficient (r2 > 99%) and small deviation Therefore, they were used to estimate the number of trees according to D 1.3 classes in MFS and RFS N(MFS) = 1568,61*exp(-0,173644*D1.3) + 13,1243 N(RFS) = 921,082*exp(-0,13427*D1.3) + 12,0322 In these two forest status, Terminalia calamansanai appears only in D1.3 levels from 10 to 46 cm The presence of Terminalia calamansanai trees at all D1.3 levels proves that in the past, Terminalia calamansanai regenerated continuously under the forest canopy By this way, it is concluded that Terminalia calamansanai holds the role of ecological co-dominance in forest FFCs 1.2.2 Distribution of trees by height classes The N/H distribution for FFC of these two forest status is consistent with the Richards distribution function These functions have a very high r coefficient (r2 > 99%) and small deviation FH(MFS) = (1 + exp(-(Hvn + 7,84266)/4,03098))^-82,5071 FH(RFS) = (1 + exp(-(Hvn + 7,43636)/4,38317))^-57,6842 In both forest states, Terminalia calamansanai only appears at level Hvn ≤ 24 m with the percentage of trees increasing gradually with Hvn grade The presence at all levels of Hvn indicates that before, Terminalia calamansanai regenerated continuously under the canopy of the forest This confirms that Terminalia calamansanai has an ecological predominance role in the development of FFCs 1.3 Flowers, fruits and leaves phases of Terminalia calamansanai Terminalia calamansanai is characterized by a semi-deciduous tree Although they live in evergreen forest, but at the beginning of the dry season they begin to fall their leaves, usually from December of the previous year to 15 January of the following year and not completely deciduous, some branches still have leaves and the degree of defoliation depends on weather The main flowers, fruits and leaves phases of Terminalia calamansanai are described in the following table: Tháng Vật hậu 10 11 12 Seasonal fall leaves Shoot out Young leaves Buds and blooms Fructification Concentrated ripe fruit Some pictures of flowers and fruits Terminalia calamansanai 1.4 Seed characteristics 1.4.1 Size, weight and moisture content of seeds of Terminalia calamansanai - The size of dry whole-wing seeds: The Terminalia calamansanai seed size has an average seed length of about 5.9cm and a width of about 2.5cm - Size of wingless seeds: The length and width of Terminalia calamansanai seeds after removing the wings are about 1.3cm and 0.7cm - Weight of whole and wingless seeds: Weight of whole seeds 1,000: 110.6 gr and kg: 9,043 ± 20 seeds; weight of wingless seeds 1,000: 84.3 gr; kg: 11,858 ± 22 seeds 16 - The moisture content of wingless seeds: The moisture content of Terminalia calamansanai without wings right after harvest is 16.5% and before storage is 11.3% 1.4.2 Effect of storage method on germination rate Terminalia calamansanai seeds are dry seeds, so they are easy to preserve, with a long storage time due to the low moisture content of the seeds (11.3%) In 24 months, in the cooler and freezer compartment of a conventional refrigerator, the germination rate is over 49% With normal preservation, after months, Terminalia calamansanai seeds completely lose their ability to germinate Plus tree selection, provenance trial combined with family trial 2.1 Plus tree selection The total number of plus trees is 50 trees selected from natural forests in some locations in ecological regions; of which 11 trees in the Southwest (Kien Giang), 23 trees in the Southeast (19 trees in Dong Nai; trees in Tay Ninh), trees in the Central Highlands (Gia Lai) and trees in the South Central (Ninh Thuan) The mean diameter of the plus trees in the four ecological regions is 47.9 cm; ranges from 35.8 cm in the Central Highlands to 110.5 cm in the Southeast The average height of the plus trees in the four ecological regions is 21.5 m; ranges from 16.0 m in the South West to 35.0 m in the Southeast The average score of plus trees in the four ecological regions is 72.8; ranges from 70 to 78 points The selected plus trees all have straight stems, high branches, and fairly even canopy, which are capable of bearing fruit and easy to harvest to serve as seed source for the provenance trial