Bài viết nghiên cứu về chính sách dinh điền của chính quyền Ngô Đình Diệm ở miền Nam Việt Nam từ 1957 đến 1963 và các hệ lụy, ảnh hưởng đến đời sống nhân dân thời bấy giờ.
CHINH SACH DINH DIEN CUA CHINH QUYEN NGO DINH DIEM MIEN NAM VIET NAM (1997 1967) TRAN i m HA* N i m quyen thdng tri d mien Nam Viet Nam, My va Ngd Dinh Diem nhfin thQc dQdc rfing, cdng san thing lfi nhd cd ndng dan ung hd; dl gianh dUdc thing ldi cong cupc thing Cong d mien Nam Viet Nam, vfi'n de dfit lfi phai ldi k6o cho ky dUdc ndng dfin, phai "tranh thu., chinh phuc trdi tim, khdi dc ngUdi ndng ddn" Ngay nhQng ngfiy diu len cim quyen mien Nam, Ngd Dinh Diem dfic biet chu trpng cac chinh sach dd'i vdi nong dan, nhieu lan "ho khdu hiiu": "anh em lao dgng", "gidi phdng nong ddn", "hihi sdn hda ndng ddn", Chung da nhfin dinh: "de thdng dich, dieu kien tien quyi't Id phdi tranh thu lai nhdn ddn tay Viet Cong, ldm the ndo tdch rdi Cong phi khoi qudng dai qudn chung, khep chat nhdn ddn ldm mgt lUc lUdng hd trd cho ta Chi cd sU hd trO tUOng dUcfng dy mdi mong tiiu diet dUOc dich mgt cdch tan gd'c vd ldu ddi" (1) Tra ldi bao chi tai Ll khanh thfinh trudng Qude gia Ndng lam d Blao (3-11956), Ngd Dinh Diem dfi ndi: "Tu ngdy se mat het y nghla ne'u khong di ddi ciing mgt cugc gidi phdng kinh te, nhdt Id gidi phdng nong ddn, thdnh phdn cd hdn cua ddn tgc Chinh sdch nong nghiip cua Chdnh Phu nhdm muc dich ndng cao mdc sd'ng ndng ddn, gidi thodt ndng ddn khdi cdnh v6 sdn, ngheo ndn vd cdi thien sinh hoat thdn que" (2) NhQng lufin dipu nfiy cua Ngd Dinh Diem dQdc tay chan tuyen truyen phd bien rpng rai dl tranh thu cam tinh ciia nong dan Thvtc hien y dd tren, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da cho ddi nhieu chinh sach mi dan ddi vdi ndng dan d mien Nam Vipt Nam, dd cd chinh sach dinh dien Nfim 1956, trUde tien hfinh dinh dien, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem Ifip "Uy ban Nghien cOu vdn di khai thdc viing Cao Nguyen vd cdc vung Dong lay d mien Nam Viet Nam" (3), Trinh Vfin Hi, Ddng ly Vfin phdng Bd Dien thd vfi Cai each dien dia dQng dfiu Uy ban nfiy cd nhipm vu tim kiem, khao sat cac dia dilm de thvfc hien dinh dien, dvta theo nhQng tieu chuin chinh Ngd Dinh Diem de ra: "Theo Tong thdng nin chgn nhihig ncfi cd chut it dieu kien phdt triin chgn ncfi thdp cd sdn nUdc dn, tdm, giat, tUdi cdy vd cd du diiu kiin ve ddt dai (ddt td't, cd khodng rdng dedinh cU td 1000 ngUdi trd len) NgUdi My tdn thdnh dinh dien d ncfi di, chdc dn khdng scf Id " (4) Ket qua khao sat ban diu eua uy ban: Tay Nguyen cd dia diem (5) vfi cd nhieu triln vpng bdi "cd tdi 1.425.000 mdu ddt de trdng trgt ddt rdng phi nhieu, cd sudi ddi, cd the quy tu hoac ngdn ngUdi trd len ' Trudng THPT chuyen Nguyen Du, Tp Buon Ma Thupt, Dfik Lfik Chinh s6ch dinh dien Viing Cao Nguyin xet co du khd ndng don nhgn ddng bdo di ddn vd phdt trien, rdt thich hgp cho viec dinh dien " (6), cdn vung ddng liy "ke't qud khong ddng ddi ddo ldm" (7) My va chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem tien hfinh dinh dien khfip mien Nam nhUng xac dinh, trpng tam qude sach dinh dien lfi Tay Nguyen Bdi, Tay Nguyen ngofii nhQng tiem nfing kinh te cdn cd y nghla mang tinh chie'n lUdc het sQc quan trpng ve chinh tri va quan svf; khong chi dd'i vdi Viet Nam mfi ca Dong DUdng vfi Ddng Nam A Chinh quyen Sfii Gdn da nhan dinh: "Mud'n chii'n thdng d Nam Viet Nam thi phdi kiim sodt bdng dUcfc vung Cao nguyin Trung phdn cd tinh chdt chii'n lUdc ndy" (8) Vi vfiy, Td'ng tham mUu trUdng My Raffor da