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Nghiên cứu tập trung làm rõ vấn đề tình thái hóa được thể hiện như thế nào thông qua các phụ ngữ tình thái trong năm bài phát biểu của các diễn giả nói tiếng Anh dựa trên quan điểm ngữ pháp chức năng hệ thống.
S6 12 (242)-2015 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG 31 svr THE HBgN CUA TINH THAI HOA QUA PHV NGf TINH T H A I TRONG CAC BAI P H A T B I E U B A N G T I E N G A N H TJ^l L £ TOT NGHIEP: PHAN TICH THEO QUAN DifeM N G C P H A P CHU'C NANG REALIZATION OF MODALIZATION THROUGH MODAL ADJUNCTS IN ENGLISH COMMENCEMENT ADDRESSES: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS TRlTONG x m A N H (Ths; Dfi hQC Ngo^i ngfr, B H Q G Hft N$i) Abstract: M A K Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar theoiy of modality is used to investigate the realization of modalization by using modal adjuncts in live English commencement addresses Modalization is realized through ten categories of modal adjuncts Among them, usuality Intensity, and time adjuncts are employed most frequently in the chosen speeches Key words: modalization; modal adjunct; systemic fimctional grammar DSn nh$p NgQ- phdp chite nfing h$ th6ng (Systemic functional grammar) ducc gidi thi$u iln diu t^i Anh nfim 1958 vd sau dd tfii l)c nfim 1994 bdi Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (M A K Halliday) LI thuydt ngtt phdp chlic nfing h$ th6ng nghi€n curu ngdn ng& m$t m ^ g ludri h$ th6ng md ^ nghTa du^c t^o didng qua sv nhfhig s}f l^a chpn c6 li6n h$ ch$t chg vdi Thu§t ngtt chiic nSng dimg dk ndi den quan dilm c&a Halliday vh v i ^ ^ nghTa cua ngdn ngtt chOra d^ng ba thdnh phm siSu chfic nflng Id: y nghTia tu tirdng (ideational), ngdn bdn (textual), vd lt€n nhin (interpersonal) Trong so ba thdnh phin trgn, si6u chute nfing liSn nhdn Id sy thl hl^n ciia vi$c lya chpn cdc cdng cy ngtt phdp cOa ngudi ndi nhim tfto cdc m6i quan h$ gitta ngabi ndi vd ngudi nghe Sy v|in dyng t^t si£u chiic nfing ndy ciia ngdn ngQ s6 t^o cho ngdn bdn cd dupc hi$u qud tfch cyc vi^c thi^t l$p m6i quan h$ li€n nhdn phiic tfip vd da d^ng giOB ngudi t ^ ngdn bdn vd ngirdi t i ^ nh|b ngdn bdn Cdng cy ngD' phdp t^o m6i li6n nhdn dd c6 the phong phfi song mdt nhthig cdng cy hi^u qud nhit phdi ke den Id tinh th&i (modali^) ndi chung hay tinh thdi hda (modalization) ndi rieng Vdi mong mu6n tim hlku vh si8u chite nfing li€n nhdn, tdc gjd cfia bdi bdo dfi nghiSn cfhi ve sy the hi$n ciia tlnh t h ^ thdng qua cdc phy ngQ' tinh thdi nfim bdl phdt bilu t^i cdc le tot nghiap ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh n6i tilng Id Steve Jobs (200S), Bill Gates (2007), Barbara Kingsolver (2008), J K Rowling (2008) vd Barack Obama (2009) Nhfhig bdl phdt bilu ndy dup'c lya chpn Id chfing diu dk dirpc hudng fing rdt ni^rtfi mi bdi cdc sinh vi€n t9i cdc trudng d^i hpc md cdc diln gid du^c mdi tdi phdt bieu Gdp phin tao nia sy thdnh cdng cho cdc bdi phdt bilu ay hin phdi cdch sii dyng ngdn ngCt vd ciing