Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học, sinh thái và biện pháp bảo tồn loài pơ mu (fokienia hodginsii (dunn) a henry h h thomas), sa mu dầu (cunninghamia konishii hayata) ở khu dự trữ sinh quyển miền tây

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI THANH NGA STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC, AND CONSERVATION MEASURES OF Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H H Thomas, Cunninghamia konishii Hayata IN WESTERN NGHE AN BIOSPHERE RESERVE Specialization: BOTANY Code: 9420111 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS NGHE AN - 2019 INTRODUCTION The necessity of the thesis Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve (BR) located in Nghe An province is the largest biosphere reserve in Southeast Asia with an area of 1,299,795 hectares, comprising districts, a green corridor connecting three core zones: Pu Mat National Park (NP), Pu Huong Nature Reserve (NR) and Pu Hoat NR This is an area with very diverse habitats and great biodiversity value Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry et H H Thomas and Cunninghamia konishii Hayata are two of the 12 Pinophyta species recorded in Western Nghe An BR They are a lot of value for human life, besides they play an important role in keeping the watershed forest ecosystem These are two species listed in IUCN, Vietnam Red Book and Group IIA of Government Decree 32/2006/NĐ-CP Until now, there have been a number of literary published about distribution, biological and ecological characteristics and the natural regeneration of F hodginsii and C konishii in some region Western Nghe An BR However, there has not been any research on the scientific basis to preserve these two conifers for the whole area Because of the above reasons, we have chosen the topic of research: “Studying on biological and ecological characteristics, and conservation measures of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H H Thomas, Cunninghamia konishii Hayata in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve” to contribute the preservation and development of two rare species in Nghe An province and Vietnam Research objectives 2.1 Generalobjectives Adding more information about the biology, ecology, propagation, and chemical composition oil of F hodginsii and C konishii in Western Nghe An BR This is the scientific basis that proposes solutions to preserve and develop these conifers in the study area 2.2 Specific objectives - Describing morphology, anatomy, characteristics of seasonal development, ecological characteristics (distribution, density, area, reserves, some biological biome characteristics, climatic conditions, and soil) of F hodginsii and C konishii - Describing characteristics of natural regeneration and assessing propagative ability by seed, cuttings of F hodginsii and C konishii - Identifying the chemical composition of essential oil of parts of F hodginsii and C konishii - Assessing the current situation and effect on F hodginsii and C konishii to propose solutions that preserve and develop these two species 3 Scientific and practical significance 3.1 Scientific significance Add more data on the biology, ecology, propagation and chemical composition of essential oil of F hodginsii and C konishii The two conifers have an important role in forest ecosystems as well as human life 3.2 Practical significance - Providing scientific data on of F hodginsii and C konishiifor of the whole Western Nghe An BR to orient for the conservation and development of these two species in Nghe An province as well as in some other areas in Vietnam - The thesis is a reference, researching and teaching documentary for scientists, technical staff, students, about the biological and ecological characteristics, chemical composition in essential oil and propagation of F hodginsii and C konishii New contributions to the thesis - Adding some new data on the anatomical structure of F hodginsii and C konishii - Adding some new data on distribution, area and reserves of F hodginsii and C konishii for the whole Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve - Adding some new data on the use of growth regulators in propagation by cuttings of C konishii in Vietnam - Adding some new data on the chemical composition of essential leaf oil of F hodginsii in Vietnam, essential cone oil of F hodginsii and essential cone oil, essential roots oil and resins of C konishii for science - Adding some new data on red and white timber type of F hodginsii and C konishii by some genetic parameters Structure of the thesis The thesis includes 137 pages: Introduction (4 pages), Chapter DocumentationOverview(26 pages), Chapter Objects, content and research methodology(17 pages), Chapter Results and discussion (88 pages), Conclusions and recommendations (2 pages), The author’published list related to thesis, References, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, appendices Chapter DOCUMENT OVERVIEW 1.1 OVERVIEW of Pinophyta 1.1.1 In the world In the world, the Pinophyta currently exist in the vegetation on the earth's surface is not much There are 615 species belonging to 70 genera, families (Farjon A., 2010) According to the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has 211 species of conifers (34%) are estimated to be extinct at the international level (IUCN, 2013) The conifers in the tropical are about 200 and the most threatened habitats are tropical rainforests (Filer D and Farjon A., 2013) 1.1.2 In Vietnam InVietnam, Over 50 conifer species have been found There are 33 species of indigenous species belonging to families of 19 genera, 26 species (accounting for nearly 80%) are listed in the IUCN Red List (2013) F hodginsii is Vulnerable _VU A2acd, C.konishiiis Endangered_EN A2cd; B2ab(ii,iii,v) (Loc Phan Ke et al., 2013) 1.2 Some studies of F hodginsii and C konishii 1.2.1 In the world The short history was published about the classification, morphological characteristics, anatomy, ecological characteristics, reproductive characteristics, propagation, the chemical composition of essential oils and genetic characteristics of F hodginsii and C konishii in the world F hodginsii, there have been some studies on this species that focus on classification, morphology, anatomy and development of reproductive organs, fertilization, some ecological characteristics, propagation testing by cuttings, analysis of leaf oil chemical composition and genetic characteristics of the diploid chromosomes of this species (Zheng Rong et al., 2007), (Li H L., Keng H., 1994), (Chen Z K and Wang F H., 1980a, 1980b, 1981), (Farjon A.,2010), (Pan J G et al 1991), (Zonneveld B J M., 2012), C konishii is less published than F