Thomas G Mezger The Rheology Handbook 4th Edition eBook European Coatings Tech Files Thomas G Mezger The Rheology Handbook For users of rotational and oscillatory rheometers 4th edition Thomas G Mezger: The Rheology Handbook © Copyright 2014 by Vincentz Network, Hanover, Germany ISBN 978-3-86630-650-9 Cover: Wacker Chemie, Burghausen, Germany Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar Mezger, Thomas G The Rheology Handbook, 4th Edition Hanover: Vincentz Network, 2014 EUROPEAN COATINGS TECH FILES ISBN 3-86630-650-4 ISBN 978-3-86630-650-9 © 2014 Vincentz Network GmbH & Co KG, Hanover Vincentz Network GmbH & Co KG, Plathnerstr 4c, 30175 Hanover, Germany This work is copyrighted, including the individual contributions and figures Any usage outside the strict limits of copyright law without the consent of the publisher is prohibited and punishable by law This especially pertains to reproduction, translation, microfilming and the storage and processing in electronic systems The information on formulations is based on testing performed to the best of our knowledge Please ask for our book catalogue Vincentz Network, Plathnerstr 4c, 30175 Hanover, Germany T +49 511 9910-033, F +49 511 9910-029 books@european-coatings.com, www.european-coatings.com Layout: Vincentz Network, Hanover, Germany Printed by: BWH GmbH, Hanover, Germany ISBN 3-86630-650-4 ISBN 978-3-86630-650-9 EUROPEAN COATINGS TECH FILES Thomas G Mezger The Rheology Handbook For users of rotational and oscillatory rheometers 4th edition Foreword Why was this book written? People working in industry are often confronted with the effects of rheology, the science of deformation and flow behavior When looking for appropriate literature, they find either short brochures which give only a few details and contain little useful information, or highly specialized books overcharged of physical formulas and mathematical theories There is a lack of literature between these two extremes which reduces the discussion of theoretical principles to the necessary topics, providing useful instructions for experiments on material characterization This book is intended to fill that gap The practical use of rheology is presented in the following areas: quality control (QC), production and application, chemical and mechanical engineering, industrial research and development, and materials science Emphasis is placed on current test methods related to daily working practice After reading this book, the reader should be able to perform useful tests with rotational and oscillatory rheometers, and to interpret the achieved results correctly How did this book come into existence? The first computer-controlled rheometers came into use in industrial laboratories in the mid 1980s Ever since then, test methods as well as control and analysis options have improved with breathtaking speed In order to organize and clarify the growing mountain of information, company Anton Paar Germany – and previously Physica Messtechnik – has offered basic seminars on rheology already since 1988, focused on branch-specific industrial application During the “European Coatings Show” in Nuremberg in April 1999, the organizer and publishing director Dr Lothar Vincentz suggested expanding these seminar notes into a comprehensive book about applied rheology What is the target audience for this book? For which industrial branches will it be most interesting? “The Rheology Handbook” is written for everyone approaching rheology without any prior knowledge, but is also useful to people wishing to update their expertise with information about recent developments The reader can use the book as a course book and read from beginning to end or as a reference book for selected chapters The numerous cross-references make connections clear and the detailed index helps when searching If required, the book can be used as the first step on the ladder towards theory-orientated rheology books at university level In order to break up the text, there are as well many figures and tables, illustrative examples and small practical experiments, as well as several exercises for calculations The following list reflects how the contents of the book are of interest to rheology users in many industrial branches t 7VS`TLYZ! Solutions, melts, solids; film emulsions, cellulose solutions, latex emulsions, solid films, sheetings, laminates; natural resins, epoxies, casting resins; silicones, caoutchouc, gums, soft and hard rubbers; thermoplastics, elastomers, thermosets, blends, foamed materials; unlinked and cross-linked polymers containing or without fillers or fibers; polymeric compounds and composites; solid bars of glass-fibre, carbon-fibre and synthetic-fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP, CFRP, SFRP); polymerization, cross-linking, curing, vulcanization, melting and hardening processes Thomas G Mezger: The Rheology Handbook © Copyright 2014 by Vincentz Network, Hanover, Germany ISBN 978-3-86630-650-9 Foreword t (KOLZP]LZHUKZLHSHU[Z! Glues, single and multi-component adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA), UV curing adhesives, hotmelts, plastisol pastes (e.g for automotive underseals and seam sealings), construction adhesives, putties; uncured and cured adhesives; curing process; tack, stringiness t *VH[PUNZWHPU[ZSHJX\LYZ! Spray, brush, dip coatings; solvent-borne, water-based coatings; metallic effect, textured, low solids, high solids, photo-resists, UV (ultra violet) radiation curing, powder coatings; glazes and stains for wood; coil coatings; solid coating films t 7YPU[PUNPURZHUK]HYUPZOLZ! Gravure, letterpress, flexographic, planographic, offset, screen printing inks, UV (ultra violet) radiation curing inks; ink-jet printer inks; writing inks for pens; millbase premix, color pastes, “thixo-pastes”; liquid and pasty pigment dispersions; printing process; misting; tack t 7HWLYJVH[PUNZ! Primers and topcoats; immobilization process t -VVKZ[\MMZ! Water, vegetable oils, aroma solvents, fruit juices, baby food, liquid nutrition, liqueurs, syrups, purees, thickeners an stabilizing agents, gels, pudding, jellies, ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard, dairy products (such as yogurt, cream cheese, cheese spread, soft and hard cheese, curds, butter), emulsions, chocolate (melt), soft sweets, ice cream, chewing gum, dough, whisked egg, cappuccino foam, sausage meat, sauces containing meat chunks, jam containing fruit pieces, animal feed; bio-technological fluids; gel formation of hydrocolloids (e.g of corn starch and gelatin); interfacial rheology (e.g for emulsions); food tribology (e.g for creaminess); tack t *VZTL[PJZWOHYTHJL\[PJHSZTLKPJHTLU[ZIPV[LJOWYVK\J[ZWLYZVUHSJHYLOLHS[O HUKILH\[`JHYLWYVK\J[Z! Cough mixtures, perfume oils, wetting agents, nose sprays, X-ray film developing baths, blood (hemo-rheology), blood-plasma substitutes, emulsions (e.g skin care, hair-dye), lotions, nail polish, roll-on fluids (deodorants), saliva, mucus, hydrogels, shampoo, shower gels, dispersions containing viscoelastic surfactants, skin creams, peeling creams, hair gels, styling waxes, shaving creams, tooth-gels, toothpastes, makeup dispersions, lipsticks, mascara, ointments, vaseline, biological cells, tissue engineered medical products (TEMPs), natural and synthetic membranes, silicone pads and cushions, dental molding materials, tooth filling, sponges, contact lenses, medical adhesives (for skin plasters or diapers), denture fixative creams, hair, bone cement, implants, organic-inorganic compounds (hybrids); interfacial rheology (e.g for