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TRife'THOC, SO (288), THANG - 2015 QUAN NIEM CUA NGLfdl VIET VE CAl DEP QUA CA DAO LE HirdNG''! Quan niem cua ngitdi Viet vi cdi dep Id mgt hinh nin vdn hoa truyen thdng Viet Nam hgc ddn gian vd Id nhdn tdquan chi mgt sdquan thi2c phdt No trd thdnh trien rdt cao cua cO cdu gia tri he gid tri thdm my dgc ddo vdn trgng tgo nSn bdn sdc van hoa cua ddn tgc Viet Nam Bdi viet niem ve cdi dep cua ngitdi Vi§t qua ca dao dUdc bieil Men d nhihig khia sau: ThU nhdt, quan niim ngitdi; thii ba, quan niim vi cdi dep cua thien nhien; thd hai, quan niem canh vi cdi dep cua cdi dep gan vdi viec ly tttdng hoa ddi sdng; thd tU, cdi dep gdn lien vdi sU hdi hoa; thU ndm, cdi dep gdn lien vdi cdi td't / S \ a dao la mdt nhflng loai hinh vdn hpe d a n gian ke't t i n h nhieu gia v J t r i van hda t h a m my phong phfl cua dan tdc tfl ngdn ddi nay, dd ed quan niem cfla ngudi Viet ve cai dep Quan niem cfla ngudi Viet ve cai dep cua tu nhien, cai dep eua ngudi eae q u a n h e cua ddi sd'ng da p h a n a n h chan thUc trf tue, t a m hdn n h a y cam, tinh te cua ngfldi Viet Quan niem cai dep ca dao da 'trd t h d n h rapt he chuan t h a m my t i n h hoa eua dan tde Chinh vi vay, ca dao la san p h i m tinh t h a n va la n h u c l u t h a m my khdng the thie'u ddi sd'ng, lao ddng, da'u t r a n h eua ngfldi Viet Bdi viet di vao tim hieu quan niem cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep qua ca dao nhfl mdt h a n h trinh trd ve vdi epi ngudn, tdn vinh nhflng gia tri t h a m my dam da ban s l e dan tde ddi sd'ng hien Sfl r a ddi vd p h a t trien quan niem cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep qua ca dao dfla t r e n mpt ed sd xa hpi nhd't dinh Thii nhdt, cai dep cd ngudn gd'c tfl lao ddng Q u a n nidm cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep dfldc h i n h t h a n h ndn san xua't t h u i n n d n g va sinh hoat mang tfnh t a p the Khdng k h i s a n xud't ndng nghiep va s i n h h o a t t a p thd Id mdi trudng nudi dUdng cac sang tac dan gian: Nhflng cau ca dao, tue ngfl, nhflng ldn dieu d a n ca, dieu hd, dieu vi Cung vdi lao ddng va t r o n g lao ddng, nhflng sang tac n a y r a ddi, khdng ehi ddn t h u i n de giai tri, md cdn cd muc dich thda m a n n h u eau t h a m my cua ngflcJi h a t va bde Id q u a n n i e m cua hp ve cai dep Q u a n n i e m ve cai dep cua ngfldi Viet dfldc n a y sinh v a p h a t tridn "gdn lien vdi mpi h o a t dpng lao dpng va sinh hoat cua n h a n d a n va t h a m gia vao nhflng sinh b o a t dd vdi tfl each la mot thdnh phdn, mot nhdn to'edu thdnh eua sinh hoat dd"(l) (*)Tien sl, Phong Dao dfic - My hoc, Vien Triet hoc, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam (1) Dmh Gia Khanh (chu bien) Vdn hgc ddn gian Viet Nam Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, 