Nhân cách văn hóa mahatma gandhi

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN - NGUYỄN THIÊN THUẬN NHÂN CÁCH VĂN HÓA MAHATMA GANDHI LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ VĂN HÓA HỌC Mã số: 62.31.70.01 CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: PGS.TS PHAN AN CÁN BỘ PHẢN BIỆN ĐỘC LẬP: PGS.TS TRẦN VĂN ÁNH GS.TS NGUYỄN CHÍ BỀN GS.TS MAI NGỌC CHỪ CÁN BỘ PHẢN BIỆN HỘI ĐỒNG CẤP TRƯỜNG: GS.TS NGUYỄN CHÍ BỀN PGS.TS PHAN THỊ THU HIỀN PGS.TS TRẦN VĂN ÁNH THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH – 2014 ii LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan luận án viết chưa công bố Các liệu nêu luận án trung thực, khách quan Tôi xin hoàn toàn chịu trách nhiệm lời cam đoan T ngà N N th ng năm 014 iii MỤC LỤC MỞ ĐẦU 10 10 l ệ sử 11 12 12 13 C RÚ N 14 L LU N IC N N N N NC C N N NC C NC C N N A A MA A MA GANDHI 15 1.1 L 15 K ệ Q ệ â ữ ă â â ă ĩ ă 15 â ộ 29 â 32 iv 34 1.2.1 Không gian 34 ủ ể 41 53 Ừ Ộ Ế R 60 ă â ệ ộ 60 â ă N N ỮN K UYN ĐẶC R N ỚN Ô ÔN R ộ s ộ 71 e s 82 Ộ ủ ộ ủ e 90 ( ủ ộ 87 87 Ộ ậ IÊN ) 71 Ổ ậ NC C ( ủ Ự N I O 70 Ự ậ s ủ K ) 98 98 e Moskha 100 KẾ 102 2.4 C 67 KẾ 68 1.4 C Ặ N N ỮN K UYN ĐẶC R N ỚN N NC C IÊN Ế ỤC 105 3.1 KIÊN TRÌ CHÂN LÝ (SATYAGRAHA) 105 ậ ủ ộ 3.1 Ô R y e Q Y y 105 112 Ờ 128 v ậ q y ộ Ơ R 3.4 ộ q y 134 139 ủ ô 128 ủ ỰK ậ 3.3.2 ủ s s bệ ủ b ệ 139 145 KẾ 150 KẾ LU N 152 I LI U AM K O 158 158 160 P Ụ LỤC 168 PH 169 : 170 3: 172 vi DAN MỤC N Hình 1: 35 Hình 2: 36 Hình 3: 38 Hình 4: Bứ 41 Mẹ Hình 5: e ì ú - ă 1883 50 ă Hình 7: 54 ă 57 Hình 8: Hình 9: M q Hình 10: Bứ /1/1 ề ó ứ 8- ứ ú Hình 11: Gandhi Hình 12: ỏ 48 59 72 theo Ahimsa 84 xử ì ề ọ7 85 ứ ề M ilal) 94 Young India - March 23, 1922 112 Hình 15: 122 q ề 123 ă 31 124 Hình 18: Gandhi Tagore 141 Hình 19: 143 Hình 20: Gandhi Jinnnah 146 Hình 21: - ă 147 Hình 22: ề õ ĩ ằ M 149 MỞ ĐẦU L DO C NĐ I MỤC Đ C N IÊN C U L ộl y ộ ô ữ l s s s ă ĩ â â l â lị sử l q ủ l Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi l Mahatma Gandhi lị ị sử - ă ộ q q ậ ể ủ l ô ủ â ộ ộ ể l ậ b ĩ ộ â l Thích Ca Mâu Ni, Mahà vira, Tagore, ữ â riêng, Gandhi ệ l , s ă ô - Nehru mộ - ô ủ b b ộ ữ ă ị ô sử ậ l ở ủ â ộ q ộ â l ă ể Khi tìm ộ ậy l â ộ Gandhi s lâ ủ â ệ â ầ ă ă l s ệ có q ể ă q ệ ữ ệ q l ộ ệ l ể ầ â s “b ổ s ” ộ nh ủ ộ l “y ộ l l b ” ữ l “Nhân c ch văn hóa l ậ sĩ g ahatma Gandhi” ể l y ộ ă h M K y l ậ ộ s q m ă l l ậ â sử s l ă ữ y ô l ộ s ă ĩ ậ ă s ộ q yệ â ộ ủ ộ l â ủ ộ l â s â sở ể l ủ ữ ệ l ậ bể y ệ s ă ữ â â sở l ậ ầ l ậ rõ nét b ệ lệ lị sử ă ộ ệ ủ chung ằ l s N IÊN C U â ủ ô ậ ữ s l b ộ s ậ ộ ? l l l l s hay L C ă : Nhân NĐ ộ l ĩ ộ ô b thơng lịng ộ y s l b ữ ân s ằ l ộ y â l bằ â ộ lậ b ị ộ ẳ ộ s bở l ô ộ ổ bậ ủ â b ô l s ô ộ Theo ô b ô y (1) Nghiên ứ ậ ề ba ndhi; (2) Nghiên ứ danh so sánh ; (3) Nghiên ứ ề ẩ Gandhi (1) Nghi n cứu cu c đời ự nghiệ Gandhi l l ộ â ậ e bệ l ủ lị sử ậ ệ ộ ộ ệ â s ệ ủ y e ủ l ă â ầ l s ộ ộ ủ Mahatma Gandhi: a multifaceted ) ủ J f person (Gandhi: b ud, e Gandhian thoughts: an overview (D Gandhi) ủ R K b e el ă Gandhi) K.S Bharathi ủb ề Encyclopedia of Gandhi thought (Bá b Almol - New Delhi ă The spiritual Triumph of Mahatma Gandhi ( ) R.K Boodhun b s ộ ể sử ủ ộ s ể Gandhi q ô ể y l b el â New Delh ă s b R ô y ô ộ ô ủ l ủ ộ l ’ : Mahatma Gandhi ( ề e b bở fe e f es y ă b ộ ổ s ) f y ủ ô : ủ Stanley Wolpert ầ “b e â ” mà Gandhi s ộ ị ys q ộ ô Bà La Môn, J ậ giáo Kitô giáo ộ Ngồi ra, ộ s sâ ủ ơng s ệ yl tính bao dung y ậ for tolerance and survival ( y s ị Gandhi: The quest ) ủ tìm e Radhakrishnan, Gandhi Smriti - Darshan