emulsions) t (NYVJOLTPJHSZ! Plant or crop protection agents, solutions and dispersions of insecticides and pesticides, herbicides and fungicides t +L[LYNLU[ZOVTLJHYLWYVK\J[Z! Household cleaning agents, liquid soap, disinfectants, surfactant solutions, washing-up liquids, dish washing agents, laundry, fabric conditioners, washing powder concentrate, fat removers; interfacial rheology t :\YMHJL[LJOUVSVN`!Polishing and abrasive suspensions; cooling emulsions t ,SLJ[YPJHSLUNPULLYPUNLSLJ[YVUPJZPUK\Z[Y`! Thick film pastes, conductive, resistance, insulating, glass paste, soft solder and screen printing pastes; SMD adhesives (for surface mounted devices), insulating and protective coatings, de-greasing agents, battery fluids and pastes, coatings for electrodes t 7L[YVJOLTPJHSZ! Crude oils, petroleum, solvents, fuels, mineral oils, light and heavy oils, lubricating greases, paraffines, waxes, petrolatum, vaseline, natural and polymer-modified bitumen, asphalt binders, distillation residues, and from coal and wood: tar and pitch; interfacial rheology (e.g for emulsions) t *LYHTPJZHUKNSHZZ! Casting slips, kaolin and porcelain suspensions, glass powder and enamel pastes, glazes, plastically deformable ceramic pastes, glass melts, aero-gels, xero-gels, sol/gel materials, composites, organo-silanes (hybrids), basalt melts t *VUZ[Y\J[PVUTH[LYPHSZ! Self-leveling cast floors, plasters, mortar, cement suspensions, tile adhesives, dispersion paints, sealants, floor sheeting, natural and polymer-modified bitumen, asphalt binders for pavements t 4L[HSZ! Melts of magnesium, aluminum, steel, alloys; moulding process in a semi-solid state (“thixo-forming”, “thixo-casting”, “thixo-forging”), ceramic fibre reinforced light-weight metals Foreword t >HZ[LPUK\Z[Y`! Waste water, sewage sludges, animal excrements (e.g of fishes, poultry, cats, dogs, pigs), residues from refuse incineration plants t LVSVN`ZVPSTLJOHUPJZTPUPUNPUK\Z[Y`! Soil sludges, muds; river and lake sediment masses; soil deformation due to mining operations, earthwork, canal and drain constructions; drilling fluids (e.g containing “flow improvers”) t +PZHZ[LYJVU[YVS! Behavior of burning materials, soil deformation due to floods and earthquakes t 4H[LYPHSZMVYZWLJPHSM\UJ[PVUZ (e.g as “smart fluids”): Magneto-rheological fluids (MRF), electro-rheological fluids (ERF), di-electric (DE) materials, self-repairing coatings, materials showing self-organizing superstructures (e.g surfactants), dilatant fabrics (shock-absorbing, “shot-proof”), liquid crystals (LC), ionic fluids, micro-capsule paraffin wax (e.g as “phasechange material” PCM) It is pleasing that the first two editions of “The Rheology Handbook”, published in 2002 and 2006, sold out so unexpectedly quickly It was positive to hear that the book met with approval, not only from laboratory technicians and practically oriented engineers, but also from teachers and professors of schools and colleges of applied sciences Even at universities, “The Rheology Handbook” is meanwhile taken as an introductory teaching material for explaining the basics of rheology in lectures and practical courses, and as a consequence, many students worldwide are using it when writing their final paper or thesis Also for the third edition, further present-day examples have been added resulting as well from contacts to industrial users as well as from corporation with several working groups, e.g for developing modern standardizing measuring methods for diverse industrial branches Here in a nutshell, the following additional chapters of this new edition are: Types of flow in the TwoPlates-Model (Chapter 2.4), the effects of rheological additives in aqueous dispersions (Chapter 3.3.7), SAOS and LAOS tests and Lissajous diagrams (Chapter 8.3.6), nano-structures and complex rheological behavior such as shear-banding explained by using surfactant systems as an example (Chapter 9), and special measuring devices for rheo-optical systems and extensional tests (Chapter 10.8) Also the references and standards have been updated (Chapter 14) This textbook is also available in German language, and also here, four editions were published up to now, in 2000, 2006, 2010 and in September 2012 (title: “Das Rheologie Handbuch”) I hope that “The Rheology Handbook” will prove itself a useful source of information for characterizing the above mentioned products in an application-oriented way, assuring their quality and helping to improve them wherever possible (JRUV^SLKNLTLU[Z I would like to say a big “Thank You” to all those people without whose competent ideas and suggestions for improvement it would not have been possible to produce such a comprehensive and understandable book The following people have been of special help to me: Heike Audehm, Monika Bernzen, Stefan Büchner, Marcel de Pender, Gerd Dornhöfer, Andreas Eich, Elke Fischle, Ingrid Funk, Patrick Heyer, Siegfried Huck, Jörg Läuger, Thomas Litters, Sabine Neuber, Matthias Prenzel, Hubert Reitberger, Michael Ringhofer, Oliver Sack, Michael Schäffler, Carmen Schönhaar, Werner Stehr, Heiko Stettin, Jürgen Utz, Detlef van Peij, Simone Will and Klaus Wollny Sarah Knights translated the original German text into English Besides the support of my colleagues worldwide, I would also like to mention the managers of Anton Paar GmbH in Graz, Austria, and Anton Paar Germany GmbH in Ostfildern (near Stuttgart) Stuttgart, April 2014 Thomas G Mezger Born to find out The New MCR Series: Modular Rheometers Ready for Everything Whatever your rheological requirements are and will be in the future – MCR rheometers are always efficiently and comfortably adapted to meet your needs Find out more about the MCR rheometer series at www.anton-paar.com Anton Paar® GmbH info@anton-paar.com www.anton-paar.com Contents Contents 1.1 1.2 Introduction 17 Rheology, rheometry and viscoelasticity 17 Deformation and flow behavior 18 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 -SV^ILOH]PVYHUK]PZJVZP[` 21 Introduction 21 Definition of terms 21 Shear stress 22 Shear rate 22 Viscosity 26 Shear load-dependent flow behavior 29 Ideally viscous flow behavior according to Newton 29 Types of flow illustrated by the Two-Plates Model 31 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 Rotational tests 33 Introduction 33 Basic principles 33 Test modes controlled shear rate (CSR) and controlled shear stress (CSS), raw data and rheological parameters 33 Flow curves and viscosity functions 34 Description of the test 34 Shear-thinning flow behavior 38 Structures of polymers showing shear-thinning behavior 39 Structures of dispersions showing shear-thinning behavior 44 Shear-thickening flow behavior 44 Structures of polymers showing shear-thickening behavior 48 Structures of dispersions showing shear-thickening behavior 49 Yield point 49 Yield point determination using the flow curve diagram 50 Yield point determination using the shear stress/deformation diagram 51 Further information on yield points 53 Overview: Flow curves and viscosity functions 57 Fitting functions for flow and viscosity curves 58 Model function for ideally viscous flow behavior 59 Model functions for shear-thinning and shear-thickening flow behavior 59 Model functions for flow behavior with zero-shear and infinite-shear viscosity 60 Model functions for flow curves with a yield point 61 The effects of rheological additives in aqueous dispersions 64 Time-dependent flow behavior and viscosity function 68 Description of the test 68 Time-dependent flow behavior of samples showing no hardening 69 Structural decomposition and