tuyen bd^, Tfiy Nguyen cd t h l trd thfinh dia bfin cd ddng quan trpng, mpt khu vvtc tfip trung quan dpi, Ifi'y Pleiku lam trung tam, cdn "Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diim cd ke' hoach dUa tdi mgt phdn mUdi todn bg so'ddn mien Nam len Tdy Nguyin, nghla Id hcfn mdt triiu, de tg.o mgt ngudn lUc tai chd rdt cdn thiet cho chii'n tranh vd chudn bi chien tranh" (9) Tren cd sd ket qua khao sat dd, ngfiy 234-1857, Ngd Dinh Dipm Sic lenh sd 103TTP, thfinh Ifip "Phu Tong uy dinh dien", td chQc nhu mpt bd, triic thupc Phu Tdng thd'ng, dudi quyen kiem soat vfi dieu hfinh cua Phd Tdng thd'ng (10) Bui Vfin LUdng Ifim Tdng uy trudng (11), dieu hfinh Phu Tdng uy dinh dien, phu ta tUdng Le Vfin Kim, cd' vfi'n My chi dao triic tiep la Leland Barrows (ngay 9-5-1957, Barrows tuyen bd My danh 10 trieu Dola cho dinh dien) (12) Ve td chQc dinh dien, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem trien khai mpt he tho'ng chfit che tQ trung Udng xudiig cac dia diem dinh dien d dia phUdng: 25 Theo Nghi dinh sd 691-TTPArP, ngfiy 23-4-1957, cua Td'ng thd'ng Ngo Dinh Diem, Phu Td'ng uy dinh dien cd trach nhiem dieu hanh mpi hoat dpng dinh dien tren tofin mien Nam thdng qua cac cd quan: Vfin phdng; Nha, Sd npi thupc nhU: Nha Hfinh chinh, Nha Tai chinh, Nha Di dan vfi Dinh cU, Nha Ky thuat, Nha Ndng cd; va Vung dinh dien (13) NhQng boat dpng cua Phii Tdng iiy dinh dien dUdc "Nha Thanh tra Hdnh chinh, Tdi chinh vd Ky thudt" theo doi vfi bao cao len phd Td'ng thdrig (14) Tiep theo, Nghi dinh sd 1502 va 1503TTPA/'P ngfiy 25-9-1957, Chinh quyen Sfii Gdn thiet lap va trien khai hoat ddng d mien Nam Viet Nam tren thvtc te vung dinh dien: - Vung dinh dien Cao nguyen Trung P h i n (15) gdm cac tinh Kon Tum, Pleiku va Dfik Lfik - Vung dinh dien Ddng Thap Mudi gdm cac tinh Kien Tudng vfi Kien Phong - Vung dinh dien An Xuyen - Ba Xuyen gdm cac tinh An Xuyen va Ba Xuyen - Vung dinh dien Cai S i n gdm cac tinh Kien Giang va An Giang Theo Nghi dinh sd 967-PTArp/ND, ngfiy 4-10-1957, vung dinh dien &\i6c td chQc nhQ sau: dQng d i u moi vung dinh dien la mdt Quan ddc, giup viec ed mpt phd Quan Ddc Quan doc, phd Quan ddc vung dinh dien chi dao trvfc tiep cac TrUdng khu dinh dien va dieu hfinh hoat dpng cac dinh dien vung qua Phdng Hfinh chinh, Phdng Ke toan, Phdng Chuyen vfin cung cac cd quan chuyen mon thupc cac Bp khac Trudng khu dinh dien chi dao triic tiep cac dia dilm trUdng, ngUdi dQng d i u cac dia diem dinh dien Ve td chQc hfinh chi'nh dia diem dinh dien, ngoai dia dilm trudng dQng dau phu 26 trach chung, cdn cd cac cd quan hfinh chinh, an ninh, quan svt vfi he tho'ng quan ly san xufi't kinh doanh, cac dofin the chinh tri phan dpng nhU: Thanh nien cdng hda, Phu nQ lien ddi, Phong trfio each mang qud'c gia Dang cin lao nhan vi, Dfic biet, dinh dien nao cung cd nhfi thd Thien Chua giao, Ifim "phuong tiin" tuyen truyen cho chung (16) Trong dia dilm dinh dien chia cac fi'p, cac lien gia khoang den gia dinh Lien gia trUdng, ngUdi dQng diu cac lien gia, phai chiu trach nhiem dieu ddng vfi kiem soat nhQng gia dinh lien gia cua minh NhQng phin tvt chd'ng dd'i hay bi tinh nghi cd lien quan den cdng san deu bi theo doi, bi b i t giam, tra tfi'n va thfim chi true xufi't khdi lien gia Sau on dinh dUpc td chQc, mfi theo each ndi ciia chung, la "an ninh dd vdn hdi", cac dinh dien dupe "dia phUOng hda", tQc trd thfinh mpt ddn vi hfinh chinh cd sd cua dia Rghien curu Lich sii s6' 11.2010 7-7-1959, tofin mien Nam Ifip dUdc 84 dia diem dinh dien, khai pha dUpc 