2010, tr.l4 LE HUCJNG ThU hai, q u a n n i e m ve cai dep cfla ngfldi Viet dfldc h i n h t h a n h k h i n a n g Ifle t h a m my eua hp p h a t t r i e n d mpt mflc dp nhd't dinh Ve va'n de ndy, C.Mac cho r i n g , "ehi ed thdng q u a sfl phong phu, da dUdc p h a t trien ve mat vat cha't, cua b a n chd't ngudi, thi sU phong phfl cfla t i n h cam giac chfl q u a n eua eon ngfldi mdi p h a t trien"(2) Dieu dd cho tha'y, chi cam xuc t h a m my khdng bi le thudc vao nhflng n h u c l u thflc t i l n thd thien, thi do, q u a n niem ve cai dep mdi la mdt p h i n td't yeu cua ddi sd'ng Y thfle t h a m my eua ngfldi Viet ca dao dUdc h i n h t h a n h tfl trflde k h i xa hpi xud't hien giai ca'p Nhflng y thflc t h a m my dd ehi thUc sU p h a t t h e n t h a n h q u a n n i e m t h a m my va cang dUde h o a n t h i e n k h i ed sfl p h a n cdng lao ddng va sfl xua't hien cua ehfl viet C h i n h dieu kien lich sfl xa hdi da tao dieu kien eho n h a n d a n Iao dpng p h a t t h e n cac n a n g lflc t h a m my cua minh Bdng viec s a n g tac edc loai h i n h n g h e t h u d t d a n gian, t r o n g ed ea dao, n h a n d a n lao dpng cd t h e thda m a n n h u c l u n h a n thflc, cai tao thflc t i l n va thd hien eae q u a n n i e m ve eai dep cua minh Q u a n niem cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep q u a ca dao dflde bieu hien d nhflng khia canh sau: ThU nhdt, quan niem ve cdi dep cua thien nhien R u n g dpng trUdc ve dep cua thien n h i e n Id mdt p h a n t r o n g y thflc t h a m my cua ngfldi Vidt Theo q u a n niem eua ngfldi Viet, eai dep eua t h i e n nhien ca dao la edi dep trdn ddy sU sd'ng T h i e n n h i e n t r o n g ca dao Id ca rapt the' gidi vd cflng phong phu, da dang, tfl hoa ed - eay la, de'n n u i - sdng, rafla - n i n g , gid - may, de'n dd't eat, sdi da, deu chfla e h a n sfl sdng; la mdt the gidi sd'ng dgng tdn tgi ben canh cude sd'ng cua ngUdi Trong gd'c r l sau xa, ngfldi d a n eoi sfl sinh t r u d n g vd v a n dpng cua v a n v a t Id sfl sd'ng va b a n t h a n sU sd'ng dd la dep Cai dep cua eua t h i e n n h i e n t r o n g ea dao la d eanh vdt ed sinh khi, sdn t h u y hflu tinh, sdng n u i h a i hda C a n h vat luan chuydn, boat ddng, t r a n d l y sflc sd'ng x a n h tUdi nhUng cung gdn bd, tUdng t h d n g vdi ngUdi mdt each "hflu tinh" C a n h dep d'y ben canh h i n h dang u y e n chuyen va m a u s l e tfldi t a n cdn la h i n h a n h efla a'm no, h a n h phue Ve dep x a n h tfldi cua c a n h ddng lfla hfla h e n rapt mfla gat no d'm, nghia la g i n vdi eara giac ve sfl sung tfle, vdi cai cd ieh Ve dep efla ddng sdng khdng chi vdi h i n h d a n g ud'n cong m e m mai, md edn cd gia tri bdi d i p phfl sa cho mfla m d n g bdi t h u Trong thara my eua ngfldi Viet, cai dep va cai cd fch gdn c h a t vdi n h a u Do dd, ve dep t r