dfldc tien hfinh budn bfin thufin lgi d Nhfit. Ching han nhfl trong thfl Ngd Binh Xflde viet ring: "ngUdi ndy thUdng quo'c, vi thuyin Thanh nhiiu, dinh ngqch it di, cho nen Hodng [r]
(1)^*
HOAT BONG KE^IH TE CUA IVGlTOl HOA d HOI AIV T H d l KY CAC CHUA ] \ G U Y M
{Tiep theo \d, het)
DUONG VAN HUY*
Ngydi Hoa giup c h u a Nguyen n a m cac cong viec q u a n ly thyotog nghiep va cac Sli vu k h a c b thifdng cang Hoi An
Trong hf thd'ng mfiu dieh hai ngoai cfla Dfing Trong, Hoa thfldng cdn tich cflc tham gia quan ly mfiu dich hai ngoai cfla cbfnb quydn CMnh quydn chfla Nguyen lfi mdt cMnh quyln mdi dflge thidt Ifip d tren mdt vflng dfi't mdi, dl bfl dip vfio nhiing khiem khuyet v l kinh nghifm vfi ngfldi quan ly mfiu dieh hai ngoai cfla minh Ddng thdi, thfi'y dflge vai trd thfldng mai cfla ngfldi Hoa d Hdi An, vfi vifc chfla Nguyen da thfla nhfin Minh Hfldng xa dl vfla td cd sy dai ngd dfic bift (vi cd dfinh cho mgt sd dfic quyln), vfla de kiem soat nhfim thflc hifn dflge de dfing chfnh sach ddng hoa Thyc vfiy, dan xa Minh Hfldng thfldng dam nhfin nhiing nMfm vu dang dfldc coi lfi nhflng dfic quyln nhfl: Cdng vifc nghifm x6t can Mgng, djnh gia hfing hoa; thdng ngdn cho cfic tfiu Trung Qud'c hay ngoai qud'c ddn budn bfin d Hdi An gin phfl chfla, nhfl xa Minh Hfldng thugc tinh Thfla Thien, dan xa Minh Hfldng cdn dflge giao phd cac cdng tae nhfl: trang trf, t r i n thiet, xe den
sap, viet lien ddi, bfiy bien cd bfin, yen tife, (49)
Ddi vdi thfldng eang Hdi An, chfla nguyen eho thiet Ifip bg may quan ly ngoai thfldng vfi cho nhidu ngfldi Minh Hfldng gifl nhidu chfle vy quan trgng b bg may nfiy hg cd nhidu kien thflc vfi kinh nghifm ve ngoai thfldng bdn ngfldi Vift Thee nhfl sfl ghi ch^p cua Le Quy Ddn Phii Bien tqp luc thi: "Vdo ddi Vinh Lac nhd Bai Minh cd dqt ti Thi bac di cit Thudn Hoa lai cd trUdng Tritu Phdn Khi hg Nguyen cdt cd, thu dugc thue thuyin rdt nhiiu Bat cai tdu, tri tdu moi chitc mgt vien, cai bq tdu, tri bq tdu, cai phu tdu, ky luc tdu, thu tdu ngi moi chdc hai vien, cai phdng ngUdi, lenh sit 30 ngUdi todn thue binh 50 ngUdi, linh tdu dgi 70 ngUdi, thong sU ngUdC' (50) Nhflng "dUcfng nhien nhiing chdc vu ndy khong phdi todn bg ngUdi Hoa ndm giit, nhitng sit thitc la da phdn tuyen diing ngudi Hoa hoac ngUdi Minh HUcfng xd dam nhiem nhitng chitc vu quan trgng, vi vdy vi mat thong thUcfng, kinh nghiem vd tri thdc cua hg phong phu hcfn ngUdi Vief (51) CMnh vi vfiy, An Nam cung dich ky
(2)I^oat dQng hinh tg cfla ngudi Ijoa 29
sfl ghi lai t h i C h u Thufi'n Thfly da bj "chua Nguyin cUdng bdch ldm quan cho phu chda
