LI THUYET PP phuong trinh ion thu gon
! !"#$$%&'%&'"( !"!#$ ")*+,-+ !. ()*/0 ! !"#$%&'(#) * !"+, *-. /.0 12"3 1)23!4! 425678%9" !:)";% *<;%=>?%?@ %& ")25"6+,-78/9:!. ;2 " 6ABCC06?% ?@ +D04+EF3 G C<BH12IEFC<BH319JCC06?%?@ +D0F G KE J C<CLMNH12FO6C<CBGNH3<%#) ?%?@ PQ5@"F !?%?@ P62 'M G B R "#$%&'()(*+,- /0 <=+ G 4+EF3 IEF C<CB 06 C<CB 06 = = ⇒ EF − SC<CL06 G J F KE FO6 C<CBN 06 C<CCN 06 = = ⇒ F + SC<CLN06 TA:)"?%?@ 19:)"?%?@ "#$U& F EF − →F G E 4VW%C<CLNC<CL06 C<CL←C<CL K%" F + 3 d− + SC<CLN − C<CLSC<CCN06 ⇒ X ??+/%A3 SNCC06+C<N6Y3 C<CCN F C<N + = SC<CBSBC −G →"FSG ;2 ( 6 O0A0Z%)"0I45 ?[19#9 +?#3<%#) ?%?@ P12L<LR6YF G +\ 3 'Y ?%?@ F G KE J GH W?]'%2?%?@ P62 ' BNC06 MN06 RC06 LC06 "#$%&'()(*+1- /0 <=+ IF G E→IEF B G F G 4GF G E→4+EF3 G F G G F SC<BN06<^"#$→/_ G G F EF +? P3 G − = SC<L06 #$U& !?%?@ 19?%?@ 62 F EF − →F G E ⇒ F + S EF − SC<L06→ G J F KE SC<BN06 ⇒ G J F KE C<BN X G = SC<CMN6Y+MN063 ()25(6>9 *? ( @A? ( /<!.BC ! !"#$$%&'%&'"( ( ;26 `%?@ P ?%?@ IEFC<GH12?%?@ O+EF3 G C<BHK[ M<aJ6YYOE G + 3 12B6Y?%?@ P$6#)b!%#) 62 ' BN0 N0 BC0 C0 <=+ G OE SC<LN06c IEF SC<G06c G O+EF 3 SC<B06 ⇒ EF − SC<GC<B×GSC<J0612 G O + SC<B06 #$U& OE G GEF − →OE L G− F G E C<LNC<J C<G←C<J→C<G06 ⇒ G OE + 3 d− SC<LN−C<GSC<BN06 b"[ >" OE L G− OE G F G E→GFOE L − 4W% C<GC<BN06 C<BN←C<BN06 ⇒ G L OE − d6=eC<BN06 ⇒ L OOE ↓ SC<CN06 ⇒ L OOE 0 SC<CN×BCCSN0 1)2516+,: D /< G L CO − ;26 ABCC06?%?@ f+D0TFOE L BH12T G OE L BH312BCC06?%?@ 4+D0IFOE L BH12I G OE L BH3%#) ?%?@ O IghhBCC06?%?@ `+D0F G KE J BH12FO6BH312?%?@ O%#) X6YOE G + 312 ?%?@ iO?%?@ 4+EF3 G 9?#12?%?@ i$%#) 00b! ) Q5@ !012 X6W6#)62 ' aG<J012G<GJ6Y J<L012B<BG6Y JL012G<GJ6Y L<J012N<R6Y <=+ `%?@ O FOE L − C<G06cOE L G− C<G06 `%?@ ` F + SC<L06 Ighh?%?@ O12?%?@ ` OE L G− F →FOE L − C<G→C<G→C<G06 FOE L − F →F G EOE G 4W%C<JC<B06 C<B←C<B→C<B06 `#C<L06 b"[ ?%?@ 4+EF3 G ?#12?%?@ i 4 G FOE L − EF − →4OE L↓ F G E C<L→C<L06 4 G KE J G− →4KE J C<B→C<B06 ⇒ G OE X SC<B×GG<JSG<GJ6Y _6#)b! 0SC<L×BjMC<B×GLLSaG<J0 E)25E6+,: -FG -HIJ ;26 Fdb:)"D00A06=;0120A06=;0#9 #) ?%?@ f12 B<BG6YF G >+\ 3O?%?@ C<CL06f6O6 L 12?%?@ ' _6#)b!% #) 62 ' C<Ma0 C<aB0 B<NR0 G<LJ0 ! !"#$$%&'%&'"( * <=+ Q& % !06=62H HF G E→H+EF3 G F G ⇒ G F EF G − = SC<B06 `%?@ f5 ?[19C<CL06?%?@ f6O6 L f6 L LEF − →f6+EF3 L↓ 4W% C<CLC<B06 C<CL→C<Cj→C<CL06 ⇒ EF + 3 d− − SC<CB06 Tb!@2+0A"Wk 223^"#$ f6+EF3 L EF − → G f6E − GF G E C<CB←C<CB06 ⇒ L f6+EF3 SC<CL−C<CBSC<CG⇒ L f6+EF 3 0 SMa×C<CGSB<NR0 %)25%6*3B/<!., D /9 − ;2 " 6 FdC<B06O%06=BGC06?%?@ PD0FIE L BH12F G KE J C<NHK%" bU %#) X6YYIE?