khto lto vd linh hofit ciia cdc diln gid Chfnh cdng cy ngdn ngtt md hp lya chpn d3 tfio spi dfiy vd \Hjjlh g ^ kit hp vdi ngirdi nghe Theo quan dilm ciia tdc gid bdi vilt ndy thl spi dfiy ay dirpc t ^ chfnh bdi m6i liSn h$ lidn nhfin vd quan trpng Id dupc thl hi$n qua tlnh thdi hda Nghign cfiu ndy tfip trung trd ldi cfiu hdi: tinh thdi hda dugc the hi$n nhu thl ndo thdng qua cdc phy ngO* tinh thdi nfim bdi phdt bilu ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh dya tr6n quan diln! ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng? M$t v&i khdi nifm quan ylu Zl nnh thdt vd fSn/r thdl Ma 32 N G N N G C & Bin S6NG S 12 (242)-2015 Trudc hit cln phdi chi ring khdi ni$m chiing the hi^n Phfim trit -y nghTa diu li£n tinh thdi (modali^) vd tinh thdi hda quan den phdn dodn (proposition) vfi cdi sau (modalization) theo quan dilm ciia M.A.K li€n quan din khiln n ^ i (proposal) Khi ho^ Halliday Id cdc khdi n i ^ khdc Hai thu$t d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de trao dhi thdng ngU tieng Vi^t dupc dCUig d dfiy cung nhu tin thl cu thl hi^n hlnh thiic m$t phdn dodn nhilu thu$t ngft khdc nhu phy i ^ tinh thdi, Cdn ho^t d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de tdc tli tlnh thdi hitu dinh, dupc tdc gid bdi nghi ho$c ydu clu tfic Id dd m$t hdnh d$ng vilt tham khdo bdn djch ciia Hodng Vfin Vfin ndo dd cln phdi dupc thyc hi^n thl cfi thl hi$n Theo Halliday (1994) tbih thdi Id ddnh gid hlnh thlic m^t khiln ngh} ciia ngudi ndi v l cdc khd nfing ho$c sy bfit Tlnh thdi hda phfin dnh ddnh gid cda ngtrfri bu$c dieu md ndi l l n h thdi thl ndi din khd nfing xdy ciia cfic phdn dodn hi^n nhftng sy lya chpn ngdn ngft vd Halliday (1994) tilp tyc phfin tdch tlnh diii nhttng lya chpn ay nim ^ t t a hai cyc "cd" vd hda thdnh hai miic d$ khdc Id: cdc m ^ 'Ididng" Chiing bao g6m todn bO cdc mure dp d$ xfic suit (cd till/ rit c6 till/ chfic chin) \i trung gian nim gi&a hai cyc ly cic miic dO thudng xuydn (thinh thodng/ Trong ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng, tinh thudng thudng/ ludn ludn) Cdc miic d$ xdc thdi (modality) dupc chia thdnh tlnh thdi suit tuong duong vdi cd (khfing djnh) ho$c hda (modalization) vd bien thdl (modulation) khdng (phli djnh) cdc mure d^ diudng dya dieo hai lo^i hofit dpng giao tiep md chung xuygn tuong umg vdi cd vd khdng Tlnh thdi lign quan cung nhu hai ph^m trii f ngJiTa md hda cd thl dupc md tfi ngin gpn sau dfiy: CO !_ PI'hdi I dodn , KHONG khd nfing khfing dinh xfic suit (cd ho^c k^ng) 2.2 Phy ngit 6nh thdi Theo Halliday, tinh thdi hda dupc thl hi^n chu ylu qua tdc tur tlnh thdi hftu djnh (d$ng tCr thih thdi) vd phy ngQ- tinh thfii Trong khudn khd bdi nghidn cfhi ndy, tfic gid t^p tnmg vdo cdc nhdm phy ngit tinh thdi cd thl dupc sdr dyng dl the hign tinh thdi hda L09I Ki^D V nghfa Vfdv xdc sudt thudng XUVSD dien hlnh "ITwlc sSnsdng b6n phfln thtri elan rOrdng trung gian TiNH T H A I HOA k h i nfing nhu thS ndo? thu&ng xuy6n nhu tht ndo? diln hlnh nhu d i l