hodginsii These studies mainly focus on classification, morphological descriptions, ecological characteristics, essential oil components analysis of stem wood and leaves, propagation testing by cuttings and genetic characteristics of the diploid chromosomes of this species (Schlarbaum S E and Tsuchiya T.,1984), (Jia G et al.,1998), (Atkinson B A et al., 2015), (Su Y C et al., 2012), (Liang Wen-ying, 2010), 1.2.2 In Vietnam The short history was published about the morphological characteristics, ecological and reproductive characteristics, propagation, analysing the chemical composition of essential oils and studies on genetic characteristics of F hodginsii and C konishii in Vietnam So far, in Vietnam there have been a few studies on F hodginsii studied These studies mainly focus on distribution and general ecological characteristics, studying genetic characteristics of some populations in some localities, essential oil components analysis of stem and root wood There were some propagated by sowing testing seeds, cuttings and tissue culture results with satisfactory result (Nghia Nguyen Hoang Tien Tran Van, 2002), (Hiep Nguyen Tien et al., 2004), (Anh Pham The et al., 2007), (Hung Nguyen Quang et al , 2010), (Phuong Trang Nguyen Thi, 2012), C konishii distributed in Northern (Ha Giang and Son La provinces) and central provinces (Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces) The research results on this species in the country are very limited, mainly focused on describing the external morphology, some general ecological characteristics, genetic characteristics of some populations and plant propagation test by sowing seed (Phuong Trang Nguyen Thi, 2012), (Loc Phan Ke et al., 2013), (Thai Tran Huy et al., 2007), 1.2.3 In Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve There are a few studies on F hodginsii and C konishii in the Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve These studies mainly stop at the discovery of a number of distribution points, describing common biological and ecological characteristics There aren’t any studies on these two species in a comprehensive and systematic manner, especially on a large scale such as the whole Western Nghe An BR (Loc Phan Ke et al., 2007), (Sinh Nguyen Van, 2009), (Sam Hoang Van and Dung Tran Duc, 2013), 1.3 Natural conditions, Economic and Social characteristics of the studying area The contents of this section include geographic location, topography, climatic characteristics, hydrological, soil, socio-economic characteristics of the studying area Western Nghe An BR has a large area (1,299,795 ha), located in districts: Que Phong, Quy Chau, Quy Hop, Ky Son, Tuong Duong, Con Cuong, Anh Son, Thanh Chuong, and Tan Ky It has 440,8 km of Vietnam - Laos borderline This biosphere reserve is located in the North Truong Son range with sloping terrain, mountainous terrain, in general, decreasing from the North West to the South East, the tropical monsoon climate, there are many major soil groups such as Ferralic Acrisols, Humic Acrisols, Fluvisols, … The Biosphere Reserve is inhabited by a number of ethnic groups, with a population of 1,197,628 (accounting for 41% of the province's total population) (2015) The income of people in the area is mainly from agricultural production, the living standard of people in the region is very low (estimated at about 16 million VND/person/ year) Chapter OBJECTS, CONTENT AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Object and scope of research Research object for the theme is Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry et H H Thomas and Cunninghamia konishii Hayata, Cupressaceae, growing naturally in districts: Que Phong, Quy Chau, Ky Son, Tuong Duong, Con Cuong and Anh Son in Western Nghe An BR, Nghe An Province The research was conducted from October 2013 to June 2017 2.2 Research content The theme focus on the following content: - Researching on morphology, anatomy, seasonal development of F hodginsii and C konishii - Researching on ecological characteristics, including distribution, density, area, reserves, topographic, soil, sun drying, climate, some biome characteristics (structural level, forest cover, ecological relationship with species that grow together) of F.hodginsii and C konishii - Assessment of reproducibility and testing of propagation techniques by seeds and cutting of F hodginsii and C konishii - Analyzing the chemical composition of the essential oil of the plant parts - Analyzing some genetic parameters of red and white wood of F hodginsii and C konishii - Assessing the situation and proposing solutions to the conservation and development of F hodginsii and C konishii in Western Nghe An BR 2.3 Research methodology 2.3.1 Inherited document method Inheriting selective data sources, the published literature with related content of research thesis 2.3.2 Interview method The interviewed method is applied according to Gary J Martin (2002) 2.3.3 Fieldwork method Fieldwork methods are applied according to "Methods for Plant Research” (Thin Nguyen Nghia, 2007) 2.3.3.1 Used instruments and equipment Using survey instruments and equipment in the terrain such as GPS, camera, height meter, 2.3.3.2 Identification of survey location and routes a Survey routes Establishing 47 multi-terrain survey routes on mountain ridges, along with the mountain ridge, along main streams, and through villages located in 22 communes of districts in the Western Nghe An BR include: - Que Phong district has 18 routes: Pung stream, Nam Can stream, Muong Phu hamlets, Lan stream, Huoi Banh Thong stream, Mit stream, 7.Pha Phay ravine- Nui Lua ravine, Huoi Cham stream, Huoi Hap stream, 10 Huoi Giai stream, 11 Huoi Dum stream, 12 Huoi Linh stream, 13 Pha Loi mountain, 14 Chop Chap mountain, 15 Pu Hoat mountain, 16 Kia ravine, 17 Huoi Que ravine 18 Huoi Huong ravine (another name is Nga Ba Pu Lon) - Quy Chau district has rotes: Muc Pan hamlets, Pa Ha ravine, Pu Lon mountain (Dien Lam commune) - Ky Son district has routes: Huoi Xa ravine, Lot ravine, Pu Lon mountain (Tay Son commune), Pung hamlets, Pha Noi hamlets, Buoc Mu hamlets, Na Ca ravine, Huoi Lom ravine, Nam Khien ravine - Tuong Duong district has routes: Loang Quang mountain range, Pho Ben mountain, Phu Pha Den mountain range, Ngan ravine, Pha Lom hamlets, Da ravine, Thoi ravine – source of Bu ravine (include small Pu Xam Liem ridge), Pu Đon Can mountaintop - Con Cuong district has routes: 799 adjacent road, Luong ravine, 808 Borderline, Pu Nhong mountain, Kem ravine, Cong ravine, Source of Ngoa ravine, Ca ravine ridge – Tun ravine ridge - Ky Son district has only one route: Cao Veu mountain b Establishing up standard subplots Each route is established