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Tao hda cho hp dinh: nhan dan Viet Nam khdng he xa la vdi nhung quyen khdng ai cd the xam pham nhirng tu tudng tien bd trong lich sir nhan dugc; trong nhung quyen ay, cd quyen dugc loa[r]
(1)x.^, * N H A N KY NIEM 40 N A M THUC HIEN DI CHUC CUA CHU TICH H CHI M I N H (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009)
HO CHI MINH - NGUdi KHAI SINH NUdC VIET NAM DAN CHU CONG HOA
LE V A N YEN *
Tuyen ngon doc lap Ho Chi Minh viet vd trinh trqng tuyen bo thdnh lap nude Viet Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa vdo ngdy 2-9-1945 tqi quang truong Ba Dinh - Hd Nqi Id bdn Tuyen ngon nhdn quyen vd ddn quyen cua ddn toe Viet Nam Tuyen ngon khong chi khang dinh nhimg nguyen tdc phdp ly ve doc lap ddn toe vd todn ven lanh tho quoc gia, md edn khdng dinh tinh phdp ly ve quyen ddn toe vd quyen co bdn cua ngudi
•O dau ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, nhirng "ldi bat hu" hai ban tuyen ngdn
Hd Chi Minh nhac den tu tudng tren de khang dinh "dd la nhirng le phai _vl dai eiia Thd-mat Giep-pbo-xon khdng ehdi cai dugc", ddng thdi lam co sd Tuyen ngdn ddc lap nam 1776 cua cho nhung ket luan mdi ciia Ngudi Nhac lai nude My, rang: "Tat ca mpi ngudi deu sinh nhung tu tudng tren la Ngudi mudn khang cd quyen binh dang Tao hda cho hp dinh: nhan dan Viet Nam khdng he xa la vdi nhung quyen khdng cd the xam pham nhirng tu tudng tien bd lich sir nhan dugc; nhung quyen ay, cd quyen dugc loai va nhung tu tudng dd da trd gia tri song, quyen tir va quyen muu cau hanh tinh than chung eiia the gidi; nude Viet Nam phirc"^'\ va Ngudi cung nhac den tu tudng hoan toan tan va cd y tudng chung ve cua cae nha triet hpe Phap the ky thir XVIII tinh phap ly cua nhan loai vdi quyen binh Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen dang, quyen sdng, quyen tir va quyen nam 1791 eiia nude Phap, rang: "Ngudi ta muu cau hanh phiic ciia eon ngudi
sinh tir va binh dang vl quyen Igi; va ^et sang tao etia Ho Chi Minh la d chd, phai^ ludn ludn dugc tir va binh dang ve ^^^ ^^ y^^^g ^^^^ q^yg^ ^^^ j ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ quyen Igi"^^) R6 rang, Hd Chi Minh da ^^^-^ j ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^5j ^j^^^g ^^ kheo van dung nhirng dnh hoa cua eac
cude dSu tranh giai phdng dan tdc, giai
, - i_- - -• ' * PCS, TS, Nha Xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia
phong nguoi tren mpt the ky nroi tnioc ^,^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^, ^^.^ ,^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^.^ day ciia nhan lo^i tien bp dugc the hien d Ha Npi, 2002,13, tr 554
(2)Nhan ky niem 40 nam thtre hien Di chiic
cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009) T p p chf C ^ n g s d n