combined with family trial 2.2 Growth of Terminalia calamansanai forests in provenance trials 17 The growth of the five provenances was the difference in diameter at breast height and height between provenances Annual growth is over 2.0 cm/year in diameter at breast height and over 1.3 m/year in height Wood yields of different provenances are markedly different Wood productivity averaged 6.5 m3/ha/year Two provenances with relatively high wood productivity are Tay Ninh (8.7 m3/ha/year) and Gia Lai (7.1 m3/ha/year) The survival rate of the provenances from 80% to 96% shows that Terminalia calamansanai is quite adapted in the Southeast The results show that Tay Ninh provenances has a wood yield exceeding 33.6% compared with the average of the whole trial (wood yield exceeds 15%) This is the basis for proposing to select provenances Terminalia calamansanai in Tay Ninh as seed source for afforestation 2.3 Growth of Terminalia calamansanai forest in family trials Terminalia calamansanai in the trial has relatively fast growth There are 10 families with timber productivity exceeding 15% compared with the average value of the whole trial from 15.4% to 50.4%, those families are TB-TN1, TBTN2, TB-TN3 , TB-TN4 (Tay Ninh); DM-DN7, DM-DN6, TP-DN6, (Dong Nai); PQ-KG5, PQ-KG11 (Kien Giang); MY-GL1 (Gia Lai) There are families with potential for timber productivity from 9.4 to 9.8 m3/ha/year at years old: PQ-KG11 (Kien Giang), MĐ-ĐN7 (Dong Nai) and TB- TN2, TB-TN1 (origin Tay Ninh) * Choose the provenance and the family to get the seed - Select the provenance of Tay Ninh whose wood yield exceeded 33.6% compared with the trial's average wood yield - Among 10 families with excess of over 15% of wood productivity, there are families with good prospects: PQ-KG11 (Kien Giang), MĐ-ĐN7 (Dong Nai) and TB-TN2, TB-TN1 (Tay Ninh) wood productivity exceeded 44.3% to 50.4% compared with the average value of the whole trial and had a yield of over 9.4 m3/ha/year Breeding techniques of Terminalia calamansanai 18 3.1 Propagated by seed 3.1.1 Effect of treatment methods on germination rate Terminalia calamansanai seeds are processed by soaking at normal temperature (about 20 - 250C) for days and nights, then incubating and sour washing for days The germination rate was 83% and the germination rate 1/3 first period was 43.3% High temperature will be cause to decrease the germination rate of Terminalia calamansanai 3.1.2 Effect of potting medium on the growth of seedlings The proportions of coir in the potting medium had different effects on seedling growth in the nursery stage The appropriate proportion of coir is from 50% to 75% in the potting medium, Terminalia calamansanai seedlings can reach a base diameter of 9.8 mm and a height of 60 cm at months of age, which can meet planting standards 3.2 Propagated by cuttings 3.2.1 Effects of stimulant type and it’s concentrations Concentration and type of growth stimulants affect the rooting rate in Terminalia calamansanai cuttings When cutting Terminalia calamansanai, choose growth stimulant IBA concentration of 1.5000 ppm is the best If IAA is used, the appropriate concentration is 1,000 ppm 3.2.2 Effects of stimulant treatment time Stimulant treatment time affects both rooting rate and root quality of Terminalia calamansanai cuttings Appropriate dipping time is from 60 to 90 seconds, using 1.5000 ppm aqueous IBA 3.2.3 Effects of potting medium in cuttings Using 70% coconut fiber in the potting component for Terminalia calamansanai cuttings will make the spongy potting, faster drainage, more roots per cuttings and better root quality 3.2.4 Effects of mother tree age on cuttings 19 The age of the mother trees from which material was colected for cutting, also affects on rooting ability of Terminalia calamansanai cuttings The age of the mother plant for cutting from months to year gives the best rooting rate If not rejuvenated, mother plants from years of age and older will not take root If rejuvenating mother plants years and years old, the rooting rate is about 76% 3.2.5 Effects of cuttings season Seasonality affects the rooting ability of Terminalia calamansanai cuttings In the Southeast, cuttings should