!"#$%&'()*+,-./0.1234 !"#$%&' ( #)) *#+,-# . /0 56789:;<)&=>?@A=>?$B=>?&4 >?12!)345%#6$#7)*8!$9:,-;<=>?@5<$A/A# /B#3C/!*D$<E#$#F/$<#7G#F/H?@:!#7!9$5% ;IJ#16$#K!9$)*8 F π − 2# F π − L#-$M&$:*&A /A#6$#7)*85$N)*8#O5H P H π Q H π H π R H π S5#7T ( ) ( ) = U H UU U H H π = π = ω =⇒Ω=+=+=⇒= >?V/A#95!W"ID5#795!WG9SAXY/! "#*&/F:!#G#AZ5$,FX5BM∆L!"#*&F:@% /[5)*8#G#A$,L95*&#O5/A#95@%@ P∆ Q∆ ∆ R∆ S5#7T\\ #]^\ ,S S , S S #\ +±=⇒π+ π ±= π ⇒= π ⇒ SXY/<$&Y\ \ _? ,975#7T S S ∆=⇒=∆ `ab&#KM% !/cd >?CSAe#75#*f*IX/#B#e956$g5? &7#α h HM%/#D?8*"#+^#B##$%Y59<'#6$9Ie?8*" #7L7#α#O5#B# P α Q α α − R α − S'6@T / d/ `iiii 9 α ±=α⇒α=α⇒=⇒= jL?k5#$%Y59<'#6$9Ie&T5b/2,)#5#?@$-*) 9M$&lmjk%T α −=α >?&12!)3$ #U t ω ?@5<$A/A#PQC/5A/A#Pn?@nQ/B# 31APnC/*DE/B#3? #$#F/$<#7G#F/HAnQ#K#7 :!? !9$12 LC ω = 1Y!)3!$9:o55<$A/A#Pn,- 3:$#EL<7#ω P ω Q ω ω Rω S5#7T ( ) H H #H H H Pn UE UdUU` p UUE UEp UEqp + − + = −+ + =+= 1Yp Pn ,-3:$# ?@ELT H UU = 2#U `A?L'6#7d d H ` H H ω===ω⇒=ω⇒ >?(5A+rs?@U#7$#-Ie_@P r P s P U ? P r P s P U Q IJ&,#O5WA+Ie_@∆t r ∆t s ∆t U ? ∆t U m∆t r m∆t s ZB343#)# A+@%'_G"6?oF/9<@T PrsU QUrs sUr RsrU S'6@TP U bP r bP s ?@∆t U m∆t r m∆t s Z$%*5T U U r r s s P t P t P t ∆ > ∆ > ∆ ⇒ )3)RT >?Du/2)#O5/#Mh#75$C7,J3P?@Q#)#5$#/95 '3Iev_? 3Ie*L$ P #π?@$ Q #`πcπd`$ P ?@$ Q " //"dQ#*$%67*&/2#Mh@#/0rwL?$-PVnQ $#/2)#MhZY/95? &#G#A*&AQV@ P( Q. Rx QI #7T #/ ?S ===λ j8*"#)#Y/95? &#G#AT 9 9 d ,` +λ rwAVT9 V 9 V − ..#/ rwAQT9 Q 9 Q #/ jk%Tm d ,` +λ m.. ⇒ .m,mH!,&#)#)*8#O5,5IJ#()*8W, , >?ES'&6#O5Q,&'#**$%&[*-#$%YW\$yAH5\$yA^ L$%&[3)*53--#7I #7λ ,&'#*#$%YW\$yAV5\$yAHL $%&[3)*53--#7I #7λ ?@,&'#*#$%YW\$yAV5\$yA^L $%&[3)*53--#7I #7λ QY$_#4)#8λ @T Pλ λ λ Q λ λ λ λ λ = + λ λ cλ R λ λ λ λ λ = − >?'z'#*@Ae#M3$#A P3&* Q$#- /&>- R'3- >?1SAXY/!)3 #` d u t π π = − `*7$"j"d#7 )*8 V ?@5F/Z5$XY/7 s !)3@%#7)*8@ P−j Q V V− Rj S5#7T π+ π ±= π −π⇒= π −π⇒ π −π= , d #`d #` jL$5F/&T π+ π = π −π , Z5$XY/ !)3#7)*8 $ j # d `# −= π + π = π −+π >?V,/A#7#-)&'#*@x ( $<IJ?@,/A@%#)#_#4A #7I #7λ .µ/λ µ/λ µ/?