a n d l y sfle sd'ng eua t h i e n n h i e n ea dao vfla m a n g gia t r i t h a m my, vfla m a n g nhflng gia t r i thUc te bdi nhflng ldi ich cua t h i e n n h i e n nudi dfldng sfl sinh tdn cua ngfldi Cai dep cua thien nhien ca dao cdn dUde the hidn b cdi tinh cua ngudi vdi thien nhien Do dac trUng lao ddng va sinh hoat m a n g t i n h t h u a n (2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen Todn tap, t.42 Nxb Chinh tri Quo'c gia, Ha Noi, 2000, tr.lTS 23 QUAN NIEM CUA NGUDi VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO ndng nen ngUdi Viet gdn chat vdi thien nhien thi eflng la hdp vdi dao sdng cua nhien, la'y thien nhien lam le sd'ng eua eon ngfldi Sfl hda hdp gifla eon ngfldi minh va d dau hp eung tim tha'y cai vdi tfl nhien t a o n e n sfl can b l n g tinh tinh cua ngUdi vdi thien nhien xung t a i t a m the' eon ngfldi Con ngudi q u a n h rainh Cai t i n h d day la cai tinh binh tinh, tfl t i n doi m a t vdi nhflng khd cua eon ngudi vdi nfli sdng, trdng sao, khan, vd't va t r o n g cupc sd'ng, diing cam may gid, dat dai, cay cd Cai tinh dd lai vfldt qua nhflng k h i c nghiet cfla tfl cang sau n a n g hdn ngUdi Viet g i n nhien Q u a n n i e m cua ngudi Viet ve cai thien nhien vdi edi ngudn: "Con ngUdi dep eua t h i e n n h i e n qua ca dao eho CO cd", cd dngl NhU cdy co cgi, nhU sdng tha'y, tfl xfla, ngfldi Viet da y thflc cd ngudn"(3); g i n thidn nhien vdi tinh r a t sdm ve sfl g i n bd eua ngudi ddi cha nghia me: "Cong cha nhU nui Thdi vdi mdi trUdng sd'ng Ngdy nay, mdi San I Nghla me nhU nUdc ngudn quan he gifla ngudi vdi thien nhidn chdy ra"(4y, g i n thien nhidn vdi tinh dang la va'n de sd'ng cdn cua n h d n loai yeu lfla ddi: "Ngdy ngdy em ditng em Tfl quan niem eua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep trdng I Trdng non, non ngdt, trdng sdng, cua thien nhien qua ea dao, giflp ta sdng ddi I Trdng mdy, mdy keo ngang n h a n thfle s a u s l e hdn vd'n d l eon ngfldi trdi I Trdng trdng, trdng khuyet, trdng va mdi trudng, n h i e m vu bao ve mdi ngudi, ngUdi xa"{S) Chinh cai tinh vdi trudng t h e gidi hien thien nhien da ddn de'n tinh yeu gia Thi^ hai, quan niem vi cdi dep cua dinh, tinh yeu que hfldng, dd't nflde Cd eon ngUdi the ndi, ve dep cua thien nhien ea TrUde bet, ngfldi Viet q u a n niem cai dao khdng chi Id t i n h yeu cua ngfldi dep cua ngudi qua ca dao dUde the Viet vdi nhflng eanh vat xung quanh hien d tinh thdn lao ddng Dd Id thai dd minh, su chiem ngudng nhflng canh dep eham chi, c l n cfl lao ddng: "Bdi hang ngdy gan bd vdi minh ma edn la anh chdm viec canh nong I Cho nen mdi tinh cam thieng lieng hUdng ve gia CO bd bich ngodi I Ngdy miia tUdi dinh, que hUdng, Td qud'e dgu ngd khoai I Ngdy ba thdng tdm mdi Quan niem eua ngfldi Viet ve eai dep dfldc hinh t h d n h tfl boat ddng lao dpng tieh cfle va