one or two standard subplots, the method of setting up standard subplots according to Hong Vo Van et al (2007) The standard subplot has collected the data: coordinates, type of distribution, density, reserves, species growing together, forest cover, regeneration, and human impact assessment c Data processing of fieldwork - Map making of distribution: Regional distributions of species are plotted using MapInfo - Calculated density individual and density regeneration + The Density Calculator individual uses the formula N/ha= x 10.000 (trees/ha); N is the number of trees in one hectare; n: Number of trees in a standard subplot; So: Area of standard subplot (m2) (3-1) + The Density Calculator regeneration uses the formula: N/ha = (trees/ha) (3-2) Sdt: Regeneration survey area (m2); n: The number of regenerated trees was investigated (HongVoVan et al., 2007) + Calculated Reserves Forest reserves are calculated using the formula: M= ΣG x H x f1.3(m3); ΣG: Total basal area of a forest stand, H: Average height of the trees, f 1.3: Figure 1.3 (0.483) (Hong Vo Van et al., 2007), (Forest Inventory Planning Manual, 1995) - Handling samples and building the list of plant species growing together + Samples collected from the field handled according to Thin Nguyen Nghia (2007) + Identification of species names The specimens were identified mainly based on comparative morphological methods, mainly according to the “Flora of Vietnam” (Ho Pham Hoang, volumes), Checking the species name according to “Look up the name of flora in Vietnam” of Chi Vo Van (2007) - Identify the relationship between F hodginsii and C konishii with tree layer species commonly applied formula according to Hung Trieu Van (1994): Number of plots with the individual appears P0 = x 100 (3-4) Total number of plots Number of individuals of a tree species Pc = x 100 (3-5) Total number of individuals of species Of which: P0 is calculated according to the frequency of the survey poit Pc is calculated according to the frequency of individual Results will be divided into groups: Group 1: Very common, including species with P0 > 30% and Pc > 7% Group 2: Common, including species with30% ≥ P0≥ 15% and 7% ≥ Pc≥ 3% Group 3: Less common, including species with P0< 15 % and Pc< % - Method of charting vertical slice of a biome according to the method of Richards and Davis (1934) 2.3.4 Experimental method 2.3.4.1 Research methods in morphology, tracking seasonal development Observing, describing the morphological characteristics of parts of mature trees that combine tracking seasonal development of F hodginsii and C konishii are monthly for consecutive years (from 2013 to 2016) 2.3.4.2 Collecting method and making microsurgical specimens Sampling and preservation of samples in the field, microsurgery samples were made at the Vinh University Centre for Practices and Experiments Application of stemming techniques according to Klein R M and Klein D T (1979) 2.3.4.3 Research methodology soil a Soil sampling method Collecting soil samples in some regions of F hodginsii and C konishii distributed naturally in Chau Khe commune (Con Cuong district), Nam Dung commune (Que Phong district), Tam Hop commune (Tuong Duong district) b Soil analyzing method - Classifying the type of soil samples according to Chinh Tran Van (2006) - The soil samples were analyzed at the Laboratory in the Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology according to current standards of Vietnam (TCVN) Analytical criteria include: pHKCl, organic carbon OM (%), total N(%), N is easily absorbed (mg N/100g), total P (%), P is easily absorbed (mgP2O5/100g), total K (%), K is easily absorbed (mg K 2O/100g), Absorption capacity - CEC (meq/100g), Hydrolytic acidity (meq/100g), Moisture (%), County-level components (%) c Soil evaluating method Soil analysis data is compared with the domestic and foreign authors' rating scale published by Sam Do Dinh et al (2006), Siderius (1992), Anh Nguyen (2003), Dang Nguyen The et al (2007) 2.3.4.4 Propagation method a Collecting seeds and cuttings: Selecting time to collect seeds and take cuttings b Chemicals, breeding instruments: for sowing seeds: Viben-C, KMnO4, boiling water, sand, foam boxes, etc ; for cuttings: IBA, NAA, IAA with different concentrations (1,000 ppm, 1,500 ppm, and 2,000 ppm) c Sowing seed method, cutting method: Experimental design, monitoring, and recording data h Processing data on cuttings: Identify indicators: survival rate, the percentage of roots, the number of average roots, average root length of the longest one of cuttings, the root index (Ir) for each experimental formula according to Nghia Nguyen Hoang (2001) 2.3.4.5 Analysis of the essential oil Extraction and preservation of essential oils according to the Pharmacopoeia of Vietnam (1997) Identify of the chemical composition of the oil by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), confirming the constituents 10 were performed by comparing the spectral data obtained by MS published in the Willey/Chemstation HP library (Adams RP, 2007), conducted at the Vinh University Centre for Practices and Experiments 2.3.4.6 Genetic analysis - F hodginsii and C konishii are collected and preserved for tree bark, red and white timber - Sequence analysis method for nucleotide regions 18S, matK, rbcL Analyzing genetic parameters red and white timber was conducted at Department of Molecular Systematics and Conservation Genetics, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Science and Technology of Vietnam Includes steps: Total DNA extraction; Duplication of DNA by Thanh Nguyen Duc (2014); Data analysis (Tamura K., 2015) Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Morphological and anatomical characteristics Describing and adding morphological and anatomical characteristics of roots, trunks, leaves, cones, and seeds of F hodginsii and C konishii 3.1.1 Morphological and anatomical characteristic of F hodginsii F hodginsii is a large evergreen trees with white and red timber, scale leaves without petioles, leaf morphology varies There are two types of leaves: nutritional leaves are in reverse form (4 - mm) and the small reproductive leaves are scaly (2 mm) Male and female cones occur on the same plant: Male cones are egg shape or ellipse, with length (4 - mm), on each scales of male cones has two anthers; female cones are spherical or near-spherical, length (1.5-1.8 cm) and width (1.5-1.8 cm), on each of conical female has two seeds Seed length is 4- mm, with wings on both sides that are uneven The vascular bundle system of leaves, stems, and roots piled together in a circle, developed centrifugally 3.1.2 Morphological and anatomical characteristics of C konishii C