@λ µ/no_#4A#7Y+%*5 !IJ\$5!D,/A@%#7I #7@ Pλ λ ?@λ Qλ ?@λ λ ?@λ Rλ λ ?@λ N A\$5!#O5,/A*&@T /xx x P # x ( . µ====λ − − − 1Y+%*5!IJ\$5!LT λ≤λ ?k%#K#7T{ ?@{ / +%*5IJ#!IJ\$5 ! >?S5[AIJ#9| PYL/,$%k&*F3}/,/A QYL/?_*&6/2F3}/,/A *%Y#:3!#$! RY#:3F6/2S*)1MW?! >?n5#G##O5//)%3)!45%#6$/35?@5<$A/A#PQC/ !*D$<E/B#3? #$#F/$<Qh\$5!*D#)##$9+%#O5/)%3)^ *-#O5/)%\$5%6$? #?g03~L#IX9g!!$9:*A/A#@ P^*-#O5/)%\$5%6$? #?g03~L#IX9g!!$9:* A/A#@ Pn$*-#O5/)%\$5%6$? #?g03~L#F/,)#O5A /A#PQ@ P R Q R R R R S'65#7!)3D5<$A/A#PQ$M!#O5/)%3) Z$M!AK!$k? #\$5%#O5/)%3) R75#7K!T H H H H UUE UE UE U U Uq Uq p p =+⇒= + + ⇒=⇒=⇒= `d F/,)K!$k? #\$5%T HH HH UU U U =⇒= `d HH HH UU U U =⇒= `d SW`d?@`d$%*5T E U H = 5%?@`d5IJ#T E UU HH == >?C12?@5<$#$e#M3#O5//)%)3"ID`h\$553"d/!)3 45%#6$#7)*8!$9:,-;L!)3!$9:o55<$#$_#M3YD@ ju#$_#M3$F/ ?g9+%L!)3!$9:o55<$YD#O57@p $&/?g9+%L!)37@pn$&/?g9+%D#$_#M3L!)3 !$9:o55<$YD#O5#$@% Pj Qj j Rj S'6@5#7T p p =⇒= `d d` p p p p − = − ⇒ − = `d p p p p + =⇒ + = `d ?'?#)#3Ie*L`d`d?@`d5IJ#T p + = /2,)#T p p + = jk%Tp j >?&V#MY/956$g5? #$,LSS*,FX5BM,W ?8*"JP?8*"4 A− #MY/#7#*$L@ P A T Q ( A T A T R A T S5#7T =ϕ⇒−= − =ϕ =ϕ⇒==ϕ P P # P P # 1 bN7#\$wTa•• €• S S / ==∆⇒ jk%T S P( 0S P P ? = + == >?(^&'#*D\$yA9W_LIJ#O5$%&[*-IJ#"'#- _# n E n = − `'jd`•d^&'#**$%&[*-#$%YW\$yA9W 5\$yA9WL$%&[*-3)*53--_? _#4A#7I #7 P.µ/ Qµ/ µ/ Rxµ/ S5#7T /xx # # tt # x ( . / µ==== − = − =λ − − − >?DS'/‚$$%&[Q),"\$yA^#O5&'#**$%&[*-@* ^ &'#*#$%YW\$yAn?6\$yAHL),"\$yAF/ P* Q* (* R* Hn H n *** ** ** =−⇒ = = >?ES*"!/s+?655))5,'IJ##$))*B#7 I #7W./x/^F#)#o55,'@.//,F#)#W/23v #_55,'/@\$5)@/S*&/@A?8*"#)#?+*$+///#7?+)#O5 #)#_#4A? I #7 P.µ/?@µ/ Qµ/?@µ/ µ/?@µ/ Rµ/?@µ/ S5#7T ,R 54 5 R ,4 =λ⇒ λ = ? .µ/≤λ≤xµ/$%*5Tx≤,≤ ⇒ , j ,5IJ#T ==λ R, 54 ƒ/ j ,5IJ#T ==λ R, 54 ƒ/ >?'V#B#g4956$g5? #$,LS?@&#/Q*/#$,L ,FX5Y?kh#O5#B##7 5#,-?IJ\$)#/0 @ T HM% π S<95#O5?k@ P=> Q=> => R=> S'6@5#77#\$wT S S =α⇒ α = S5A#7T 5 5 /54 == /54 0#/55 ==⇒ jL => P 5 „P„P5 /54 /54 == π =⇒π=ω= >?112!)345%#6$#7)*8!$9:j?@<,-;?@5<$P?@Q #O5A/A#/B#3'_GC/*DE#$#F/$<#7G#F/H?