quyen mdi ngirdi ndi rieng, Ngudi cdn "suy rdng ra" va nang len tinh phap ly ve quyen cua tat ca cac dan tdc thdi dai mdi, rang: "tat ca cac dan tdc tren the gidi deu sinh binh dang, dan tdc nao ciing cd quyen sdng, quyen sung strong va quyen tu do"^^^ Dd la ket luan Idgic, hgp ly va danh thep Tir ket luan dd, Tuyen ngdn, Ngudi len an toan dien va ket tdi manh me bpn thirc dan, de qudc xam luge, eii the la thirc dan Phap va phat-xit Nhat da xam pham quyen dan tdc co ban cua Viet Nam va Tuyen ngdn cung khang dinh rang nhan dan Viet Nam da gan gdc dung len danh dd bpn de qudc, phat-xit, bpn phong kien tay sai thi viec lap nen che dp dan chu cdng hda la quyen hoan toan chinh dang eiia dan tdc Viet Nam Cho nen, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Hd Chi Minh tuyen bd xda bd mpi rang budc bat binh dang giira Viet Nam vdi Phap, xda bd tat ca mpi dac quyen, dac Igi etia Phap tren dat nude Viet Nam, dd ciing la dieu hgp le phai, phii hgp vdi tinh phap ly va ly tirdng chung ciia nhan loai tien bd ve quyen ngirdi, ve quyen dan tdc eo ban Viec nang quyen ngudi quyen dan tdc, Hd Chi Minh mudn Iim y cac lue lugng each mang tien bd tren the gidi lue dd cdng nhan quyen ddc lap, tu cua nirdc Viet Nam mdi Ngay Tuyen ngdn, Ngirdi da keu gpi Lien hgp qudc: "Chiing tdi tin rang cac nude Ddng minh da cdng nhan nhiing nguyen tac dan tdc binh dang o eac hdi nghi Te he rang va Ciiu Kim Son quyet khdng the khdng cdng nhan quyen ddc lap eiia dan Viet Nam" *'*l
That ra, tu nam 1938, trudc tinh hinh the gidi va nude bien chuyen nhanh chdng, nguy co ciia cupc chien tranh
• in ; , '
the gidi d8n gan, Hd Chi Minh da suy nghi va nung nau den van menh, tuong lai ciia dan tdc Viet Nam Ngudi da rdi Mat-xco-va len dudng ve nude de lanh dao cdng cupc giai phdng dan tdc Thang 6-1940, bat hen lac dirge vdd Ban Hai ngoai cua Dang d Cdn Minh, Ngudi da trieu tap cupc hpp, cd mdt sd ddng ehi d nude sang, Ngirdi dua nhan dinh: Viec Phap mat nude la co hdi rat thuan Igi cho each mang Viet Nam, ta phai tim mpi each ve nude de tranh thu thdi CO, cham tre liie la cd tdi vdi each mang Vao thdi gian nay, Nguoi trien khai cac hoat ddng qudc te ddn dap nham tranh thu mpi lue lugng, tao vi the phap ly qudc te cho each mang Viet Nam Ngirdi da cir Tran Van Hinh di Dien An de thiet lap mdi quan he qudc te, edn Ngirdi dap may bay len Triing Khanh gap Trung uong Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc de phdi hqp hanh ddng each mang giua hai nude De cd danh nghia boat ddng hgp phap, Ngudi cho lap lai Viet Nam Ddc lap ddng minh, mdt td chire chinh tri chdng de qudc cua ngirdi Viet da cd d day tir nam 1935, nham tranh thu su ung hd ciia nhan dan Trung Qudc va md rdng anh hudng qudc te cua each mang Viet Nam Tnrde ve nude, Ngudd edn dan, phai giir cho dugc td chirc de lien lac vdi qudc te
Tren dudng ve nude, Ngudi da suy nghi tdi viec lap mdt td chirc cd tinh phap ly cho each mang Viet Nam Ngudi ndi vdi mdt ddng chi: "Ta phai nghi d8n viec lap mdt hinh thirc mat tran that rdng rai, cd ten cho thich hgp Viet Nam giai phdng ddng
(3), (4) H5 Chi Minh: Sdd t 3, tr 555 tr 557
(3)Nhan ky niem 40 nam thuc hien Di chuc
cua ChiJ tich Hd Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009) T a p chf C d n g s d n