48.336 vdi dan sdlfi 125.082 ngUdi (18) Cdn bao cao cua Phu Tdng uy dinh dien vd Nong vu, 27-2-1963, chinh quyen Sfii Gdn da lap dUdc d mien Nam Viet Nam: 18 khu dinh dien, tren 22 tinh vdi 208 dia dilm dinh dien (dia phUdng hda dUdc 62 dia dilm dinh dien) (19) Trong thdi gian lam Tdng tho'ng Viet Nam Cong hda (1954-1963), Ngd Dinh Diem da rfi't "tdm huyet" viec thvfc hien chinh sach dinh dien Tai budi dien thuyet "Ve cong cudc dinh dien tg.i Viet Nam", 26-9-1958, d rap Thdng Nhfi't Sfii Gdn, Td'ng uy dinh dien Bui Vfin Ludng da ndi: "Cong cugc dinh dien chinh Tdng tho'ng chu trUOng nin NgUdi dich thdn chi dg,o chinh Ngo Tdng thd'ng Id cha de dinh dien, chinh NgUdi da cd chu trUOng vd dich thdn hoach dinh ke hoach chinh sdch dinh dien " (17) Chinh sach dinh dien sau dd dUdc nang len "Quo'c sdch" cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem Thvfc hien chinh sach dinh dien My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem nhfim muc dich: Ve chinh tri, dinh dien lfi dl "gff' bdt dan sd' d nong thon, cac tinh, thi trfi'n dong due, nhQng gia dinh mfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem cho la dd'i lap vdi chung, phan tan hp nhieu dia diem dinh dien khac nhau, xen hp vao cac gia dinh Thien Chua giao, tien viec kilm soat Ddng thdi, dinh dien cdn lfi bien phap xao trpn cac cd sd each mang d dia phUdng, Ifim cho phong trao dfi'u tranh cua nhan dan tan Ngofii My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem cdn dung liic lupng dan di cU mien Bfie de kim kep, kiem soat bd phfin chung tinh nghi lfi cpng san hi b i t dUa tQ ddng bfing len (nhfi't lfi vung tvf cu cua Lien khu V vfi cfin cQ each mang cu d Nam Bd) Cho nen, viec lap cd sd dinh dien d Tay Nguyen, U Minh, Ddng Thap MQdi, vung DUdng Minh Chau, d vung chien khu D, deu nhfim triic tiep danh vfio cac cd sd cu cua khang chien, dl "cdy" vfio ndi a'y nhQng ngUdi mfi Ngd Dinh Diem tin tudng trung vdi che dp Vi vfiy, td Cdch mang qud'c gia (25-4-1958) viet: " ddng bdo di ddn tinh nguyin tham gia ki' hog,ch dinh dien, rdt xdng ddnh Id chii'n si tiin phong mat trdn chd'ng cong" (20) Cung svf hd trd cua My, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem da day manh chinh sach dinh dien tren toan mien Nam Theo bao cao ciia Phu Tdng uy dinh dien, den ngfiy Ve qudn sU, quoc sach dinh dien cua My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Dipm nhfim bien mien Nam cfin cQ quan svf ciia My Tay chan Ngd Dinh Diem sQc dao tao phUdng 27 Chfnh sach dinh dien hua'n luyen, trang bi vu cho cac dinh dien Trung tam Doan Vo (PhUdc Long) la ndi chung dfio tao can bd dinh dien, hua'n luyen cac liic lUdng quan svf, an ninh cho dinh dien Bao cao cua trung ta Nguyin Cao, 11-12-1961 cho biet, Trung tam hufi'n luyen Dofin Vo da dao tao dUpc: "284 Tieu dgi trUdng; 1.158 cdn bg dinh dien; Idp Trung dgi trudng 40 hgc viin dang xuc tii'n" (21) Sau dd, dl tfing cUdng dao tao tay sai, chung cdn md them Trung tam Doan Vd II (PhUde Long), Trung tam EANAO (Dfik Lfik) Liic lUdng nfiy chung sQ dung vfio cac muc dich quan sii, chinh tri He thd'ng an ninh dUpc td chQc chat che tQ cfi'p trung Udng den vung, khu vfi dia diem dinh dien Theo ket lufin Bien ban phien hpp ngfiy 3-11-1958 tai Bp Npi vu, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem td chQc he thdiig an ninh d cac dia diem dinh dien nhQ sau: - "Thdnh lap Ban an ninh gdm cd: dia diim trUdng, ldm Chd tich hay TrUdng ban; dg,i diin Bdo an; dgi dien Cong an, dgi diin ddn ve vd dg,i diin Hgi dong qudn tri