Samiti and Gandhi Media Ce b l ă ữ b ữ q ủ ủ s ể ể ủ ầ s b ủ l có R ủ l â ộ y s ộ ộ s Kb y ể q bể ầ ể b gi e el ă The African ) ủ Gyan e e l ă b l l ủ ữ l ộ ủ l 2006 ậ y b Gandhi element in Gandhi (Y y l lòng khoan dung and Indian freedom struggle ( ) ủ s b yl b ộ l 159 15 ị ì 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ( ủb )( ) q ă ó , Nxb K í ứ X ộ ộ Kinh Pháp Cú (1999), Kinh Pháp Cú (Thích â ị ) Nxb TP Chí Minh K ă ( 6) ă ) ệ ậ ệ TP K ộ( ) B ), Nxb ô ộ ô ă ệ( ) ă ó , Nxb Q gia TP K ( ủb )y- ệ ă ( ) Nhân cách ă ó , Nxb K X ộ ộ ( ủ b )( ) ứ cách theo EO -R , Nxb K X ộ ộ Jawaharlal Nehru (1990), (ậ ) b ă ộ y ị ệ ( 6), 53 85) ó ì v á ă ó , ậ Phó sĩ lị sử y lị sử ă ệ ậ.M lệ 0989.1 ( ) ă â l ữQ gia, ộ y ĩ - Dỗn Chính (2002), ọ , Nxb Khoa ộ ộ ệ Q ( ) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi - Mahatma Gandhi, Nxb ă ô , ộ y y ( ) ă ó ọ ứ , Nxb ô ệ y ậ ( ) ă ó , Nxb ộ A.A Radugin (2001), ă ó ọ ( ị ) ệ ă ệ ậ ộ 160 30 N Radhakrishnan (1969), ỷ ệ ệb 31 Schumann (2000), ứ ử, ( 32 Albert Schwertzer (2005), Q ị ị ) Nxb ă ô 33 Barry de Smith - Harlord J Vetten (2005), Nxb ă Thông tin, ộ 34 ầ ( ) ì ề TP.HCM 35 ầ ( ) ề vă II I LI U IẾN yb ổ b ầ ị ) e TP ọ ă ó ( b (Phan ề , ó , Nxb ) AN 36 Anand Mulk Rai Anand (1991), Little plays of Mahatma Gandhi, Arnold Publisher 37 C.F Andrews (2007), M ’ e e e tions from his writings, Pierides press 38 Ajit Atri (2007), ‘ ew f e j e, New Delhi - Deep and Deep Publisher 39 Joseph Francis Backianadan (1991), Love in life and works of Mahatma Gandhi, Sterling Pub private Ltd 40 S.R Bakshi (1996), Gandhi and the Congress, New Delhi 41 K Balan (2002), Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: the two stalwarts who shape India, New Delhi, Authorspress 42 B Balsys 92004), Ahimsa: Buddhism and the Vegetarian Ideas New Delhi 43 Ramesh S Betai (2002), Gita and gandhiji, New Delhi, National Gandhi Museum 44 Shalu Bhalla (2002), Quotes of Gandhi, New Delhi, UBS pub 45 K.S Bharathi (1990), Satyagraha of Mahatma Gandhi, South Asia books 161 46 K.S Bharathi (2005), Encyclopaedia of Gandhi thought, New Delhi, Almol 47 C.C Biswa (2004), Be ’ e e , Kolkata, Minerva Associates 48 Blue mountain arts (2007), Peace: the words and inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi (me - we), Blue Mountain Arts 49 R.K Boodhun (2001), The spiritual Triumph of Mahatma Gandhi, Delhi, Atma Ram and sons 50 William Borman (1986) Gandhi and Non - Violence, Suny Press 51 Himanshu Bourai (2004), Gandhi and modern Indian liberals, Delhi, Abhijeet Pub 52 George Catlin (1950), In the path of Mahatma Gandhi, Henry Regnery Company 53 Mohit Chakrabarti (2005), Fire sans ire: A critical study on Gandhi non violence, New Delhi, Concept publishing Company 54 Bidyut Chakrabarty (2005), Social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Routledge Pub 55 J.P Chander (1945), Teaching of Mahatma Gandhi, New Delhli 56 S Chandrahar (2003), A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 57 Naresh Dadhich (2003), Women, conflict - resolution and culture: Gandhian perspective, Jaipur, Aavishkar 58 Dennis Dalton (2001), ’ we : Nonviolence in action, New Delhi, OUP 59 Ratan Das (2005), The global vision of Mahatma Gandhi, New Delhi, Sarup and Sons 60 Nibedita Dash (2005), Life and thoughts of Gandhi and Nehru, New Delhi, Dominant 61 Parmeshwari Dayal (2006), Gandhian theory of social reconstruction, New Delhi, Atlantic 62 Donald Demarco (1999), Mahatma Gandhi and Magaret Sanger, Catholic insight 162 63 Mahadev Desai (2002), Gandhi and