tfl n d n g lflc giao cam ciia eon ngudi vdi thien nhien Thien nhien la le sdng cua ngfldi Viet, ddng thdi la cdsd cua cdi dep Thien nhien la cai dep d i u tien, eai dep cd trflde Ngudi ed dep thi ngudi eung chi la mdt bp phdn cfla t u nhien: "NgUdi Id hoa ddt" Thien nhien ca dao chfla dflng tfl tudng vd sfl thdng nhd't gifla ngfldi vd tfl nhien Nhflng h d n h ddng nao hdp vdi t u 24 ngdi md an"(6) Su khd nhpc, lao ddng vd't va dUde den bfl, vdi ngfldi ndng ddn dd chinh la cai dep t r o n g lao ddng, thfl lao ddng vd't va, khd nhpc nhUng t r a n day lac q u a n h y vpng Chfnh sfl lac quan va h y vpng Id khdi ngudn cua cai dep Niem vui dude m u a tao ddng lflc (3) Vu Ngoc Phan Tuc ngU ca dao d&n ca Viet Nam Nxb Thdi dai, 2010, tr.277 (4) Vu Ngoc Phan Sdd., tr.274 (5) Vu Ng9c Phan Sdd., tr.l87 (6) Vii Ngoc Phan Sdd., tr.l56 LE HUbNG thuc ddy ngfldi l a m viee chdm chi, nd lflc sdm h d m de vu mfla nol tie'p bpi thu T i n h t h a n lae q u a n lao dpng dem lai hflng thfl k h d n g ehi eho mpt ea n h a n rieng le m a m a n g lai sfl hflng thfl phd bie'n ed t i n h x a hpi Khi rapt hien tfldng tao n e n sfl hflng t h u ed t i n h chd't xd hdi rdng ldn nhfl vdy, t h i nd chinh la cai dep Vdi q u a n n i e m cua ngudi Viet ca dao, eai dep cdn dUdc thU thdch lao ddng Gifla cai dep chan thflc va cai dep gia tao, ngfldi lao dpng chpn cai dep eua sfl ehan thUc: 'Td't gd hdn td't nUde sdn" Chi cd cai dep eua tfl nhien, eai dep dflde thfl t h a c h t r o n g lao dpng mdi cd gia tri chan thUc vd dfldc t r a n trpng Nhfl vay, q u a n niem eua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep khae vdi q u a n niem my cd t i n h bay bdng, lang m a n xa hdi vdn m i n h vat cha't, eung khac vdi q u a n nidm ly, dflng cai dep eua ly tri trd'n ap cai dep efla b a n nang Ngfldi Viet chudng cai dep tfl nhien, khdng bi gd bd, khdng gia tao, dd Id cai dep t r a n trd sfle sd'ng xud't p h a t tfl ngudn sd'ng m a n h me b a n cha't cua ngfldi Thli ba, quan niim cdi dep gdn vdi viSc ly tudng hda ddi sd'ng Ngfldi Viet ly tfldng hda ddi sd'ng de ldm gi? Xua't p h a t tfl triet ly: Con ngfldi la mpt ca the cua tfl nhien, chiu sfl tac ddng theo quy l u a t cua vu t r u thi ngfldi mdi cd t u va tU dd mdi ed t h e giflp hp tdn t a i dflde Trong che dp phong kidn, ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi Viet het sflc cd cflc, hp bi bdc lot, lao ddng cfldng bflc Cai dep eua ngfldi, cua ddi sd'ng khdng t h e dflde tao r a tfl thfl lao dpng cflc nhpc, bi cfldng bflc Con ngfldi phai ly tfldng hda ddi song de ed niem tin vd sfl lae quan, tfl hp tim thd'y eai dep cua b a n t h a n m i n h vd cai dep cua ddi sd'ng x u n g q u a n h hp Khi ly tfldng hda lao dpng, ngfldi Viet mdi ed the thda m a n n h u cau thfldng thflc vd sang tao cua minh, bdi thfle te', ddi sd'ng cua hp khdng cd