konishii is a large evergreen tree, white or red timber, the bark releases white resin, shaped strip leaf, with two strands of stomata in the underside of the leaves, the leaves vary in length from 1.1 - cm, width from 0.2 to 0.3 cm Male and female cones occur on the same plant: small male cones, oblong shapes 0.8 - 1.4 cm long, 0.2 - 0.3 cm wide, on each male conical flakes carrying anthers; female cones are conical or spherical, length (3 - cm) and width (2 - 2.5 cm), on each scales of female cone has three seeds The seeds have two wings in both sides which are quite 13 Subregion* No Commune 19 Chau Khe1 20 Luc Da1,2 21 Mon Son 22 Phuc Son1, C F hodginsii konishii 787A,B,779,7 787A, B, 95, 794, 808 795, 798, 813 796A, 805 835 830, 835 833, 947A - District Managemen Regional t board distribution Con Cuong Anh Son Notes: 1: The new region distribution of F hodginsii : The new region distribution of F hodginsii and C konishii *: The status of forestry in the whole province according to the 2014 survey of Nghe An province (Source: North Central Forest Inventory and Planning Institute) Figure 3.13 Distribution map of Fokienia hodginsii and Cuninghamia konishii in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve 3.3.2 Density, area, and reserves 3.3.2.1 The density of F hodginsii and C konishii 14 The average standard subplots density of F hodginsii is 45 tree/hectare, C konishii is 101.5 tree/hectare The optimal density of population of F hodginsii is 70 trees /ha and C konishii is 280 tree /hectare 3.3.2.2 Area and reserves of F hodginsii and C konishii The residential area of F hodginsii is relatively small (178.2 ha) comparing with the total area of distribution (10,271.6 ha) in the Western Nghe An BR In the study area, total F hodginsii reserves is 13,383.6 m3 with 3,855 individuals and the average reserves of a tree is 3.47 m3 The residential area of C konishii is very small (267.50 ha), comparing with the total area of distribution (11,362.9 ha) in the this BR In the study area, total C konishii reserves is 70,863.1 m3 with 5,601 individuals and the average reserves of a tree is 12.23 m3 Comparing residential area and reserves among the three main distribution regions of these conifers in the BR showed that F hodginsii muster in the third region most (respectively 66.3%, 63.9%) and the lowest in the first region (respectively 9.2% and 12.7%) (Figure 3.14) For C konishii muster in the third region most (respectively 55.0% and 78.3%) and the lowest in the second region (respectively 2.2% and 0.5% ) (Figure 3.15) Figure 3.14 Percentage chart of the Figure3.15 Percentage chart of the residential area and reserves of residential area and reserves of C F hodginsii konishii When comparing the number of individuals and reserves of Cuninghamia konishii with the research results of Le Tran Chan and Tran Thi Chi (2015), Mai Van Chuyen et al (2011), Phan Van Thang (2014) showed that the highest is in Nghe An (respectively 5,601; 70,863.4 m3) In Ha Giang and Son La, the number of individuals of this species is about twenty individuals In Thanh Hoa, there are more individuals, but the reserves isn’t much 3.3.3 Some biome characteristics in F hodginsii and C konishii distribution 15 3.3.3.1 Structural level Characteristics of structural level forest carpet of these two conifers depend on the distributional location of species in the mountain legs, mountain ribs or mountain tops and the impact of human is more or less, that will decide vegetation structure level can be 3, or floors The five–floor vegetation structure where F hodginsii and C konishii distribution locate, consist of cross-flowering layer, ecologically advantageous layer, canopy floor, shrub layer, fresh carpet floor or decisive floor Illustrating structural level forest where these conifers distribute in the charts about vertical slice of the biome 3.3.3.2 Some plant species often grow together with F hodginsii and C konishii We used standard cell methods, collected data in 68 secondary plots of 12 standard subplots, identified 265 species belonging to 68 families of vascular plant growing with F hodginsii and C konishii Specimens of species are stored at the Department of Botany, Vinh University Centre for Practices and Experiments In biomes of F hodginsii, there are 133 species belonging to 54 families of vascular plant There are 193 species belonging to 62 families of vascular plant growing with C konishii Through calculated frequency of the species that grow with F hodginsii commonly and very commonly is 15 species, C konishii is 13 species This is the basis for the selection of tree species that plant mixed with these conifers 3.3.4 Topographic and sun-exposure characteristics F hodginsii is distributed at a high slope from 15 to 250, at altitudinal range from 850 m to 2,585 m C konishii is distributed at a high slope from 35 to 430 at altitudinal range from 960 m to 2.580 m This is the highest distribution point of these two conifers in Vietnam today comparing with Phan Ke Loc (2013) The populations of these conifers don’t depend on sun exposure 3.3.5 Soil characteristics F hodginsii and C konishii in the study area grow on the mountain soil and are not seen on limestone mountains They are distributed mainly on two main soil groups is Ferralit Acrisols and Humic Acrisols these type of soil will have a thick layer from 5cm to 20 cm Analysing three soil samples has shown that both two conifers can be distributed on light mechanical soil or medium mechanical soil which is very acidic to acidic, on the ground floor is rich in nutrients, on depth N rich, P and K poor to medium C konishii’s soil is moister than F hodginsii’s soil 3.3.6 Climate characteristics 16 The main distribution regions (1, 2, 3) of F hodginsii and C konishii located in the tropical monsoon climate, is often classified into two distinct seasons, rainy and dry seasons, the average temperature is from 19 - 20 0C, rainfall is high from 1,700 to 2,000 mm Lighting mode for C konishii is less than that for F hodginsii 3.4 Regeneration characteristics and propagation techniques 3.4.1 Regeneration characteristics and the effect of forest cover 3.4.1.1 Regenerative characteristics and the effect of forest cover on the regenerative ability of F hodginsii F hodginsii is not regenerated by buds In primary forest areas, the number of seedlings regenerates naturally at 21 tree/hectare Some areas with mature trees have been exploited for a long time which has made spaces and made seedling regenerate averagely 45 tree/hectare Assessing the effect of the forest cover on regenerated tree and promising trees showed that the number of naturally regenerated tree at in different forest cover was not