Indian villages, New Delhi, Mohit Pub 64 Narayan Desai (1992), ’ e e: imate memoir, Ocean Tree books 65 Morton Deutsch - Peter T Coleman - Eric C Marcus, The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 66 Eknath Easwaran (1997), Gandhi the man: the story of his transformation, Nilgiri Press 67 Eknath Easwaran (2002), Following the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi, Nilgiri Press 68 J Feist, G J Feist (2009), Theories personality (7th ed), New York: McGraw - Hill 69 Louis Fischer (1954), Gandhi: his life and message for the world, New Amer Libr 70 Louis Fischer (1962), The essential Gandhi: his life, work, and ideas: an anthology, Random house 1962 71 Louis Fischer (1982), The life of Mahatma Gandhi, Granada Publishing Limited, London 72 H.S Friedman, M W Schustack (2011), Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research (5th ed), Needham Heights MA: Allyn and Bacon 73 M.K Gandhi (1922), Young India 23 march 1922 74 M.K Gandhi (1936), “Development and E e ”, Hrijan 27-8-1936 (a weekly newspaper) Indian 75 M.K Gandhi (1938), “Satyagraha and Nazism”, Hrijan 8-10-1938 (a weekly newspaper) Indian 76 M.K Gandhi (2008), The moral basis of Vegetarianism, Indian: Navajivan Publishing House 77 M.K Gandhi (1980), The spirit of Hinduism, Pankaj Publications 78 M.K Gandhi (1985), Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas, Vintage Spiritual Classics Publications 79 M.K Gandhi (1993), The essential writtings of Mahatma Gandhi, Oxford University press 163 80 M.K Gandhi (1994), The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi, Min Info & broadcasting 81 M.K Gandhi (1998), Mahatma Gandhi Letters to Americans, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 82 M.K Gandhi (2001), The words of Gandhi, New Market press 83 M.K Gandhi (2008), Hind Swaraj and Indian home rule, Indian: Navajivan Publishing House 84 S.C Gangal - Anurag Gangal (1995), Contemporary Global Problems: A Gandhian perspective, Jammu, vinod 1995 85 Evelyn Beatrice Hall (1906), The friends of Voltaire, London, Smith Publishing 86 Stephen Hay (1969), Between two worlds: Gandhi's First Impressions of British Culture, Mordern Asian Studies, Cambridge 87 H.J.N Horsburgh (1972), Mahtama Gandhi (makers of modern thought), Lutter worth press 88 Raghavan N Iyer (2000), The moral and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Oxford University press 89 Richard L Johnson (2005), ’ ex e e w : e e writings byand about, Lexington books 90 Surjit Kaur Jolly (2006), Reading Gandhi, New Delhi, Concept 91 Eli Standley Jones (1948), Mahatma Gandhi: an interpretation, Abingdon Pubisher 92 Sudhir Kakar (2004), Mira and the Mahatma, New Delhi, Penguin 93 Srimati Kamala (1987), Mahatma Gandhi: an American profile, Mahtama Gandhi Memorial foudation, Inc 94 T.N Khoshoo (1972) Mahatma Gandhi: An Apostle of Applied Human Ecology 95 Mazhar Kibriya (1999), Gandhi and Indian freedom struggle, New Delhi 96 Martin Luther King (1992) edited by James Melvin Washington, I have a dream, Writings and speeches that changed the World, Harper Collins Publishers, Newyork 164 97 Marry King (2002), Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr: the power of non violence action, New Delhi, Mehta Pub 98 Krisna Kripalani (1960), All men are brothers, Navajivan Publishing house 99 Chandra Kumar (1983), Mahatma Gandhi: his life and influence, Franklin watts 100.Ravindra Kumar (2006), Gandhian thoughts: an overview, New Delhi, Gyan 101.Lengyel (1966), Mahatma Gandhi the great