Bài viết trình bày truyền thống và vị thế của một vùng thương cảng; Vân Đồn và các không gian hành chính, kinh tế; tính hệ thống và quy mô của Vân Đồn. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
TINH HE THONG VA QUY MO CUA VAN DON NHAN THUfC VE VAI TRO VA VI THE CUA MOT THlATNG GANG NGUYfiN VAN KIM' Truyen t h o n g va vi the cua mot vung thiidng cang Tren lanh tho' ciia To' qud'c ta, cl hai khu vUc Dong Bae va Tay Nam cd hai vinh bie'n gifil vi the Dia - kinh te, Dia - chie'n liidc het sflc quan Ne'u nhu vinh Bae Bg sdm cd nhieu moi quan he gan bd mat thie't vdi diin tie'n lich sit, van hda, kinh te cua cac quoc gia khu vUc Dong Bie A thi viing Bie'n Tay, goi la vinh Thai Lan hay vinh Xiem (Siam Gulf), tii nhflng the ky dfiu sau Cong nguyen, da cd moi lien he rpng Idn vdi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A va Tay Nam A Trong lich sil, vung Bien Tay vdi eo bien Kra chay xuyen qua ban dao Ma Lai {Malay Peninsula), da la mach nguon giao thUdng chinh yeu giiia nhieu vUdng quoc Dong Nam A vdi An Do va Nam A Vdi tU each la mot The che hien, hinh cl viing chau tho song Cilu Long, sU phat trien ciia Phu Nam (the ky II - VII) khong the tach rdi vdi tuyen giao thudng giCla hai bd dai dUdng (1) Tii khoang the ky V-VI trd di, vi nhieu nguyen nhan, cac eo bien Malacca, Sunda da dan thay the vai tro ciia Kra, trcl cac tuyen giao luu huyet mach, no! ket An Do Dudng vdi Dai Tay Dudng, giiia Dong Nam A vdi cac the gidi An Do va Tay A De roi, nhu lich sil da cho tha'y, tii truyen thdng xa hoi, van hoa va gan vdi qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien ciia cac qud'c gia Dong Nam A, cac nudc khu vUc deu da chiu anh hudng manh me dong thdi tiep nhSn nhieu gia tri van hoa, chinh tri, kinh tetU cac nen van minh Idn (2) Vdi dien tich 126.250 km^ (36.000 hai ly vuong) Vinh Bae Bo la mot nhiing vinh Idn ciia Dong Nam A va the gidi Vinh diidc bao boc bcli bd bien ciia hai nUdc Viet Nam, Trung Quoc va cd khong gian md rdng dan ve phia Nam, hudng Bien Dong Trong dd, vung bd bien Dong Bic Viet Nam gom 10 tinh, pho'vdi chieu dai 763km Vdi Trung Quoc, vinh giap vdi viing bien ciia ba tinh Quang Tay, Quang Dong va Hai Nam Day la cac tinh cd truyen thd'ng hai thudng va tit rat sdm da cd nhieu moi lien he mat thie't vdi Viet Nam va cac quoc gia Dong Nam A Khu vUc Vinh Bae Bg, mot bg phan quan trgng cua Bie'n Dong, vdi tiem nang kinh te va moi trUdng van hoa phong phii, da sdm hinh nen nen van hoa bien Ha Long noi tie'ng "Nhiing da'u van hda Ha Long khong chi tim tha'y tren toan bg khu vuc mien Bae Viet Nam hien ma cdn tha'y ca • PGS.TS Truang Dai hoc KHXH&NV- Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi Rghien cijru Lich siir sg S.2009 mien Trung, mien Nam, va xa hdn the naa, ca Nam Trung Quoc, Dong Nam a luc dia va Dong Nam A hai dao" (3) Nen van hoa dd, qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien thong qua cac tuyen giao thUdng va chuoi dao, da cd nhieu mdi giao lUu mat thie't va tUdng doi rgng Idn vdi ca khu vUc Ddng Bae A va Ddng Nam A Trong van hoa Ha Long sdm cd lien he sau sic, manh me vdi trung tam van hoa Hoa Nam thi mgt so' dac trUng ciia nen van hoa nhu loai cong cu da lUdi xoe ciing da dUdc tim tha'y c( Philippines, Thai Lan Ben canh dd, nhiing hat chuoi nho, det hinh dia che tac tit v6 nhuyin the ciing dUdc phat hien nhieu d Philippines "Tat ca nhiing phat hien dd chu nhan van hoa Ha Long khong chi cd moi quan he van hoa pham vi Viet Nam, Nam Trung Quoc gan ke, ma hg cdn cd nhiing moi quan he vUdt dai dUdng tdi ca nhiing vung dao xa xdi d Ddng Nam A" (4) De'n thdi van hoa Ddng Sdn va cac giai doan lich sit tie'p theo, tie'p nhan truyen thd'ng eiia mgt nen Vdn hoa bien nang dgng, d i thich nghi va bie'n ddi, mgt bg phan cU dan Viet cd' v&n tie'p tuc tri va phat trien moi quan he mat thie't vdi vimg Dong Nam Trung Qud'c nhUng m5 rgng d i n quan he vdi Hai Nam, Dai Loan, quan dao Ryukyu (Luu Cau), la tinh Okinawa va viing Kyushu (Nhat Ban), Trieu Tien cimg cac nen van hoa bie'n khac cl Ddng A (5) Su phan bd' trd'ng dong va cac cong cu dong thau tren mgt pham vi rgng Idn ci Ddng Nam A cho tha'y sU lan toa va site so'ng manh me ciia nen van hoa Khong chi truyen ba den cac qud'c gia Dong Nam A ban dao (ma nhieu nha nghien ciiu thiidng ggi va quan niem la Dong Nam A luc dia), Ddng Sdn va cac trd'ng, cdng cu loai hinh Dong Sdn cdn vUdt bien de'n cac qud'c gia hai dao Mat khac, theo quan diem ciia mgt so' nha nghien ciiu, tit Nam Trung Hoa va Bic Dong DUdng, nhQng chii nhan ciia van hoa Dong Sdn da truyen ba van hoa Ilia nUdc, trd'ng dong, tuc xam minh, cl nha san len phia Bic, den khu vUc vSn hoa Ddng Bic A (6) Ddng chay van hoa tii phUdng Nam da hoa trgn, ngUng ket va gdp phan tao nen sic thai dac thii ciia van hoa Nhat Ban cd' dai (7) Theo nha khao cd' hoc ngUdi My Wilhemlm G.Solheim thi til khoang 10.000 nam trUdc Cong nguyen, ngUdi Ddng Nam A dii diing thuyen viidt bie'n de'n Dai Loan va Nhat Ban, mang de'n Nhat Ban nghe tare (khoai) va cac gio'ng cay khac (8) Dieu dang chii y la, tit thdi bay gid, hien tUdng trao dd'i, giao thudng tren khoang each Idn (long-distance trade) giiia cac qud'c gia Dong A da xuat hien Nhiing giao luu ngi vung, ngoai vi da dang dd da dem lai sU phong phii, site sd'ng cho cU dan Viet cd' de roi til dd hinh nen "dudng vien van hda bien" mang dam ye'u to' Nam Dao va la mgt nhiing coi nguon ciia van hoa Viet (9) Ndi each khac, tit nguon coi, van hoa Viet da sdm the hien nhiing dac tinh va ban sic cua cU dan ban dao Tie'p nhan, hoi nhap va hdp luyen dong thdi ca nhQng yeu to' luc dia va dai dudng Nhan xet ve dac tinh van hoa dd, OS Tran Qud'c Vudng titng cho rang "Ve dia van hda, ban sac van hda Viet la ban sac ban dao" (10) Theo dd, "Tinh bien hay tinh Md Lai, ndi rgng la tinh dan chai, hoa vdi tinh Thung lung, hay la tinh Tay - Thai, ndi rgng la tinh dan lam ruqng lua nitdc, tQ rat sdm (tit buo'i binh minh ciia lich sii) da ngam dam vao nen van hda sd sii Dong Sdn va trcl mgt nhan to' hQu cd cua cd ca'u van hda Viet cd'" (11) Co the khdng dinh rang, moi trUdng kinh te, van hod bien khong chi la nhiing nhdn td hc/p md gap phdn nudi diidng cdc nen vdn hod co vd Id dong lite phdt trien ciia vdn minh Dai Viet Tinh he thd'ng va qiry m6 La cila ngd thdng bien cua mien Tay Nam va Ddng - Nam Trung Qud'c, Vinh Bae Bg ma tam diem la thUdng cang Van Don cua Dai Viet dUdc coi la tuyen giao thUdng chinh ye'u, la dia ban chuyen ndi giiia gifla luc dia vdi dai dUdng Ve vi the' Van Don khong chi n i m h trung diem ciia cac moi giao lUu Dong - Tay tiic giQa Dong Nam a ban dao vdi Dong Nam A hai dao ma cdn la ndi ket tu cua cac moi quan he Bae - Nam mang y nghia cua mgt trung diem thu phat van hoa giQa hai khu vUc Ddng Bic A va Dong Nam A va xa hdn nQa la khu vUc Nam A va Tay A Ndi each khac, nhd ed bien Ddng Nam A ma 'The gidi Trung Hoa" (Chinese World) mdi cd the giao tie'p thudng xuyen, mat thiet vdi 'The gidi An Do" (Indian World) Chinh mgt phan ciing nhd sU giao tie'p thong qua moi trUdng bien dd ma hai nen van minh Idn mdi cd the ti'ch hdp, lan toa va the hien tam vdc cua minh Den thdi can hien dai, cung nhd cd vi tri va he thoiig cang bien Ddng Nam A ma cac tau budn phudng Tay mdi cd the de'n dUdc vdi khu vUc Ddng Bae A va md rdng he thd'ng giao thudng de'n nhieu qud'c gia tren the gidi Dieu can nha'n manh la, ding sau cac tie'p giao kinh te dd la ciic ddng chay van hda, gia tri van minh La mgt