be done in the dry season, giving the rooting rate over 83% Study on planting techniques 4.1 Effect of the seedling standards for afforestation - The standard of planting seed affects the survival rate and quality of Terminalia calamansanai plantation Seedlings meter or more tall (1 year old) have a high survival rate and better quality - At age 4, there was a big difference in stem volume between treatments Treatment TC3: (D0: 2.0-2.2 cm and Hvn 145-155 cm) exceeded treatments TC2 and TC1 by and 14.7% and 29.3%, respectively Therefore, it is advisable to choose seedlings with D0 standard from 1.4 cm and height from 100 cm and above (1 year old) to plant Terminalia calamansanai forest to ensure the survival rate, productivity and quality of planted forests 4.2 Effects of fertilizers in afforestation - Fertilization has a good effect on the growth of Terminalia calamansanai plantation forests Treatment BL3 (200g NPK) had the best growth in both diameter and height as well as plant quality - The growth rate of diameter and height in the best treatment (BL3) compared with the worst treatment (BL1: control) decreased from years to years old This pointed that, the effect of fertilizers on the growth of Terminalia calamansanai decreases following the age of trees 20 When planting Terminalia calamansanai forest, should use 200 g/tree NPK (14: 8: 6) in combination with microbiological fertilizer from 200g to 400g, this will increase the growth and quality of trees 4.3 Effects of the soil type for afforestation Terminalia calamansanai grown on ancient alluvial gray soil is better than on yellow red feralit soils which developed on shist in both diameter, height and quality, exceeding 19.1% in volume of tree trunk There is no difference in survival rates of trees when planted on two soil types, both of which are greater than 92% The average annual growth in diameter and height of Terminalia calamansanai in this experiment is quite high, on ancient alluvial gray and yellow red feralit soils they are 2.4 cm/year, 1.8 m/year and 2.3 cm/year, 1.6 m/year, respectively 4.4 Effect of planting density Planting density has affected on growth of Terminalia calamansanai plantations Planted density MĐ3 (5 x 3m) shows faster diameter growth to compare with remained treatment in experiment However, the average annual growth in diameter and height of Terminalia calamansanai in the treatment MĐ3 (5 x 3m) was only 1.6 cm/year and 1.2 m/year, lower than the experiments of the planted tree standards and fertilization 4.5 Effects of mixed afforestation To use Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata and Indigofera zollingeriana for mixed planting with Terminalia calamansanai, growth and quality of Terminalia calamansanai plantation are better than pure plantation Experimental results showed that, Terminalia calamansanai planted mixing with Indigofera zollingeriana gave the best growth and quality to compare with species Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata The volume of the trunk was 33% higher than of pure planting The average annual growth in diameter and height of Terminalia calamansanai in this experiment was 2.5 cm/year and 21 1.7 m/year On compareson to other indigenous species, this growth is quite high 4.6 Effects of Terminalia calamansanai planting method to enrich poor natural forests Different enrichment planting methods affect the growth, survival rate as well as the quality of Terminalia calamansanai plant Planting method LG3 (Planting in an open area about 500 m2) had a tree volume and survival rate exceeding 42.9% and 10.1%, respectively, compared with the worst treatment LG1 (The planting band is m wide) The average annual growth in tree diameter and height in LG3 treatment was the best (1.0 cm/year and 1.2 m/year), but lower than that of pure plantation on bare land ( 2.3 cm/year and 1.6 m/year) Experimental results showed that Terminalia calamansanai is photophilic species When planting for enrichment of natural forests, planting method LG3 is the most suitable If planted in the band, the band must be about meters wide (LG2: The planting band is m wide) and must be slashed every year to be effective