regeneration (thixotropy and rheopexy) 70 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.3.3 3.3.3.1 3.3.3.2 3.3.4 3.3.4.1 3.3.4.2 3.3.4.3 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.6.1 3.3.6.2 3.3.6.3 3.3.6.4 3.3.7 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 Thomas G Mezger: The Rheology Handbook © Copyright 2014 by Vincentz Network, Hanover, Germany ISBN 978-3-86630-650-9 Index 419 Index A abbreviations 383 absolute measuring systems 255 acetone 28 acoustic damping 104, 208 acoustic wave viscometer 305 activation energy 84 active hood 247, 253, 347 Adams consistometer 293 adhesive dispersions 23f, 64 adhesive failure/fracture energy (tack) 285 adhesives 91, 101, 109, 141, 155, 172, 184, 187, 220, 252, 269, 282, 301, 329, 369 adhesives (tack) 284 aero-gels 187 aero-sols 23, 24 AFNOR cups 314 agglomerates 44, 169 aggregates 214, 219, 231 agrochemicals 226 air bearings (rheometer) 343 air bubbles 19, 240 air viscosity 28 aluminum 92, 179, 266f amorphous polymers 190 amorphous solids (glass) 198 amorphous structure 273 amphoteric surfactants 213 amplitude sweeps 146, 284 amplitude sweeps (frequency-dependent) 149, 154 amplitude sweeps (guideline) 351 amplitude sweeps (G’’ peak) 149 amylopectine 195 amylose 193 anchor stirrer 262 angle units 342, 393 Angström (unit) 214, 392 angular frequency 136, 159, 394 angular velocity 235, 342, 393 anisotropic properties 218, 229, 266, 283 anisotropic properties (rheo-optics) 271f , 275 anti-thixotropy 71, 375 apparent viscosity 38, 45 apparent yield point 50 application rate (AR, blade coating) 24 approximation functions (flow curves) 59 approximation functions (viscosity/temperature) 83, 204, 207 Thomas G Mezger: The Rheology Handbook © Copyright 2014 by Vincentz Network, Hanover, Germany ISBN 978-3-86630-650-9 aqueous dispersions 64ff, 223, 231 Arrhenius relation 84, 366 asphalt 23, 177, 298f, 307, 309, 369, 380 association colloids 214 associative polymers 228 associative thickeners 67, 223ff ASTM standards (list) 409 ASTM viscosity classification (lubricants) 317 atom nuclei, position (SANS) 278 automatic gap control (AGC) 244, 251, 263 automatic gap setting (AGS) 124, 244, 251 automotive adhesive 141, 155, 184 automotive bumpers 105 automotive coatings 25, 381 Avogadro’s number 364, 377 axial force (tribology) 287 B ball bearings (viscometers) 343 ball bearing test (tribology) 288 ball measuring systems 261 ball-shaped spindles 258 bamboo 106 bars (specimens) 262 bearings (rheometers) 343 behavior at rest (guideline) 354 bending beam rheometer (BBR) 309 bending testers 308 bentonite (gellant) 65 bi-cone (interfacial rheology) 278 bi-layers (surfactants) 217 Bingham build-up (BBU) 78, 301 Bingham model function 38, 54, 61, 369 biological tissues 149, 170, 218, 225, 274, 283 bio-materials 105, 158 bio-membranes 149, 218f bio-tech products 149, 225 birefringence (rheo-optics) 271, 275 bitumen 28f, 91, 147, 177, 197, 298f, 307ff, 366f, 380 bitumen number (pen.) 299 blade coating 23f, 332 blade stirrer 262 blood 23, 28, 105 blood plasma 28f blood vessels 105, 283 Bloom gelometer 300 bonds 54 bones 92, 105 420 borderline pumping temperature (BPT) 82, 303 Bostwick consistometer 295 bottle filling 25 bouncing putty 19 boundary friction (tribology) 288 brass (modulus) 92 break stress (drilling fluid) 212 brittle behavior 92, 141, 153 Brookfield spindles 258 Brownian motion 26, 198, 361 brush coatings 91, 101 brushing process 23f, 101 BS cups 314 BS/IP U-tubes 317 bubble viscometers 296 building materials 198, 220 Burgers model (creep test) 112, 373 butter 23f, 91, 197, 222 C Cannon-Fenske capillary viscometers 316 cantilever beam (bending test) 308 capillary extruders 329 capillary flow 23, 25, 55, 312 capillary viscometers 300, 315 carbon black 280 carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) 92, 266 carbon nano-tubes (CNT) 280 Carreau/Gahleitner model function 60, 378 Carreau/Yasuda model function 60 car tires 91, 104, 169, 363, 367, 371 cartridge extrusion tests 300f Casagrande apparatus 295 Casson model function 62, 376 Casson/Steiner model function 63 cast floors 293 casting slips 72 CC measuring systems 233 cellulose derivates 38, 66, 223, 364, 367 Celsius, degrees (unit) 360, 394 centi-grades 189 centi-poises (unit) 27, 394 centi-stokes (unit) 28, 394 ceramics 50, 92, 186, 201, 262, 301, 329 ceramic suspensions 23, 44, 72, 302 characteristic motion times 277 cheese 23, 91, 169, 252, 256 chemical bonds 54, 194, 276 chemical network 168, 171, 194 chewing 23 chewing gum 195, 362 chocolate melts 23, 35, 50, 62ff, 149, 197, 225 circular torsion bars 263 circumferential velocity 235 Index clamp distance (solid bars) 263 clay 64, 141, 147, 293, 296, 301 cleaning agents 225 cloud point (petrochemicals) 82 coatings 23f, 38, 64, 71, 91, 101, 147, 172, 210, 220, 226, 247, 259, 269, 294ff, 311, 369, 381 coatings, layer thickness 56, 76, 79, 82, 182, 187 coatings, solid layers 187 coatings (tack) 284 coaxial cylinder measuring systems 233 co-extrudates (tensile tests) 283 coffee cream 28 coffee grounds 56 coherent systems 221 cohesion 31, 90 cohesive fracture 286 cold cranking simulator (CCS) 303 cold filter plugging point 82 cold flow 23 cold forging 55, 179 Cole/Cole plot 163 colloids (particle size) 26, 277 combined motor transducer (CMT) 338 combined rotation & oscillation 210 complex notation (shear modulus, viscosity) 143 complex shear modulus 136, 139 complex tensile modulus 283 complex viscosity 138, 142, 162 compliance 117 composites 47, 105, 179, 200, 266, 283, 307ff compression force (PP system) 252 compression force (solid bars) 263 compression testers 308 concentric cylinder measuring systems 233 conductor pastes 50 concrete (spreading) 293 cone-and-plate measuring systems 242 cone penentration tests 298 cone truncation 244 confocal microscopy (rheo-optics) 275 congealing point 83 conicylinder 254 consistency 170f, 174, 295, 299f, 303, 370 consistency viscosity cups 314 consistometers 299, 305 construction materials (spindles) 262 continuous relaxation time spectrum 132 continuous retardation time spectrum 121 contour length (surfactants) 216 controlled shear rate (CSR) 33, 144, 339 controlled shear strain 144, 339 controlled shear stress (CSS) 34, 144, 338 control loops (rheometer) 338 convection heating 345 conversion of units (table) 391 Index cooling behavior (petrochemicals) 82, 198, 302f cooling process 81, 197 cooling rate 189, 345 core/shell particles 219f, 223, cork 92 cosmetics 49, 91, 172, 198, 225, 256, 280, 289 Couette method 234, 336, 366 Coupe NFT 314 Cox/Merz relation 209, 376 CP measuring systems 242 crash-boxes 105 creaminess (tribology) 289 creams 19, 23, 49f, 71, 91, 222, 225, 289 creep compliance 117 creep (long-term) 23 creep recovery compliance 117 creep tests 109, 283 critical concentration (polymers) 41 critical micelle concentration (cmc) 215 critical molar mass (polymers) 42 critical Re number 240, 314 cross-bar (spindle) 257 cross-linked materials 112, 126, 147, 149, 168f, 194, 228 cross-linking process 185, 200 Cross model function 60, 377 crossover point (frequency sweep) 167 crossover point (thixotropy test) 182 crude oils 23, 87, 226, 304, 364 crystalline solids 85, 273 crystalline zones (polymers) 192 crystallization, shear-induced 47, 198, 283f crystallization temperature 81, 197 CSD test (oscillation) 144 CSR test (rotation) 33 CSS test (oscillation) 144 CSS test (rotation) 34 cup-and-ball method 298 curemeters 306 cure rate index (CRI) 306 cure time 187, 306 curing process 79, 82, 185, 200, 240, 253 curing tests (guideline) 352f curing (UV) 