khu vUe phat trien nang dgng cua Bien Dong, vinh Bic Bg la mdi trUdng song dong thdi la khdng gian giao tie'p giQa cac nen van hda va ngoai khu vUc Do vay, neu nhu coi Bien Ddng la mgt "Dia Trung Hai thu nhd" (Mini Mediterranean) cua chau A thi chinh Vinh Bae Bd, ma cdt ldi la thUdng cang Van Don, da dam dUdng sii menh chuyen giao, ket noi dong thdi gdp phan sang tao cac gia tri van hoa khu vUc (12) Do gan ke vdi trung tam kinh te', van hoa mien Nam Trung Hoa, tit nhQng the ky dau sau Cdng nguyen, thUdng thuyen cua nhieu qud'c gia chau A da de'n viing Giao Chau de trao doi hang hoa, budn ban Trong khoang thdi gian dd, nhieu nha tu hanh va tin Phat giao, Ba La Mon giao cung da de'n day tu luyen, truyen ba giao phap (13) Giao Chau titng la ndi phat trien phon thinh, la diem den cua cae ddng thien di, diem ditng chan cua nhieu sQ doan, thudng nhan, nha truyen giao de'n Dong Nam A, Trung Quoc Cho de'n khoang the ky X, tQ qua trinh hinh va vUdn day cua nhieu quo'c gia cl Ddng Nam A ban dao cung nhu Dong Nam A hai dao, cac qud'c gia deu cd khuynh hudng mud'n thiet lap va md rgng quan he vdi Trung Qud'c, An Do Nhung ca An Do va Trung Hoa deu la nhQng the gidi rgng Idn nen nhin chung cac qud'c gia khu vUc chi cd the tiep can vdi mgt bo phan cua cac de che dong thdi cac nen van minh dd ma thoi Trong y nghia dd, viing Quang Chau, Phiic Kien (Trung Quo'c) va bien Dong Bae cua Giao Chau trd diem de'n cua nhieu thudng thuyen, sit doan cac nUdc (14) Do vay, day cung la ndi hgi giao cua hai nen van minh Idn The gidi phiidng Bong la Trung Hoa va An Do Vao the ky HI TCN, sau chinh phuc nUdc Nam Viet, nha Tan (221-206 tr.Cn) roi nha Han (206 tr.Cn-220) day manh chinh sach khai thac, bde lot cU dan phUdng Nam Viec budn ban vdi khu viie Nam Hai (Quang Dong) da dem lai nhQng nguon Idi to Idn cho gidi quan chile va thudng nhan Trung Qud'c Bo sit cd' Trung Quo'c Tien Hdn thii cho rang mien "gan be, cd nhieu sUng te giac, nga voi, doi moi, chau ngoc, bae, dong, hoa qua, vai, ngUdi Trung Qud'c de'n buon ban phan nhieu dUdc giiiu cd" (15) De'n thdi Dong Han (25-220), moi quan he kinh te'vdi vimg Nam Hai ma chu ye'u la Quang Chau va Giao Chi da kha phat trien Thuong nhan, ca ngUdi Han lan ngUdi Viet thudng chd Itia gao tQ Giao Chi dem ban cho cac quan Cuu Chan, Hdp Pho' Hg cung thUdng qua lai Hdp Phd' de budn chau bau Den thdi Dudng (618-907) vung bie'n Giao Chau da trd nen mgt ndi cd quan he giao thUdng phon thinh Tham chi, nhan quan cua gidi chiic Quang Ddng, hoat dgng kinh te cua viing bien Giao Chau da khien cho vai trd thudng mai truyen thd'ng cua Quang Chau bi suy giam nghiem (16) Budc vao ky nguyen dgc lap, vdi tU each la quoc gia dang len cl Ddng Nam A, vUdng trieu Ly (1009-1225) da cd y thQc manh me ve vi the cua viing bien Ddng Bic cac moi quan he khu viic Nhan thQc ro tiem nang va nhQng dieu kien phat trie'n thuan ldi ciia vQng bien dao dia dau cua To' quoc, tiep nhan va ke thQa nhQng mdi quan he truyen thd'ng dong thdi de khang dinh chu quyen va bao ve an ninh kinh te' ddi ngoai, nam 1149, vua Ly Anh Tdng (cq: 11381175) da cho khai mt) trang Van Don Sau dUdc t h a n h lap, Vdn Don dd trd thank thudng cdng quoc te quan trgng nhat cua quo'c gia Dai Viet De'n thdi T r i n (12251400), ehinh quyen Thang Long cang cd y thflc manh me ve vung bien Ddng Bic chie'n ludc bao ve an ninh va ldi ich kinh te Vdi viec doi trang tra'n Van Don da tr5 t h a n h mgt dac khu kinh te' vdi mgt he thong cdc ben cdng, khu dinh cU, thu phu hdnh chinh, diem kiem soat tau thuyen, hdng hod, thu thue'vd cdn cd phong ve Vao thdi Tran, tren nhieu dao d Van Don da cd cac khu dinh cU tUdng doi trQ mat Vi nhu cau phat trien va cudc so'ng, Van Don cQng da xua't hien rihieu di ti'ch lich sQ, kien true tdn giao va cac khu khai thac, che bie'n hai san Tren thUc te Van Don da trcl t h a n h mgt thUc the phat trie'n tUdng ddi hoan chinh, danh dUdc sU quan tam dae biet ciia cac trieu dai tQ Ly de'n Tran, Le (1428-1788) Hghien ctjru Lich sit s6 S.200S Vdi tu each la thUdng cang chinh ye'u cua quoc gia Dai Viet va la mgt nhQng thUdng cang quan trgng cila khu vUc Ddng A, Van Don da tri hoat dgng lien tuc sud't the' ky Vdn Bon Id mot thitdng cdng Idn, co vai tro kinh te, chinh tri quan dong thdi co qud trinh phdt trien lien tuc, lau ddi nhat lich sit cdc thUcfng cdng nUdc ta ThUdng cang nay, cd sii ket ndi chat che vdi cac ben cang dao ven bd, cac cang vung cila song, vdi vung bien viSn Van Ninh, Mong Cai, vdi dao Idn Cat Ba va cac lang nghe det, gom sQ cung nhieu nganh, nghe thu cong khac vung chau thd' Sdng Hong va ca mien Dong Bic, Tay Bae cua To' qud'c Trai qua thdi gian, ciing vdi sU trilclng cua cac nganh kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa, sau nhQng t h a n g t r a m va thach thQc lich sQ, tinh t h a n dan tgc va y thQc bao v$ chil quyen lanh tho', lanh hai cila dan too ta ciing mgt trcl nen m a n h me, sau sac hdn Vinh B i c Bg trd t h a n h dia ban cd vi tri chie'n \\itic khong chi doi vdi vung Ddng Bae ma cdn doi vdi viec bao dam an ninh va chie'n iQdc p h a t trien kinh te cila da't nUdc Trong lich sil, vung Dong B i c (ma trgng tam la hai tinh Quang Ninh, Hai Phong) ludn la dau mdi p h a t trien kinh te doi ngoai dong thdi la ndi ddn nhan, chiu tac dgng thudng xuyen va m a n h me nha't ciia cac khuynh hudng va trao lUu van hda, cila cac cudc xam n h a p , xung dot, thach thQc quan sU, chinh tri cila cac the lUc ben ngoai V a n D o n va c a c k h o n g g i a n h a n h chinh, kinh te La mgt bg p h a n hdp t h a n h ciia lanh tho Dai Viet va mac du cd mdi quan he vdi cac qud'c gia khu vQc tQ ra't sdm nhUng phai den thdi Ly (1010-1225), cu the la nam 1149, thdi Ly Anh Tdng (cq: 1138-1175) Tinh he thOng va qirymO nha vua mdi chinh thQc khai m3 trang ( j ^ t ) Van Don de ddn thuyen budn cac nUdc Trao Da, Lg Lac, Xiem La de'n giao thUdng dong thdi "de mua ban hang hda quy, dang tie'n san vat dia phUdng" (18) Ten ggi Van Don b i t dau xua't hien lich sil Vi$t Nam tQ da'y Nhu vay, tQ lap, Van Don da la mgt khu vQc hanh chinh cd pham vi tUdng ddi rgng Idn Diem khac bi$t vdi cac ddn vi hanh chinh khac la, trang Van Don dQdc lap tren vung bien dao, cQ dan chu ye'u khdng lam ndng ma tap trung vao viec khai thac hai san va tie'n hanh cac hoat dgng thUdng nghiep Nguon ldi va cac hoat dgng giao thQdng quo'c te khdng chi da gdp phan khuye'n khich sii tang trudng kinh te nUdc ma edn md rgng tam kien van va tU chinh tri khu vUc cila Dai Viet Den nam 1349, tQc 62 nam sau cudc khang chien lan thQ ba chohg Mong Nguyen cha'm dQt, vua Tran Du Tdng (cq: 1341-1369) da quye't dinh nang tSra hanh chinh cita Van Don tQ "trang" len "tra'n" ( ^ ^ ) Dieu dd ciing cd nghia la, vUdng trieu cang nhan thQc ro hdn ve vi tri dia dau, chie'n lUdc cua vimg bien dao Ddng Bae To quoc Song song vdi quye't dinh dd, chinh quyen Thing Long ciing da thuc thi mgt chit trUdng doi ngoai tUdng ddi rgng md vdi cac qudc gia khu viic Trong y nghia dd, cimg vdi trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai phia Nam thdng qua vai trd cua cac cang viing Thanh, Nghe - Tinh, sdm thiet lap mdi quan he vdi cac qudc gia Ai Lao, Chan Lap, Champa; Van Don da trd trung tam kinh te doi ngoai phia Bae, giQ vai trd quan trgng nha't cua quoc gia Dai Viet De'n thdi thuoc Minh (1407-1427), chinh quyen cai tri da ddi Van Don tQ "trail" "huyen" ( | ^ ^ ) Den the ky XV, sau khoi phuc dudc qud'c thd'ng, VUdng trieu Le (1428-1527) da cho doi