Proposing to apply research results From the results of this study, the thesis proposes the techniques of breeding and afforestation in the Southeast region CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe is ecologically dominant with the Dipterocarpaceae species in the forest flora communities of the evergreen humid tropical forest in Ma Da, Dong Nai province The degree of dominance of Terminalia calamansanai in the flora of the rich forest is higher than that of the medium forest Terminalia naturally regenerates itself continuously under the forest canopy The period to collect Terminalia calamansanai seeds is mid-April to midMay Storing seeds in the cooler of the refrigerator at a temperature of 0C – 22 C and in the freezer of the refrigerator at -5 0C to -10 0C can extend the its vitality up to 24 months and the germination rate reaches above 49% There were 50 plus trees selected from ecological regions (Southwest, Southeast, Central Highlands, South Central) There was provenance of Tay Ninh and 10 families whose wood productivity exceeds 15% compared with the average value of the whole trial There are prospective families: PQ-KG11 Phu Quoc-Kien Giang), MD-ĐN7 (Ma Da-Dong Nai) and TB-TN2, TB-TN1 (Tan Bien-Tay Ninh) with wood productivity exceeding 44.3 to 50.4% of the average value of the whole trial and the wood productivity is over 9.4 m 3/ ha/year Terminalia calamansanai can be propagated by seeds and cuttings Its seeds are processed by soaking in water at normal temperature (about 20 – 25 0C) for days and nights Suitable potting mixing for nursing consist of 1% NPK + 5% manure + 50 - 75% coir + topsoil Choose cuttings from mother trees 6-12 months old Cuttings time is the dry season from December to March next year Use an IBA with a concentration of 1,500 ppm and a treatment time of 60 to 90 seconds Use the pot containing 70% topsoil combined with 30% coir for cuttings The suitable age of seedlings for afforestation is 12 to 18 months Terminalia calamansanai can be grown purely and mixed When planting pure species, the appropriate density is 667 plants/ha Young forests are cared for the first years by applying NPK fertilizer at a concentration of 200 g/tree in combination with microbiological fertilizers at 400g/tree Terminalia calamansanai can be planted by mixing with Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata and Indigofera zollingeriana, in the ratio of 1: Its's growth in mixed plantations is better than that of pure plantations Terminalia calamansanai can be used for enrichment planting in poor natural forests Planting method is pure planting in open area about 500 m2 or planting in bands with a width of m However, the growth of Terminalia calamansanai in open area and bands is lower than in pure and mixed plantations with Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata Limitations 23 This thesis has not studied on photophilicity or shade tolerance of Terminalia calamansanai in the nursery stage Therefore, this study has not yet been able to indicate the shading regime for seedlings in the nursery period The experiments on standards of seedlings for afforestation, planting density, and fertilizers are independent experiments, the thesis has not yet the conditions to set up synthetically experiments the factors affecting the growth of Terminalia calamansanai Recommendations The results of the thesis can be used for seedlings production in the nursery, clonal propagation and planting of Terminalia calamansanai on ancient alluvial gray soil and yellow red feralit soil in the Southeast 24 ... component for Terminalia calamansanai cuttings will make the spongy potting, faster drainage, more roots per cuttings and better root quality 3.2.4 Effects of mother tree age on cuttings 19 The age... Terminalia calamansanai cuttings Appropriate dipping time is from 60 to 90 seconds, using 1.5000 ppm aqueous IBA 3.2.3 Effects of potting medium in cuttings Using 70% coconut fiber in the potting... includes treatments: NT1: Cuttings from 6-month-old plants; NT2: Cuttings from a year old tree; NT3: Cuttings from years old tree; TN4: Cuttings from a 3-year-old tree; TH5: Cuttings from a 2-year-old