@:!#7 !9$5%;Nfn@Y/o5#$#F/$<?@:!)#)*8EHo$A ?@,)#,-j L!)3!$9:o55<$*DE#7)*8,-;?@,)# ,-,5%;)*8E#O5*Dj C L!)3!$9:o5P?@n Pj Q j j R j j Lp E ,-5%;&5#7#ID!T H ω= j C L H ω= ω =ω⇒ H H UU =⇒ S5#7T jp UE UEp dUU`E UEp p H H H H Pn == + + = −+ + = >?V/A#95"IDC/#$#F/$<#7G#F/µ=?@/:!#7! 9$;W3…3…HM%π $,L95*&#O5/A#@%#7)*8 PW . x QW . x W . x RW . x S5#7T HS π= S / † −− . S /54 † −− x >?VJ9+%PQ9@#/#5<$Q#8<$PB? /)#O5+/ 5956$g5? <=>S*&9+%PQ#7/79W;8PIJ##@~ 7S#*$%67*&9+%@/0^Y#FP?@Q*&9+%#7 P~?@: Qx~?@: (~?@.: R~?@: QI #7T #/ „ ? ===λ Z:7T 0 == λ Z~7Tc >?Q5Y/‡PQ#|/*&/[5IXv4$M3)W‡SA‡2/$C Y/3)7+/vI *5,-5/-*IX,-M3:+/V_##IX+/A P@9QAQ@9QV_##IX+/A*$Y/V#O5APQ@ P9Q Qx9Q 9Q R9Q jL,-M3:+/&#-$M#O5+/,-;5#7T P Q P Q P Q QP P Q Q P P Q Q P V PQ QQ PP E E E E E E d9Q`Hd9Q`H E E q q E E q q q EE EqEqdE`qZq =⇒ −=⇒=−⇒=⇒ =⇒ + π=π=π⇒π== SIe GT += +=−⇒ + =⇒ = E E d9Q`Hd9Q`H E EE q q E E q q P Q VP P QP V P P V V P jk%T 9Q HH PV = +−= >?C12!)3$p #ω?@5<$A/A#C/!*D$<E#$#F/$<#7 G#F/H?@:!#7!9$/B#3Nf@#IX9g!_#X*A /A#$ $ ?@$ <IJ@!)3_#Xo55<$!*Do55<$#$#F/?@o55 <$:!=!_#~@ P ` d u i R L C ω ω = + − Q i u C ω = u i R = R u i L ω = >?&R5;J3#O55956$g5#|3Ie#|<#73Ie*L #` d x t π π = − `#/dQ95_M#73Ie*L #` d x t π π = + `#/d R5_5#73Ie*L@ P .#` d x t π π = + `#/d Q #` d x t π π = + `#/d #` d x t π π = − `#/d R .#` d x t π π = − `#/d S5#7T44 c4 d #`d #`d #`d #`444 π− π +π+ π −π= π +π− π −π=−=⇒ d #`.d #`d #`4 π −π= π −π+ π −π=⇒ `#/d >?(74A?@3+A#A+ P6$#7GM3:e*#k/ Q6$@3F_A+$IJ 6$@3F_A+h5IJ R6$,-3F@3F_A+ >?D12!)345%#6$#7)*8!$9:?@<,-;?@5<$A/A#C/ *DE/B#3? :!#7!9$Nf!)3!$9:o55<$$!o5 5<$*D?@!#-$M#O5A/A#,*D#7)*8E <IJ@p p E ?@ #ϕ ,*D#7)*8E L#)#)*8Ie_7*&@p p E ?@#ϕ Qp p p E p E N)*8#O5#ϕ ?@#ϕ @T P # # ϕ ϕ = = Q # # ϕ ϕ = = # # ϕ ϕ = = R # # ϕ ϕ = = S5#7T ⇒+=+ E E pppp E E pppp +=+ p p E = ⇒ ?@ p p E = jk%T = + = + = + =ϕ = + = + =ϕ p p pp p # p p pp p # E E E E E E >?ES*"!/s+?655))5,'IJ##$))eB##7 I #7µ/^F#)#o55,'@//,F#)#W/23v#_55,' /@\$5)@/6*/655@#/S;?+)?@?+#7*/6 55@ P(?+ Qx?+ ?+ R?+ ^F?