vung cang dao Ddng Bae tQ "huyen" "chau" (O'H ) va de'n thdi Nguyin thi Van Don lai trS ve vdi mgt ddn vi hanh chi'nh ca'p huyen cua mgt qud'c gia tho'ng nha't Ve sii bien ddi cua cac ddn vi hanh chinh, phan Dii dia chi cua Lich trieu hie'n chUcMg loai chi, nha dia ly hge - lich sQ Phan Huy Chii ghi ro: "Nam Quang Thuan thQ (1466) Le Thanh Tdng dat 12 dao thQa tuyen la: Thanh Hoa, Ngh? An, Thuan Hoa, Thien TrUdng, Nam Sach, Quoc Cai, Bic Giang, An Bang, Hung Hoa, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, Lang Sdn va phu Trung Dd Ddi Id lam phu, ddi tra'n lam chau Roi sai cac chQc thQa tuyen x6t nui sdng cho minh eai quan, lam dia do" (19) Nhu vay, den thdi Le sd, chu trQdng chung ve chuyen ddi ddn vi hanh ehinh, "tra'n Van Don" thdi Tran da dUdc ddi t h a n h "chau" thuoc thQa tuyen An Bang Chau Van Don da dudo mcl rgng ve quy mo va dia gidi bao gom 10 trang, phUdng (20) Dua theo sach Thien Nam dii Dai Viet dia dU todn bien, Nguyin Van Sieu cung viet rang: ThQa tuyen An Bang cd mgt phu la Hai Ddng, cd huyen la Hoanh Bo, Yen Hong, Chi Phong, cd chau la Tan An, Van Ninh, Van Don, \'inh An Cung theo nha sit hge hg Nguyin thi vao thdi Le, ehau Van Don thudc thQa tuyen An Bang Van Don gom cd 37 dgng Trong Dai Viet dia dii todn bien, tac gia cung da d i n sach Thien hg, quan qudc ldi benh thU p h i n An Nam cUOng viic bi luc va cho biet rang vao nam Vinh Lac thQ (1407) nha Minh, Van Don la mgt huyen cua chau Tinh An Den nSm 1409 nha Minh da dat 12 T u i n kiem ty cl cac ndi va mot so" dd la Ty t u i n kiem Van Don thudc huyen Van Don (22) Ve dia diem mil Van Don sach viet: "Nui Van Don cl phia ddng b i c phu Giao Chau, huy$n Van Don d bien Idn Hai nui ddi nhau, mgt Rghian cuu Lich sir, sg 9.2009 ddng nudc chay qua d giQa, thuyen budn cac nudc phien qud'c p h i n nhieu hgp d da'y" (23) Ra't cd the, md ta tren day la nham de chi dia diem cac dao Van Sdn - Cai Ban ndi cd sdng Cd'ng Don, sdng Mang (hay Con Mang) chay d giQa hai dao ma de'n van la luong nUdc Idn Dieu chae c h i n la, sdng Mang phai la hudng di chinh tQ Bie'n Ddng tie'n vao vung dao va thudng cang De'n nay, da hi cat bdi nhung dien mao ciia ddng sdng v i n cdn ra't ro Dieu quan trgng la, vet tich cua )chu cang cd' v i n cdn dQdc minh chQng bdi mgt dai bd bien va nhieu vung bien day dac nhQng manh sanh, gd'm sQ Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c qua cac thdi dai Chie'n cdng oanh liet viec chan bUdc tie'n cua quan Nguyen xam ludc cung cudc sd'ng, hoat'ddng thinh mgt thdi cua khu thudng cang v i n dUdc khac hoa sau sic ky Qc truyen ndi cua bao Idp cU dan dia phudng Den thdi Nguyen (1802-1945) Van Don thudc huyen Hoa Phong, phu Hai Ddng Nam Minh Menh thQ 17 (1836) trieu dinh Hue' lai cat chau Van Don ddi lam to'ng Van Hai nhap vao huyen Hoa Phong Nam Thieu Tri thQ nha't (1841) ddi ggi la huyen Nghieu Phong va Van Don v i n thuoc huyen ay Huyen Nghieu Phong sau lai ddi la Cat Hai tQc Cat Ba Trong phan viet ve huyen Nghieu Phong, sach Dong Khanh dU dia chi ghi kha eu the: "Dao Van Don d giQa bien, ngoai cila bien Van Don" Cu the hdn: "CQa bien Van Don d hai phan xa Quan Lan phia ngoai cd dao Mai nen cd ten ggi la cita Mai (Mai hai khau) Phia ben phai cd dao Ngge Viing, ben trai cd dag Canh Cudc, vung bien cd dao PhUdng Hoang dung sQng nudc, phia ddng dao la cQa bien Van Don, phia tay bien la cQa bien Trao Lai Thuy trieu len sau trUdng thudc; thuy trieu xudng sau trQdng, rgng 140 trQdng" (24) Nhu vay, ve pham vi va dia gidi hanh chi'nh Van Don cd nhieu sQ thay ddi qua cac thdi ky lich sil Van Don, vdi tu each la mgt ddn vi hanh chinh, da cd nhQng bie'n ddi theo thdi gian Do vay, nghien cQu ve Van Don can cd cai nhin lich sit ve pham vi khdng gian cua khu viic Hdn the nQa, ve dia danh Van Don, cung c i n phan biet ro nhQng khai niem nhQ: "Cita bien Van Don", "Nui Van", "Don Van", "Trang Van Don", "Trdn Vdn Don", "Chdu Vdn Don", "Huyen Vdn Don" va "Cdng Vdh Don" Tuy cd nhiing diem chung nhUng giQa cac dia danh va y nghia cua moi each ggi cd nhieu ham y khac ve pham vi dia gidi, chQc nang va tam quan trgng TQ viec phan tich cac nguon sQ lieu ket hdp vdi khao sat thiic te ed the cho rang cac dia danh nhQ "Ciia bien Van Don", "Cda Ngi" deu ra't g i n vdi CQa Ddi edn "Nui Vdn" hay "Vdn Scfn" hay "Cu lao Ldn Loi" chae chan la hdn dao n i m giQa hai dao Cai Ban va Van Hai, dQdc bao bgc bdi sdng Con Mang hien "Don Vdn" nhieu kha nang ddng tren dao Con Quy va Cua Ndi cung d dd Do tinh dac thu ciia mgt ddn vi hanh chinh dUdc thie't lap tren dao, pham vi cda cac ddn vi h a n h chinh qua tQng thdi gian ra't khd xac dinh mgt each cu the Ben canh dd, viec lam ro trung tam eua cac ddn vi hanh chinh tQc tri sd cua Van Don qua eac thdi ky lich sit eung khdng he la cdng viec d i dang Mac du cd sQ chuyen dich, bien ddi qua thdi gian nhUng vung trung tam, h a t nhan co't loi, mau thit va hon thieng cua khu thQdng cang Van Don, gin vdi chil quyen ba't kha xam pham cua qudc gia Dai Viet v i n la vung bien dao Trong dd, khu Cong Ddng - Cd'ng Tay va Cai Lang Quan Lan cd y nghla dac biet quan Ke thQa quan die'm va nhQng chi bao cua cac sQ gia, nha dia ly hge lich su trieu dai trudc dac biet la trieu Nguyin, mgt so' nha sit hge hien dai da cd nhieu cd' gang de di Tinh thgng va qiry mg de'n xac dinh khdng gian va pham vi eu the ciia Van Don TQ nam 1936, chuyen gia Ddng Nam A hge hang dau ciia Nhat Ban GS Yamamoto Tasturo cho rang: "Diia theo cho nhQng ghi chep cua An Nam ggi Van Don la td'ng Van Hai thi nhan dinh cho rang trung tam cua huyen Van Don, chau Van Don cd le d tren dao Van Hai" (25) Theo GS sQ hge Tran Qud'c Vudng thi "td'ng Van Hai d tren mdt hdn dao vinh Ha Long, dao a'y ggi la dao Van Hai hay thudng ggi la Cu lao Ldn Ldi, d sat phia ngoai Cu lao Cai Ban Thdi Duy Tan la'y dao Van Hai cung vdi cac dao xung quanh lap nen huyen Van Hai" (26) Cung chung quan diem dd, p h i n ehu giai tac p h i m Dii dia chi cua Nguyin Trai, GS Ha Van T i n cung xac dinh: 'Van Don la mgt hdn dao vinh Ha Long, d phia ddng dao Cai Ban, ggi la dao Van Hai hay Cu lao Ldn Ldi" (27) Tudng tii nhu vay, cuori Huyen dao Vdn Don, tac gia Do Van Ninh, ngUdi da nhieu nam gan bo vdi Van Don cho rang: "NhQng ben thuyen co, nhQng di vat cd va vd sd' nhQng di tich kien true da cho phep khang dinh thUdng cang Van Don vdi mgt he thd'ng ben thuyen ma trung tam la ben Cai Lang va ben Sdn Hao van edn chQa hang nghin, hang van hien vat phe thai nem di tQ nhQng Ian khuan vac len ben xudng thuyen sudi nhQng the ky Ly - Tran - Le" (28) NhQ vay, tac gia la ngUdi d i u tien dQa quan niem "he tho'ng" ve thQdng cang Van Don NhQng he thd'ng dd, cam nhgin cua nha nghien cQu, chi bao gom cac cang va vung bien thuge xa Quan Lan va mdt so' ben thuge xa Minh Chau hien Mac du, cud'n sach neu tren cung da viet ve nhieu dia danh, vet tich ben cang hinh tQ cac t h e k y trUdc Tren cd sd cac ddt khao sat dQdc thQc hien lien tuc cac nam 1990 va dac biet la dQa vao ket qua tham sat, khai quat eac nam 2002 - 2003 tai cac xa Thing Ldi va Minh Chau, Quan Lan tQ nam 2002 bao cao ket qua khao sat, khai quat khao CO hge va cac budi trao ddi, lam viec vdi lanh dao, cac nha nghien cQu, quan ly van hoa tinh Quang Ninh chiing tdi da chil trUdng rang: Trong vdng the ky, thiidng cdng Vdn Don dd hinh vd phdt trien vdi tii cdch la mgt he thd'ng cdc ben cdng chit khong phdi la mgt cdng hay khu vitc cdng ddn biet NhQ vay, tQ lap, nhieu kha nang thQdng cang Van Don da la