vdo nam 1657' vfi chfle cai tfiu cd nhifm vy "chuyen qudn li ngUdi Trung Qudc vd tdng li nhitng sU vu vi tdu thuyin" Kbdng Thien Nhfl dfi gifl chfle eai phfl tfiu lau nfim, dflge chfla Nguyen tfn nhifm, lfim phflc eho thfldng k h a c h vfi kidu d a n T r u n g Qudc tai Hdi An (52) Lai theo mdt ehieu dy cfla Minh Vfldng Nguyen Phflc Chu b a n n h a n djp mdt vi sd' Thfip iSo qua ddi, thi Khdng Thien Nhfl da tflng gifl chfle Cai phd tdu vd kiem qudn cdc thUcfng khdch
ciing nhdn vien tU xUa d lai hoac mdi tdi Hgi An Ngofii ra, Robert Kirstop, mgt vien chfle thudc edng ty Ddng An Anh eung ghi nhfin r i n g : "Bai da sd cong chdc (cua phu Cochin China) Id chdu cua nan ddn Trung Qud'c chgy loan qua day tU hoi dqi luc bi ngUdi Thanh chie'm giff' (53) Ben canh dd, vfio Nfim T h a i Dflc thfl nhfi't (1788) theo nhfl sd hd k h i u d Hgi An, Minh Hfldng xa eho bidt, sd dinh xa dfldng thdi lfi 1063, dd cd nhflng ngfldi lfi quan chfle dfldng nhifm lfi 506 ngfldi, chiem 46,6% s d d i n h tofin xfi (54) Ngofii ra, trong Thanh Van Men Thong khdo cflng n h i e ddn ngfldi Minh hfldng lfim q u a n ehflc nhieu bdi hg n h i f m ehflc cd cfi'u q u a n ly ngoai thfldng cfla Dfing Trong, lfim eae edng vifc nhfl ghi eh6p hdi bao, can do, kiem nghifm, djnh gia, pbien djch, trflng t h u thud, cflng vdi dfldng nhifm nhflng chfle q u a n dd t h i hg cung lfim thfldng mai mfiu djch ngi thfldng Thfing nfim 1695 thfldng n h a n ngfldi Anh lfi Thomas Bowyear den Hdi An ciing cho biet nhflng cdng vifc q u a n ly cang k h i u da rdi vfio tay ngfldi Hoa (55)
Vdi vifc sfl d u n g nhfin Mc cfla chfla Nguyen mgt each khdn kh6o, dfic bift lfi cae cdng vifc nhfl nghifm xet can
(3)30 Hghi&i ciiru Lich siSr sd 5.2010 chfla Nguyen b i t Minh Hfldng xa phai
lfim (57)
Ngofii ra, ngfldi Hoa b Dfing Trong cflng lfi nhflng ngfldi mai hifn rfi't chuyen nghifp Trong mdt ban tau cfla hfldng chfle Minh Hfldng xa nfim Canh Hflng 39 (1778) cd doan vidt ring: "Nguyen cha ong chiing toi qua quy quoc buon bdn, trUdc d tdn mdt khdp phu, sau mdi quy tu lap xd Minh huang Chung tdi chiu trdeh nhiem nghiem xet, cdn dinh gid hdng cdc tdu buon, ldm thong ngon cho tdu buon cdc nUdc" (58) Vdi sy flu fii cua chfnh quyln ddi vdi ngfldi Hoa cflng ngfldi Nhfit d i u the ky XVII lfi nhflng ngfldi chfnh lfim thdng ngdn d thfldng cang Hdi An, nhflng sau 1635, ngfldi Nhfit rdi khdi Hgi An, thi vai trd cfla ngfldi Minh Hfldng vfi ngfldi Hoa d Ngu bang vfldn len lam chfl tbj trfldng, hg tfch eye thflc diy manh phfldng thflc mai hifn vfi dilu tidt can bd budn ban ddi vdi thfldng nhan nfldc ngofii khae Ben eanh dd, thi ngofii nhflng edng vifc budn ban thi ngfldi Hoa d Hdi An cung phat trien manh me djch vy cho thue nhfi vfi cfla hfing Theo nhfl Charles B.Maybon thi "Khi de'n Hgi An, ngUdi ta thdy cd nhiiu gian hdng cho thue, bao nhieu cdng cd; nhiing gian ldn nhdt thudng phdi trd 100 ddng (piastres) cho suoi miia
vu" (59)