dia diem Ban an ninh cd nhiem vu tri an ninh tai dia diim, dp dung ngdn ngda mgi biin cd Ngodi ra, nhdn viin Ban ndy cdn ludn ludn trao ddi tin tUc thu lUOm dUOc di so sdnh khai thdc gap vd ne'u cdn thong bdo cho cd cdc dia diim ldn can ciing Khu, Vung, Tinh, Phu Tong uy - Cdng an vien biit phdi phuc vu tgi dia diem se Id TrUdng ban Trgt tU cua dia diem vd ddt he thd'ng chi huy cua dia diem trUdng - Di' cho viec bdo vi trgt tU an ninh cdc dia diem dUOc chu ddo tgi moi dia diem, diu cd td chdc Ddn vi dUdi hinh thdc: Ddn ve chim vd Ddn vi ndi " (22) D I tfing cUdng an ninh vfi vdi cac am mUu quan sii khac, cuo'i nfim 1961 Phii Tong iiy dinh dien de ke hoach kien toan d ChQc an ninh dia dilm dinh dien theo to hudng, tuyIn chpn, dfio tao, vd trang cho nien d cac dinh dien: "di nghi Tong thdng kien todn to' chdc lUc lUOng Thanh niin bdo vi huong thon cdc dia diem dmh diin Thiim phu se cii dy ban den cac dia diim di cdu xet tgi chd vi khd ndng qudn sU cdng nhU nhgn dinh tinh than niin bdo vi hUOng thdn vd cho bdtuc ne'u cdn trUdc cdp vu se xuc tien thdnh lap dgi dgi niin bdo v$ hUOng thon cho dia diem hogc liin dia diem Khi dgi dgi Thanh niin bdo ve hUOng thdn cd du khd ndng, Dgi dgi bdo an dinh diin se ndi rong vong dai hogt dgng thim nda vd xin di nghi lap Khu chie'n ddu dinh diin Chi huy trUdng cdc Khu chien ddu dinh diin Id Dgi dgi trudng Bdo an dinh diin Cd sU yem trO cua qudn dgi vd lUc lUOng chinh quy" (23) Liic iQdng cac dinh dien gdm: dai dpi "bdo an", "ddn vi", "thanh niin bdo vi huong thdn", "thanh niin cdng hod Chiing bien cac dinh dien nhQng cfin cQ bao vay "Viet Cong", ddng thdi lfi ngudn bd sung binh linh cho quan Cdng hda vfi quan dia phUdng, Ifim chd diia cho cac cudc hanh quan cfin qu6t Tfii lieu cua Phu Tdng uy dinh dien ghi: "Lap khu dinh diin Id biin phdp xe dudng dUa ddn vdo chii'n khu cua Viet Cong, diing ddn ddy Viet cdng khoi cdc vung dd Dinh diin Id noi cung cdp tin tinh bdo xudt phdt hdnh qudn, rdo chgn xdm nhgp cua dich" (24) Theo bao chi chinh quyen Sai Gdn, lap cac dia dilm dinh diln lfi "Nhdng ca diim bao vdy Viet Cong, khong cho cdng sdn mot mdnh ddt hoang vu ndo dehogt dgng" Dudi danh nghia "phdt trie'n cong dSng" My va chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem bfii ngUdi di dinh dien Ifim dudng sa, xay ciu cong, xay cdng trinh quan svt d i kilu "Bdo 2S Thdi cudc (1-1958) tinh rdng dung nhdn cong dinh diin xdy dUng ddn bdo an vd 34 ki-l6-met dUdng, chi td'n triiu ddng, cong chinh ldm 30 ki-ld-met dUdng phdi chi phi den 700 triiu" (25) Vi kinh te, mdi tien hfinh chinh sach dinh dien (4-1957), muc dich kinh te khong dupe My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem dfit cap thiet nhu chinh tri, quan svf, nhUng vdi ban chfi't ciia chu nghia thvfc dan mdi My, vfi'n de kinh te ngfiy cfing dUpc quan tam My vfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem tuyen truyen, dinh dien lfi de "Giup dong bdo dia phUOng, cdi tii'n sinh hogt cua dong bdo ThUOng, sau la ddng bdo di cU, phdt trien cdng ddng, cdi tien ddn sinh, cho ddn cdy cd rugng ddt, tdng gia sdn sudt " (26) Thiic ra, tien hanh dinh dien chiing nhfim hoc lot sQc lao ddng ciia ndng dan va khai thac tfii nguyen phong phu ciia mien Nam, dfic biet la vung da't dd bazan d Tay Nguyen Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem trdng mpt sd'cay cong nghiep, dap Qng nhu ciu thi trQdng My va cac nUdc ddng minh cua My nhu cao su, keenaf, day gai, thud'c la, cay lUdng thvfc vfi mpt so' cay khac cd gia tri cao nhu cfi