187, 269 cylinder measuring systems 233 D Dahlquist criterion (adhesives, tack) 287 dairy products 170, 260 damped oscillation 309 damping curve 186 damping factor 140, 169, 284 damping properties 104, 208 Daniel dilatancy index (DDI) 48, 292 421 Daniel flow gauge 295 Daniel wet point (WP), flow point (FP) 48, 201, 291 dashpot model 30 data conversion 121, 132, 176, 208 debris flow 55, 261, 293, 295 Debye forces 54, 370 deflection 89, 135 deflection angle 90, 135, 339, 342 deformation 89 deformation amplitude 136 deformation (conversion to shear rate) 143 deformation curve (creep test) 114 deformation energy 31, 94, 104, 140, 150, 156, 169, 191, 201 deformation rate 22, 90, 116 defo tester (elastomers) 308 degradation (polymers) 44, 177f, 190 degree of branching (polymers) 164 density 26, 27, 208, 335, 392 dental materials 45, 269 detergents 225 Dewar container 345 DG measuring systems 241 diamonds (modulus) 92 dichroism (rheo-optics) 231, 272, 275 dielectric analysis (DEA) 278 Diesel oils 82 die swell 99, 107, 330 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 202 diffraction (rheo-optics) 273 dilatancy peak 46 dilatancy, shear-induced 47 dilatant behavior 45 dilatant switch 47 dilatation (volume increase) 365 diluted polymer solutions 319, 334 DIN flow cups 315 DIN measuring systems 236, 379 DIN standards (list) 414 dip coating 23 dipole-dipole interactions 54 dip-type viscosity cups 315 direct strain oscillation (DSO) 340 direct tension tester (DDT) 307 discrete relaxation time spectrum 130 discrete retardation time spectrum 120 disk spindles 256 dispenser test 300, 301 dispersions 44, 49f, 56, 71f, 91, 101, 109, 123, 147, 149, 158, 171, 173, 197, 225, 231, 261f, 273, 280 dispersion stability 155, 172, 173 dispersion testing (guideline) 352 disposable measuring cups 240 disposable measuring plates 253 DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) 135, 176, 202, 307ff 422 Index DMTA (dyn mech thermoanalysis) 189, 202, 262, 307ff dog tail test (PU adhesives) 172 domains (polymers) 194 DORA (dyn optical rheo-analyzer) 275 double-gap measuring systems 241 double-tube experiment 29, 40 dough 23, 101, 282, 292, 371f drag-cup motor (rheometer) 377 drag-flow viscometer (Couette) 366 drag-reduction agents 226 DRD (dielectro-rheological device) 279 drilling fluids 71, 85, 211, 226 drinking water supply 25 dripping (coatings) 23 droplets 44, 226, 280 droplet subdivision (emulsions) 49 dropping point 83, 198 dry-hard, dry-through time (coatings) 293 DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) 202 DSO (direct strain oscillation) 340 dual cure adhesives 187 dual head rheometers 338 ductility testers 307, 367 dynamic gel point 186 dynamic gel temperature (DGT) 200 dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 135, 176, 202, 284, 307ff dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis (DMTA) 189, 202, 262, 307ff dynamic oscillation 159 dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) 380 dynamic viscosity 27, 143 E edge creep (coatings) 79, 82, 187 edge failure (CP, PP systems) 230, 247, 253 efflux viscosity cups 310 e-function (viscosity curve fitting) 61 Einstein’s viscosity equation 368 elastic behavior 89, 94, 140, 142, 307, 330 elastic deformation range 51 elasticity law 94 elasticity modulus 90f, 203, 283, 307 elastic shear-softening (LAOS) 157 elastic shear-stiffening (LAOS) 157 elastic-turbulent melt flow 330 elastomers 23, 45, 47, 91, 135, 149, 169, 194, 208, 252, 256, 263, 282f, 305ff, 369 elastometers 299 elastoplastic 55 electric heating 345 electromagnetic bearing (rheometers) 374 electron density distribution (SAXS) 276 electro-rheological fluids (ERF) 268, 375 Ellis model function 61, 371 elongation 93 elongation at break, at yield 307 E-moduli, values (table) 91f E-modulus 91, 203, 283, 307 emulsifiers 213, 222, 225 emulsion paints 23f, 50, 101, 210, 226 emulsions 23, 43f, 49, 71, 147, 149, 158, 198, 222, 225f, 280 EN standards (list) 414 encapsulation 198, 220, 225 energy of separation (tack) 285 energy (units) 394 Engler viscosity cups 315, 366 entanglements 39, 216 epoxy resins 79, 82, 187, 195, 201 equilibrium shear compliance 117 equilibrium shear modulus 128 equilibrium stress 126 eraser gums 91, 124, 169 ERF (electro-rheological fluids) 268 esterification 168, 195 ethanol (viscosity) 28 Euclidean bodies 357, 372, 377 extensional rheology/viscosity 281 extensometers 307 extraction (oil) 226 extrusion 23, 99, 107, 301, 324, 329f Eyring/Prandtl/Ree model function 60, 373 F Fahrenheit, degrees (unit) 359, 394 falling-ball viscometers 297, 334 falling-needle viscometers 297 falling-rod viscometers 297 fats 158, 197, 220, 256 feel, mouth/skin 101, 280 feel, mouth/skin (tribology) 289 ferro-fluids 268 fiber-reinforced materials 92, 266, 307ff fibers (in dispersions) 49, 262 fibers 267, 283 Fikentscher K-value 322 filled polymers 169 filling process 25 films (tensile tests) 282f, 307ff finger test 101, 292 firmness 300 fitting functions (flow curves) 58 fitting functions (viscosity/temperature) 83 flag impeller spindles 260 flexibility 173, 201 flexure testers 308 flocculation point 83 Index flooding process (oil) 226 flotation 31, 226, 171 flow activation energy 84 flow behavior 21 flow behavior, ideally viscous 29 flow behavior, Newtonian 29 flow behavior, pressure-dependent 85 flow behavior, shear-thickening 44, 59, 157 flow behavior, shear-thinning 38, 59, 65, 157 flow behavior, temperature-dependent 80 flow behavior, time-dependent 68 flow behavior, viscoelastic 97 flow birefringence (rheo-optics) 231, 275 flow (bowl, channel, trough) 295 flow cups 296, 310 flow curves 29, 34, 57 flow curves, fitting functions 58 flow dichroism (rheo-optics) 231, 275 flow (horizontal plane) 292 flow improver (oil) 226 flow (inclined plane) 294 flow-induced crystallization 47, 198, 283 flow instabilities 47, 238, 244, 251, 313 flow instabilities (flow cups) 313 flow point 152 flow point (Daniel, pigment pastes) 291 flow point (onset of pumping) 154, 185 flow point testing (guideline) 351, 354 flow pressure (ceramics) 301 flow pressure (Kesternich) 300 flow profile 48, 231, 278 flow, pulsing 211 flow rate ratio, FRR (MVR) 326 flow resistance 29, 359 flow stress 152, 172 flow testers (adhesives) 294, 301 flow transition index (amplitude sweep) 153 flow (vertical plane) 294 fluctuation (surfactants) 68, 217, 227 fluidity 27, 295, 302 fluidometer 295 fluids 26, 140, 147, 355 fluorescence (rheo-optics) 273 foams 71, 149, 158, 225 foams, metallic 179 food 23, 25, 91, 101, 147, 169, 197f, 220, 225, 256, 260, 262, 280, 282, 295, 300 food (tack) 284 food (tribology) 289 forced oscillation 309 Ford viscosity cups 315, 369 formograph (dairy gelation) 304 Fourier transform (FFT) 157, 340 fracture fluids (oil) 226 free flow (coatings) 294 423 free oscillation 309, 335 freeze-thaw-cycle tests 198 freezing point 81, 197 frequency (unit) 394 frequency-dependence (amplitude sweeps) 149, 154 frequency sweeps 159, 284 frequency sweeps (guideline) 351 frequency/temperature shift 203 friction behavior (tribology) 287 fruit juices 23, 28, 225 fuels 23, 82, 198, 304 functional coatings 220, 382 G Gallenkamp torsion viscometer 302 gap setting 124, 244, 251, 263 gap setting, trimming 153 Gardner/Holdt bubble viscometer 296 gases 26, 28, 85 gasoline 28, 82 gelatine gels 169, 300, 364 gelation index (GI) 82, 302 gelation point (oils, low temp.) 82, 302 gelation process 185f gelation test (20 buildup) 301 gelation temperature 82, 200 gelation testing (guideline) 352f gelation time 79, 186, 266 gelation time (falling ball test) 298 gelation time (glass rod test) 292, 302 gelation time (hot plate test) 292 gelation time (temperature increase) 292 gellants 147 gel-like state 54, 140f, 147, 227f, 351f, 355 gel point 79, 82, 140, 148, 186, 200 gels 50, 71f, 91, 109, 123, 135, 147, 149, 158, 170f, 173, 195, 197, 221, 252, 256, 260, 298 gel shoe soles 105 gel stability 172 gel strength 300, 351, 355 gel structure (via rheol additives) 64 gel tester (Säverborn) 302 geological materials 262 Gibson falling ball viscometer 297 GI temperature 82, 302 glare (composite material) 267 glass 92, 186, 197, 201, 373 glass capillary viscometers 296, 315 glass-fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) 266 glass transition temperature 191, 193, 195, 197, 353 glassy state (polymers) 166, 186 glues 38 G-modulus 91, 136, 139 G-modulus, values (table) 91f 424 Index G’’ peak (amplitude sweeps) 149 grease 23, 70, 101, 149, 153, 197, 256, 292, 298ff, 303, 329, 369 grease (tribology) 289 Greek alphabet 391 Greek characters 389 growth curve, stress/viscosity 282 guideline (rheological tests) 349 gummy bears 91, 169 gums 91, 124 Gurp/Palmen plot 164 H Hagen/Poiseuille relation 25, 312, 318, 327, 331, 333, 361 haptic properties 280, 289 hardening process 79, 82, 185, 200 hardening testing (guideline) 352f hardness 300 hard rubbers 91, 169 HASE (associative thickener) 224 heating rate 189, 345 heli-path system 257 helical stirrers 262 Hencky strain, strain rate 281, 370 Herschel/Bulkley model function 63, 371 HEUR (associative thickener) 224 high-pressure capillary viscometers 300f, 329, 332 high-shear cylinder measuring systems 241 high-shear range 43 high-shear viscosity (falling-rod) 297 high-shear viscosity (ICI CP viscometer) 247 high-speed coating process 23 Hooke’s law 93, 118, 129, 136, 147, 265, 283, 341, 359 Höppler (falling ball viscometers) 334, 373 horizontal shift factor (WLF) 204 hotmelts 28, 109, 187 HS measuring systems 241 HTHS viscosity 303, 332 hybrid materials 200, 223, 266, 382 hydration shell 66, 276 hydro-colloids 66, 147 hydro-dynamic friction (tribology) 289 hydro-dynamic radius 67, 276 hydro-gels/hydro-sols 158, 221, 225, 280 hydrogen bridges 54 hydro-philic/hydro-phobic 213 hydro-static pressure 40, 312, 318 hysteresis area 76 I ICA test method (chocolate melts) 36 ice (modulus) 91 ice cream 197, 225 ICI CP viscometer 247 ideally elastic behavior 93, 110, 124, 136, 156 ideally viscous flow behavior 29, 59, 111, 125, 138, 157, 226, 311, 315 imaginary part (complex viscosity) 142 immobilization (suspensions) 268 impact-like loading 23 inclined channel test (ICT) 295 inclined plane test (IPT) 294 incremental encoder 342 incubation time (rubbers) 306 induction heating 345 inelastic 54 infinite-shear viscosity 41, 44, 60 inherent viscosity 319 injection moulding 23, 370 inks 101, 294, 297f instantaneous shear compliance 117 instantaneous shear modulus 128 instruments 291 interaction forces 44, 54, 171, 228, 357 interactions, thermally reversible 196 interfacial behavior 280 interfacial rheology 214, 226, 278 intrinsic viscosity (IV) 320, 334, 372 inverse mastercurve (WLF) 208 inverse micelles (emulsions) 222 IOCCC test method (chocolate melts) 63 ISO cups 311 ISO measuring systems 235, 242, 380 ISO shear rates 34 ISO standards (list) 375, 407 ISO viscosity classification (lubricants) 317 isothermal curing 79, 185 isotropic properties 267, 273 IV-value (intrinsic viscosity) 320, 334 J Jacobs falling ball viscometer 297 jam 262 jelly babies 23, 91, 169 juices 23, 28 K Kasumeter 296 Keesom forces 54, 367 Kelvin (temperature unit) 394 Kelvin/Voigt model 102, 113, 115, 119, 364 Kesternich method (grease) 300 ketchups 50, 70, 71 kinematic viscosity 27, 310, 315, 394 kneading process 23 Kramer shear cell 300 Krebs spindles 259 Index Krebs units (KU) 260 Krieger/Dougherty model function 61, 376 K-value (Fikentscher) 322 L lamellae (surfactants) 217 laminar flow 21, 25, 31, 314, 335 laminates 263, 282f, 307ff LAOS tests 157 Laray falling rod viscometer 297 large amplitude tests (LAOS) 157 large particles (dispersions) 262 laser (rheo-optics) 270 latex dispersions 67, 72, 223, 226 lattice dislocation 55 layer thickness 56, 76, 79, 82, 182, 187 lecithin 213, 222 Lehmann cups 315 leveling (coatings) 23, 57, 76, 79, 82, 182, 187, 210, 294 light scattering (SALS, rheo-optics) 275 lightweight materials (solids) 179, 187, 267 limiting viscosity number (LVN) 320, 334, 372 limit of the LVE range 118, 128, 148f linear-elastic range 51, 90, 93, 147 linear-shear testers 308 linear viscoelastic (LVE) range 146 linear-viscous behavior 147 lipophilic/lipophobic 213 liposomes (surfactants) 219 lipstick 50 liquid bath (temperature control) 345, 366 liquid crystals 218, 231, 273 liquid soaps 71, 225 liquid state 85, 140, 147, 355 Lissajous diagrams 156, 378 loam 56 Lodge/Meissner relation 107 Lodge stressmeter 330 logarithmic viscosity number 319 London forces 54, 372 long-chain branching (LCB, polymers) 165, 283f long-term behavior 23, 121, 132, 159, 203 long-term stability (dispersions) 171 long-term stability (guideline) 355 loss angle 139 loss factor 140, 142, 169, 284 loss factor (dielectric) 279 loss modulus 140, 284 lotions 23, 49, 91, 147, 172 low-pressure capillary viscometers 324 low-shear range 41, 151, 160 low-shear viscosity (Brookfield) 258, 260 low-viscosity liquids 135, 238, 241, 244, 248, 251, 311 425 LTHS viscosity 303 LTLS viscosity 302 lubricants 82, 85, 198, 231, 304, 332, 369 lubricating greases 23, 70, 101, 149, 153, 197, 256, 287, 292, 298ff, 303 lubrication (tribology) 289 luminescence (rheo-optics) 273 LVE range 118, 128, 146, 151 LVE range (shear strain values) 149 lyotropic behavior 221 M macro-molecules 39, 44, 112, 126, 161, 190, 193f, 370, 372 magnesium 179 magneto-rheological fluids (MRF) 267, 375 Malcolm spiral-pump viscometer 303 margarine 50, 225 Mark/Houwink relation 320, 373 marmalade 262 Marshall apparatus 308 Marsh funnel 315 master curve (WLF) 118, 129, 168, 204 matrix resins 266 Matthis fluidometer 295 maximum particle size 245, 251 Maxwellian behavior 99, 161, 164, 171, 209 Maxwell model 97, 113, 127, 363 mayonnaise 50, 222, 225, 289 mean shear rate, stress (PP system) 249 measuring point duration 36, 74, 181 measuring systems 233 measuring systems (guideline) 349 medical products 91, 198, 225, 256, 268, 274, 289 medium shear viscosity (MSV) 260 melt flow index (MFI) 329 melt flow rate (MFR) 325 melt fracture 107, 284, 330 melting point 83 melting temperature 81, 193, 197, 200, 353 melts 149 melt volume-flow index (MVI) 329 melt volume-flow rate (MVR) 326 membranes 149, 187, 218f ME measuring systems 254 metallic foams 179 metals 55, 92, 179, 266 metals (tribology) 289 meta-stable superstructure 216 MFI (melt flow index) 329 MFR (melt mass-flow rate) 300, 325 micelles 214 micro-capsules 198, 220 micro-cracks 150, 265 426 Index micro falling-ball viscometers 297, 334 microscopy (rheo-optics) 44, 49, 231, 274, 359 micro-structures 64, 213, 269 milk 28 mineral oils 18, 23, 28f, 70, 82, 85ff, 129, 220, 256, 302ff, 332 mineral oils (tribology) 289 minimum viscosity 79, 82, 187, 201 mini-rotary viscometer (MRV) 302 mirror relation 379 mixing (shear rates) 23 model functions (flow curves) 59 modulus of elasticity 90f Mohr’s circle 365 moisture content 280 molar mass 39, 42, 116, 161f, 167, 321, 323 molar mass distribution (MMD) 119, 122, 130, 134, 161, 165 molar mass (via capillary viscometer) 319 monolayer (surfactants) 214 Mooney/Ewart measuring systems 254, 373 Mooney shearing disk viscometer 305, 309, 372 mortars 262 mouth sensation 101, 280 mouth sensation (tribology) 289 mPas (milli-pascal-seconds, unit) 27, 394 MRF (magneto-rheological fluids) 267 mud flow 55, 261f, 293, 295 multi-component systems (dispersions) 223 multi-lamellar (surfactants) 218 multi-layer compounds (solids) 267 multi-wave test 174 MVR (melt volume-flow rate) 300, 326 normal stress difference, coefficient 107, 330 normal stresses 102, 106 nose spray aerosols 23 N P nano-composites 47, 200, 382 nano-meters (nm) 391 nano-structures 64, 213, 269 necking (tensile tests) 281 needle penetration test 298, 366 network bridges 186, 194, 200, 223 network-in-a-network structure 201 network of forces 54, 171, 216, 228 neutron scattering (SANS, rheo-optics) 277 Newton model function 59 Newton’s law 29, 138, 147, 359 NLGI consistency numbers (grease) 299 NL range (non-linear) 157 NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) 280 no-flow point 83 non-linear behavior 118, 129, 157, 173 non-resonance oscillation 309 normal force control (NFC) 124, 251, 263 normal forces 107, 244, 251, 284, 287 paddle-shaped spindles 259 painting process 23f, 101 paints 23f, 71, 101, 210, 226, 247, 259, 294ff, 311, 369 panta rhei (rheology) 371 paper coatings 23, 44, 46, 268, 332, 360 paraffin oil 70 paraffins 82, 198f parallel-plate measuring systems 248 partially crystalline materials 192, 273 particle concentration 45 particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) 231, 278 particles (shape) 49 particle size 26, 245, 251, 261 particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) 231, 278 Pas (pascalseconds, unit) 27, 394 Pascalian fluids 358, 372, 377 pastes 23, 44, 48, 50, 71f, 91, 135, 141, 147, 231, 248, 260, 292, 298, 303 paste spindles 260 O offset printing inks 101, 147, 155, 173, 297, 368 offset yield strength (tensile test) 307 OICC test method (chocolate melts) 62 oil 18, 23, 28f, 70, 82, 85ff, 129, 220, 256, 296f, 302ff, 332, 364 oil (extraction) 211, 226 oil (tribology) 289 ointments 23, 25, 49, 91, 222 onset of curing 185, 200 onset of gelation 185 open time (resins) 80, 186, 266 operation torque (tribology) 288 optics 270 orange peel 284, 330 organo-gels/organo-sols 221 organo-silanes 200 ORO tests (thixotropy) 183 oscillating disk curemeters (ODC) 306 oscillating piston viscometer 306 oscillation, damped 309 oscillation, forced 309 oscillation, free 309 oscillation, non-resonance 309 oscillatory rheometers 335 oscillatory tests 135, 283 oscillatory tests (guideline) 351 Ostwald capillary viscometers 316, 366 Ostwald/de Waele model function 59, 370 Index Payne torsion wire viscometer 302 PCI procedures (powder coats) 292, 294 PDMS 19, 23, 28, 50, 100, 124f, 130, 147, 159, 190, 251, 253 pellets 252 Peltier elements 345 penetration grades (asphalt) 299 penetrometers 298, 308, 366 pen-number 299 perception (tribology) 289 permittivity (dielectric analysis) 279 persistence length (surfactants) 215 petrol 28 pharmaceuticals 49, 91, 101, 147, 198, 225, 256, 280, 289 phase change materials (PCM) 198 phase separation 55, 72, 159, 171, 198, 227 phase shift angle 139 Philipps/Deutsch model function 61 phospho-lipids (surfactants) 218 phosphorescence (rheo-optics) 273 physical-chemical bonds 54, 149, 171, 196, 216, 228, 276 pigment pastes (wet point, flow p.) 48, 291 pin spindles 256, 260 pipeline flow 23, 25, 55 PIV (particle imaging velocimetry) 231, 278 plasters 23, 56, 71, 198, 262 plastic behavior 31, 54, 149, 159, 255, 260, 299 plastic deformation 89, 136 plasticine 18, 56, 99 plasticity index (PI) 62 plasticity testers 301 plasticizer 44, 92, 196 plastics (tribology) 289 plastic viscosity (Bingham) 62 plastic-viscous 54 plastisols 23, 44, 46, 50, 72, 75, 154, 301, 329 plasto-elastic 55, 299, 375 plastometers 329 plateau value (frequency sweep) 161, 165 plateau value (relaxation test) 128 plateau value (zero-shear viscosity) 41, 230 plate-plate measuring systems 248 plug flow 55f Pochettino viscometer 297 poises (unit) 27, 394 Poiseuille relation 25, 312, 318, 361 Poisson’s ratio 91, 284, 361 polar geometrical moment of inertia 265 polarization (rheo-optics) 270 polar molecules 213 polar section modulus 265 polyacrylate (thickener) 66 polymer blends 194 polymer dispersions (water-based) 67, 223 polymer macrolecules 39, 112, 126, 190, 193f, 370, 372 427 polymer matrix 280 polymer melts 23, 28, 38, 84, 100f, 135, 147, 149, 178, 189f, 209, 246, 251, 253, 273, 282 polymer melts (high-pressure cap viscom.) 329 polymer melts (MVR, MFR, MFI) 324 polymer-modified bitumen 177, 380 polymers 23, 91 polymers, amorphous 190 polymers (branching) 164, 283 polymers, cross-linked 109, 123, 149, 168, 194 polymers, filled 169, 197, 280 polymer solution (rheol additive) 66 polymer solutions 29, 38, 100f, 135, 147, 149, 209, 273, 319, 332, 334 polymers, partially crystalline 192 polymers, semi-crystalline 193 polymers, solid 23, 91, 150, 263 polymers, surfactant-like 223 polymers, unlinked 39, 48, 109, 123, 147, 149, 161, 164, 169f, 190, 192 polymer testing (guideline) 351, 353 polynomials (flow curve fitting) 64 position sensor (rheometer) 342 pot life (resins) 80, 186, 266 pour point (petrochemicals) 82, 198 powder coatings 292, 294, 377 power-law (flow curve fitting) 59, 370 PP measuring systems 248 Prandtl/Reuss model function 55, 370 prepregs (resins) 149, 186, 266 pre-shearing 35, 70 pressure-dependent flow 85 pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA, tack) 286 pressurized capillary viscometers 324 primary bonds 54, 194 printing inks 23, 71, 101, 147, 155, 173, 220, 269, 292, 295, 297, 357, 360 printing inks (tack) 284 printing pastes 50 profiled measuring systems 240, 253, 255 PSA (pressure-sensitive adhesives, tack) 286 pseudoplastic behavior 38, 371 pseudoplastic index (PPI) 39 pseudo yield value (falling rod) 297 PTV (particle tracking velocimetry) 231, 278 puddings 91 pulsing flow 211 pumping process 25, 154, 185 putties 19, 50 Pythagoras relation (vector diagrams) 141f R rate of build-up (RBU) 78, 301 rate of deformation 22, 90, 116 428 rate of extrusion (RoE) 301 ratio of the radii (cylinder system) 236 Ravenfield viscometer 303 raw data (oscillatory tests) 144 raw data (rotational tests) 33f reactive resins 79, 82, 91, 186f, 195, 200 real part (complex viscosity) 142 recovery 75, 112, 142, 182, 307 recovery compliance 117 rectangular torsion bars 263 reduced angular frequency 204 reduced viscosity 319 Redwood viscometers 315 reflow effect (coatings) 220 reformation curve (creep test) 115 refraction of light (rheo-optics) 271 regeneration, structural 73, 180 regression models (flow curves) 59 Reiner/Philippoff model function 61, 377 reinforced materials 92, 266, 307ff relative measuring systems 56, 255 relative torque values 237, 255, 341 relative values 291 relative viscosity (cap viscometer) 319 relative viscosity values 70, 255, 258, 260, 315, 328, 331, 334 relaxation 126 relaxation modulus 128 relaxation tests 123, 283 relaxation time 129, 228 relaxation time spectrum 130 representative shear rate, stress, viscosity 237 resins 35, 79f, 82, 91f, 149, 169, 186f, 195, 200f, 220, 251, 266, 292ff, 308ff retardation 112, 119 retardation time 118 retardation time spectrum 119 reverse flow (capillary viscometers) 316 reversible deformation behavior 140 reversible elastic range 52, 90 Reynolds number (Re) 25, 47, 239, 313, 335, 365 rheo chaos 229 rheograms 29, 379 rheological additives 64, 141 rheologists (history) 357 rheology 17, 367, 371 rheometers 335, 337 rheometer set-ups 337 rheometry 18 rheo-optics 48, 231, 269 rheopectic behavior 71, 179, 184 rigidity 90, 94, 117, 136, 147, 170, 172, 201, 203 ring-and-ball method (R&B) 298 road tar viscometers 