mgt khdng gian tQdng ddi rdng md Quan he giao thQdng, trao ddi vdi cae qud'c gia khu vQc da dong thdi dien d nhieu dia diem khac Thiic te lich sQ cung cho tha'y, qua tQng thdi ky lich sQ, dac biet la tren phUdng dien kinh te, hanh chinh d thudng cang Van Don da ndi len vi tri trung tam cua mdt khu vUc cang ben nha't dinh Vi tri trung tam cd sQ chuyen dich qua thdi gian Dua tren nhieu cQ lieu ed the k h i n g dinh rang, khu vQc Cd'ng Ddng - Co'ng Tay la trung tam quan trgng nha't cua Van Don thdi ky Ly - Tran Thdi thuge Minh, nhieu kha nang trung tam hanh chinh Van Don v i n ddng d day Su xua't hien cua dia danh "Vtxng huyen" d dao Cd'ng Ddng khien cho chung ta cd the dUa gia thuyet dd De'n thdi Le sd, cd the b i t d i u tQ thdi Le Thanh Tong (cq: 1460-1497), xu the y thQc ve vi the dat nudc, chu quyen lanh tho va bien dao cang manh me, ehinh quyen Thang Long da hudng manh sQ quan tam va quan che de'n vung Ddng Bae Do vay, trung tam cua thUdng cang bat dau dich chuyen ve phia Ddng, tie'n xa hdn Bien Ddng, tQc hudng phia eac xa Quan Lan, Minh Chau Dd chinh la can nguyen d i n de'n sQ phat trien trdi vUdt cua cac ben ldn nhQ Cai Lang, Sdn Hao, Con Quy vao cac t h e k y XVI-XVIII 10 Tren cd sd khao cQu cac nguon sQ lieu ket hdp vdi nghien cQu dia danh, nhQng hien vat xua't Id tren mat da't, vet tich cua nhieu cdng trinh kien true tdn giao va ket qua ciia cac cudc dieu tra, khai quat khao cd hoc, cd the cho rang tQ thdi Ly - Tran thudng cang Van Don da dQdc hinh t h a n h tren mgt vung tQdng ddi rgng ldn (29) Theo do, de'n thdi Mac (1527-1593) va dac biet la thdi Le Trung Hung (1583-1788), chiu tac dgng va hgi nhap vdi sQ phat trien chung cua he thd'ng thQdng mai chau A, thQdng cang da khdng ngQng dQdc md rgng ve quy md vdi mgt he thd'ng cac ben, bai de" hinh nen cac cum cang, ben ma theo quan diem Khu vQc hge (Area studies) cd the ggi dd la cac vung (region) va tieu vung (subregion) Hien nhien, giQa cac vung va tieu vung ludn cd sii lien ket chat che vdi tU each la nhQng bg phan hdp cua mgt he thd'ng chung nhat Trong he thd'ng dd, theo quan niem cua chung toi, Vdn Don khong chi co cdc cdng bien md cdn co sii dii nhgp cua cdc cdng song, khong chi cd cdc thiidng nhdn, thuyen budn nitdc md CO thUdng nhdn, thUdng thuyen quo'c te', khong chi co quan he ngi vdng md cd quan he ngoai vi, khdng chi thiet lap vd tri quan he vdi cdc qudc gia Dong Bde A md phdt trien cdc mdi giao lUu vdi khu viic Dong Nam, Tdy Nam A Ta't ca cac hoat dgng dd deu dQdc dat sQ dieu hanh, quan ly chung ciia chinh quyen cac ca'p Dieu cd the tha'y dUdc la, hoat ddng cung nhu nhQng sii bie'n, thUdng vu ldn dien d Van Don deu tac dgng triic tie'p de'n kinh t h a n h Thang Long De bao ve trung tam quan trgng nha't cac boat dgng kinh te' ddi ngoai chinh quyen Thang Long han cung da cd nhieu no liic de thiet lap va vQdn t i m kiem soat toan bg khu thQdng cang Rghien cmi Lich sit, sg 9.2009 Tinh he thd'ng va quy m o cua Van Don Theo quan diem cua chung tdi, tQ thdi Ly - Tran, vung cang bien Van Don da hinh ba tieu vung Tieu vdng thd nhat tap trung d dao Cd'ng Dong va Cd'ng Tay thuoc dia phan xa T h i n g Ldi Nhieu kha nang, day chinh la ndi dat tri sd cua "trang Van Ddn" thdi Ly, "tra'n Van Don" thdi T r i n va "huyen Van Ddn" thdi thuoc Minh (30) S Q xua't hien cac cdng trinh kien true Phat giao vdi cac chua: Chua La'm, chua Cat, chua Trong cho ph^p chiing ta k h i n g dinh ve sQ hinh t h a n h mgt trung tam van hoa, hanh chinh cua cQ dan hai dao tha'm dQdm sac thai tam linh Phat giao Sii hien dien cua cac ngdi chua d vung bien dao khdng chi cho tha'y anh hudng rgng ldn ciia Phat giao, tam nhin hudng bien cua vQdng trieu T r i n ma dQdng nhQ vQdng trieu cdn thau hieu nhu ciu, tinh cam tdn giao cua cac thQdng nhan nQdc, quoc te nhQng ngudi thQdng xuyen de'n day sinh sdng, trao ddi hang hda Cugc sd'ng, thuyen budn va ngudn hang hoa gia tri cua hg ludn phai ddi chgi vdi nhQng thach thQc cua bien khdi va biet bao trd ngai, hiem nguy khac Tam the dd khien hg ludn phai cau mong sQ che trd ciia cac da'ng than linh va dQc Phat Hdn the, thdi bay gid, P h a t giao khdng chi la "qud'c giao" ciia Dai Viet ma cdn la the gidi tam linh cd the tim gap sQ chia se chung vdi CQ dan cac qud'c gia khu viic Qua vet tich vat lieu kien true cdn lai, cd the cho r i n g cac ngdi chua deu dQdc xay dUng vao nila sau the ky XIV (31) NhQng, trQdc dd cd the cung da cd nhQng cdng trinh kien true tdn giao gian ddn hdn dQdc xay diing d vung thQdng cang Tiec r i n g , cac ngdi chua ldn nhu chua La'm, chiia Cat, chua Trdng da h\ huy hoai va chi cdn la cac phe ti'ch Chung c6 the da hi thieu huy vao thdi thuoc Minh hoac suy tan d i n cung vdi sQ chuyen dich cua vung trung tam h a n h chinh cua thQdng Tinh h6 thgng va guy mO cang vung Cai Lang khoang cudi the' ky XV d i u t h e k y XVI CQng vdi cac cdng trinh kien tnic tdn giao, ve't tich gd'm sQ eac ben thuyen cung cho tha'y vai trd kinh te cua Cd'ng Ddng va nhieu vung ben d ca hai phia cua dao Cd'ng Tay Ngoai vet tich gd'm sQ xua't Id dgc theo cac vung bien phia Tay Bic tQc tQ thdn de'n thdn 5, tai phia Ddng - Nam cua dao Cd'ng Tay cung cd nhieu vung bien dung chQa ra't nhieu hien vat gd'm sQ Cd the ndi, vung Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay la mdt "kho gd'm sQ khdng Id" cd gia tri nghien cQu, bao tdn het sQc quy bau khong chi doi vdi di tich ThQa Cd'ng ma cdn vdi ca vung thQdng cang Van Ddn xQa (32) Trong sd' cac vung bien d phia Dong - Nam cua dao Cd'ng Tay nhieu kha nang vung "Chudng Bd", "Khe San" la nhQng ndi cd mat hign vat tap trung cao nhat Do cd dieu kien tit nhien hit site thuan ldi, viing Thiia Cdng (cdn ggi la song Thong Ddng) chinh Id trung tdm kinh te, vdn hod, bang giao ldn nhat ciia Vdn Don thdi ky Ly - Trdn Mac du dien mao cila khu thudng cang cd da hi bie'n ddi nhQng sQ xuat Id cua cac loai hinh hien vat tren mat da't va ven cac bd vung cd the dQa gia thuyet ve kha nang ndi day da xuat hien nhieu Idp, nhieu loai thUdng nhan va giQa cac thudng nhan da cd sU phan lap nghe nghiep, chuyen mdn hoa tQdng doi cao (33) Nhieu kha nang, thuyen budn cac nQdc khu vQc da de'n day de trao ddi, budn ban, dang tie'n san vat dia phQdng ddng thdi thiic hien cac hoat ddng bang giao vdi Dai Viet Dieu kien budn ban theo chu trinh gid mua cung khien chung ta luan suy ve kha nang mdt sd' cdng ddng thQdng nhan ngoai kieu da thudng xuyen sinh sd'ng d vung thQdng cang Dieu quan trgng la, thiet lap che bao ve an ninh chi'nh tri kha chat che thi chinh quyen trung Qdng va cac 11 ca'p quan ly, chinh quyen vung bien dao vin ludn tdn trgng truyen thdng van hoa, phong tuc cua cac khaeh thQdng Vao d i u the ky XV, Du dia chi Nguyen Trai tQng nhan xet; "PhQdng phuc nghia la theo tuc hg chQ khdng theo mgt le nhQ nhau" (34) Dd la sQ the hien tQ mem deo, nang ddng va nhan quan van hoa cua chinh quyen Thang Long mgt thdi dai Trong dd, Tieu vung thd hai dUdc xac dinh gdm cac xa Minh Chau, Quan Lan hien Vao eac the ky XII-XV, day chinh Id viing dia dau To qudc, cd vai tro quan trong viec bao ve an ninh vd kiem sodt thue quan, bdo ddm cho cdc hogt dgng bang giao vd giao thUdng sdn pham cao cap cua Tieu viing thd nhat tiic khu vitc trung tdm cda thUchig cdng the ky Song song vdi cac hoat ddng va chQc nang bao dam an ninh dd, tieu vung cung ddng thdi thiic hien eac hoat dgng trao ddi, giao iQu kinh te vdi ben ngoai SQ xua't hien cua eac loai hinh gd'm sQ Dai Viet thdi T r i n va Td'ng, Nguyen (Trung Qud'c) tap trung cac vung bien, trai dgc theo cac ben tQ vung CQa Ddi de'n cac ben Con Quy, Sdn Hao, Cai Lang chQng minh cho quan diem dd TQ khoang cudi the ky XV d i u the ky XVI, thay cho khu vUc Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay, tieu vung da dan ndi len trung tam ldn va quan trgng nhat cua Van Ddn Vi the dd lien tuc dUdc tri cho de'n khoang dau the ky XVIII Do trii mat cao cua cac hien vat sanh, gd'm sQ Chu Dau va loai hinh Chu Dau cung nhieu loai s i n pham ehe tac tai cac trung tam san xua't gd'm sQ Ddng Bae (Dai Viet), gd^m sQ Trung Qud'c tap trung vao cac thdi Minh, Thanh chQng td dieu dd Them vao dd, da'u vet cua cac khu dinh cQ ed, gieng nQdc va cum di tich dinh, chua, mie'u (dQgc di chuyen qua va tao diing d Quan Lan 12 khoang the ky XIX) cung cho thay da'u a'n cila mgt khu viic phat trien, tap trung dan cQ ddng due NhQng tQ cudi the ky XVII dau the ky XVIII ve sau, vi nhieu nguyen nhan, cung vdi sQ suy thoai cua khu thQdng cang mgt thiet che xa hdi (Nho giao) b i t d i u lan chi phoi manh de'n vung bien dao Ngoai hai tieu vung tren, vao thdi Ly Tran cung da hinh Tieu viing thd ba la nhdm dao phia Ddng - Nam cua thQdng cang thudc xa Ngge VQng Trong lich sQ, hoat dgng giao thQdng cd the da diin ehu yeu d cac vung bien thudc dao Cd'ng Yen, Cd'ng Hep Theo nhQng ket qua khao sat ban dau, hien vat gd'm sQ, sanh d khu vQc cung cho tha'y nhQng dac tinh gio'ng nhQ vung Cai Lang va Co'ng Ddng Cd'ng Tay nhQng hien vat cd nien dai the ky XVI-XVIII cd tru mat cao hdn Theo chung tdi, vting dao Ngoc Viing khdng chi la mot khu vitc buon bdn, giao thUdng qudc te md cdn la khu viic bdo ddm an ninh phia Nam cho khu thUdng cdng NhQ vay, ba tieu vung dd da hdp t h a n h mdt he thd'ng Cd the ggi dd la Khu viic thii nhat Khu vQc gdm cac tieu vung: Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay, khu vQc Cai Lang va vung dao Ngge VQng Day chinh la khu trung tdm, co vai tro quan trgng nhat cdc hoat dgng chinh tri, kinh te, xd hgi sudt the ky hinh thanh, phdt trien cda khu thuang cdng Trong khoang thdi gian dd, hien nhien Van Ddn khdng the tdn tai va hoat dgng nhQng dieu kien phat trien biet lap ThQdng cang ludn dQdc dat sii quan ly, dieu tiet va ngudn cung cap hang hoa tQ da't lien tQc cac trung tam san xua't thu cdng vung chau thd sdng Hdng va chae c h i n ca nhiing ngudn cung ca'p lam, tho', hai san cua cac vung nui Ddng Bae va Rghien cuu Ljch sir, sg 9.2009 Tay B i c cila To qud'c He tho'ng kiem soat dQdc thie't lap d cac vung cQa sdng, ven bien khdng chi n h i m t a n thu cac mdi ldi tQ hoat dgng giao thQdng ma cdn n h i m bao dam an ninh cho khu vQc thQdng cang Van Ddn va cac trung t a m chinh tri, kinh te ngi dia (35) Trong y nghia do, sQ hinh cum ben, cang ven bd bao gdm cac tieu vung: Yen Hung (36), CQa Luc - Bay Chay (37), CQa Ong (38), Cai Bau (39) keo dai de'n vung dia d i u Tien Yen - Van Ninh d phia Bae vdi sQ t h a m gia, hd trd cua Cat Ba d phia Nam (40), va vung dao Cd Td giau tai nguyen tii nhien (dac biet la ngge trai), cd vi tri dac thu d phia Ddng Bae Ket qua khao sat thiic dia cho tha'y d Cat Ba, Yen Hung, Van Ninh van tha'y xua't Id nhieu ben bai rgng ldn vdi tru mat cao cua nhieu loai gd'm, sanh Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c S Q tQdng hdp ve kieu dang va nien dai cua cac loai hinh hien vat d vung cung nhQ sQ hien dien cila cac cang dao cho tha'y mdi lien he mat thiet giQa cac ben cvta song vdi cac hoat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai d Van Ddn Day chinh la Khu viic thii hai hinh t h a n h tai cac vung cQa sdng va dao ven bd thuge thQdng cang Van Ddn Khu vUc ndy cd y nghla het sde quan trong viec cung cdp, ludn chuyen hdng hda tii cdc trung tdm kinh te ddi ngi khu viic cdng dd'i ngoai; bdo ddm an ninh cho cdc cdng bien, trung tdm chinh tri, kinh te ngi dia dong thdi don nhgn vd tieu thu, dieu phoi hdng hod cda Khu viic thd nhat Dieu c i n chu y la, theo quan die'm va bang each tie'p can he thd'ng, cung vdi nhQng mdi lien he mat thie't vdi cac ben va cang bie'n, giQa cac tieu vung cua Khu vitc thd hai ciing cd mdi lien ket vdi theo chieu dgc tQc mdi lien he Nam - Bic Mdi lien he dat trgng t a m d hai khu viic Yen HQng (khdi d i u ) va Van Ninh (ket Tinh he thdng va quy mg thuc) Theo dd, gd'm sQ cung nhieu loai hang hoa khac dQdc dua len vung Dong - Bae de phuc vu muc tieu xuat khau Song song vdi qua trinh dd la sQ luan chuyen ngudn 13 Sol dd 1: Phac diing he thdng thiidng cang Van Don ;ViinNinh I Ciia Ong; f Cii'd Lite hang nhap tQ phQdng Bae ve NhQ vay, theo chu Yen Iluiifi trinh nay, vi tri cua Van Ninh va Yen Hung lai cd sQ hoan ddi Trong du ky Nhiing chuyen di vd phdt hien (Voyages and Discoveries) viet nam 1688 nha tham hiem ngQdi Anh William Dampier da md ta tuyen hai trinh tQ cQa song Thai Binh de'n Tenam (Tien An hay Tien Yen) Theo dd, tuyen di "chii ye'u men theo da't lien, qua cac laeh nhd va ddng nudc hep, vd sd' giQa nhQng hdn dao d phia Ddng cua dai vinh" (41) Ket qua khao sat cho tha'y d Van Ninh, ben sdng Ka Long, cd sQ xua't Id cua cac bai hien vat gd'm sQ, sanh Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c co quy md ldn Tai mgt sd' khu vQc thudc thdn Ddng nhQ: Thoi Sanh, Va Dat, RQng Miiu hien vat v i n ken day, cd ndi tang van hda day 1,5m de'n hdn 2m Thuc te dd khien chung ta khdng the khdng iQdng tinh den mQc giao thQdng va tam anh hudng cua trung tam dau mdi cac boat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai Trong nhieu the ky, mgt sd san pham xua't khau cua vung chau thd sdng Hdng da vQdn manh len phia Bic, den cac thi trQdng qud'c te Chic h i n thdi ba'y gid, cung vdi cac ngudn thQdng pham khac nhQ td lua, lam thd, hai san thi gd'm sQ, sanh "An Nam" da dQdc thQdng nhan ngoai quo'c dd dac biet la thi trUdng mien Nam Trung Hoa Qa chuong DQdc lap tQ thdi Ly, Van Ninh la mgt trung tam melu dieh qud'c te cua Dai Viet va hoat dgng lien tuc cho de'n the ky XVIIIXIX (42) Dieu dang chu y la, ky Qc cua nhan dan, cho de'n ngudi ta van ggi vung Va Dat la 'Van Ddn" va v i n cd dia danh "Chd Van Ddn" d dd Ben canh dd, vdi tQ each la mdt thQdng cang qud'c te, giQ vai trd quan trgng cac boat ddng kinh te' ddi ngoai qua nhieu the ky, thudng cang Van Ddn cdn cd va md rdng hoat dgng giao thUdng vdi trung tam kinh te mien Nam Trung Hoa va cac qud'c gia Ddng A Theo quan diem cua chuyen gia nghien cQu thUOng mai ndi tie'ng Kenneth R Hall thi de'n the ky XIV the gidi da hinh it nha't vung thUdng mai (trade zones) Nhd cd sQ boat dgng va kien ket cua cac vung thQdng mai dd ma hang hoa tQ phudng Ddng (Trung Quoc) dUdc dUa den chau Au Trong vung dd thi khu vi,Ic kinh te mien Nam Trung Hoa cung vdi cac cang ven bien Viet Nam cd vi the het sQc quan trgng He tho'ng keo dai den vinh Siam, ban dao Ma Lai va mdt sd' khu vUc thuge Rghien cuu Lich sir s6 9.2009 14 Java de tQ dd thiic sQ hinh nen vung thQdng mai thQ hai d cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A hai dao (43) NhQ vay, cung vdi nhan td' h i n g xuyen la cac hoat dgng khai thac hai san, budn ban cua gidi Hoa thQdng, Van Ddn cdn la diem de'n tQ ra't sdm ciia cac doan thuyen buon tQ cac qud'c gia Dong Nam A va nhieu kha nang cdn la ndi hudng neo cua ca mgt so' thuyen budn - sQ doan tQ Ryukyu (Nhat Ban) (44) Theo "Con dUdng td lua tren bien" tuye'n can duyen, nhieu doan thQdng thuyen tQ Ddng Bae A va Ddng Nam A da ddn tu ve Van Ddn NhQ vay, cac cang vimg Thanh Nghe Tinh (chau