ndo? sin sdng nhu t h l ndo? bfit b u ^ nhu tht ndo? khindo? rO rdng nhu tht ndo? , phfi dinh thudng xuygn (c6 vd khdng) Halliday (1994, fr 49) djnh nghTa phy ngft tinh thdi Id "phy ngft diln t& sy ddnh gid cda ngudi ndi lign quan din sy phti hpp cda thdng di$p." Cdc phy ngft tlnh thdi dupc phdn chia thfinh hai lo^i chfnh Id thuc vd binh ludn Tk cfi cfic lo9i trgn d u p c t n g h p p t r o n g bdng sau: probably (khd ndng), possibly (cd tht), certainly (chiic ehan), perhaps (c616) usually (thudng), sometimes (thinh thodng), always (lu'^'^ lufin), (n)ever (khdng bao gifr/bao gid) cccasionally (thhih thodng), generally (nhin dnmg), regularly (Uiufmg xuy£n), for die most part Cpbln nhiiu) willingly (tlnh nguyfn), readily (sin sdng), gladly (hAn hanh), certamly (chfic ch4n), easily (dS ddnp*) deflnitety (diM kho^), absolutely (ti^r^ doi), at all costs ( b ^ g mpi gid), by all means (bfing moi cdch) yet (chua), still (v3n), aheady (dfi), once (c6 ldn) of course (dl nhifin), surely (bita nhifin), obvious^ (lO rdng) 33 NG6N NGC & Bdl S6NG S6 12 (242V2015 cudng d$ cudng d$ nhu thl just (chO, even (th^m chf), actually (thyc ra), in tact (thyc nto? tl) d mftc dQ ndo? quite Odia khd), ahnost (hdu nhu), scarcely (bilm khi), ^solutely (hodn todn) quan dilm tdi nghi in my opinion (theo quan dilm ci^ tfii), to my mmd (theo cdch ng^ cda tdi) c6ngnh|n tdi cdng nhdn frankly (ndi difing ra), to be honest (ndi thyc) thuylt phyc tdi ddm bdo vdi ban really (dtpc ddy), believe me (hSy tin tfii) Blnh tfalnhcdu tdi yfiu cdu ban please (ldm on), kindly (mfit cdch trfin trpng) hi^n gid djnb tfii cho Id evidently (hiln nhi&i), presumably (cd thl dodn chtnag) mong mudn mong mufin nhu tfai (un)fortun3tely (may mfin/ khfing may), regrettably (th$t ndo? ddng tile), hopeliilly (hy vpng Id) bdo luu tin cfiy nhu dil ndo? at first (luc d^u), tentatively (udm thit), provisionally (mQt cdcb t^m thdi), looking back on it (nhin lai nd) thdm dinh h9p If nhu thl ndo? broadly speaking (ndi rfing ra), in general (nhin chung) nh^y cdm nhu thl (un)wisely ddnh gid (khfin ngoan/khfing khfin ngoan), ndo? understandably (cd dil hilu dupc),foolishly(ngu xudn) dydodn du^c chd dpi nhu thl to my surprise (trudc sy ngfic nhiln cda tfii), as expected (nhu dy dodn), by chance (tlnh cd) nio? Bdng Phfl ngit tinh thdl (Halliday, 1994, tr 49,82, 83) Kit qufi phfin tich ngft lifu Sau phdn tich nfim bdi phdt bilu dS chpn, kit qud cho thiy khdng phdi tit cd cdc kilu phy ngft tinh tiifii li$t kd bdng diu dupc v ^ dyng dl thl hi$n tlnh thdi hda Tren thyc tl, mudi kilu phy ngtt tlnh thdi dfi dupc sii dyng dl hi§n tinh thfii hda Dudi dfiy Id bdng tSng hpp s6 lupng cy the tdng kilu phy ngit tinh thdi xult hi^n titng bdi phdt bilu mt^cdQ Kilu phy ^ ^ ^ ^ nefr tinh t h ^ thuimg xuygn cudiiR d$ thfri Rian xic suSt mirc dp cdtm n h ^ bonph$n quan diem thuvSt phuc riSiinR 10 Tdm Steve Jobs Bill Gates Barbara Kingsolver J K Barack Rowling Obama Ting 13 13 8 19 2 19 10 59 11 17 13 S8 45 18 11 1 202 