minh?, Viet Nam phan de ddng minh?, hay Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh?"^^\ Mua xuan nam 1941, Ngudd ve nude true tiep lanh dao each mang Viet Nam Ngirdi lap Mat tran Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh, gpi tat la Viet Minh Trong Chuong trinh Viet Minh Ngudi khdi thao neu rd: Sau danh dudi dugc de qudc, phat-xit Nhat, se lap nen chinh phii nhan dan ciia nirdc Viet Nam Dan ehii Cdng hda, lay cd dd, vang nam canh lam qudc ky Sang nam 1945, tinh hinh the gidi cd nhieu dien bien quan trpng La mpt nha chinh tri sang sudt, Hd Chi Minh rat nhay cam trudc nhiing chieu hudng phirc tap, dan cheo ciia cae lue lugng qudc te vSn dS Ddng Duong, Ngirdi quyet dinh can phai tiep xiie vdi Ddng minh de cd nhung CO sd phap ly can thiet cho each mang Viet Nam quan he qudc te sau Trong nhirng lan tiep xiic vdi dai dien My eiia Ddng minh d Cdn Minh, Ngudi deu ndi rd sir ldn manh, kha nang va thien chi cua Viet Minh; ddng thdi khing dinh cupc dau tranh cua dan tdc Viet Nam cd dia vi phap ly lire lugng Ddng minh the gidi chdng phat-xit Trong ISn Bd Chi huy My d Cdn Minh cu Sac-lo Phen thude td cbirc OSS d8n gap Ngudd, dugc hdi, Ngudi tra ldi: Chi mudn Dong minh cdng nhan td cbirc Viet Minh Gap tudng Se-ndn - Td'ng Chi huy Quan doan khdng quan va Dai sir My d Trung Khanh, dugc hdi Viet Minh cd vui Idng giiip viec td chuc eiru giup nhirng phi cdng Ddng minh bi rod d Ddng Duong khdng, Ngudi tra ldi: Trach nhiem cua nhung ngudd chdng phat-xit la lam tat ea nhung viec ed thd lam dd giup dd Ddng minh Thigu ta Pat-ti thude td chire OSS hdi Ngudi v\ td chirc Viet Minh, Ngudi tra ldi:
Viet Minh khdng phai la don vi ma la mdt bd phan nhan dan Viet Nam, la td chuc ciia cdng nhan, ndng dan boat ddng tai cae dia phuong va cd the lien lac tir Sai Gdn den Cao Bang
Ngay nhirng dien cupc Td'ng khdi nghia Thang Tam nam 1945, nhan danh Uy ban Dan tdc giai phdng cua Mat tran Viet Minh, Hd Chi Minh da yeu cau nha cam quyen Hoa Ky thdng bao cho Lien hgp qudc ung hd Viet Nam gianh ddc lap: "Chung tdi da diing ve phia Lien hgp qudc chdng lai bpn Nhat Nay bpn Nhat da dau hang Chiing tdi yeu cau Lien hgp qudc thue hien ldi hira long trpng eiia minh la tat ca cac dan tdc deu dugc hudng dan chti va ddc lap"
Sau thang Igi cua cupc Cach mang Thang Tam khdng lau, trudc nguy ea Phap quay lai xam luge nude ta lan thir hai, Hd Chi Minh da nbiSu lan giid thu, cdng ham, dien van yeu cau cbinb phii cac nude My, Trung Qudc, Lien Xd, Anh va ca Lien hgp qudc len tieng ung hd va cdng nhan nen ddc lap chinh dang ciia Viet Nam Trong thu gui Tdng thdng My H.To-ru-man, 17-10-1945, Ngudi neu rd, tir 19-8-1945, Viet Nam da la mdt nude ddc lap tren mpi phuong dien, Viet Nam cd dii tu each ed dai dien Uy ban Tu van Vien Ddng va ed du kha nang giai quyet ed hieu qua cac van de tdn tai d Viln Ddng Trong dien van gui cac dng Ang-dre Grd-mu-cd - dai dien Lien Xd, Giem BiSc-no - Bd trudng Ngoai giao My, cd Duy Quan - dai dien Trung Qudc tai Hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc, Ngirdi deu khang dinh dia vi phap ly qudc te cua Viet Nam, rang
(5) Vo Nguyen Giap: Nhimg chdng duang lich su, Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia, Ha Npi, 1994, tr 32
(4)Nhan ky rdem 40 nam thtic hien Di chuc ^'-cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009)
rTl
Tpp chf Cdng s d n