Ngofii vifc chfla Nguyen giao eho ngfldi Minh Hfldng d Hgi An dflge tham gia vfio bd may quan ly ngoai thfldng d thfldng eang ldn nhfi't Dfing Trong nfiy, chfla Nguyen cung dflng ddi ngii ngfldi Hoa nfiy vfio nhflng mye dfch thu mua hfing boa cua minh Ching ban nfim 1747, cfic quan dfi ed vfin ban nhd Minh Hfldng xa mua giflp 21 mfit hfing dd cd nhidu mfit hfing quy hiem nhfl Hdng nhung Thflgng Hai, ngan chau, t h i n sa, phfi'n sap, hat chau, Theo nhfl tfii lifu ghi chdp dflge cfla Minh Hfldng
xfi thi ngfiy 26 thang 12 nfim Canh Hflng (1764), phfl chua cd td truyin ring: "Truyin cho dgi thuyin Todn cdng vien ngu trUdng phdi cdt dgi ngUdi gdp den phd Hoi An, truyin cho Minh HUcfng xd phdi tim
trong cdc pho'Khdch buon thud'c, mua kim thoa thach hoc cd ddu tit, thd mgc hoc thi khdng diing Thd that tdt 20 cdn, dqi ba kich mua 60 cdn, giao cho qudn thuyin Todn Cdnh gdp rdt dem vi Ky cho 10 ngdy cd di ldn vi den Kinh Bo Bdy Id lenh cua Chda mua, neu khdch ndo, pho'ndo cd vi thud'c dy md dn ddu thi khong khoi chiu tgi, cUng nhu qudn linh mang hdng vi chdm tre phdi chiu tgi" Nfim Canh Thjnh thfl (1797) cac quan tren lai nhd Minh Hfldng xfi mua giflm hai dfin thude Bie vdi thflc gia 378 quan tiln 52 ddng, nhflng cfic quan lai giam gia moi dfin 20 quan, cM tra cho ngfldi mua hg 338 quan tidn 52 ddng (60) Ngofii ra, vfio nfim 1747, cac quan lai Dfing Trong tflng yeu clu Minh Hfldng xa mua hdn 21 loai hfing hofi nhung hdng tfl cfic thfldng nhan nfldc ngofii cho chinh quyln chfla Nguyen (61) Vifc uy thac mua bfin nfiy chflng td r i n g ngfldi Minh Hfldng dfi gifl vai trd kha quan trgng vifc giao djch budn ban vdi ben ngofii Mfit khac nd eung cho thfi'y, dfla vfio quyln lflc cfic quan lai da cd nhflng sach nhieu nhfi't djnh quan hf mua ban (62)
(4)fjoat d6ng hinh tg ciia ngu6fi IJoa., 31 Ban chuin cho thuyin Hofing Quan Khoan
dfldc tien hfinh budn bfin thufin lgi d Nhfit Ching han nhfl thfl Ngd Binh Xflde viet ring: "ngUdi ndy thUdng quo'c, vi thuyin Thanh nhiiu, dinh ngqch it di, cho nen Hodng dethuong qudc mudn mdu dich vdi cdc nUdc ldn bang, thod nhu cdu cua thdng thuang man dich, cho nen da chudn bi tdt van thU phdi bdn thuyin sff Id Hodng Quan Khoan, Hodng Vinh Khodn, Sff Luang Xd, Hdn Binh Chinh ciing thUcfng nhdn dih budn bdn vdi thUOng qud'c, cung kinh mang thU vd tiin, phung menh thong thuang thugng qudc, xin cho phep buon hdn, Uu tien cdc thuyin dUdc cho phep hdn Hg truyin dqt nhffng viec ndy, mgt ldi ngdn y, Vuang gia kem theo hdng hod, Sai Miin
Ca, Vi Ca de'n kinh li, mong dUOc dn dien, cho phep hg dUOc vdo thi cdm bdi vd Cling " (63) Qua thfl cfla Ngd Binh Xflde cd thd thfi'y, thuyin cfla Hofing VTnh Khoan hofin tofin khdng phai chuyen budn ban vdi Nam Hfi chi lfi mang theo hfing hoa cfla chua Nguyen, nhflng ehfnh quyln chfla Nguyin lai Ifi'y danh nghia qud'c gia bang giao vdi Nhfit de giao djch mdt efich thufin lgi vdi Nhfit