Hoan, chau Ai va sau nam 1306 md rdng ve phia Nam vdi Thuan chau, Hoa chau) khdng chi ddng vai trd la vung kinh te ddi ngoai phia Nam eua Dai Viet ma cdn la cac cang trung chuyen cua trung tam kinh te phia Ddng Bic tQc Van Ddn Cdc hog,t dgng trao doi, budn bdn, bang giao, trieu co'ng dd tao nen sac thdi da dien vd hogt dgng nhgn nhip cua khu thUdng cdng lich sd Hogt dgng giao thUdng da dgng dd dd dem lgi sinh lite phdt trien manh me, Idu ddi cho thUcfng cdng Dd chinh la Khu viic t h i i b a cua thUdng cang Khu vQc dung chQa nhieu moi giao iQu kinh te, bang giao da dang, phQc tap nhQng cung ddng thdi the hien sQ nhay cam chinh tri, tinh than chu dgng, nang liic thich Qng, ddi Qng cao cua cac the che chinh tri Thang Long va tiem liic, sQc manh cua kinh te Dai Viet Hdn the nQa, cac the ky XVIXVIII, chiu tac dgng manh me cua cac hoat dgng giao thQdng quo'c te, hoat dong thQdng mai cila Dai Viet dan dUdc md rgng ddng thdi tie'n vao sau da't lien ThQdng nhan ngoai qud'c cd the den trao ddi va mua ban tnIc tiep tai nhieu trung tam kinh te, chinh tri, dan cU va khu vQc san xua't thu cdng S Q hinh t h a n h he thd'ng cang sdng da tac dgng khdng nhd de'n vi the trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai cua Van Ddn nhiing du vay nd cung khdng the la tac nhan dan de'n sQ suy tan mau chdng cua thQdng cang Ndi each khac, quan he giao thQdng Dang Ngoai the ky XVT-XVIII, mac du cd sii troi day cua he thd'ng cang sdng vung Ddng Bae vdi Domea (Tien Lang,.Hai Phong) (46), Phd Hie'n (HQng Yen) va Thang Long nhQng thQdng cang Van Ddn van tri dQdc phan nao vi the va hoat dgng giao thUdng qudc te Tham chi, nhan thQc rd ve tam quan trgng cua vimg cang dag Ddng Bic, trong-quan he vdi Dang Ngoai, nam 1661 Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VQC) cdn dat muc tieu md rgng moi quan he vdi khu viic (47) NhQ vay, ciing vdi he thdng cdng song, nen kinh teddi ngoai ciia Dgi Viet vdn phdt huy the manh vd tiem ndng ciia he thd'ng cdng bien Ben canh dd, cung cd the dQa gia thuye't la, nhieu kha nang, chinh quyen Le - Trinh tap trung sQ quan tam den he thd'ng cang sdng thi he thd'ng cang bien v a n Ddn da cd dQdc mgt khdng gian va mdi trQdng thoang md cho cac hoat dgng kinh te quan phQdng - phi quan phQdng, trung Qdng - dia phQdng cung ddng thdi diin d vung bien dao Chi rieng sQ xua't hien day dac cua Sd dd 2: Thiidng cang Van don va moi quan he vdi mang iQcrt giao thiitfng quoc te Tinh he thdng va guy mg cac manh v3 gd'm sQ, sanh Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c phan bo' tren mdt dien rdng d khu viic Cai Lang - Sdn Hao - Con Quy cung du cho tha'y mQc budn ban, luan chuyen hang hoa ra't ldn eua khu thQdng cang Van Ddn (48) Dieu chae c h i n la, sau giai doan phat trien phdn thinh thdi Trin, Thdi dgi hodng kim cua he tho'ng hai thQdng chau A (1450-1680) (49), Van Ddn v i n la die'm de'n, la dia ban ddi iQu cac ddng mach kinh te nudc vdi qud'c te, giQa hai khu vQc Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A, giQa phQdng Ddng vdi phQdng Tay Chinh cac hoat ddng kinh te da dang, da chieu dd da dem lai cho Van Ddn sQc sd'ng va the hien day dii t i m vdc cua mdt thQdng cang quan trgng ciia khu VQc Ddng A Do vay, hieu Van Ddn vdi vi tri la mgt trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai cua Viet Nam lich sQ phai cd mgt cai nhin td'ng the, he thd'ng mdi tQdng quan va lien he da chieu cua nd vdi vung bien Ddng Bic ciia Td qud'c cung nhQ sQ bien thien eua cae moi quan he, bang giao vdi cac qud'c gia khu vQc SQ hinh ba khu vQc cua khu thQdng cang cd y nghia het sQc quan trgng viec bao dam nhQng boat ddng va lam tien de, ddng liic phat trien cho Trong cac hoat dgng kinh te', van hoa, chinh tri da dang dd, Khu vQc thQ nha't tQc vung trung tam thQdng cang cd vai trd het sQc quan trgng NhUng, nd chi cd the thQc hien dUdc vai trd va the hien vi the cua minh sQ hd trd va mdi quan he tQdng ho cua Khu vQc thQ hai va Khu vQc thQ ba CQng can phai 15 ndi them la, he thd'ng dd vdi tQ each la mdt chinh the khdng ngQng phat trien hoan thien theo thdi gian nhUng mat khac, trai qua thdi gian nd cung khdng ngQng bien ddi theo cae hoat ddng thQc te, mdi trUdng kinh te qud'c te cung nhQ chu trQdng, chinh sach cua cac the che Ngay nay, xu the hdi nhap khu vQc, qud'c te, ^vinh Bae Bg cd vi tri chie'n iQdc vdi Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c ea ve kinh te cung nhQ qudc phdng, an ninh Vinh Bic Bg ma trung diem la thudng cang Van Ddn la ndi chQa dQng nhieu ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien dac biet la cac ngudn ldi hai san, d i u khi, du hch ddng thdi la cQa ngd, la ndi tap trung mgt sd' tuye'n giao thQdng tren bien ndi ket giQa khu vQc Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A, giQa vung Dong Bic cila Viet Nam vdi mien Ddng Nam va Tay Nam Trung Qud'c Trong cac tiem nang, gia tri cua Van Ddn, di san van hda truyen thd'ng cua mdt thdi dai, vi the cac mdi giao thUdng quo'c te cung nhQng chien cdng oanh liet khang chie'n ehd'ng ngoai xam chic chin se trd nhQng ddng lUc phat trien cho vung bien Ddng Bad Vdi tiem nang, vi the chien iQdc, vinh Bae Bg ndi rieng, Bien Ddng ndi chung da va hoan toan ed kha nang trd mgt khu vQe phat trien kinh te sdi dgng, dem lai nhieu ngudn Idi Idn nhQng cung an chQa nhQng tharri vgng cua mgt so' qud'c gia mud'n thdng qua cac chQdng trinh khai thac, bao dam an ninh va hdp tac phat trien de tranh gianh, md rgng anh hQdng ddi vdi khu vQc CHU THICH (1) Hpi Kloa hoc Lich sil Viet Nam: Van hod ddu cdc nen vdn hod co, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, H^ Oc Eo - Vuang qud'c Phii Nam Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr 833-847 (2) t3eogre Coedes: The Indianized States ofSoutheast Noi, 2008 Tham khao them: H4 Van T4'n: 6c Eo Asia, University of Hawaii press, Honolulu, 1968 NhUngyeu to ngi sinh va ngoai sinh, trong: Theo Rghien cixu Lich siSr, s g 0 15 (3) Ha Van Ta'n (Cb.): Khao cd hoc Viet Nam, (10) T r i n Qudc VUdng: Truyen thong van hoa Tip I, Thdi da, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, Viet Nam hoi canh Bong Nam A vd Bong A, 1998, tr 267 Tham khao them Trinh Nang Chung: trong: Vdn hoa Viet Nam tim tbi vd suy ng&m, Nxb Moi quan he van hoa thdi tien sd giiia Bde Viet Nam Van hda Dan toe - Tap cU Van hda Ngh$ thuSt, H i vaNam Trung Qudc Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2009 Noi, 2000, tr 20 (4) Ha HQu Nga - Ngnyin Van Hao: Hg Long thdi tien sit Ban Quan ly vinh Ha Long, 2002, tr 233 Viet Nam: Khd ndng ling bien, trong: Vdn hoa Viet (11) T r i n Quo'c Vudng: Mgt net bdn sic van hoa Nam tim tbi vd suy ngam, Sdd, tr 41 (5) Karashima Noburu: Trade Relations between (12) Nguyen Van Kim - Nguyen Manh Diing: South India and China during the 13th and 14th Truy4n thong vd hogt dong thiidng mgi ciia nguifi Centuries; and Merchants' Visits Nagasluma to Japan; Hiromu: in: Muslim East- West Viet: ThUc te tich sit vd nhgn thiic, trong: Viet Nam he thong thUcfng mgi chdu A theky XVI-XVII, Maritime Relations, Vol.1, The Middle Eastern Nxb The Gidi, 2007, tr 315 Nam 1988, hoc gia Cultural Center in Japan, 1989, p 59-82, 1-30 ngudi Phap Denys Lombard bai viet cua minh (6) Trong An Nam chi luge, ve pliam cha't, phong tuc va nep song cua cU dan An Nam, Le T4c viet: "Dan ong lo lam ruong, di buon; dan ba lo nuoi tam, det vai, each noi hien hoa, it long ham muon Ngudi xil xa phieu dat tdi nUdc ho, ho hay hoi tham 4'y la