315 rod climbing effect 101, 107 Index rolling-ball test 298 rolling (coatings) 23f, 101 rolling friction (ball bearing) 288 rotational rheometers 335 rotational speed 339, 342, 393 rotational tests 33 rotational tests (guideline) 349 rotors (spindles) 256 rotothinner 258 roughness (PP system) 248 rovings (resins) 266 rubber balls 102, 169 rubber buffers 104 rubber-elastic plateau 165 rubber-elastic region 193 rubbers 23, 45, 91f, 102, 147, 149, 168, 194f, 208, 252, 256, 280, 282, 305, 307ff, 363, 367, 371 rubbing in (creams) 23, 49, 289 S SAE-viscosity classification (lubricants) 317 sagging (coatings) 23, 57, 76, 82f, 182, 294 Saint Venant model 54, 362, 377 salad dressings 91, 147, 172, 222 SALS (light scattering, rheo-optics) 231, 275 sandblasted surfaces 240, 253, 255 sandwich construction 267 SANS (neutron scattering, rheo-optics) 277 SAOS tests 155 sauces 260, 262 Säverborn gel tester 302 SAXS (X-ray scattering, rheo-optics) 231, 276 Saybolt universal/S Furol viscometers 315 scattering of light/neutrons (rheo-optics) 272, 275ff scorch time (rubbers) 306 sealants 50, 56, 71, 75, 91, 154, 169, 220, 282, 301, 329 sealants (tribology) 289 seam sealants (plastisols) 75, 154, 169 Searle method 233, 368 secant modulus (LAOS) 157 secant modulus (tensile test) 307 secant viscosity (LAOS) 158 secondary bonds 54, 196 secondary flow effects 47, 238, 244, 251, 255, 313 sedimentation 23, 25, 171 self-assembling monolayer (SAM) 214 self-healing coatings 220 self-leveling coatings 23 self-organization (surfactants) 214, 227 semi-crystalline polymers 193 semi-solid matters 50, 147, 158, 198, 222, 261, 280, 282, 298, 300 sensation, mouth/skin 49, 101, 280 sensation, mouth/skin (tribology) 289 Index separated motor transducer (SMT) 338 separation 45, 55, 72, 159, 171, 198, 226f, 230, 262 separation energy (tack) 285 serrated surfaces 253, 255 set-to-touch time (coatings) 293 settling process 25, 171 Severs extrusion rheometer 329 shampoo 38, 46, 225, 228 shark skin 284, 330 shear-banding 31, 56, 229f shear conditions 21, 89, 135 shear deformation 89 shear gradient 22 shear-heating 31, 69, 104, 242, 251, 330, 333 shear-induced crystallization 47, 198 shear-induced effects 72, 184, 227, 229f shearing disk viscometer (Mooney) 305, 309, 372 shear modulus 90 shear modulus, complex 136, 139 shear modulus, values (table) 91f shear rate 22, 90, 312, 318, 328, 331, 333 shear rate (calculation via strain) 143, 151, 160 shear rate control 33, 144, 339 shear rate, mean (PP system) 249 shear rate, representative (CC system) 237 shear rate values (ISO 3219) 34 shear rate values (table) 23 shear-softening (LAOS) 157 shear-stiffening (LAOS) 157 shear strain 89, 136 shear strain control 144, 339 shear strain values (LVE range) 149 shear stress 22, 136, 312, 318, 327, 331, 333 shear stress control 34, 144, 338 shear stress, mean (PP system) 249 shear stress, representative (CC system) 237 shear-thickening 47 shear-thickening flow behavior 44, 59, 157, 229 shear-thickening (LAOS) 157 shear-thickening, time-dependent 46 shear-thinning flow behavior 38, 59, 65, 157, 226 shear-thinning index 38 shear-thinning (LAOS) 157 shear-thinning, time-dependent 38 shear viscosity 27, 394 shear viscosity, apparent 38 sheetings 282ff, 307ff sheet-like micelles (surfactants) 217, 227 Shell flow cups 315 shift factor (viscosity/pressure) 86 shift factor (viscosity/temperature) 84, 204 shock absorbers 30, 105 shortness factor (falling rod) 297 short-term behavior 133, 159, 168, 203 shrinkage 252, 263, 269 429 SHRP method (asphalt) 177, 380 silane chemistry 186, 200, 382 silica 141, 147, 375 silicone oils 29 silicone rubbers 102, 195 silicones 19, 23, 28, 50, 102, 124f, 130, 147, 159, 169, 190, 251, 253 single head rheometers 338 sinusoidal strain function 136 Sisko model function 61, 376 SI system (units) 376 sliding behavior (tribology) 287 slip stick (tribology) 288 slit die rheometers 329f, 332 sludge 56, 226, 262, 302 slump test 293 slurries 293, 302 small amplitude tests (SAOS) 155 smart fluids 7, 45, 220, 226 soap 56, 71, 225 softening behavior 81, 190, 197, 203 softening point (ring and ball) 298 soft gap setting 251 soft matters 91, 158, 222, 261, 282 soil flow 55, 262, 295 solder pastes 300, 303 sol/gel process (silanes) 186, 382 sol/gel transition point 140, 186, 228, 352 sol/gel transition temperature 200, 353 solid friction (tribology) 288 solidification temperature 81, 83, 197f solid materials 23, 85, 90f, 102, 111, 125, 135, 147, 149f, 168, 189, 252, 262, 273, 284 solid state 140, 147 solid-tack tests 284 solid torsion bars 262 solifluction 55, 262 sol-state 140, 147, 186, 200, 221 solvents 29 solvent trap 240, 247, 253 sound insulation 104 specific viscosity 319 specimens (solid bars) 263 spherical micelles 215 spherical spindles 258 spindles 256 spinning process 23, 100, 281 spray coatings 23, 91, 172 spreading 23, 292f spring model 93f stability, mechanical 147, 154, 171ff, 184 stability, thermal 178, 198 Stabinger viscometer (SVM) 304 standard geometry (cylinders) 235 standard oils (viscosity) 29 430 standards 407, 409, 414, 417 starch 44, 91, 147, 170, 193, 195 starch stirrer 262 start torque (tribology) 287 start-up effect 31, 36, 53, 69 static friction (tribology) 287 Staudinger function, index 319f, 334, 370 steady-state behavior 114f, 127 steady-state viscosity 31, 36 steel 18, 91, 93, 179, 273 Steiger/Ory model function 60, 377 step strain test 123 step tests (thixotropy) 72, 179 stickiness 141, 284 stiffness 300 stirrer (measuring geometry) 262 stirring process 23, 100 Stokes’ sedimentation law 25, 362 stokes (unit) 28, 394 stone 91, 273 storage modulus 140, 284 strain-induced crystallization 283f strain rate 22, 90 strain, shear 89, 136 strain-stiffening (tensile tests) 283f strain sweep 146 strain, tensile 93, 283, 307 stress-free contact 252, 263 stressmeter 330 stress relaxation test 123 stress, shear 22, 136, 312, 318, 327, 331, 333 stress sweep 146 stress, tensile 93, 282, 307 stretch tests 283, 307 Stribeck curve (tribology) 288 stringiness 49, 101, 141, 184, 286 structural decomposition 70, 154, 178 structural regeneration (recovery) 70, 178, 228 structural strength 170ff, 174, 177, 184, 355 structure recovery index (SRI) 75 subsidience 55 super-elastic materials 149 super-position principle (Boltzmann) 120, 130, 364 super-position (rotation & oscillation) 210 surface effects 244 surfactants 46, 50, 56, 67, 164, 213 suspensions 25, 49, 71, 149, 368 swallowing 23, 101 swell ratio 100 symbols 383 syneresis 173 system thickeners 224, 226 Index T tacho-generator 342 tackiness 49, 101, 141, 284, 300 tack test 284 tangent method (LVE range) 148 tangent methods (yield point) 52 tangent modulus (LAOS) 157 tangent viscosity (LAOS) 158 tapered bearing simulator (TBS) 303 tapered plug viscometer (TPV) 303 Taylor number (Ta), vortices 47, 229, 238f, 370 T-bar spindle 257f temperature calibration sensor 252, 262 temperature control systems 344 temperature-dependent behavior 80, 188, 284 temperature-dependent behavior (guideline) 351, 353 temperature equilibration 35, 70, 153f, 184 temperature gradient 252, 262, 347 temperature-invariant mastercurve 204 temperature shift factor (Arrhenius) 84 temperature shift factor (WLF) 204 temperature units (conversion) 394 temporary network 163, 196, 216, 227f tenderness 300 tensile energy to break (TEB) 307 tensile force (solid bars) 263 tensile modulus 91 tensile strain 93, 283, 307 tensile strain rate 280, 307 tensile strength at break 307 tensile stress 93, 282, 307 tensile tests 280 tension testers 307 texture analysers 300 thermal