soul, Franklin watts Inc 102.Patrik Kim Cheng Low, Leading Sucessfully in Asia, Darussalam University Publisher, Brunei, 103.A.S Lyengar (2001), Role of press and Indian freedom struggle: All through the Gandhian era, New Delhi APH 104.Jafar Mahmud (2004), Mahatma Gandhi: a multifaceted person, New Delhi, APH 105.Ann Malaspina (2000), M ’ e e e e world history, Enslow Publisher 106.Claude Markovits (2003), The un - 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Anand Publications 120.Jawaharlal Nehru (1949), Mahatma Gandhi, Signet press 121.Michael J Nojeim (2004), Gandhi and King: The power of no violent resistance, Westport, conn; Lond: Praeger 122.Obama (2012), Speech to the UN general assembly, NewYork 123.S.K Ojha (1990), Riding the storm: a play on Mahatma Gandhi, Stosius Inc Advent books division 124.Catherine, Peare Owens (1968), Mahatma Gandhi, father of Non violence, E.P Dutton 125.Bridglal Pachai (1969), Mahatma Gandhi in the south Africa, South African Institute of race relations 126.Janardan Pandey (1998), Gandhi and 21st century, New Delhi 127.Anthony J Parel (2002), Gandhi, Freedom, and self - rule, New Delhi, Vistaar 128.R Payne (1998), The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi, Konecky Konecky Pub 129.Rajendra Prasad (1955), At the feet of Mahatma Gandhi, Philosophical Library 130.Bindu Puri (2004), Gandhi and the moral life, New Delhi, Mittal 131.N Radhakrishnan (1995), The Quest for tolerance and survival, New Delhi, Gandhi Media Center 132.N Radhakrishnan (1966), Contemporary Indian Philosophy, Humanities Press, Inc, New York 166 133.K.L Seshagiri Rao (1990), Mahatma Gandhi and comparative religion, South Asia books 134.Sibnarayan Ray (2003), Gandhi, Gandhism and our times, Kolkata, Renaissance 135.Glyn Rechards (2001), ’ fe , New Delhi, OUP 136.Romain Rolland (1923), Mahatma Gandhi: a study in Indian nationalism, S Ganesan 137.Romain Rolland (2003), Mahatma Gandhi: the man who became one with the universal being, New Delhi, Srishti Pub 138.Ramashray Roy (2006), Gandhi and Ambedkar: a study in contrast, Delhi, Shipra Pub 139.Peter Ruhe (2001), Gandhi: a photo biography, Phaidon press 140.Arvind Sharma (2005), A new curve in the Ganges Mahatma Ga ’ interpretation of Hinduism, D.K Print world 141.Jyoti Sharma (2001), Tilak and Gandhi: Perspectives on Religion and politic, New Delhi Gyan 142.K.D Sharma (1997), Impact of Gandhiji on rural development and social change, New Delhi 143.S.R Gandhi Sharma (2001), Ahimsa and Non violence in practice, Delhi, Cosmo 144.Shri Ram Sharma (2004), Gandhi: the man among men, New Delhi, Radha Pub 145.Vincent Sheean (1955), Mahatma Gandhi: a great life in brief, Alfred A Knoff 146.Ramjee Signh (2000), Gandhi and the new millennium, Delhi, Common wealth 147.G.B Singh (2004), Gandhi: behind the mask of divinity, Prometheus books 148.Ramjee Singh (1998), The Gandhi vision, New Delhi 149.B.K Sinha (1970), Mahtama Gandhi and the Cooperative movement, National cooperative Union of India 150.Shall Sinha (2002), Words of wisdom from Mahatma Gandhi, SKS Publishing 167 151.Anup Taneja (2005), Gandhi, Women, and the Nation movement, 1920 1947, New Delhi, Har - Anald Pub 152.Bharti Thakur (2006), W e ’ e e , Deep and deep 153.Agusti Panareda Tordi (2007), Rediscovering Gandhi: Ahimsa: The Way to Peace: v 2, Concept Publishing Co 154.Mark Tully, Jacob Satish (1985), : M ’ e, London: Jonathan cape 155.Bhawana Verma (2006), Saintly politics: a study of Mahatma Gandhi, Publish America 156.Stanley Wolpert (2001), ’ : e fe e f Mahatma Gandhi, New York, Oxford University Press 157.K.C Yadav (2003), Gandhi: the spirit of India, Gurgaon, Hope India Pub 168 P Ụ LỤC 169 P Ụ LỤC MỤC U N Ữ IẾN AN KRI DỤN RON LU N N DAN ệ Mahà vira: ô ủ J ổ s Ahimsa: ệ Dharma: bổ ậ Moskha: â l Satyagraha: s s ( ầ b ộ ô ủ ô y ầ ộ) s Artha: K ệ स ांख्य Samkhya: Số luận phái Yoga: Du già phái l ậ Vaisesika: q ệ l y ộ b ằ y ô l ổ ô l b y â ủ ủ ủ ộ s 170 P Ụ LỤC 2: ÔN ĐI P C A ỔN K LIÊN BAN KI MOON NHÂN 143 N M N -N Y IN Y QU C Ế P I I P QU C MA A MA O LỰC (2 A D I 2) October 2012 UNIC/PRESS RELEASE/125-2012 FROM THE UN SECRETARY-GENERAL International Day of Non-Violence October 2012 Message of UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Earlier this year, I had the privilege of paying my respects at the Raj Ghat memorial to Mahatma Gandhi in New Delhi ’s s e le s e e es can change the world In tribute to his enduring legacy, we mark this International Day of Non-Violence each year on the anniversary of his birth In these times of global turmoil and transition, it is fitting that we take a moment to reflect ’s ess e f es e e As we look around the world, tolerance is being tested Fighting is taking a heavy toll from Afghanistan to Syria to the Sahel The economic crisis is fuelling xenophobia and other forms of dangerous - and deadly - discrimination Terrorism, human trafficking, rights abuses and violence against women threaten millions of people We must work even harder for understanding among and within religions and communities and between and within countries I have made prevention a key priority in the five-year action agenda of the United Nations But prevention means more than separating warring parties and cooling tensions 171 Fundamentally tackling the roots of conflict and intolerance will take a culture of nonviolence and peace Governments must lead But ultimately, the foundation for non-violence will be built by people: teachers and faith leaders, parents and community voices, business people and grass-roots groups Perhaps it may be easier to pick up a weapon than to lay down a grudge It may be simpler to find fault than to find forgiveness But I have been deeply moved by es e le e ey e f e l e bee s e by ’s example and made a real difference Let us take strength from all of these efforts and work together to build a world of nonviolence and lasting peace ( ồn: http://www.unic.org.in/displaymore.php?%20chname=Press%20 Releases&subchkey=&itemid=12486&subid) 172 P Ụ LỤC 3: N N RON C AĐ CĐ IP I UN LAI L N MA I I NON L MA A MA A N AND I N M 1989 Your Majesty, Member of the Nobel Committee, Brothers and Sisters: I am very happy to be here with you today to receive the Nobel Prize for peace I feel honored, humbled, and deeply moved that you should give this important prize to a simple monk from Tibet I am no one special But I believe the prize is a recognition of the true value of altruism, love, compassion, and nonviolence which I try to practice, in accordance with the teachings of the Buddha and the sages of India and Tibet I accept the prize with profound gratitude on behalf of all of the oppressed everywhere and for all those who struggle for freedom and work for world peace I accept it as a tribute to the man who founded the modern tradition of nonviolent action for change - Mahatama Gandhi - whose life taught and inspired me And, of course, I accept it on behalf of the six million Tibetan people, my brave countrymen and women inside Tibet, who have suffered and continue to