Ben canh dd, chinh quyln hg Nguyin cdn sfl dung ngfldi Hoa vfio cdng vifc lfim tinh bao, gian dif p de thu thfip tin tflc cfla ddi phfldng cude tranh chfi'p vdi hg Trjnh d ngofii Bic vfi cbd'ng lai ngbTa quan Tay Sdn Trong Bqi Nam thUc luc tiin bien cd chdp: "Bdy gid nUdc cUdng thinh, Chua muo'n cff dqi qudn bac phqt Thdy tudng Trinh la Le Thdi Lieu trdn Nghe An, phbng giff nghiem mat, ben mat khien
ngUdi khdch hudn Phdc Kie'n la Binh vd Quy sang Qudng Tdy, di Lang Scfn md vdo de dd xet tinh hinh hU thUc d Bac Hd Binh vd Quy de'n Bong Bo, hoi biii tinh trang qudn qud'c binh ddn, d hai thdng, Iqi
theo dudng cU md vi Qudng Bong Binh Bdu, ndm thff 26 (1717), miia xudn, thdng 2, bgn Binh vd Quy tff Miin Bac trd vi, de'n ndi Bac Hd chUa co the thffa cd dUdc, viec bdn Bac phqt ben thoi" (64) Ddng thdi trong Bqi Nam thitc luc chinh bien- Df nhfi't ky cung chdp: "[Nguyin Anh] titng mat sai ngUdi thdo vdt ciing nhffng ngUdi cdn tin cdc nhd budn len di tff Binh Thuan trd Bac den Thuan Hod vdng mat du keu ggi cdc ngUdi hdo kiet Gidn diep qua lai luon, tin tffc khong dfft, Tdy Scfn dgng tinh the ndo, khdng viec gi Id khdng bief {65)
Trong nhflng boat ddng quan hf bang giao vdi cae nfldc d khu vyc chfla Nguyen thfldng sfl dflng Hoa thfldng vfio cdng vifc ehuyen thfl tfl trao dd'i gifla hai ben Nhfi't lfi vifc chfla Nguyin nhilu l i n nhd thfldng nhan ngfldi Hoa trao cho chfnh quyln Nhfit Ban nhflng bflc thfl cua minh, ddng thdi nhflng l i n trao ddi thfl tfl vdi tofin quydn VOC cfla Hfi Lan tai Batavia, vifc chuyen thfl nhidu l i n Hoa thfldng dam nhfin Hdn nfla, v l quan chfle quan sfl, ehinh quyln hg Nguyin cdn sfl dyng di dan ngfldi Hoa vfio vifc di sfl Trung Qud'c Ching han, "Mda hq, ngdy mdng thdng ndm 1702, Chiia sai bgn Hodng Thdn, Hitng Triet dem qudc thU vd cong phdm (ky nam cdn lang, vdng sd'ng cdn 13 Iqng 5 ddng cdn, ngd voi chiec ngng 350 cdn, song mdy 50 cdy) sang Qudng Bong decdu phong (Thdn vd Triet ngUdi Qudng Bong nudc Thanh, theo hod thUOng Thach Liem de'n yet kien, nhdn [Chua] sai di Bdy gid thuyin di cong cua Xiem La bi gid ddu d hdi phdn ta, ta sffa sang thuyin ldi vd gidp dd luang thitc cho hg, rdi sai bgn Thdn vd Triet ddp di)" (66)
(5)32 Rghien curu Ljch sJr sg 5.2010 manh eua minh mdt each tofin dien Hay
ndi each khac, chfla Nguyin dfi sfl dyng gin nhy tdl da nhflng flu thd cua ngfldi Hoa vifc phat trien kinh te vfi bang giao
qudc td cua minh ' Ket l u a n