expansion 252, 263 thermal-stability (emulsions) 198 thermal-stability time (polymers) 178, 190 thermo-analysis (TA) 202 thermo-forming 23 thermo-gravimetry (TG) 202 thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA) 202 thermo-plastic elastomers (TPE) 192, 194, 196 thermo-rheologically simple 83, 203 thermosets 149, 168, 186, 189, 194, 266 thermostats 345, 366 thermo-tropic behavior 221 thickeners 64, 225 thixo-forming 179 thixotropic area 77 thixotropic behavior 70, 178, 228 thixotropy (Gallenkamp) 302 thixotropy (inclined plane) 294 thixotropy index (TI) 39, 75, 78 thixotropy (spreading) 293 Index thixotropy (term) 70, 370f thixotropy testing (guideline) 350, 352, 355 three-dimensional diagrams 57, 146, 155, 161 tile adhesives 262 time-dependent behavior 68, 176, 284 time-dependent behavior (guideline) 350, 352 time/temperature shift 203 tires 91, 104, 169, 363, 367, 371 tissue engineering 105, 158, 218, 225, 274 TMA (thermo-mechanical analysis) 202 toothpastes 23, 49f, 225 torque 338, 341, 392 torque tester (greases) 303 torsional geometrical moment of inertia 264 torsional section modulus 264 torsion bars 262 torsion-pendulum method 309 torsion testers 309 torsion tests 262 torsion wire viscometers 302 toughness 300, 307 transient behavior 31, 36, 53, 69, 74, 114f, 127, 181, 282 transient extensional viscosity 282 transient shear viscosity 36, 74, 282 transient viscosity peak 37 transport stability 173 triangle functions 159 tribology 287 trident spindle (grease) 303 trimming (gap setting) 153 Trouton relation 280, 368 true gap function 252, 263 true strain rate (tensile tests) 281 Tscheuschner model function 64 TTS (time/temperature shift) 203 tube flow 25, 55 turbo-viskosimeter 370 turbulent flow 47, 70, 238, 244, 251, 255, 260, 313 turbulent flow (flow cups) 313 turbulent flow (high-pressure cap viscom.) 333 turbulent flow (water) 48 two-plates model 21, 31, 36, 49, 56, 89, 106, 135 U Ubbelohde capillary viscometers 316, 367 underseal (plastisol) 75, 154 uni-lamellar (surfactants) 217 units, conversion table 391 UV curing 269, 378, 381 UV radiation 187 V van-der-Waals forces 54, 364 vane spindles 260 van Gurp/Palmen plot (vGP) 164 varnishes 147, 173, 220, 294, 297f vaseline 149, 197, 256 vector diagrams (complex parameters) 141, 142 velocity gradient 22, 24 velocity profile (flow) 48, 231, 278 vertical shift factor (WLF) 207 vesicles 219 vibrating viscometers 304 vibration damping 104 Vinogradov/Malkin model function 61 visco-balance 300 viscoelastic behavior 97, 111, 125, 138, 157, 227 viscoelastic liquids 92, 99, 111, 125, 161, 228, 281 viscoelastic solids 28, 103, 111, 125, 147, 201, 228 viscometers 337 visco-plastic 54 viscosity 26 viscosity, acoustic 305 viscosity, apparent 38, 45 viscosity, Bingham 61 viscosity, blind 143 viscosity, Brookfield 258 viscosity, complex 142 viscosity, conversion of units 394 viscosity curves 29 viscosity curves, fitting functions 58 viscosity, dynamic 27, 143 viscosity, effective 143 viscosity, extensional 281 viscosity functions 57 viscosity, imaginary part 142 viscosity index VI (petrochemicals) 323, 372 viscosity, infinite-shear 41, 44, 60 viscosity, inherent 319 viscosity, intrinsic (IV) 320 viscosity, kinematic 27 viscosity, limiting v number (LVN) 320 viscosity, minimum 79, 82, 187, 201 viscosity number (VN) 319 viscosity/pressure coefficient, shift factor 86 viscosity, pressure-dependent 85 viscosity ratio (VR) 38, 78, 297, 319 viscosity, real part 142 viscosity, reduced 319 viscosity, relative 319 viscosity, relative change of v 70, 319 viscosity relative increment 319 viscosity, relative values 255, 258, 260 viscosity, representative 237 viscosity, shear 27 viscosity, specific 319 viscosity standard oils 29 viscosity, steady-state 36 viscosity, temperature-dependent 80 431 432 Index viscosity/temperature shift factor (Arrhenius) 84 viscosity/temperature shift factor (WLF) 204 viscosity, time-dependent 68 viscosity, transient 36, 74 viscosity units 394 viscosity values (table) 28 viscosity, zero-shear 23, 28, 37, 41, 58, 60, 84, 86, 116, 147, 162, 209, 226 visco-spatula 294 viscous behavior 140, 142, 358 viscous shear-heating 31, 69, 104, 151, 242, 251, 330, 333 viscous shear-thickening (LAOS) 157 viscous shear-thinning (LAOS) 157 visualization 44, 48f, 269 vitrification (resins) 186 Voigt model 102, 367 Volodkevich bite jaws 300 volume fraction 45, 268 volume flow rate 25, 392 volume flow rate (MVR) 328 volume-specific surface 49 vortices 47, 239 vulcanization 305f W wallpaper paste 23, 29 wall slip 21, 31, 45, 50, 55, 72, 89, 136, 159, 230, 240, 253, 255, 261f Warner/Bratzler blade 300 water 19, 26, 28f, 48, 81, 86, 100, 125, 129, 197, 239f, 280, 314 water-based systems 64, 223, 373, 378, 380f water bath (temperature control) 345, 366 wave lengths 270, 272f wax appearance point 83 waxes 56, 82, 99, 149, 197f, 220, 256, 298f, 307, 374 WAXS (X-ray scattering, rheo-optics) 276 wear behavior (tribology) 287 Weissenberg effect 100, 107, 240, 244, 251, 375 wet point (Daniel, pigment pastes) 291 wet-tack tests 284 Williamson model function 64, 372 Windhab model function 63 whitening effect (emulsions) 49 WLF relation 205, 376 wood adhesives 252 wooden PP measuring system 252 worm-like micelles 47, 215, 228 X xero-gels 187 X-ray scattering (SAXS, rheo-optics) 276 Y yield point 49f, 56, 61, 64, 151, 171, 230 yield point (Bingham) 61 yield point (Casagrande) 295 yield point (falling rod) 297 yield point (gelation test) 301 yield point (inclined channel) 295 yield point (inclined plane) 294 yield point (Kasumeter) 296 yield point (mini-rotary) 83, 303 yield point (penetration) 299 yield point (slump) 293 yield point testing (guideline) 350f, 354 yield point (vane spindle) 261 yield strength (tensile test) 307 yield stress 50, 151 yield value 50 yield zone 53, 152 yogurt 23, 50, 71, 225, 260 Young’s modulus 91, 361 Z Zahn flow cups 315 zero-normal stress coefficient 107 zero-shear viscosity 23, 28, 37, 41, 58, 60, 84, 86, 116, 147, 162, 209, 226 zero-shear viscosity (guideline) 350, 352, 355 The Mission: Extremely practical coverage of the mathematical and physical principles behind rheology – from flow properties to viscoelastic behavior to taking actual measurements and interpreting them correctly To provide a sound basis for learning about the principles of rheology and successfully applying them The Audience: Beginners with no previous knowledge of rheology, as well as advanced users seeking to refresh their knowledge and find out about the latest developments For all those who seek a deeper understanding of rheology or who simply want a reference book for their daily work The Value: This book describes the principles of rheology clearly, vividly and in practical terms The third edition of this standard work has been expanded to include the rheology of additives in water-based dispersions and surfactant systems Not only is it a great reference book, it can also serve as a textbook for studying the theory behind the methods ISBN 978-3-86630-650-9 ... measured The shorter the selected measuring point duration in the low-shear range, the lower are the -values determined in this range, and the higher are the shear rate values at the occurrence of the. .. through the dispersion 2) Pulling the rod very quickly, causes the sample to solidify immediately 3) Therefore then, the rod, the plastisol mass, and even the beaker are lifted all together now...Thomas G Mezger The Rheology Handbook For users of rotational and oscillatory rheometers 4th edition Thomas G Mezger: The Rheology Handbook © Copyright 2014 by Vincentz