tinh thucing cua ho Ngudi sinh d Giao Chau v4 Ai Chau tlii rong rai, co muu tri; ngUcIi cl Chau Hoan, Chau Dien thi thudn tu, ham hoc Du nQa thi khd dai thiet th4 Dan hay ve minh Vi trdi nong sot, dan Ua t i m cl song, nen ho cheo va loi nudc ra't gioi Tie'p khaeh thi dai trSu cau Tinh.Ua an dUa mam va nhQng vat dudi bien", Nxb Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hoa Ngdn ngQ Dong Tay, Ha Noi, 2002, tr 70 dang tren Tap clii Bia ly Phdp (French Geographical Journal) cung da dUa quan niem cd mot "Dia Trung Hai khac" "Mediterrannean" cl Ddng Nam A (Another in Southeast Asia) Quan diem chu dao ciia bai viei la di tdi phan ti'ch nhQng ye'u td ben trong, chii the va gia tri sang tao cua van hoa Dong Nam A ma dd mdi trudng bien (Bien Dong Nam A) cd vai trd het sQc quan Cd the tham khao ban dich Anh ngQ cua Nola Cooke (13) Nguyen Tai Thu (Cb.): Lich sd Phat Gido Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1988, tr 12-70 (14) Wang Gungwu: The Nanhai Trade - The Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China (7) Keiji Imamura: Prehistoric Japan • New Perspectives on Insular East Asia, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1996 Tham khao them T r i n Qudc VUdng: Ve mgt ddi vdn hoa Nam Bdo ven bd Bien Dong, Tap chi Nghien cdu Bong Nam A sd 2, 1998, tr.60 (8) Xem Ha Van Ta'n: Tiin si hoc Bong Nam A Tri thiic vd khuynh hudng, trong: Theo da'u cac nen van hoa co, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr 26 (9) Ha Van Ta'n: Thuyin, mo vd mo thuyen, trong: Theo da'u cac nen van hoa co, Sdd, tr 717 Sea, Times Accademic press, 1998 (15) Tiin Hdn thu, Q.28 ha, td 21b; d i n theo TrUdng Minh Hang: Buon bdn qua bien gidi Viet Trung: Lick sd, hien trgng vd trien vgng, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi Ha Noi, 2003, tr 15 (16) Le Tac: An Nam chi luge, Sdd, tr 289 (17) Trong bao cdo: The Bisappearance of Van Bon: Trade and State in Fifteen Century Dai Viet - A Changing Regime?, trinh bay tai Hdi thao: A Mini Mediterranean Sea - Gulf of Tongking through History (Dia Trung Hai thu nhd - Vinh Bic B9 lich si) Dai hoc Qudc gia Australia va Vi^n Nghien cflu Dong Nam A, Vien Khoa hoc Xa hpi Tinh he thgng va guy mg Quang Tay to' chQc 14-15/3/2008 tai Nam Ninh (Trung Qudc), GS John KWhitmore cho rang thUdng cang Van Don xua't hien vio giQa thS' ky XII va suy tan (bien ma't) vao cuol the ky XV (1467) Tren thUc te, cac ngudn tU lieu Viet Nam va cac bang chQng ve khao cd hoc, nhan hoc cho tha'y mac dd cd nhQng khoang thdi gian tUdng doi trim lang nhung thudng cang Van Don da hoat ddng lien tuc cho d§'n khoang d i u theky XVIII (18) Ngd Si Lien va cac sQ t h i n nha Le: Bai Viet sd ky toan thd Tap I, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi Ha Npi, 1993, tr 317 (19) Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chddng logi chi, Tap I, Nxb Sil hoc, Ha Ndi, 1960, tr 35-36 (20) Ve sQ bie'n ddi ddn vi hanh chinh cua Vdn Ddn cd t h i xem Nguyen Van Kim: He thd'ng thddng cdng Van Bon qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cd hoc, Tap chi Khao cdhgc, sd4, 2006, tr 46-65 (21) Nguyen Van Sieu: Dgi Viet dia dd todn bien, Vien SQ hoc - Nxb Van hda, Hd Noi, 1997, tr 162 (22) Nguyen Van Sieu: Bai Viet dia dd todn bien, Sdd, tr 66 (23) Nguyin Van Sieu: Bai Viet dia dd todn 6ien, Sdd, tr 112 (24) Bong Khanh dd dia chi Tap I, (Ngo DQc Tho - Nguyen Vdn Nguyen - Philippe Papin dich, gidi thi§u), Nxb The Gidi, Hd Noi, 2003, tr 422 (25), Yamamoto Tasturo: Thddng cdng Vdn Bon cua An Nam, Ddng PhUdng hoc bao, sd 9-1936 Bai viet cung da dUdc xuit ban bang tie'ng Anh: Vdn Bon - A Trade Port in Vietnam, Toyo Bunko (Dong DUdng vdn khd) Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, the Oriental Library, No 39, 1981, p 2-14 17 (27) Xem Bd dia chi, trong: Nguyen Trdi todn tap idn bien, Nxb Van hoc - Trung tdm Nghien cQu Qudc hoc, Ha Noi, 2001, Hd Van Tin hieu dinh va chu thich, tr 587 (28) Do Van Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Bon, tJy ban Nhan dan huyen Van Ddn, 1997, tr 145-146 (29) Xem Do Van Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Bon, Sdd; Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng thddng cdng Vdn Bdn qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cdhgc, Tap chi Khao cd hoc, sd 4-2006 va Bao cao khai quat KCH d dao Cdng Tay nam 2002 cua Han Van Kha'n; Bao cao khai quat nam 2003 tai Cai Lang cua nha KCH Pham NhQ Hd Xem Pham NhQ Hd: NhCtng phdt hien mdi ve khao cd hoc ndm 2003, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi, Ha Noi, 2004, tr! 356-358 (30) Cd the coi viec xdc dinh trung tam hanh chinh va thUdng cang Van Ddn thdi L^ d viing ThQa Cdng la mot gia thuye't khoa hoc Mot sd nhd ngliien cQu dat vin de phai cd sQ phat hien gdm thdi L^ thi mdi cd the bao dam ludn cQ Tuy nhien, mdt sd manh gdm sQ, sanh thdi Td'ng da dQcJc phat hi§n Chung tdi cho rang, thQ nha't: Cho den ngliien cQu khao cd hoc d vdng ThQa Cdng ndi rieng vd Van Ddn noi chung v i n chi diing lai d mot sd cuoc tham sdt, khai qudt quy md tUdng ddi nhd Sau nQa, nhQ cac ngudn sQ lieu cho thiy, vao thdi Ly hoat dong budn ban d Van Ddn chii yeu id cac hang nhe, hang la, cd gia tri nhu hUdng lieu, vai lua, san hd, ngoc trai, chim vet nen r i t khd de lai diu tich Ben canh dd, han la vao thdi h^, gdm xuit khiu ciia Dai Viet cdn nhieu han che va khd cd the canh tranh vdi gdm sQ Tdng tren thQdng trQdng Hdn the nQa, nghien cQu, gd'm sfl chi la mot nhQng bing chQng quan chQ khdng the id cd sd nhit de dinh tudi va xac dinh vi the cua mot dia diem hay khu thudng cang Day thQc sQ la vin de thu vi qua trinh nghien cQu v^ lich sQ liinh thanh, phat trien ciia thQdng cang Van Ddn (26) T r i n Qud'c VUdng: Ve dia diem Vdn Bin (bai viet rieng cho Quang Ninh), Phdng Tu lieu Khoa Lich sQ, TrQdng DH JCHXH & NV, DHQG HN, sd DM/130 (31) Dd v a n Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Bon, Sdd, tr 177-200 va Ha v a n Tin: Chua Viet Nam, trong: De'n vdi lich sd vdn hod Viet Nam, Nxb Hoi nha van, Rghien cijru Lich siir sg 9.2009 18 Ha Noi, 2005, tr 223-227 Dua tren phat Men khao Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hie'n chdong logi chi Tap cd hoc, tac gia viet: "d chQa Lim, ngdi chinh dien cd I, Nxb Sil hoc, Hd Noi, 1960, tr 114 Theo dd, t u i n the dUdc Idp ngdi iQu ly phu men xanh, ndi len vi tri S u i t Ty d Quynh Lau cd nhidm vu kiem sodt thuyen dac biet cua nd so vdi nhiing ngdi nha khac, chi dQdc tQ sdng Bach Dang, sdng Chanh bien cdn t u i n Idp ngdi mui hdi binh thudng", Chua Viet Nam, tr An LUdng dat d cQa sdng Bach Long Vi tQ Trung 226 Qua cac vet ti'ch kien true da, chua Ld'm cQng Qudc chay sang nham kiem soat thuyen budn qua nhu cdc ngoi chua khac tren dao mang ddm d i u i n lai budn ban d vQng bien gidi Viet - Trung van hoa cudi Tran, chua t h i y cd diu hieu trung tu, tdn tao cua cdc thdi ky sau (32) Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng thddng cdng Vdn Ddn qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cd hoc Tap chi Khao cdhgc, sd4, 2006, tr 56 (33) Trong ddt khai qudt thang nam 2002 tai thdn 5, vdi dien tich 12m^ (3m x 4m) tdng so' 1.976 hien vat phat hien dQdc cd 599 manh sanh vd 747 manh sQ Trung Qud'c H i u het hien vat dd sQ tim dQdc deu Id sQ Long Tuyen cd nien dai khoang cuoi the ky XIV Tuy dien tich khai qudt tudng ddi hep nhQng dd id di tich phat hien dQdc niiieu sQ L,ong Tuyen n h i t a nudc ta NhQ vay, sau ba cudc cliie'n