very different (respectively 32.5%, 25.5%, 42%) However, there was a distinct difference in the promising trees, the number of trees reduced from low to high forest cover This study’s result is similar to that of Chuyen Mai Van et al (2011), Nghia Nguyen Hoang (2004) This is a big challenge for the conservation of this rare species 3.4.1.2 Regenerative characteristics and the effect of forest cover on the regenerative ability of C konishii C.konishii is not regenerated by buds It is regenerated by seeds The natural regeneration ability of the species in nature is very poor, under thick forest cover On the survey lines, regenerated tree was only found in Nam Giai (Que Phong), Tay Son and Na Ngoi (Ky Son district), Tam Hop (Tuong Duong), Seeing most in Tam Hop (Tuong Duong district) This study’s result added more information for Hiep Nguyen Tien et al (2004), Sinh Nguyen Van (2009), Mai Van Chuyen et al (2011), Phuong Trang Nguyen Thi (2012) on the regenerative ability of this conifer 3.4.2 Experiment on propagation techniques with seedlings and cuttings of F hodginsii and C konishii 3.4.2.1 Sowing seeds F hodginsii seeds germinated after 15 days of sowing Treated Fokienia seeds (CT2) compared to untreated seeds (CT1) shorten the seed germination time (CT2: day 15; CT1: day 18), increase germination rate (CT2: 18) , 5%, CT1: 16.5%) and increase the height of seedlings (CT2: 5.5 cm; CT1: cm) Therefore, we should treat F hodginsii seeds before sowing Evaluating the germination ability of the seed stored at room temperature 17 showed that after 15 days the germination rate was 43% after months was 18.5% and after months was 0% Therefore, F hodginsii seeds contains oil after harvesting, it is advisable not to leave the seed for a long time to reduce seed germination C konishii seeding of sowing by two experimental and control formulas, each formula with 200 seeds, after 17 days they germinated Experimental results showed that germination ability of treated seeds gave higher germination rates (22.5%) than untreated seeds (10.5%) In order to increase the germination ability of the seed, we should treat seed before sowing 3.4.2.2 Setting cuttings Tracking the growth of the experimental F hodginsii cuttings shows IBA at 1,000 ppm concentration for callus formation rate and the highest rooting (54.0%) but for the IAA, NAA (1,500 ppm) for the best results (42.0%; 64.0%) The experimental results of this conifer (64%) were not as high as those of Nguyen Hoang Nghia and Tran Van Tien (2002), but these experiments were using NAA (1,500 ppm) is the highest result Tracking the growth of C konishii cuttings in experimental conditions cuttings show: IAA, IBA, NAA is at a concentration of 1,500 ppm for ratio formation of scar tissue and rooting the highest but the best results are IAA (1,500 ppm) with the rooting rate was 62.0% (table 3.17) Table 3.17 Effect of growth regulator on the survival rate and the formation of the roots of C.konishiion the sand substrate Scar Number Average Index Root Initial Callus tissue of Root root out cuttings cuttings cuttings ratio cuttings /Cutting length roots rate (%) (%) for roots (cm) (Ir) Growth regulator (ppm) IBA IAA NAA Untreated 1000 1500 2000 1000 1500 2000 1000 1500 2000 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 15 30 10 25 32 18 15 25 19 30.00 60.00 20,00 50,00 64.00 36.00 30.00 50.00 38.00 13 29 23 31 16 13 22 17 26.00 58.00 18,00 46,00 62.00 32.00 26.00 44.00 34.00 3,00 3.50 3,00 3,50 4.80 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 2.2 2,5 2,1 2,2 2,8 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.72 5.08 1.13 3.54 8.33 1.92 1.72 3.39 1.84 50 16.00 12.00 2.50 1.3 0.39 According to Liang Wen-ying (2010), when cuttings cuttings using ABT and NAA at the concentration of 80 mg gave the highest results, but the time for soaking 18 was longer The above experiment shows that cuttings using IAA (1,500 ppm) give the best results The results of this study were added with the stimulant used to cuttings for this species 3.5 The chemical composition of essential oil of F hodginsii and C konishii 3.5.1 The chemical composition of essential oil of F hodginsii The oil contents of cone, leaves, stems, and roots of F.hodginsii in Nghe An are 4.4%; 0.6%; 0.3%; 0.4% on a dry weight basis The identified 54 compounds in the oils of whole plant Fokienia 29 compounds were identified in accounting for 85.39% of total oil contents cone This is the first publication about essential oils chemical composition of F hodginsii cone There are 26 compounds identified in the leaf oil accounted for 88.14% of total oil content From the oil of the wood, trunk has identified 29 compounds accounted for 94.79% of total oil content The oil root wood has identified 24 compounds accounted for (94.03%) total oil content The essential oil of cone, leaves, stems, and roots contains five same compounds The main components of accumulated oil in the parts are different: α – pinene (38.57%) and β – myrcene (10.12%) are in cone, α-pinene (49.11%) and limonene (20.59%) are in leaves, while the main compounds in the samples of stems and roots are ((E)-nerolidol (41.26%, 54.18%), t– muurolol (10.4%, 9.93%) and α – cadinol (9.65%, 8.14%) Comparing the chemical compositions of oil leaves of F hodginsii in Nghe An province with Fujian (China) showed that α-pinene compounds (49.11, 24.89) and limonene (20, 59, 8.46) accounts for the highest proportion of leaf oil (Pan JG et al., 1991) This proves the main accumulation of similar compounds in F hodginsii in Nghe An (Vietnam) with Fujian (China) Research on essential oils in Vietnam Fokienia of previous authors, the main compounds in the F.hodginsii oil is (E) 14.91% -Nerolidol proportion (Le Tu Hai and Dang Cong Tuan, 2007); 17.8% (Nguyen Quang Hung et al., 2010); 35% (Le Tu Hai and Dang Cong Anh Tuan, 2007); 35.5% (Lesueur D., 2006) but this compound in root oil and roots in Ky Son district, Nghe A province is higher than 41.26% and 54.18%, respectively This is a promising source of Nerolidol The comparison of oil samples of Fokieniahodginsii in Ky Son district, Nghe An province in the present work with those reported in the literature showed that: (E) – nerolidol (41.26%, 54.18 %) in stems and roots is much higher than that in Nam Giang district, Quang Nam province (14.91%) (Le Tu Hai and Dang Cong Tuan, 2007 ) ; Vi Xuyen district, Ha Giang province (17.8%) (Nguyen Quang Hung et al., 2010); Huong Son district, Ha Tinh province (35.5%) (Lesueur D., 2006), and according to Weyerstahl P et al., (1999) the wood oil Fokienia hodginsii in Vietnam was 9.35% and Phan Minh Giang, Phan Tong Son, 1999 was 35.0% This will be the 19 source (E) – nerolidol most promising 