"Qudc dan chung tdi da gianh dirge quyen ddc lap va giir viing nen ddc lap, thiet tha yeu eau cac ngai cdng nhan nen ddc lap ay va nhan chiing tdi vao Hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc Theo nhu ldi tuyen bd ciia vi dai dien Trung Hoa Cd Duy Quan thi A chau chua cd du dai bieu Hdi nghi Chung tdi tin rang su cd mat cua chung tdi Hdi nghi se cd ich nhieu cho viec giai quyet mdt each nhanh chdng va hda binh cho cae van de d Ddng - Nam A chau hien nay"^^^ Rd rang, vdd ehii truong quan he vdi Ddng minh, gap gd Ddng minh, Hd Chi Minh mudn cho hp thay each mang Viet Nam da la mdt lue lirgng cua Ddng minh chdng phat-xit, ddng thdi khang dinh thtre te dia vi phap ly cua nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda ma hp phai tinh tdi, khdng the bd qua
Trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Hd Chi Minh khdng chi khang dinh nguyen tac phap ly ve quyen dan toe co ban cua Viet Nam va cac dan tdc tren the gidi, ma cdn khang dinh thtre tien cupc dau tranh each mang kien cudng, bat khuat eiia dan tdc Viet Nam VI cae quyen dan tdc thieng lieng dd Ket thiic ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Ngirdi khang dinh y ehi danh thep quyet tam gianh va giir nen ddc lap, tvt cua dan tdc Viet Nam, ddng thdi trinh trpng tuyen bd vdi the giai rSng: "Nude Viet Nam ed quyen hudng tir va ddc lap va su that da trd mdt nude ttr do, ddc lap Toan the dan tdc Viet Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lire lugng, tinh mang va cua cai de giir vung quyen tir do, ddc lap ay"
Trudc toan the the gidi, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cira Viet Nam - Hd Chi Minh la bdn da tang phap ly dau tien khang dinh ca tren nguyen tac va thuc te quyet tam sat da cua
nhan dan Viet Nam ve quyen dugc sdng ddc lap, tir va quyen muu cau hanh phuc, ve quyen binh dang cua dan toe Viet Nam vdi tat ea cac dan tdc tren the gidi Cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tdc Hd Chi Minh lanh dao da gan hen voi cupc dau tranh giai phdng giai cap, giai phdng ngirdi khdi mpi ap birc bde lot, thirc hien cac quyen dan chii eo ban cho mpi ngudd dan Viet Nam
Cach mang Thang Tam cdng da md ky nguyen mdi lich su dan tdc Viet Nam - ky nguyen ddc lap, tu va chii nghia xa hdi tren dat nuoc ta Cdng hien to ldn cua Hd Chi Minh la tu quan diem gan ddc lap ciia dan tdc vdi tu do, hanh phiic cua ngudd, gan quyen dan tdc thieng Ueng vdi quyen eo ban cua ngudd Cung tu thtre tien cupc dau tranh thang Igi cua nhan dan Viet Nam, hai khai niem phap ly tren da dugc phat trien khai niem mdi quyen dan tdc eo ban Vi vay, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua Viet Nam - Hd Chi Minh dugc coi la ban Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen cua eac dan tdc dau tranb cho ddc lap, tu do, hanh phuc va van minh Diing nhu Rd-met Chan-dra, nguyen Chu tich Hda binh the gidi, da danh gia: "Bat cir noi nao chidn dau cho ddc lap, tu do, d dd cd Hd Chi Minh va ngpn cd Hd Chi Minh bay cao Bat cir d dau chien dau cho hda binh va cdng ly, d dd cd Hd Chi Minh va ngpn ed Hd Chi Minh bay cao O bat cir dau, nhan dan chien dau cho mdt the gidi mdi, chdng lai ddi ngheo, d dd ed Hd Chi Minh va ngpn ed Ho Chi Minh baycao"^^) •
(6) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t 4, tr 157
(7) Ro-met Chan-dra: "Ho Chi Minh trai tim nhan loai", bao NWnD<3n, 21-5-1980