phe, hoa qua dfic san Cudi nfim 1958, Cdng ty Nong Nghiep My da "Ndm dia diim dinh diin d viing Buon Ma Thugf (27), tnic tiep nfim quyen quan ly vfi dieu hfinh trdng cay cao su vung dat dd Nhu vay, dinh dien la mpt hinh thQc tap trung dan; khu dinh dien la he thd'ng quan svf tra hinh; cac dia diem dinh dien lfi cd sd bdc lot kinh te, bdc lot nhan cong cua chii nghia thvfc dan mdi My Dinh dien la bien phap tnic tiep phuc vu cho chUdng trinh "binh dinh" nong thon ciia My vfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem d mien Nam Viet Nam Trien khai chinh sach dinh dien, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da thi hanh nhQng bien phap \-Qa mua chudc mi dan bip bdm Rghien curu Lich sii s611.2010 vQa tring trdn dilng bao liic cUdng bQc, ddn ep quan chung vao cac khu dinh dien Mdt mfit, chung md Idp dao tao hfing trfim can bp phu trach cac dia diem dinh dien, xay dvtng thi diem cac dinh dien nit kinh nghiem Mfit khac, "Chinh quyin Diem dung du cdch de mg phu Cdch mg phu cua Diim phong phu, tdn nhdn gdp mdy chuc ldn cdch mg phu cua bgn Ba-zanh ngdy trudc" (28) Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem td chQc hpc tap tfii lieu dinh dien, vdi nhQng lufin dieu tuyen truyen IQa gat rfing, dinh dien la bien phap nhfim "tdng vdn vd lOi ich qude gia ddng thdi tU hdu hda nong ddn v6 sdn", "cdi tii'n kl thugt canh tdc", "diiu hba ddn cU", "chinh trang Idnh thd", "cdi thiin ddn sinh", " Chung to chQc chieu phim ve cdng cudc dinh dien, dung Ivtc lUdng tay sai, vdh lfi ngUdi di dinh dien da bi mua chupc de tuyen truyen ve cupc sd^ng no du d cac dinh dien, IQa gat nong dan Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem cdn dUa tieu chuan, bit ddng bfio phai binh nghi coi rdi vfio tieu chuan dd Cd trUdng hdp bd tri "binh nghi" khong dupe, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem chi dinh cac gia dinh bupc phai di dinh dien Chi dinh mfi khdng chiu di thi bi xem lfi "Vief Cong", "thdn Cong" hofic tdi tinh nghi chinh tri Luc dd nan nhan "ddnh nghiin rdng, ngdm nUdc mdt md dap nhd bdn rugng, bdng trdng chd di vd trd thdnh tu nhdn sudt dUdng di cung nhU vinh viin tgi ncfi hg bi dUa din" (29), dUdi svf kim kep tnic tiep eua nhQng ten tay sai ac dn Cdn nhQng ngUdi nfio bi tinh nghi that svf thi te xa cQ b i t di, b i t ca gia dinh chiing ghet, nhQng gia dinh khong chiu dut lot Cd ndi, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem td chQc "td'Cgng" de "lgc" ngQdi di dinh dien Ddi vdi ddng bfio Thien Chua giao, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem dQa nhQng Hnh muc Chinh sach dinh dien "dn cdnh" vdi chung den du do, cdn linh muc nao chd'ng viec lua chien di cU di dinh dien thi chinh quyen cho dUa tda, vu du thQ tpi thfinh phd', dfic biet la Sai Gdn, tay chan Ngo Dinh Diem di ddt cac xdm nhfi la, nhfi gd cua dan ngheo Khi ngudi dan hi diy vfio bUde dudng cung, chung se du hay bude di dinh dien: "Mdy ldn dd't nhd d Phu Thg liu, Xdm Mdi (}d Vdp, phdn ldn tay chdn cua Phu Tong dy Di cU; mdy ldn chien bdt dUOc ke dd't nhd, nhUng roi ke dot nhd dUOc nhd cdm quyin td chdc ddnh thdo, cdn ngUdi bdt dUOc ke dd't nhd bi trdng tri vi bdt ngUdi khong cd ly vd khong cd quyen hgn.f" (30) Vfiy lfi, de ed du sd dan di dinh dien mfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem da giao vfi lap cdng vdi Tdng thd'ng, bpn quan chQc cac tinh dfi khong tQ mpt thu doan nfio dl b i t 6p dan di dinh dien Tfi't ca nhQng vu quay rap, b i t bd, dp bupc dd dUdc bao bpc bfing tuyen truyen r i m rp cua