1 1 42 42 Bdng Phf ngit tinh thdl cdc bii phdt Bing trlnh My s6 li$u th6ng k€ s6 lin cic Viia phv ngft tlnh thii dui^c sOt dving d^ the hi$n tlnh thii h6a tiong tiimg bii phit bik Trong nim bii phit b i k du^c phin tich, phv ngtt tinh thii dugc sft dvng nhieu nhdt vdi 46 31 41 46 biiu I k bii phit bi^u cia Barack Obama Ci hai diSn gii Steve Jobs v i Bill Gates d k d sk Iln si!r dvng cic k i k phy ngtt tlnh thii nhu li 42 Ifin moi bii ke ttia Trong dd, nhi v|n J K Rowling c6 s6 I k sij* dyng 34 N G N N G t r & B(n phy ngft tinh thdi ft hon song theo rdt sdt hai diln gid trdn vdi 41 ldn Bdi phdt bilu cd sy xuat hi$n cdc phy ngft tinh thdi ft nhat vdi 31 lan thu$c vl Barbara Kingsolver Bdng tren cfing chi mudi nhdm phy ngft tinh thdi d u ^ sii dyng cdc bdi phdt bleu vd duoc sfip xip theo thii ty tdn sudt xudt hi^n tii cao din thdp Nhdm kilu phy ngft ddn ddu ve tdn sudt d u ^ sii dyng t h u ^ ve phy ngtt tinh thdi chi miic dQ thudng xuydn, cudng d$, vd thdi gian vdi s6 ldn xudt h i ^ tuong ung Id 59, 58, 45 ldn Trong dd, bdi phdt bilu ciia J K Rowling cd s6 lupng phy ngit thudng xuydn dagc sii dyng nhieu nhdt Id 19 ldn Ciing vdi so 19 ldn nhung dd Id s6 phy ngft cudng d$ dugc sii dyng bdi diln tiiuylt ciia Bill Gates S6 lupng phy ngit tiidi gian dupc sd dyng nhilu nhdt 13 ldn bdi ndi cOa Barack Obama Nhttng kilu phy ngtt tinh thdi xudt hi^n khd h ^ chl Id xdc suat, miic vdi ting s6 18 vd 11 ldn sur dyng cd nfim bdi phdt bilu Nfim nhdm phy ngit tlnh thdi cdng nh$n, b6n ph$n, quan dilm, thuylt phyc, rd rdng dupc sii dyng vdi s l lupng rdt khidm t6n vdi chl m$t hay vdi lan xudt hi^n S6NG S 12 (242)-2015 dupc Sli dyng d l the hi|n tinh thdi hda Bon cii nhu bdi phdt bieu ciia Bill Gates, dng ndi: "Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my de^ee" (Bill Gates, 2007; Bl, c://aew8.stanford.edu/news/200S/3unel S/jobs061S0SJitml Kingsolver, B (2008), 2008 commencement adtb-ess bfy Barbara Kingsolver, http://today.dul».edu/2008/05/ldi^8olver.htint tmy c9p ngdy 10 thdng 12 nam 2014 Obama, B {2(Xt9), Obama's commencement address at Arizona State University, http://www.nytmies.coin/2009/05/l 3/iis^litics/l 3obama.texUitml?pagewanted=a11&_r=0 truy c$p ngdy 10 tfadng 12 n&m 2014 Rowlmg, J K (2008) Text of J K Rowling's speech, bt^:/Mews.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-ofj4c-rowlmg-speech/ tmy c ^ ngdy 10 didng 12 nfim 2014 ... nghTa diu li£n tinh thdi (modali^) vd tinh thdi hda quan den phdn dodn (proposition) vfi cdi sau (modalization) theo quan dilm ciia M.A.K li€n quan din khiln n ^ i (proposal) Khi ho^ Halliday Id... ahnost (hdu nhu), scarcely (bilm khi), ^solutely (hodn todn) quan dilm tdi nghi in my opinion (theo quan dilm ci^ tfii), to my mmd (theo cdch ng^ cda tdi) c6ngnh|n tdi cdng nhdn frankly (ndi difing... thl bfit g&p "I'm just observing' (Tdi chi dang quan sdt; Barbara Kmgsolver, 2008) Bd muln nhdn m^nh din hdnh dQng d a i ^ xdy d hiQn tfu Id "quan sdt" md khdng kdm tiieo bdt kl hdnh dQng ndo