suffer so much They confront a calculated and systematic strategy aimed at the destruction of their national and cultural identities The prize reaffirms our conviction that with truth, courage, and determination as our weapons, Tibet will be liberated No matter what part of the world we come from, we are all basically the same human beings We all seek happiness and try to avoid suffering We have basically the same human needs and concerns All of us human beings want freedom and the right to determine our own destiny as individuals and as peoples That is human nature The great changes that are taking place in the world, from Eastern Europe to Africa, are a clear indication of this As a Buddhist monk, my concern extends to all members of the human family and, indeed, to all the sentient beings who suffer I believe all suffering is caused by ignorance People inflict pain on others in the selfish pursuit of their happiness or satisfaction 173 Yet true happiness comes from a sense of peace and contentment, which in turn must be achieved through the cultivation of altruism, of love and compassion, and elimination of ignorance, selfishness, and greed The problems we face today, violent conflicts, destruction of nature, poverty, hunger, and so on, are human created problems which can be resolved through human effort, understanding, and a development of a sense of brotherhood and sisterhood We need to cultivate a universal responsibility for one another and the planet we share Although I have found my own Buddhist religion helpful in generating love and compassion, even for those we consider our enemies, I am convinced that everyone can develop a good heart and a sense of universal responsibility with or without religion With the ever-growing impact of science in our lives, religion and spirituality have a greater role to play reminding us of our humanity There is no contradiction between the two Each gives us valuable insights into each other Both science and the teaching of the Buddha tell us of the fundamental unity of all things This understanding is crucial if we are to take positive and decisive action on the pressing global concern with the environment I believe all religions pursue the same goals, that of cultivating human goodness and bringing happiness to all human beings Though the means may appear different, the ends are the same As we enter the final decade of this century, I am optimistic that the ancient values that have sustained mankind are today reaffirming themselves to prepare us for a kinder, happier twenty-first century I pray for all of us, oppressor and friend, that together we succeed in building a better world through human understanding and love, and that in doing so we may reduce the pain and suffering of all sentient beings Thankyou Tenzin Gyatso December 10, 1989, Oslo, Norway ( http://www.dalailama.com/messages/acceptance-speeches/nobel- peace-prize) ... Nghiên ứ ề ẩ Gandhi (1) Nghi n cứu cu c đời ự nghiệ Gandhi l l ộ â ậ e bệ l ủ lị sử ậ ệ ộ ộ ệ â s ệ ủ y e ủ l ă â ầ l s ộ ộ ủ Mahatma Gandhi: a multifaceted ) ủ J f person (Gandhi: b ud, e Gandhian... overview (D Gandhi) ủ R K b e el ă Gandhi) K.S Bharathi ủb ề Encyclopedia of Gandhi thought (Bá b Almol - New Delhi ă The spiritual Triumph of Mahatma Gandhi ( ) R.K Boodhun b s ộ ể sử ủ ộ s ể Gandhi. .. ă ể Khi tìm ộ ậy l â ộ Gandhi s lâ ủ â ệ â ầ ă ă l s ệ có q ể ă q ệ ữ ệ q l ộ ệ l ể ầ â s “b ổ s ” ộ nh ủ ộ l “y ộ l l b ” ữ l ? ?Nhân c ch văn hóa l ậ sĩ g tơi ahatma Gandhi? ?? ể l y ộ ă h M K