3.5.2 The chemical composition of essential oil of C konishii The oil contents of cone, leaves, stems, and roots of C konishii in Nghe An are 0.6%, 0.3%, 0.8% and 0.6% on a dry weight basis The identified 99 compounds in the oils of whole plant C konishii The identified 99 compounds in the oils of whole plant C konishii The chemical composition of the cone oil is 35 compounds accounted for 87.12% and 35 compounds accounted for 96.22% of oil total resin.This is the first data on chemical composition of cone oil and resin There are 45 compounds identified in the leaf oil accounted for 91.15% of total oil content From the oil in the wood trunk has identified 29 compounds accounted for 96.49% of total oil content From the results of analysis of compounds in samples contains three same compounds and on the same plant the compounds of essential oils in different parts When comparing the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of species C.konishii in Nghe An (Vietnam) and Taiwan (China) (C Y Su et al., 2006), showed considerable differences in accumulation of the major component, this difference is due to ecological conditions and leaves can be obtained at different age Comparison of chemical compositions of the same essential oil of C konishii from trunk wood in Ky Son (Nghe An), root wood in Tuong Duong (Nghe An) with previous studies in Pu Mat (Nghe An) (Tran Huy Thai et al., 2015), Xuan Nha (Son La) (Tran Huy Thai et al., 2007), Tay Con Linh (Tran Huy Thai et al., 2007), Ha Giang (Do Ngoc Dai and Nguyen Quang Hung, 2012) and Nam Dau district (Taiwan) (Chen YC et al., 2013), characterized by α-cedrol However, only in Nghe An (Pu Hoat, Ky Son, Tuong Duong) have (E)-nerolidol (table 3.22), which may be the new chemotype (E)-nerolidol of C konishii in Vietnam and in the world Table 3.22 The main chemical composition of C konishii oil regions in Vietnam and China Viet Nam No Compounds Camphor cis-α-dehydro terpineol China Tuong Pu Xuan Ky Son Pu Mat Duong Hoat Lien (Nghe (Nghe (Nghe (Nghe (Thanh An) An) An) An) Hoa) Tay Con Linh (Ha Giang) Xuan Nha (Son La) Chi Lan (Taiwan) - - 3.3 - - 4.4 5.00 1.40 - - - - - 5.6 - - 20 10 11 α-Terpineol Borneol α-cedrene β-Caryophyllene (E)-nerolidol α-cedrol β-eudesmol α-eudesmol γ -eudesmol 3.9 0.54 28.6 27.4 11.3 4.6 2.1 13.5 23.3 19.3 6.3 4.2 15.3 30.0 - 1.0 9.5 12.5 23.5 0.8 11.2 9.6 4.4 18.4 11.2 3.0 8.8 - 36.6 4.6 3.4 29.8 - 8.3 4.5 37.0 - 4.2 2.2 11.8 58.3 0.8 1.9 0.9 3.6 Some genetic parameters of red and white timber When observing the morphology of Fokienia hogdinsii A Henry & H H Thomas and Cunninghamia konishii Hayata (Syn: Cunninghamia lanceolata var konishii (Hayata) Fujita), both species have two types of red and light yellow timber The red timber is more specific aroma than the light yellow timber The local names of these two species are Po mu (PMD) and Po mu trang (PMT) and Sa mu dau (SMD) and Sa mu dau trang (SMT) The outside difference between PMD and PMT is the bark: PMT has a tougher bark and less peeling, and PMT is more porous and peeling, and other morphological features (leaf, stem, cone) ) of PMD and PMT are difficult to identify; and for white and SMD species, it is difficult to identify if based on morphology This raises the research question: " Are there any genetic differences between SMD and SMT? ”We conducted a genetic analysis of the nucleus of DNA in the nucleus (nuclear DNA - nDNA) of 18S gene; in chloroplasts (Chloroplast DNA cpDNA) matK gene and rbcL belongs to cpDNA (chloroplast Genome) of PMD, PMT and SMD, SMT 3.6.1 Some genetic parameters of red and white timber of F hogdinsii Sequencing of 18S-rDNA, rbcL and matK genes of six F hodginsii samples in Quang Phong Commune (Que Phong District) and comparing with the close species on GenBank showed: PMD and PMT sequences of the 18S gene, matK has not seen any genetic differences, but when sequencing the rbcL gene showed that the genetic distance between these two types o is 0.06 on average 3.6.2 Some genetic parameters of red and white timber of C konishii Sequencing of 18S-rDNA, rbcL and matK genes of two C konishii samples in Na Ngoi Commune (Ky Sơn District) and comparing the close species on GenBank showed: - SMD and SMT did not show any genetic differences in the sequencing of the 18S, matK and rbcL gene - Cunninghamia lanceolata var konishii distributed in Vietnam compared to this species distributed in other countries around the world initially found a genetic 21 difference in 18S-rDNA gene, the difference in the region of the 1818-rDNA fragment was 0.008, the difference in the 2-region of the 18S-rDNA gene was 0.016 3.7 Assessing the situation and propose solutions to conserve, develop F hodginsii and C konishii in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve 3.7.1 Assessing the current status of conservation of F hodginsii and C konishii nowadays 3.7.1.1 The conservation status of F hodginsii and C konishii inVietnam 3.7.1.2 The conservation status of F hodginsii and C konishii in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve a In-situ According to the interviews result in the Western Nghe An BR, many years ago, the exploitation of F hodginsii and C konishii has been strong at some places In 1994 - 1995 at the Pu Lon mountain in Tay Son, Na Ngoi and Nam Can communes (belong to Ky Son Protection Forest Management Board), hundreds of these two conifers were exploited In recent years, these conifers relatively well preserved in the system of special-use forests and protection forests ……………………………………………………………… The forest owners have plans for activities to preserve two conifers strictly, but the demand for these species to build indigenous people's houses and commercial purposes, so people have been exploiting these two conifers in many places illegally such as Quang Phong (Que Phong); Tam Hop commune (Tuong Duong district); Na Ngoi and Nam Can (Ky Son district),… Besides, in the study area, there are a lot of C konishii trees dying naturally that lead to a rapid decrease in the number of individuals and gradually narrowing the distribution area of this species b Ex-situ One of the conservation measures is the planting of F hodginsii and C konishii in Ky Son district, Nghe An province In other districts of Nghe An province, there are few planted trees In general, in the Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve, conservation activities of these conifers have initially been successful, but there is a lack of overall and detailed planning for the whole area In some regions, due to lack of funding, the two species conservation and development activities are limited The ex-situ of these species is currently not well taken into account in the