dfldc nhflng dieu kien nhfl vay De'n vdi nghd thuat: "Con ngfldi gap gd chinh minh; tinh t h i n ngfldi gap gd t i n h t h a n eon ngUdi"(7) Dd la giay phflt ngfldi t a m quen di sU ngheo ddi, tflng qudn cfla cude sd'ng h a n g Dd la nhiing k h o a n h k h i e de ngfldi giao tie'p vdi cai dep mot each vd tu Khi ly tudng hda lao dpng, ngUdi d a n lao dpng dudng n h u t h o a t khdi mpi xieng xich, mpi quy t i e , thoat khdi sfle m a n h nghiet ngd cua cac quy luat, sfl nghiet nga cua hien thflc Hp da de cho the gidi cfla t i n h cam, ehp tri tudng tfldng bay bdng de sang tao va thudng ngoan eai dep eua thien nhien, cai dep cfla t i n h ydu ddi lfla K h u y n h hfldng "ly tudng hda" ddi sd'ng cdn dUde bpc Id rd hdn nfla nhflng udc md ve cude sd'ng gia dinh s u n g tfle, giau cd: "Vdc gi anh lay duac ndng I De anh mua ggch Bdt Trdng ve xdy I Xdy dgc roi lgi xdy ngang I Xdy hd bdn nguyit cho ndng rita chdn"(8) Cupc sd'ng md ngudi lao ddng md Ude la ta't ea nhiing gi md hp khdng cd ddi thflc Vi vay, nhflng md fldc v l eudc sd'ng gidu sang, phfl quy nhfl bfl d i p cho mpi thie'u thdn, ngheo khd, bfl d i p cho mpi sfl b a t eong vd vat va m a hp (7) Immanuel Kant Pfie piidn ndng lUc phdn dodn (Bm v a n Nam Sdn dich) Nxb Tri thiic, 2007, XLII (8) Vii Ngoc Phan Sdd, tr.l82 25 QUAN NIEM CUA NGUDi VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO phai ehiu dflng Nhiing hinh a n h ly tudng ve eudc sd'ng ea dao Id mpt hinh thflc t h a m my hda thfle te ngheo nan, nd p h a n a n h cupc d a u t r a n h giai ca'p cua t i n g ldp n h a n dan lao ddng ndi ehung cho mdt eudc sd'ng tfl do, khdng cdn bd't cdng vd dau khd Cd the ndi, viee ly tfldng hda thara my lao dpng cua ngUdi Viet ed mdt y nghia q u a n trpng ddi sd'ng tinh t h a n vd sang tae nghe t h u a t "Ne'u eon ngudi khdng bie't nhin vao boat ddng cua minh t r e n quan diem t h i m my, thi hp khdng the ndo chiu dung dUde edng vide Iao ddng vat va de'n kidt sfle, khdng the chiu dung dflde nhflng bd't cdng, ap bflc dd n a n g len vai hp xd hdi phong kie'n"(9) Do vay, bang vide ly tudng hda ddi sd'ng, ngudi lao ddng tao r a cam giac h a n h phuc cho minh Cude sd'ng cua hp cd sinh k h i hdn, hp cd y thflc ve sflc m a n h cua minh, ve quyen cua minh, ve sfl t u Clia minh dd dflng len chd'ng lai sfl b^t cdng vd dp bflc eua ehe' dp phong kie'n ThU tu, cdi dep gdn lien vdi sit hdi hoa Trong quan niem thara my cua ngfldi Viet, eai dep g i n lien vdi sfl hdi hda Tfl sau t h i m y thflc ngfldi, nhflng gi hai hda thudng Id ed sd tao nen cam giac dep, d l chiu Trflde het, dd la ve dep hai hda thien nhien C h l n g ban, ca dao, n u i sdng la mot nhiJng bieu tfldng cua ve dep hdi hda Ddl vdi ngfldi Viet, nfli - sdng Id nhflng sfl vat g i n bd chat che vdi ddi sd'ng ngfldi, nfli sdng la edt t u y cfla sfl sd'ng, nui khdng the thieu