Cd t h l khing dinh ring, thdi k^ cfic chfla Nguyin, cgng ddng ngfldi Hoa d Hdi An lfi nhan td vd cflng quan trgng de dam bao cho sfl phfit triln cfla thfldng mai cua Dang Trong ndi ehung vfi Hgi An ndi rieng Hg n i m tay h i u nhfl eac d i u mdi thfldng mai quan trgng khdng cM ngoai thfldng mfi cdn gdp p h i n khai pha mang Mdi thfldng mai ngi vflng Nhflng xdt cho ciing, ngfldi Hoa ed the thufin lgi tien hfinh hoat dinh kinh te, nhfi't lfi kinh td mfiu dich d Hdi An bdi nhflng flu dai dfic bift cfla chfnh quyen dfinh cho hg, chfing ban nhfl chfnh quyln chfla Nguyin tao nhflng dilu kifn thufin lgi cho Hoa thfldng v l cung cfi'p nhflng flu dfii v l thud thu, eung cfi'p v l dja bfin cfl tru, miin giam sai dich (ddi vdi Hoa thfldng cfla Minh hfldng xfi), cd dgc quyln tieu thy nhflng hfing hoa dfic djnh, khien eho Hoa thfldng ed mdi trfldng Mnh doanh tdt, ldi nhufin nhilu Mdt sd Hoa thfldng mfiu dich d Dfing Trong nguyen nhan ve cMnh tri, kinh te vfi sinh thai nfldc (Trung Qud'c), sau cMnh sach khoan dung, flu dfii cfla cMnh quyln Dfing Trong ddi vdi hg, hg dfi d lai vfi
tiep tyc tham dfl vfio mfiu dich hai ngoai cua Dfing Trong Ldi nhufin tfl nhflng boat dgng mfiu dich dd gdp p h i n cho sfl thieu hut v l tfii ehfnh cua cMnh quyln Dfing Trong
Phat huy vfi tfin dyng dflge vi trf kinh te cua ngfldi Hoa b Hgi An cung nhfl d ca Dfing Trong vifc tao tilm Me kinh te d l smh tdn phat triln vfi chdng lai t h l lflc hg Trinh b Dfing Ngofii cd the danh gia lfi sfl khdn khio, vfi ed t i m nMn khai md cua cfic chfla Nguyin Dfing Trong Cd the ndi, ngfldi Hoa thfinh cdng boat ddng kinh te cua minh b Hgi An khdng cM nfing lflc kinh doanh cua hg manh me, mfi quan trgng hdn lfi chua Nguyin tao cho hg mdi trfldng kinh doanh vd ciing thufin lgi, dap lai ngfldi Hoa giflp chfla Nguyin giai quyet vfi'n d l v l tfii cMnh de tdn tai vfi phfit trien ehfnh quyln vfi lanh thd dfi't nfldc
Ngfldi Hoa vdn cd the manh v l boat dgng kinh te thfldng mai, cho nen hg tfin dyng dflge nhiing lgi thd cfla mdt thfldng eang qudc te mgt vflng dfi't trfl phfl vl san vfit, thufin tifn v l giao thdng d l tfing cfldng vi the kinh te thfldng mai eua minh Vfi, chflng ta khdng t h l phu nhfin ngfldi Hoa b Hdi An thdi k^ cac chfla Nguyin lfi lyc Ifldng quan trgng nhfi't thuc diy nin thfldng mai cua Dang Trong, nhfi't lfi ngoai thfldng
CHU THICH
(49) Phan Du, Qudng Nam qua cdc thdi dqi,
quyen ThUcfng, Co hoc tung thii, 1974, tr 168
(50) Quy Don, Phii bien tqp luc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi H i Noi, 1977, tr 231
(51) T r i n Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhdn xet vi
Minh HUctng xa vd cdc co tich tqi Hdi An Vi$t
Nam Khao co t i p san, S i o Gon, 1960, tr 24
(52) Trfin Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhdn xet vi
i-A
(6)Ijoat dQng hinh te ciia ngudri Ijoa 33
Minh Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tqi Hdi An, Vi?t
Nam Khao co t^p san, S i i Gon 1960, tr 24
(53) A Palrymphe - Robert Kirsop, Sam
accounts of Cohinchina, 1750, Oriental
Repository, vol.1, London, 1973, p 250 (Trich Trfin Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhan xet viMinh HUcfng