nature conservation policies of the National Parks, the Nature Reserve, and the Protection Forest Management Board 3.7.2 The main causes of the decline of F.hodginsii and C konishii in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve Currently, F hodginsii and C konishii in Nghe An individual number and the area are gradually shrinking rapidly due to the following reasons: 22 3.7.2.1 Direct causes The exploitation of F hodginsii and C konishii is still happening Besides, the construction of border patrol roads and traffic road in districts along the border crossing these conifers habitats distribution increases the pressure on the conservation of two species On the other hand, the ability of natural regeneration of the F hodginsii and is poor that leads to dificulty in the conservation of this species Causes such as forest fires and climate change also greatly affect the survival of these two species in recent years, there have been severe cold and damaging cold that killed many F hodginsii individuals in Chau Hoan commune (Pu Huong NR) 3.7.2.2 Indirect cause The indirect causes affecting the conservation of the two species, such as the high market demand for timber and sanctioned timber logging is not enough deterrent, In addition, indigenous people grown Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed with Cunninghamia konishii as Tay Son commune (Ky Son district) and Nam Giai (Que Phong district), these taxa are close to being easily crossbreed, so in the near future they may lead to no genetic integrity of C konishii in Vietnam and even into Laos In addition to the above causes, the F hodginsii and C konishii in the study area as well as the diversity of the fauna affected indirectly from the pressure of population growth, poverty, low intellectual status, all lead to the risk of decreasing the number of individuals and the area of distribution of these two species 3.7.3 Proposed conservation and development measures of F hodginsii and C konishii in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve 3.7.3.1 In - situ The following measures should be taken: Continue to secure forest protection contracts; Cooperation between Vietnam and Laos; Assign responsibility for the protection of the distribution of these two conifer; Coordinate the implementation of the law provisions on forest protection; Promoting natural regeneration: clearing vines and dense bushes, creating vacant plots and digging land along the canals or in the surrounding places near F hodginsii and C konishii mature trees, pruning and planting the regeneration trees, cleaning up and making full use of all C konishii which die naturally due to old age and collapse; Propaganda measures 3.7.3.2 Ex - Situ a Constructing a master plan on areas for planting F hodginsii and C konishii Based on the results of research on the distribution and ecological characteristics of F hodginsii and C konishii, combining the field survey to construct the regions that can be grown F hodginsii and C konishii in the Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve as follows: Table 3.27 Communes of the Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve 23 can grow F hodginsii and C konishii Forest Management No Commune Plot condition board Thong Thu 31, 33, 43, 57 IA,IB,IC Hach Dich 61, 75, 78, 82 IA, IB, IC Pu Hoat NR Nam Giai 93, 94, 97,101,104 IA, IB, IC Tri Le 105, 112, 119, 120 IA, IB, IC Chau Hoan 228, 232 IA, IB, IC Pu Huong NR Quang Phong 148,150 IA, IB, IC Huoi Tu 387, 391, 390, 388 IA, IB Muong Long 392, 393, 366C IB, IC Tay Son 456, 458, 460, 459 IC Ky Son PFMB 10 Na Ngoi 490, 491, 492, 493, 494B IB 11 Nam Can 497, 498, 500B IB, IC 12 Mon Son 825, 826, 823 IB, IC Pu Mat NP Notes: IA: The Land without grass, IB: The land has shrubs, IC: The land has shrubs and scattered wood regeneration tree b Silvicultural techniques b.1 Seedling techniques by seeds and cuttings - Sowing technique includes: time to collect seed and place to collect see, seasonal seeding, making soil to sow Fokienia hodginsii and Cunninghamia konishii - Cutting technique includes: choosing the time to cut, choose the suitable branches, cutting branches, preparation gardern and base, sterilizing cuttings, using growth regulators stimulate for roots, take care of cuttings, moving cuttings to the pot b.2 Seedling cultivation technique Seedling cultivation technique includes: Time of planting, planting density, plants can be intercropped b.3 The care, management, and protection of the planted regions In order to ensure ex-situ effectively there is a need for close coordination between departments: Nghe An Forestry Department, Nghe An Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Management Board and Scientific Department of Pu Mat NP, Pu Hoat NR, Pu Huong NR, PFMB Ky Son so that it can develop a common procedure and carry out the afforestation with high efficiency 24 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions 1.1 F hodginsii and C konishii growing naturally have been described and added about morphological, anatomical and seasonal development characteristics in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve 1.2 F hodginsii distributing in 20 communes in districts (Que Phong, Quy Chau, Ky Son, Tuong Duong, Con Cuong, and Anh Son), C konishii distributing in 20 communes in districts (Que Phong, Quy Chau, Ky Son, Tuong Duong, and Con Cuong) form main distribution regions: (1)North and Northwest; (2) East; (3) South and Southwest of the Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve Distribution area, residence area, estimating reserves and the number of individuals of F hodginsii respectively is 10,271.59 hectares, 178.2 hectares, 13,383.6 m3, and 3,855 individuals, an average reserve is 3.447 m 3, C konishii is 11,362.9 hectares ; 267.47 ha; 68,475.4 m with 5,601 individuals, an average reserve is 12.23 m3 The two species often grow in the place where there are the land slopes, at elevations between 850 m - 2,585 m for F hodginsii and 960 m - 2,580 m for C konishii There are 15 vascular plants species that usually grow together with F hodginsii and 13 species with C konishii 1.3 F hodginsii and C konishii are only regenerated by seeds, F hodginsii is regenerated quite well but poor sapling growth, C konishii is regenerated very poorly under the thick forest cover The sowing results of these two species also resulted in a low germination rate for F hodginsii (18.5%) and C konishii (22.5%) in experimental condition Cuttings F hodginsii and C konishii used IAA, IBA and NAA growth regulators: the callus formation rate and the highest rooting for F hodginsii was 64.0% (using NAA: 1,500 ppm) and C konishii was 62.0% (using IAA: 1500 