tranh tdn khdc, Dai Viet v i n chu trQdng tri quan he giao thQdng vdi Trung Qudc va v i n cho nhap ve nhieu san p h i m cao cip cua nUdc Ben canh dd, qua phan tich liien vdt khai quat dQdc ket hdp vdi dieu tra tren mat d i t chung tdi cho rang giQa cdc vung bien d dao Cd'ng Tay co sQ phdn ISp ve hien vat kha rd Cd the dd id ben dd truyen thdng, lau ddi cua cac ddng ho, chu thuyen chuyen budn ban mot loai (hay vai loai) san phim n h i t dinh Dieu dd cho t h i y sQ phan cdng vd tinh chuyen nghiep hoa cao cua gidi doanh thQdng d Vdn Ddn Tham khao Han Van Khin: Bdo cdo khai quat khu di tich Cdng Tdy, thudng Ninh thang 8-2002; Tu Ueu Khoa Lich sQ, TrQdng DH KHXH & NV, DHQG HN, 2002 (36) Trong cac mua dien da tQ 1992 de'n 2006, chung tdi da de'n khao sat tai cac xa Hoang Tan, Tan An, Ha An va Hoang Tien Tai khu vQc DUdng Hac, Go Vat, Sed Be, Hon Dau tha'y xuit 16 nhieu bai sanh, gd'm men cac thdi Trin, Mac, Le O DQdng Hac xd Hoang Tan cdn cd d i u vet ciia Id nung gd'm vd diu vet cua den thap thdi Trin (37) Qua CQa Luc di ngQdc ve phia Tay de'n ben Gao Rang, ndi co thdnh nha Mac, cd the t h i y mot vung sdng - bien day dac hien vat gd'm sanh CQng nhu d Yen HQng, hien vat phat hien dQdc cl khu vQc ndy tiidng tQ nhQ cdc manh gd'm, sanh d Van Ddn Vdi vQng T u i n Chau - Bai Chay, g i n day cac nha khoa hoc da tim dQdc nhidu hien vdt thdi Han, Luc Trieu va thdi Dudng Nam 1997, S Bai Chay dd tim dQdc gd'm TrQdng Sa the ky IX-X Theo mot sd thdng tin chuyen mdn, d T u i n Chau da phat hien t h i y vet tich ciia Id nung gdm the ky VIII-IX (38) Khu vQc cd den CQa Ong gin vdi cdng tich vd anh linh cua Hung nhQdng Dai vQdng Trin Qudc Tang va tQdng Hoang Can Tai day cung cd tram t u i n CQa Suo't Theo W,Dampier thi khu vQc ven bien Quang Ninh cd 5-6 sd tuin (39) Trong dot khad sdt g i n day (15-6-2008) cho tha'y tai vung hien thon Bi Lip, xa Van Yen, dao Cai B i u cung x u i t 16 mot khu vuc cd sdnh va gd'm Viet thdi Trin, Le; sQ Trung Qudc thdi Thanh Theo anh (34) Nguyen Trai: Dddia chi, Sdd, tr 466 (35) D6 danh thue va Idem soat tinh hinh budn Le Van Phuc (1961) sdng tai vung bien thi trQdc nam 1978 d thdn Bi L i p cung cd mot sd gia dinh ban d khu vQc Dong Bic, cung vdi viec thie't Idp he ngudi Hoa iQu tru Nhan day, xin dQdc tran thdng kiem tra cl khu vuc CQa Dd'i, Ngoc VQng (?) cam dn TS Trinh Ndng Chung, Vien Khao cd hoc, vao the ky XVII-XVIII, chinh quyen Le - Trinh da clii bao cho chung tdi dia diem khao sat cho lap cac tram t u i n ty cl cac vdng cQa sdng Theo (40) Ket qua khao sat cua chung tdi vao thang Phan Huy Chu thi cd t u i n chinh la t u i n Suit Ty 7-2007 cho t h i y d vung Lang Cu, xa Xuan Dam vung Yen HQng va An LQdng d Van Ninh Xem (nay la Tram nuoi t6m gidng sd I Mien Bic) xuit 19 Tinh h& >h6'ng va guy m6., hien kha nhieu gom siJt Viet Nam thuoc cac 16 Chu Dau, My Xa va sanh thdi Tr^n, Le day cung c6 nhieu gom sii Trung Quoc thcJi Nguyen, Minh Cif dan dia phUdng cho hiet trUdc day (1978) vung Lang Cu CO nhieu gia dinh ngitdi Hoa sinh song TCf phat hien d6, c6 the cho rang, neu mcl rong pham vi nghien ctiu, nhieu kha nang cl Cat B^ v^n nhQng vung bien co gSn v6i hoat dong cua Van Don vk h§ thong cang Dong Bae nhieu the ky (41) William Dampier: Mot chuyen du hdnh den Ddng Ngoai nam 1688, Nxb The Gidi, 2006, tr 105 (42) Van Ninh cung tim tha'y da'u v^'t cua mgt so 16 nung co Nhieu kha nang, ciing vdi nhiing nguon hang dUa tdi tii cac trung tam gom sii viing chau tho song Hong thi cii dan Van Ninh cung dong thdi san xua't mgt so san phllm dia phUdng Vdi Van Ninh, cCmg vdi khaeh thiidng Trung Hoa chic chan c6 mgt so" thitdng nhan tOr Ddng Nam A den buon ban (43) Kenneth R Hall: Maritime Trade and Development in Early Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii press, Honolulu, 1985, p.223-225 (44) Nguyen Van Kim: Quan he cda Nhat Bdn vdi Ddng Nam A the ky XV- XVII, Nxb Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Ngi Ha Ngi, 2003, tr 83-89 Xem them Atsushi Kobata & Mitsugu Matsuda: Ryukyuan Relations with Korea and South Sea Countries, Kawakita printing Co., Ltd, Kyoto, 1969, p 18G (45) Theo An Nam chi luac cua Le TSc thi viing Cvfu Chan, Nhat Nam san tr^m hiidng, b6 tot, voi d6 la nhiing vat pha'm gia tri thitdng dem trieu co'ng vao thdi Ly - Triln, viing cang Nghe - Tinh la d^u moi giao tiep vdi Ai Lao, Chan Lap, Champa Cac quoc gia nay, de tien hanh quan h§ vdi Trung Hoa deu phai di qua lanh tho va viing bidn cua Dai Viet NgUdc lai, Champa cd vi tri ra't quan trgng tuyen giao thadng cua Trung Qud'c vdi phUdng Nam Trong phan viet ve Chiem Thanh, Le Tic cho rang: 'T.ap quoc tai m6 bien, thiidng thuyen Trung Quoc v\S(^ hi di qua cac niidc phien phuc, thudng tap trung tai da'y de chiia cui va nifdc la ben tau ldn nha't tai phia Nam", Sdd, tr 72 (46) John Kleinen - Bert van der Zwan - Hans Moors - Ton van Zeeland: SU tii vd Rong - Bon the ky quan he Hd Lan - Viet Nam, Nxb The Gidi, Ha Ngi, 2008 (47) Hoang Anh Tua'n: Hdi cdng mien Dong Bde vd he thong thitang mat Ddng Ngoai the ky XVII (qua cdc nguon Ui lieu phitcfng T&y), Tap chi Nghien cthi Lich sii, so (370), 2007, tr 58-59 (48) Xem Do Van Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Don, Sdd, tr.146-157: Nguyen Van Kim: He thong thi£0ng cdng Vdn Don qua tii lieu lich sd vd khao cd hoc Tap chi Khao co hoc, so 4-2006; Bao cao khai quat nam 2003 tai Cai Lang cua nha KCH Pham Nhu Ho Xem Pham NhU Ho: Nhitng phdt hien mdi ve khao co hoc ndm 2003, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2004, tr 356-358 Tuy nhien, chiing toi khdng cho rang day la nhiing "hien vat phe thai n6m di" nhii la nhiing vat diing, hao chiia hang hoa nhU mat ong, hiidng lieu cac tau, thuyen budn ngoai qud'c den an hang Ndi each khac, giao thiidng quoc t§' thdi ba'y gid gd'm sii, sanh Viet Nam la nhiing san ph^m thiidng mai thUc sii Viec tim tha'y nhieu gd'm sanh "An Nam" nhiing l^n tning tu Sakai, Osaka, Edo cung nhu cac khai quat cl Nagasaki., cho tha'y go'm sii Viet Nam phat hien dUdc kha nhieu tai Nhat Ban Mat khac go'm sii Viet Nam cung tim dUdc tai tren 30 dia diem d Ddng Nam A va mgt so" thiTdng cang quoc te Xem Hasebe Gakuji: TYm hieu moi quan he Viet - Nhat qua dd gom sii; va Aoyagi Yoji: Do gom Viet Nam ddo diidc d qudn ddo Dong Nam A, trong: Do thi co Hoi An, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1991, tr.81-85 & 113-123 va cac bai nghien ciiu cua cac chuyen gia Nhat Ban; Kin Seiki, Ojiura Masayoshi, Tsuzuki Shinchiro va Mori Tsuyoshi ve cac phat hien gom sii, sanh Viet Nam tai Nhat Ban Ky yeu Hgi thao Quo'c te: Quan he Viet - Nhai the ky XV-XVII qua giao lUu gom sii, Trung tam Hdp tac NCVN DHQG HN va Vien Nghien ciiu Van hoa Quo'c te, Tnidng Dai hge Chieu Hda phoi hdp to' chiic, Ha Ngi, thang 12-1999 (49) Anthony Reid: Southeast Asian in the Age Commerce 1450-1680, Yale University Press, 1993 ... hdn ve vi tri dia dau, chie'n lUdc cua vimg bien dao Ddng Bae To quoc Song song vdi quye't dinh dd, chinh quyen Thing Long ciing da thuc thi mgt chit trUdng doi ngoai tUdng ddi rgng md vdi cac... thdng qua vai trd cua cac cang viing Thanh, Nghe - Tinh, sdm thiet lap mdi quan he vdi cac qudc gia Ai Lao, Chan Lap, Champa; Van Don da trd trung tam kinh te doi ngoai phia Bae, giQ vai trd quan... thdi Le Thanh Tong (cq: 1460-1497), xu the y thQc ve vi the dat nudc, chu quyen lanh tho va bien dao cang manh me, ehinh quyen Thang Long da hudng manh sQ quan tam va quan che de'n vung Ddng Bae