%>*+ 3Q5@ !X62 ' B<LJJ6Y B<Jj6Y C<RMG6Y B<BG6Y <=+ L FIE C<BG= 06c G J F KE C<CR= 06 ⇒ F C<GJ + = 0612 L IE C<BG − = 06 #$ LO%aF GIE L − →LO% G GIE ↑ JF G E 4W% C<B→C<GJ→C<BG06 C<Cj←C<GJ→C<CR→C<CR06 K%" C<CB+?#3+b3C<CR+?#3 ⇒X IE SC<CR×GG<JSB<LJJ6Y ;2 ( 6 Fd:)"PD006=f124?%?@ FIE L 6lTbU "% #) :)"Ym+D0C<B06IE<C<BN06IE G 12C<CN06I G E34be "= 0%_IF J IE L K_06FIE L l"62 ' C<MN06 C<j06 B<CN06 B<G06 <=+ 5" IE L − GF B^→IE G F G E +B3 G×C<BN←C<BN IE L − JF L^→IEGF G E +G3 J×C<B←C<B GIE L − BCF a^→I G ENF G E +L3 BC×C<CN←C<CN h+B3<+G3<+L3n#) L FIE F p− + = ∑ S G C<BN J C<B BC C<CN× + × + × SB<G06 ;2 1 6 . (Y(0 B3OL<aJ0O%"19aC06?%?@ FIE L BH5X B 6YIE G3OL<aJ0O%"19aC06?%?@ FIE L BH12F G KE J C<NH5X G 6YIE 4bIE62/"o0?%>*< 5 'Y Y\ ];%(p%(,X B 12X G 62 ' X G SX B X G SGX B X G SG<NX B X G SB<NX B "#$%&'()(*+,- /0 <=+ ! !"#$$%&'%&'"( + IB L O% FIE L<aJ C<CR 06 RJ C<Ca 06 = = = ⇒ L F IE C<Ca 06 C<Ca 06 + − = = LO%aF GIE L − →LO% G GIE ↑ JF G E 4W% C<CRC<CaC<Ca06→F "b C<CL←C<Ca→C<CG→C<CG06 ⇒X B #19C<CG06IE IG O% SC<CR06c L FIE SC<Ca06c G J F KE SC<CJ06 ⇒ F + SC<BR06c L IE − SC<Ca06 LO%aF GIE L − →LO% G GIE ↑ JF G E 4W% C<CRC<BRC<Ca06→O%12F "b C<CR→C<BR→C<CJ→C<CJ06 ⇒X G #19C<CJ06IE I#1n>X G SGX B ;2 E 6 `%?@ f C<CB06q^+IE L 3 L 12C<BN06FO6 rd_7%0O%0 6=s+4bIE62/"o0?%>*3 ' G<aa0 L<jG0 L<G0 N<BG0 <=+ #$ O%Gq^ L →Gq^ G O% G C<CCN←C<CB06 LO%aF GIE L − →LO% G GIE ↑ JF G E 4W% C<BNC<CL06→F ?# C<CJN←C<BG←C<CL06 ⇒0 O%_ S+C<CJNC<CCN3×RJSL<G0 ;2 % 6 F:)"PD0+q^<q^ G E L <q^ L E J <q^E319/_060: *62C<B06<db12?%?@ mD0+FO612F G KE J 6l3?#%#) ?%?@ tIghh?%?@ O%+IE L 3 G BH12?%?@ t 9h5YIE'Y ?%?@ O%+IE L 3 G W?]12'Y Y5\ 6W 6#)62 ' GN06cB<BG6Y C<N6YcGG<J6Y NC06cG<GJ6Y NC06cB<BG6Y <=+ p%>:)"C<B06q^ G E L 12C<B06q^E2C<B06q^ L E J F:)"PD0+q^ L E J C<G06cq^C<B0635 ?[19?%?@ m + 2+ 3+ 3 4 2 Fe O + 8H Fe + 2Fe + 4H O 0,2 mol 0,2 mol 0,4 mol → + 2+ 2 Fe + 2H Fe + H 0,1 mol 0,1 mol → ↑ `%?@ t+q^ G C<L06cq^ L C<J063O%+IE L 3 G Lq^ G IE L − JF →Lq^ L IE ↑ GF G E C<LC<BC<B06 ⇒X IE SC<B×GG<JSG<GJ6Y L G L O%+ IE 3 IE B C<CN G − = = 06 ⇒ L G ?? O%+ IE 3 C<CN X C<CN B = = 6Y+>NC063 ;2 K 6 O:)"D0C<BN06O%q^K G 12C<Cj06O% G q^K G 5 ?[19?%?@ FIE L ?#%#) ?%?@ P12:)"YmD0IE12IE G 704O6 G ?#12?%?@ P%#) 00b! Hk5 <b%704+EF3 G ?#12?%?@ P<6*>b!%Yb_6#) %#) 0 *VQ5@ !01262 ! !"#$$%&'%&'"( , ' BBB<aJ012BNM<JJ0 BBB<aJ012BRM<JJ0 BBG<aJ012BNM<JJ0 BBG<aJ012BRM<JJ0 <=+ 5" O%q^K G aF G E−BM^→O% G q^ L GKE J G− BR C<BNC<BNC<BNC<L O% G q^K G aF G E−Bj^→GO% G q^ L GKE J G− BR C<CjC<BaC<CjC<Ba G J KE C<Ja − = 06c 4 G KE J G− →4KE J C<JaC<Ja06 ⇒0SC<Ja×GLLSBBB<aJ0 O% SC<LL06c q^ SC<GJ06 O%→O%EGq^→q^ G E L C<LLC<LLC<GJC<BG ⇒SC<LL×aCC<BG×BRCBBB<aJSBNM<JJ0 -./0-123 456789:8 9;<23 /8=)-02