ppm) 1.4 The whole plant of F hodginsii and C konishii contain essential oils from 0.3% to 4.4% on the dry weight basis The identified compounds in the F hodginsii oil was 54 and C konishii oil was 99 Main compounds of essential oil respectively from cone, leaf, stem and roots of F hodginsii are pinen (38.5%) and β-myrcene (10.1%); α-pinene (49.1%) and limonene (20.6%); (E)-nerolidol (41.3%) and τ-muurolol (10.4%); (E)- nerolidol (54.2%) and τ-muurolol (9.9%) Main compounds of essential oil respectively from cone, leaf, stem, roots and resin of C konishii are α -pinene (29.27%) germacren D (14.21%); germacren D (23.86%) limonene (13.65%); αcedrol (28.61%) β-eudesmol (27,43%); α-cedrol (23.31%), α-eudesmol (19.34%); Benz[a]anthracenone (40,49%) hydroxyanigorufone (30.94%) 25 1.5 Based on the results of genetic analysis of a number of gene segments of two types of red and white timber of F hodginsii and C konishii shows: - Red and white timber of F hodginsii have not seen genetic differences in the 18S and matK gene segments but between these two groups initially, see the genetic difference in the rbcL gene segment with a coefficient of 0.06 - Red and white timber of C konishii have not seen any genetic differences in the 18S, matK and rbcL gene segments Initially, there was a genetic difference of the 18S-rDNA section of Cunninghamia lanceolata var konishii in Vietnam compared to this species in other countries (the coefficient of difference in region is 0.008, in region is 0.016) 1.6 There are many causes of the decline of Fokienia hodginsii and Cunninghamia konishii in the study area.The leading cause of reducing the number of these two species is that the exploitation of timber has not been completely terminated Theme proposed two groups of conservation measures and development these conifers include the group of solutions to situ conservation (management solutions, protection solutions, promotion of natural regeneration; propagation methods) and the group of solutions to ex-situ (general planning of the regions can be afforestation and silvicultural techniques) Recommendations 2.1 There should be more research on the morphology and genetics in order to classify two types of red and white timber of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry A & H H Thomas and Cunninghamia konishii Hayata 2.2 Monitoring and further patrolling of areas with F hodginsii and C konishii should be strengthened in the Western Biosphere Reserve of Western Nghe An 2.3 It is necessary to accelerate the work of ex-situ conservation F hodginsii and C konishii in Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve 26 WORKS OF PUBLISHED SCIENCERELATED THESIS Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Tran Huy Thai, Nguyen Anh Dung, Nguyen Xuan Truong (2015),Some data on distribution, biological and ecological characteristics, and essential oil of Cunninghamia konishii Hayata in Ky Son District, Nghe An Province, Journal of Science, Hanoi National University, Vol 1, No 4S: 246-252 Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Anh Dung, Tran Huy Thai(2015), Chemical composition of the essential oil ofCunninghamia konishii Hayata in Ky Son District, Nghe An Province, Journal of Science, Vinh University, Volume 44, No 3A: 83-88 Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Tran Huy Thai, Nguyen Anh Dung, Nguyen Van Hieu (2015),Chemical composition ofessential oils obtained from cones of Cunninghamia konishii Hayata from Nghe An, Vietnam, Proceedings of the rd National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Publishing House of Natural Science and Technology, pp.1196-1200 Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Anh Dung, Nguyen Thanh Chung, Tran Huy Thai& Nguyen Danh Hung (2016), The distribution and some ecological characteristics and essential oil of Cunninghamia konishii Hayata in Pu Hoat nature reserve, Nghe An Province, Vietnam, KKU Engineering Journal, 43(S1):121-124 Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Anh Dung, Nguyen Van Sinh, Hoang Dinh Hoa, Tran Huy Thai(2017), Distribution, ecology and propagationresults of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry& H.H.Thomas from Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An Province, Proceedings of the 7thNational Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Publisher.House of Natural Science and Technology, pp.1769-1777 Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Van Hieu, Nguyen Anh Dung, Ma A Sim, Tran Huy Thai(2017), The distributionand some ecologicalcharacteristics of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry et H H Thomas andCunninghamia konishii Hayata in Pu Huong Nature Reserve, Nghe An Province, Journal of Biology, 39 (1): 122-128 Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nga, Nguyen Anh Dung, Tran Huy Thai, Nguyen Thanh Chung (2017),Some Characteristics and Distribution of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas in Biosphere Reserve of Western Nghe An,Journal of Science, Hanoi National University, Vol 33, No2S: 44-52 Tran Huy Thai, Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Anh Dung (2017), Composition of the root oil of Cunninghamia konishii Hayata, growing wild in Nghe An Province, Vietnam, Proceedings of the 7th NationalScientific Conference on Ecological and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Publisher Natural Science and Technology, pp.1340-1344 Nguyen Anh Dung, Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Tran Huy Thai (2018), Chemical composition of essential oils of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry et H H Thomas, Nghe An province, Vietnam, European Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences, No4, pp.64-68 This work has been completed at: 27 Vinh University Scientific Instructor : Ph.D Nguyen Anh Dung Assoc Prof Ph.D Tran Huy Thai Judge: The Thesis is defended before the Vinh University Thesis Assessment Council, at on… 15th ,2019 The Thesis can be further referred to at: - Vietnam National Library; - Centre for Information and Library Nguyen Thuc Hao, Vinh University ... parameters of red and white timber When observing the morphology of Fokienia hogdinsii A Henry & H H Thomas and Cunninghamia konishii Hayata (Syn: Cunninghamia lanceolata var konishii (Hayata). .. Camphor cis-α-dehydro terpineol China Tuong Pu Xuan Ky Son Pu Mat Duong Hoat Lien (Nghe (Nghe (Nghe (Nghe (Thanh An) An) An) An) Hoa) Tay Con Linh (Ha Giang) Xuan Nha (Son La) Chi Lan (Taiwan)... Nam Can stream, Muong Phu hamlets, Lan stream, Huoi Banh Thong stream, Mit stream, 7.Pha Phay ravine- Nui Lua ravine, Huoi Cham stream, Huoi Hap stream, 10 Huoi Giai stream, 11 Huoi Dum stream,