bao chi rfing, chinh phu se cho trau, Hoa Ky giup may cfiy, se dupe cfi'p dfi't, cfi'p nhfi, se dUdc ca'p gao fin, ndng cu de san xufi't "Lin din nOi dinh diin thi mdi bie't ro cdng viec chdng khdc gi mdy so vdi viec cua ddn dien cua thUc ddn Phdp ngdy trUdc Dong bdo cong lUng ldm viec cho din dd't dai thdnh thugc, cd hoa lOi thi chinh quyin tgm cdp mgt phdn rugng ddt vd buoc phdi trd ddn tiin tdn phi khai hoang vong td din ndm, hogc phdi ky khe Udc td diin logi C" (31) P h i n ldn da't da thfinh thude thi gpi lfi cd sd dl "phdt trien cdng ddng", khai thac bfing each "liin canh tren dd't dai cong cdng" Ky thfit, ngUdi dan phai Ifim ta dien vfi Ifim phu cho My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, ban san pham cho cac "hOp tdc xd", tQc lfi cac cdng ty tU ban, nop lUdng thilc cho quan dpi ddng tren hay di qua vung fi'y Nhu the, mieng da't "tgm cdp" nhU 29 Bao Marches tropicaux gpi la "Nhdng cdm gidc sd hihi de cd tdc dung kich thich, chd thUc te nd chi Id cdi cgc ddng dUdi ddt cO sd dinh diin, cot chdn ngUdi bi bdt di phu vdo ddn diin cua be lu My-Diim" (32) Nhu vay, eac loai tfii lieu van dpng dan di dinh dien deu dUpc chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem tuyen truyen la "Tap hop nhdng ngUdi tU nguyen xin di ldm dinh dien" (33), dieu nfiy cd ve nhU tU dan chu, cong khai, nhUng thiic te hoan toan trai ngUde, chung "Binh nghi, bdt di di ddn, mgt sU binh nghi de khung bd' ngn nhdn vd ddn chung" (34) Tdm lai, dinh dien lfi mdt sU kien ndi bat lich svt mien Nam Viet Nam tQ nfim 1957 de'n 1963 Lfip nhieu dia dilm dinh dien khong phai de "cdi thiin ddn sinh", "chinh trang lanh thd*', hay "tU sdn hda nong ddn vo sdn" nhU chung reu rao, ma la de lfip nhQng trai tap trung kim kep nong dan, bdc lot nhan cong, chuan bi cho chien tranh, cho'ng lai each mang Dinh dien la mpt bien phap de chinh quyen Sfii Gdn thvfc hien cac am mUu cua minh Chinh vi vfiy, "Ngo Dinh Diim vd cdc quan thdy ldn cua qudn ddi, ngogi giao My, cdc tudng lanh thd Dong Nam A xdm lUOc, hay lui tdi cdc dia diim dinh diin" (35); "Tinh di'n ngdy Song Thdt (7.7.1959) da cd tdi 139 cugc viing thdm" (36) Qud'c sach ddn dan vao cac dinh dien cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, dfi dfin chung vfio mdt cudc khung hoang chinh tri mdi sau quoc sach "to' Cong" Cupc di dan dd da tfin pha xdm lang, ngang nhien chfi dap len quyen Ipi dfi't dai, phong tuc tfip quan ciia ddng bao dan tdc, Ifim ly tan biet bao gia dinh, gay long cfim phfin nhan dan Dd la nguyen nhan lam bung nd nhQng cupc dfi'u tranh chdng di dan, chdng chiem d i t lap dinh dien d mien Nam 30 Rghien cuu Lich sii sd' 11.2010 Ddi phd lai a m mUu ddn dan, chiem da't lap dinh dien cua dich, d i u nfim 1957 XQ iiy N a m Bp da chi dao cac dia phUdng quyet t a m "day mgnh phong trdo ddu tranh chinh tri cua qudn chung, cUOng quyet bdm ddt, bdm ldng, khong chiu vdo cdc khu tap trung cua dich" (37) O mien nui, Tay Nguyen, ddng bao cac dan tdc svt d u n g bien p h a p "chgy ldng" de chd'ng lai chinh sach dinh dien cua chinh quyen Ngo D i n h Diem Ca Ifing khong chiu di den dia diem chinh quyen chi dinh ma di vfio s a u rQng nui, tim cho dinh cQ mdi Cac ndi da td chQc h a n g trfim dofin ngUdi, keo len qufin, t i n h keu kien, ddi t r a dfi't Cd ndi, h a n g n g a n ngUdi m a n g cpc, cfing day giQ p h a m vi dat dai cua minh Dich dUa xe cay ui den, hfing trfim ngUdi ket t h a n h mpt khdi can d i u xe dich Am mUu, t h u doan ddn dan, lap dinh dien cua dich da thfi't bai tQng bUdc C h