sdng, sdng c l n phai cd nui, thie'u mot hai eai do, sfl sdng khdng tdn tai nhfl am thie'u dUdng, 26 dUdng k h d n g ed am \ ^ vay, M n h anh sdng nfli ben n h a u tUdng trflng cho ve dep hdi hda cua trdi, dd't, ngUdi Dd'i vdi ngudi, ve dep hdi hda dUdc t h e hien b sit cdn dot gifla cac ye'u to' bd p h a n ve m a t h i n h thfle Trong ca dao, ve dep h a i hda eua ngfldi phu nfl la sfl ke't hdp gifla k h u d n m a t vdi dang hinh Ngudi p h u nfl cd k h u d n m a t dep la sfl cpng hfldng eai dep eua cac bp phan: Ddi m a t dep, "ddi m l t bd eau", "ddi m l t la ddm" di lien vdi "ddi chan raay la lieu", h a m r d n g den nhflc, "mieng cUdi n h u t h e hoa ngau", "ian da t r l n g " , "mai tde den" Khudn m a t dep phai di lien vdi d a n g h i n h m a n h mai, " t h i t day lUng ong" Cai dep ve sU h a i hda edn dUdc the hien d sU phfl hdp gifla hinh thitc vd ngi dung Ngudi p h u nfl dep ngodi gfldng mat, dang h i n h dep edn phai cd cai dep eua ldi a n tie'ng ndi Trong ca dao cd r^t nhieu eau ca ngdi cai dep ldi an tie'ng ndi eua eon ngudi: "Chim khon ndi tidng rdnh rang I NgUdi khdn ndi tidng diu ddng di nghe"{10) Cho nen, ne'u da la ngudi dep t h i p h a i cd gipng ndi dep, dd la gipng ndi t h a n h tao, ngpt ngdo, va eao hdn cd mpt t a m hdn dep, mdt n h a n each dep Cai dep ve sU hdi hda edn dUde thd hien lao ddng, chi sU phdi hap nhip nhdng, dn y lao ddng: "Trin ddng cgn, dUdi ddng sdu/ Chdng cdy vg cdy eon trdu di bita'\ll) Sfl hdi hda (9) V.Guxep My hgc Folkor (Hoang Ngoc Hig'n dich) Nxb Da N i n g , 1999, tr.499 (10) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh Thi ca bink dan VietNam, t l Nxb Hoi nha vSn, 1998, tr.380 (11) Vii Ngoc Phan Tuc ngS vd dan ca Viet Nam Nxb Stt hoc, Ha Noi, 1961, tr.69 LE HUbNG tao n e n mdt k h d n g k h i vui tfldi, rapt t i n h t h i n h d n g say lao dpng Sfl hdi hda cflng dfldc tao n e n tfl sU tUOng xihig lfla ddi: "Anh son em cdng son I Vde gi ta dugc ldm eon mdt rt/id"(12) Nhfl vay, h a i hda tao t h d n h mpt dac trflng q u a n trpng ciia cai dep Ddi vdi ngfldi Viet, ve dep cua sfl hai hda dUdc bieu hien ra't sinh ddng Q u a n niem cai dep g i n lidn vdi sfl hai hda ed t i n b bid'n ddi linh hoat, thUc tidn t h a m my cua ngfldi Viet quy dinh ThU ndm, cdi dep gdn lien vdi cdi tot Trong n e n v a n hda cua ngfldi Viet, sfl d a n h gia t h a m my mot h d n h vi h a y mdt n h a n each trflde h e t dfldc n h i n n h a n thdng qua gia tri dao dfle Gia tri dao dfle chidm mpt vi tri ndi bat sfl dieu tie't cac h d n h vi q u a n h e ngudi va mpi q u a n he xa hpi Cho nen, ddi sd'ng t i n h t h i n thi y thflc t h a m my cung bi ehi phoi m a n h me bdi gia tri dao dfle Vi vdy, cai dep ve h i n h thflc phai di lien vdi cai dep ve ndi dung Cai dep vd h i n h thflc phai g i n lien vdi cae e h u l n mUc dao dfle td't va nhieu