+T // 5 R = λ = SKT H == Z?+)Tc(?+ Z?+T.?+ S;?+T(c.x?+ >?'V#B#g4C/?kh,IJ,?@g4#7#_n0/jkhIJ# 2*&)ˆ#8/59f#'*:#g4=!/5)*IJo5)ˆ?@?kh@ Q5<$o?kD?8*"g48w#/*C$-‰Y#B#95B9<HM% /0 S# M?khAIJ#*\$)*L95@ P #/0 Q #/0 #/0 R #/0 S# M,?k\$5?8*"#+<_MŠ39:8‹&#e# AIXW,B<$#$%Y?8*"#+<_MT P / ,P ?P/,P /? P…,P /? Pii / )V5 µ−=⇒µ−=−⇒−=−⇒=− S5%T ? −= 0#/0/ = >?1rw5/A#95!W"ID$,L95*&#O5/A#_M@S #O5 /A#_5@S S Q5<$!"#*&/ŒF:!#7 #G#A• Z5$7/Œ: !37!\$5#$#F/#O5/A#^!"#*&/ŒF:#O55/A#6$#7 \`m\m• dLK #IX9g!*/A#_M?@ #IX9g !*/A#_5@ P Q R S5#7T • \ q =+ ?@ • \ q =+ W7$%*5T S S • • q q q q == ω ω ==⇒= >?CHG#,w?6)#9:&/#MY/956$g5#7 PK!? #O5?@$-I ?6?8*"#+ QK!? L3Ie& ,-;II 5%; R?@I ,-; >?CV#M#7,F3)*5))3)\$5? < =>^9|)) #7I #7@9I +%Y,"#"#L#M@%F+Y3)\$5Ž Pµ/ Qµ/ .µ/ Rµ/ >?C=A+ . Po 5_%&L374Aα5%5$374A7#O5Aα P e#O5A+# Q#K#7Yhe2##O5A+# #O5A+# Rhe#O5A+# >?CC•$53;?A#3)4A P#O5#)#$%&,)#5$D#|/!LI5$?6)K#O5#)#?A# Q9#)##M*B#Mh2##M,"#7)3$M 3)*5,8$7 @/9F#7/@$Wh"/65$/#)#&:# R@/!o?A#)`?A#/@$d*&•#)#5$Do,F >?C&V- • 5 • /5 • #PQ- ‘ /55 • /5 • #PV?5 ‘ VQ/ ’ #- ’ & ’ 315 • /5 • #PV# ’ & • *e “ $+ ‘ Ω/ ’ #- ’ & ’ 3?e ’ #$- • #5 “ /$+ ‘ # ’ - • I • #5 “ / π =5 • /5 • #VQ#” “ # ’ $ • & • ?e ’ & • 9$5%- “ Ie • #1 • & • 5 ’ 3$p #π`jd?5 ‘ 5+ ‘ $5 • /5 • #PQ1& ‘ $#” “ & • 9$#$ “ 5$ • & • & ’ 5 ’ * • 5#& • 5 ’ 35+ ‘ $5 • /5 • #PQ& • #35 π ?e ’ & • 5 ’ 3 5+ ‘ $5 • /5 • #PVN5 ’ * • #$ “ 5 ‘ P … − π Q . … − π … − π R … − π S5#7T$ PQ ?@$ PV !#355$( ⇒ϕ PV €ϕ PQ ( ⇒ 55 PQPV −=ϕϕ ⇒ E UU E U HH −= − ⇒ =⇒Ω= + = + = U UE U H H . … − π >?C(V- • /5 • #95- • ” ’ Ie “ - ‘ /#$- • #5 “ /$+ ‘ # ’ - • I • #5 “ /H,-- “ ?5 ‘ $ • & • # ’ & • 9$5%- “ Ie • #1& ‘ $#” “ & • 9$#$ “ 5$ • & • & ’ 5 ’ * • ” ‘ + ‘ - ’ 95- • *& #$ “ 5/5 • #5 ‘ „ 1& “ + ‘ - ’ 95- • *&#$ “ 5/5 • #5 ‘ „ ” ‘ 35 “ & ‘ $#” “ & • 9$#$ “ 5$ • & • & ’ 5 ’ * • P Q R π = π = H „ H „ „ „ =⇒ '6@T „ „ = ?k%T >?CD1& ‘ $,& • & “ 5 ’ #e, • 35$55Ie • #?e ’ 5$5 ‘ 5 ’ 35 “ 4$+ ’ 35 ’ I ‘ 5$- ‘ 95- • P#$ ‘ &- • ?5 ‘ # ’ & • $- ’ 35,-- “ 'e ‘ 5 Q#$ ‘ + ‘ - ’ #$ ‘ 3Ie # ’ #$ ‘ 355+ ‘ $?5 ‘ #$ ‘ &- • R#$ ‘ + ‘ - ’ #$ ‘ 3Ie?5 ‘ # ’ & • $- ’ 35,-- “ 'e ‘ 5 >?CEV- • 5 • # ’ ,- ’ Ie • ” “ / S'$%& ’ Ie- ’ - • #$ “ 55 • 5 ‘ %,#$%& “ - • ?e ’ - ’ #- • #`#5 ‘ - ’ #- • 5 ’ 5 ’ *#+,-d5 ‘ P/ # Q/ # / # R/ # S5#7Ti #d//`tt −=− #/#d . `/#/ # ? / =−= − − >?C'S*” ’ & • /s+?