u n g p h a i h a n che ddn dan, lap dinh dien d nhQng ndi hoang hda Ddng bao d ddng bfing bi "xuc" di dinh dien dfi'u t r a n h bfing nhieu each nhU, bieu tinh p h a n dd'i di dinh dien, dUa k h a u h i e u "thd chit d ldng, khong di phu dinh diin"; budi "binh nghi" n h a n d a n cung n h a u CHU "chdt vd'n" (nhu d Q u a n g Tri) "chung tdi nop du sUu thue, lgi phdi di di ddn ?" (38) lam cho c h u n g l u n g tung; cd t r e em, p h u nQ xong r a dUdng nfim can xe chd p h u len d i n h dien P h a n dong q u a n chung hi ddn ep, cUdng bQc vfio cfic k h u dinh dien, k h d n g chiu nd'i cupc sd'ng d v u n g xa xdi heo lanh, bi bpn cai q u a n o ep, bdc lot k i n h te, ky thi tdn giao, t r u y bQc t i n h t h a n cfing t h i n g , din d a u b e n h tfit h o a n h h a n h tinh t r a n g r a t bi t h a m : "Mung rdch hit, dm dau luon, thiiu phUOng tiin mihi sinh " (39) C h i n h vi vay, p h o n g trao trd'n khdi cac dinh dien l a n rpng Cuo'i nfim 1958, P h u Tdng u y d i n h dien p h a n a n h , "sd ngUdi bo trdn cdc dinh diin ngdy mgt tdng" (40) Chinh quyen Ngd D i n h Diem cung cong k h a i thQa n h a n nhQng nfim 1957, 1958 viec lap dinh dien "6 gt qud", "thiiu chudn bi" D I "cihi nguy" cho chinh sach dinh dien My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem ban h a n h chinh sach khac: "Khu tru mat" (1959), "dp chii'n lUOc" (1961) Dieu cd nghia, chinh sach dinh dien tQng bUdc di vao t h a t bai S a u k h i chinh quyen Ngd D i n h Diem dd (11-1963), P h u Tdng uy dinh dien cung bi bai bd (12-11-1963), t h a y vfio dd la P h u Td'ng u y t a n sinh ndng thdn (41) THICH (1) Ban Tuyen giao tinh uy Dfik Lfik, Phong Nghien ciiu Lich sii Dang (1954), DU dn ke hoach tdc chie'n tgi mien thUcfng du, ki hieu tfii lieu, 15/DIso 15 (2) Tran Vfin Giau, Tong tfip, Phan II, Tap I, "Miin Nam gid vdng thdnh dong", Nxb Quan doi Nhan dan, Hfi Noi, 2006, tr 846 (3) Viet Nam Cong hoa (1956), Cdng vdn sd 3455-DTCCITVP, ngdy 16-10-1956 TTLT Quoc gia II Ky hieu tfii lieu, De I CH-9978 (4), Bili Vfin Luong, Cudn sdch "Cdng cugc dinh diin tgi Viet Nam" TTLT Quoc gia II Ky hieu tfii li?u, De I CH-11589, tr (5) Viet Nam Cong hofi (1956), Nhdng dia diem dd dUdc lUa chgn di' khai thdc tgi vimg Cao Nguyin Trung Phdn 1956 TTLT Quoc gia II Ky hieu tai lieu, De I CH-10853 (6), (7), (17), (26) Dili Vfin LUdng, sdd, tr 7, 14, 6, 8, (8) Bo Tu lenh Quan khu (1989), Khu 5, 30 ndm chien tranh gidi phdng Tap H, Cudc khdng chien chdng My cdu nUdc (1954-1968), tr 35 (9), (20), (25), (28), (30), (31), (32), (35) Trin Vfin Gifiu: sdd, tr 852, 852, 852, 850, 850, 851, 851, 853 Chinh sich dinh dien (10) Tong thong Vigt Nam Cong hoa (1957), Sdc linh sd 103-TTP, ngdy 23-4-1957 TTLT Quoc gia II, Ki hifu tfii ligu De I CH-21328 (11) Tong thong Vi?t Nam Cong hoa (1957), Sac linh sd 104 TTP, ngdy 23-4-1957 TTLT Quoc gia II, Kl hifu tfii lifu Df I CH-19871 (12) TrSn Ba Df (Chu bien), Le Cung, Gido trinh Lich sd Viet Nam, Tap VII (td 1954 den 197S) Nxb Dai hoc Su Pham, Hfi Noi, 2007, tr 68 (13) Theo Nghi dinh 691-TTPArP, ngfiy 23-41957, goi lfi ' T r u n g tam" Sau do, theo Nghi dinh 1502-TTPAT, ngfiy 25-9-1957 huy bo danh tii ' T r u n g tam", thay the b i n g danh til "Ving dinh dien" (14) Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1957), Nghi dinh sd 691-TTP/VP, ngdy 23-4-1957 TTLT Quoc gia H, Kl hifu tfii lifu Df I CH-21328 (15) Ngfiy 24-10-1956, chinh quyen Sfii Gon Sfic If nh so 147-a/NV, chia Trung p h i n thfinh hai mien: Cao nguyen vfi Trung nguyen Lanh tho Cao