k h i eai dep h i n h thflc p h a i n h u d n g chd cho eai dep t a m hdn: "Cai net d d n h chet cai dep" hoac "xd'u ngfldi dep net cdn hdn dep ngfldi" Trong ca dao, eai dep efla cupc sd'ng sinh boat gia dinh dfldc bieu hien d y thUc hoa thudn de xdy dUng vd bdo vi hgnh phuc gia dinh Cai cd't ldi t r o n g gia dinh, theo q u a n niem eua ngfldi Viet, Id ye'u t d hda thudn, hda t h u a n mdi tao ndn sfl nghiep: ' T h u d n vd, t h u d n chdng, t a t bien Ddng cflng can" Hda t h u a n la ngudn gde eua h a n h phuc gia dinh Trong y thflc gia dinh, ngfldi Viet khdng ldy ye'u td' tai n d n g l a m can b a n m a eho ye'u to' hda t h u d n la q u a n trpng can ban Mudn tao khdng k h i hda t h u d n gia dinh, vd chdng thudng ldy n h a n n h i n lam d i u Ngfldi Viet ed cau: "Mpt cau n h i n la chin cau ianh" Di nhien, n h d n nhin phai tfldng flng C h a n g nhflng vd phai n h i n chdng m a chdng cung phai nhin vd Dd la sfl hda t h u d n m a u t h u d n O trudng hdp n a y ly- tri vUdt b a n b a n ndng Ca dao cd cau: "Chdng gidn thi va hdt ldi I Cam sdi bdt l^a khdng ddi ndo A/ie"(13) Y thflc n h i n nhin p h i n ldn phu thudc vao ngfldi dan bd, bdi y thfle h e phong kie'n ra't coi trpng ngudi dan dng, theo md ap dat gia dinh, ngUdi chdng ed vai trd quye't dinh mpi vide, edn ngUdi vd va cai phai phuc tflng ^^ vay, de gifl hda t h u a n gia dinh, ngUdi dan ba phai cam ehiu mpi thiet thdi, phai n h d n n h i n "nghe theo ldi chdng" Bao ve gia dinh b l n g phUdng thflc nhudng nhin cd tac dung k h a quan, tac d u n g nha't thdi, nhUng ehUa dfl Trong gia dinh, ngfldi Viet ehu trpng sfl n h u d n g nhin de t r a n h dd vd, ddng thdi, dung dgo vd ehdng de cdm hoa ldn Day Id mdt bieu hien sinh ddng eua cai dep cude song gia dinh ngUdi Viet Dao vd ehdng Id ye'u to' cd't loi de n g a n chdn bao lUc gia dinh Chdng ban, trUde n a n d a n h vd cfla ngfldi ehdng, ngfldi dan ba da kheo leo cam hda ngfldi (12) Vii Ngoc Phan Tuc ngU ca dao, ddn ca Viit Nam Sdd., tr.l69 (13) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh Thi ca bink dan VietNam Sdd., t.2, tr.284 27 QUAN NIEM CUA NGUtil VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO ehdng blng each nhle nhd ho lflc vd chdng ddng cam edng khd: "Gia roi ddnh thiep ddnh,/Anh khdng nhd thud rach ldnh ed nhaur(l4) Hoae trfldng hdp ngfldi vd mic lam ldi, ngudi ehdng thay vi danh dap vd cung phai din do: "Khong ddnh bau di bdu ludng tudng/ Dang tay ddnh bdu, them budn dg anh"(15) Trong gia dinh ngUdi Viet cdn dung tinh yeu thUdng vd chdng de sfla chfla thdi hfl tat xd'u eua Chlng han, gap ngfldi ehdng mai rfldu che, cd bac, ngfldi vd da dfla vao dao vd chdng de khuyen can: "Anh ai! Anh d lgi nhd, / Thdi dUng cd bgc nUa md hU than/ Ham ehi nhiing cua phii vdn, / Ld edng nd nhiiu phdn xau xa"(16) Hoac gap phai ngudi chdng bieng