xd va cdc cdtich tqi Hdi An, Vi$t Nam Khao co t i p
san, S i i Gon, 1960, tr
(54) TuSng Quo'c Hoc, Phdn tich vai trd cda
Hoa thUcfng mdu dich Hai ngoqi cua Nam Ha Viet Nam: Mdt cdi nhin tham chieu vdi ngoqi thUcfng Bde Hd Ky yeu Hoi thao: Vdn Don: Lich sit va tiin nang phdt trien kinh te, Quang Ninh, t h i n g
8 n i m 2008
(55) Thanh Vfin hien Thdng khao, Tii due mdn Dfin theo: Tudng Quo'c Hoc, Ph&n tich vai trb cua
Hoa thuong man dich Hai ngoqicua Nam Hd Viet Nam: Mdt cdi nhin tham chieu vdi ngoqi thuang Bac Ha Ky ye'u Hoi thao: Van Don: Lich sil vd tiin nang phdt trien kinh te, Quang Ninh, t h i n g
8 n i m 2008 ; ;,
(56) Trfin Kinh Hoi, May diiu nhdn xet vi
Minh HUcfng xd vd cac cd tich tqi Hdi An, Vi^t
Nam Khao co t i p san, S i i Gon, 1960
(57) Trfin Kinh Hoi, Mdy diiu nhdn xet vi
Minh Huang xd vd cdc cd tich tqi Hdi An, Vi$t
Nam Khao co t i p san, S i i Gon, 1962, t r l »
(58) T i i li$u chii Han cua Minh hiidng xa, liiu trfl tai Trung tam Quan ly bao ton di tich Hoi An, dfin theo Trfin V i n An- Nguyen Chi Trung - Trfin anh: Xd Minh hUctng vdi thUcfng cdng Hqi An the
ky 17-19, Trung tam bao ton di san, di tich Quang
Nam, 2005, tr 55
(59) Charles B Maybon, Nhitng ngUdi chdu Au
d nudc An Nam, Nxb The gi6i, H i Noi, 2006, tr
95
(60) Trfin V i n An - Nguyen Chi Trung- Trfin Anh, Xd Minh HUcfng vdi thUcfng cdng Hoi An the
ky 17-19, Trung tam quan ly v i bao ton di san - di
tich Quang Nam, 2005, tr 52-54
(61) Trfin Kinh Hoi, Phd' ngUcfi DUcfng vd
thUcfng mqi cua hq d Hdi An the'ky 17-18, Tan A
hoc bao, Q.III, so 1, Hong Kong, 1969
(62) Cho dii chiia Nguyin da thiet l i p hq may coi ngoai thiidng I i T i u vi,i ty v6i 175 ngiicli, song thvtc te cac Chiia cac quan l^i d^ii thfin m6i chinh l i nhiitng ngriidi giam sat ngoai thiidng trii6c nhi't, ky liiSng nhi't v i dong thdi l i nhiing n h i buon 16n nhi't Vi viy, ttoig chuyen buon, mpi hang hoa deu phai qua tay cac chiia, cac quan kiem duy^t, liu tien chon li^a v i tinh trang o 6p gia ca luon l i m cho cac thiidng nhan than phien, theo nhii n h i n x6t ciia C Maybon thi: "Ng cU thi hdu
nhu tuyet vong md bon quan Iqi mua hdng it chiu tra tiin Khdng the trdn tinh len den Chua neu nhU khdng thdng qua cdc ba phi md nhU the thi td'n khdng biet bao nhieu le Iqf, (Trfin V i n
An - Nguyen Chi liUng - Trfin Anh, Xd Minh
huang vdi thUcfng cdng Hdi An theky 17-19, Trung
tam bao ton di san, di tich Quang Nam, 2005, tr 52)
(63) Xem TiiSng Quo'c Hoc, Phan tich vai trb
ciia Hoa thUcfng mau dich Hai ngoqi ciia Nam Hd Viet Nam: Mot cdi nhin tham chieu vdi ngoqi thUcfng Bac Hd Ky yeii Hoi thao: Vdn Don: Lich sz? '•" tiin ndng phdt trien kinh te, Quang
Ninh t h i n g n i m 2008
(64) Dqi Nam thUc luc tiin bien, Nxb Sfl hoc H i NOi, 1962, tr 186
(65) Dqi Nam thUc luc chinh bien • D? nhi't ky, II, Nxb Sli hoc, H i Noi, 1963, tr 186