nguyen Trung p h i n lfi lanh tho ciia Cao nguyen mig~n Nam cii Lanh tho Trung nguyen Trung p h i n lfi lanh tho cua Trung Vift cii (Dieu thil nhfi't) TTLT Quoc gia II K^ hifu tfii lifu, De I CH860 31 (22) Viet Nam Cong hoa (1958), Biin bdn Phiin hgp tgi phdng Khdnh tiet Bg Ngi vu, ngdy 311-1958 Trung tam lUu trQ Quoc gia II Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH-5410 (23) Vift Nam Cong hoa (1961), Phii'u trinh sd 2021-DBIVP(AN)M, ngdy 11-12-1961, v/v di nghi td chdc liic luang bdo vi an ninh dinh diin Trung tam luu trii Quoc gia II Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH14365 (24) Vifn Lich sii Dang, Hoi dong bien soan Lich sii Nam Trung Bo, Nam Trung Bg khdng chie'n (1945-1975 Nxb Su thfit, Hfi Noi, 1992, tr 255 (27) Cao Vfin Lu^ng, P h a m Quang Tofin, Quynh Cu, Tim hieu phong trdo dong khdi miin Nam Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi Ha Noi, 1981, tr.21 (29), (34) Le Cung,' Phong trdo Phdt gido miin Nam Viet Nam ndm 1963 Nxb Thufin Hoa Hud', 2003, tr 70, 69-70 (33) Viet Nam Cong hoa (1959), Thdnh tich cua Phu Tdng-uy dinh diin din ngdy Song Thdt 7.7.59 TTLT Quoc gia II K^ hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH-12592, tr (36) Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1959), Bdn thdnh tich cua Phu Tdng uy dinh diin din ngdy song thdt 7.7.1959 TTLT Quoc gia Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH-12592 (16) Viet Nam Cong hoa (1958), Phii'u trinh sd 4191-IDDIVPIBT, vjv tinh hinh cdng gido vd cdc linh muc Idnh dgo tinh thdn cdc dia diem dinh diin Trung tam lUu triJ Quoc gia II Ky hifu tfii lifu, D f l CH- 11714 (37) Vien Lich sii Dang, Lich sd biin niin xd uy Nam Bg - Trung Ucfng cue miin Nam Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr 138 (18) Vift Nam Cpng hoa (1959), Thdnh tich cua Phu Tdng uy dinh diin de'n ngdy Song Thdt 77-1959 TTLT Quoc gia II Ky hifu tfii lieu, Df I CH-12592 (38) Vift Nam Cpng hofi (1959), Thuyi't trinh cud ky sU Dodn Vdn Sdo, Gidm ddc Nha di ddn vd dinh cU TTLT Quoc gia II Ky hifu tai lifu, Df I CH-12596 (19) Vift Nam Cong hoa (1963), Phii'u gdi sd 368-DD/VP/2, ngdy 27-2-1963 cua Phu Tong uy dinh diin vd ndng vu, Bia diim dinh diin todn qud'c, TTLT Quo'c gia II Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH15874 (39) Vift Nam Cong hoa (1958), Cdng vdn sd 39-YT TTLT Quoc gia II Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH-11714 (21) Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1961), Phii'u trinh sd 2021-DDIVP(AN)M, Phu tdng uy dinh diin Trung tfim lUu trfl Quoc gia II Ky hifu tai lifu, Df I CH14365 (40) Vift Nam Cpng hoa (2958), Cdng vdn sd 307/DD/DI/M, ngdy 7- 6-1958 TTLT Quoc gia II, Ki hifu tfii lifu Df I CH-11714 (41) Vift Nam Cpng hoa (1963), Sac linh sd9TTP, ngdy 12-11-1963 TTLT Quoc gia II, Ki hieu tfii lifu CBVNCH-J.427 ... Tdng uy dinh dien vd Nong vu, 27-2-1963, chinh quyen Sfii Gdn da lap dUdc d mien Nam Viet Nam: 18 khu dinh dien, tren 22 tinh vdi 208 dia dilm dinh dien (dia phUdng hda dUdc 62 dia dilm dinh dien)... hoach dinh ke hoach chinh sdch dinh dien " (17) Chinh sach dinh dien sau dd dUdc nang len "Quo'c sdch" cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem Thvfc hien chinh sach dinh dien My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh. .. quyen Ngo Dinh Diem da day manh chinh sach dinh dien tren toan mien Nam Theo bao cao ciia Phu Tdng uy dinh dien, den ngfiy Ve qudn sU, quoc sach dinh dien cua My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Dipm