nhac, khdng lo xay dflng sfl nghiep gia dinh, ngfldi vd khuyen: "Trieu dinh ehuong thi thU, / Khuyen anh den sdch sdm trUa hgc hdnh / May nhd phgn co cdng danh / Md anh phu quy, dy minh ve vang"(17) Nhflng ldi cam hda tren day ed mdt sfle manh phi thfldng thflc tinh nhflng ngfldi chdng be tha, truy lae bie't trd ve vdi trach nhiem eua minh gia dinh Ne'u khdng cd sfl cam hda thi ngfldi chdng cdng sa vao tpi ldi vd ciing chlng bao gid cd nhiing ldi an nan tha thiet: Dim thanh, nguyit xe, td/ Anh nguyen thi tu bi, d nhd vdi em"(18) day, ehflng ta thay ea mdt nghe thudt flng xfl, flng bien khdn kheo, mem mdng vd quye't het gia dinh cua ngfldi Viet ma phan nhieu thude ve ngfldi dan ba de gifl dflde hda thuan 28 gia dinh Day la mdt ndt dep gia dinh ngudi Viet, khdng ehi thdi xfla ma ca thdi nay, eang cln dfldc coi trpng Nhfl vay, ddi vdi ngfldi Viet, tinh ngbia vd ehdng hay edn gpi la dao vd chdng la pham trfl mang y nghia dao dfle - tham my Dao vd chdng la bieu hien sinh dpng ve eai dep cudc sd'ng gia dinh efla ngfldi Viet Nhd cd dao vd chdng ma gia dinh ngUdi Viet dUde eau ke't ben chat, mang gia tri thieng lieng; ddng thdi vUdt qua mpi sdng gid, khd khan de tri, tiep ndi nhiing gia tri tdt dep tfl thd he sang the he khac Cd the ndi, quan nidra ve eai dep cua ngfldi Viet bi quy dinh bdi dieu kidn sinh boat vat cha't va quan he dao dUc Quan niera vd cai dep cfla ngUdi Viet, ve ed ban, la sfl thdng nhd't gifla cai thuc te - cai my - cai td't Chinh sfl gin bd gifla cac gia tri dd da trd ddng Ifle tinh than, tao ndn sflc sd'ng manh liet, niem tin eua nhan dan vao sdc manh eua minh lao dpng vd cuoc sd'ng Quan niem ve cai dep ciia ngUcii Viet ca dao la mot hinh thflc phat trien eua ed ed'u gia tri trdng nen van hda truyen thd'ng Viet Nam Nd trfi hd gia tri tham ray dpe dao vdn hpc dan gian va la nhan td' quan trpng tao nen ban sic van hda cua dan tdc Viet Nam Q (14) Nguyin Tlui Long, Phan (15) Nguyin Tah Long, Phan (16)Nguyln Tan Long, Phan (17) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan (18) Nguyen Tail Long, Phan Canh Sdd, Canh Sdd, Canh Sdd, Canh Sdd, Canh Sdd, t.2, tr.285 t.2, tr.287 t.2, tr.293 t.2, tr.293 t.2, tr.294 ... Ngoc Phan Tuc ngU ca dao, ddn ca Viit Nam Sdd., tr.l69 (13) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh Thi ca bink dan VietNam Sdd., t.2, tr.284 27 QUAN NIEM CUA NGUtil VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO ehdng blng each... the ndi, quan nidra ve eai dep cua ngfldi Viet bi quy dinh bdi dieu kidn sinh boat vat cha't va quan he dao dUc Quan niera vd cai dep cfla ngUdi Viet, ve ed ban, la sfl thdng nhd't gifla cai thuc... niem cai dao khdng chi Id t i n h yeu cua ngfldi dep cua ngudi qua ca dao dUde the Viet vdi nhflng eanh vat xung quanh hien d tinh thdn lao ddng Dd Id thai dd minh, su chiem ngudng nhflng canh