& ‘ 555 ’ 5 ’ $- ‘ 5 ’ 35 ’ - ‘ e ‘ 5I ’ #45 • e ’ #* ’ I ’ #45 • /5 ‘ $ “ # ’ Ie ’ # ’ x/?5 ‘ I ’ #45 • /5 ‘ $$ • ## ’ Ie ’ # ’ λ`# ’ 5 ’ * • * ,5 “ I ‘ /& ’ x/dS*&/5 ‘ \$55 ’ I • 55?+5 ’ + ‘ 5$+ ’ ?5 ‘ #$ ‘ /5 ‘ $?e ’ ?+5 ’ *$+/# ’ .?+5 ’ /5 ‘ $$ • #N5 ’ * • #$ “ 5λ5 ‘ P/ Q/ / R/ =5?+)*|5$<_MT, , ⇒ , λ , λ =5?+)*|5$<_T`, cdλ `, c(dλ ( λ =λ⇒ jLT/ ≤λ≤ x/&$%*5T ≤ ≤ x ⇒ xjk%T == λ =λ ( xx ( / >?C1V- • ?+ • 95- • ’ 9+ ‘ # ’ #5 ’ #5 • Ie • 5 “ /&$ • #'e ‘ 55 ‘ P&- • ?5 ‘ 5- ’ # Q- • ?5 ‘ - ’ #- • &- • ?5 ‘ Ie • R&- • ?5 ‘ - ’ #- • >?&R$ ‘ /- • 3*--# ’ - • V'j ’ ?5 ‘ 5 • + ( Q' 5I ’ %&5 “ I ’ 5 • *55 • +r?5 ‘ 5 • α=5 • α5%*5'3Ie?$- ’ #?e ’ 3Iee ’ #$ “ 53*--?5 ‘ # ’ - • V'j^” ’ - • #$ “ 5#5 ’ #5 • + ’ %,- ’ Ie • #5 ’ #5 • ” ’ 'e? • ,- ’ Ie • $%&I “ ‘ - ’ ,- ’ #$ “ 5#$ ’ nIe • h5*5*#5 ’ #35 “ I ’ 5 ‘ % ‘ PV'j QV'j V'j RV'j Ie*L3F_T ='rQ' ( +→+ S'8$kF@IJ5#7T α += 333 r ?L α ⊥ 3 &T r 333 α += ⇒ V'x / i/i/ ii/i/i/ r rr4 = + = + =⇒+= αα αα S5#7IJh5*5T V'jxiiiit r =−+=−+= α 6G H IJ8K=>?L !" #$ 5MN=OP+QR H ?> S %&'( ')%*'+&$ >?&S*” ’ & • /s+?& ‘ 555 ’ 5 ’ 5,'Ie • ##& ’ $ ‘ 5 ’ 5 ’ e ’ ## ’ Ie ’ # ’ λn& ’ $5 • & “ /V*&/5 ‘ \$55 ’ # ’ ?+- ’ I ’ 5`” ’ I ‘ ?+5 ’ *$+/d” ‘ & • $Ie ‘ #$ “ 55 ’ 5 ’ I ‘ 5,'Z Z & ’ V# ’ - • e ’ ‘ Pλ Qλ λ Rλ –9 9 ––{`,cd–?+__? ,2#,?k%T–9 9 –{ >?&1 • & • 5 ’ 3$p #ω?5 ‘ 5+ ‘ $#$- • #5 “ /$+ ‘ # ’ - • I • #5 “ /H” ‘ #Ie ‘ - • 9 ‘ & • \$5#$- • #5 “ /5 ‘ P p #` d H π = ω + ω Q p #` d H π = ω + ω p #` d H π = ω − ω R p #` d H π = ω − ω >?&CV- • # ’ #e# ’ #& ‘ $95 ‘ 9+%*'#/?5 ‘ ?+ • “ # ’ ,- ’ Ie • ,/5& • ” ’ #\c Ie • ##5 ‘ & • ” ’ #& “ / ’ #95- • & ‘ $5 ‘ *& • *Ie ‘ & ‘ $/5 ‘ ?'#e#Ie ‘ - • & • *Ie ‘ # ’ - • e ’ t j0/?5 ‘ Ie ’ “ I ’ 4$- ’ 9Ie ’ H+ ’ % /0 π$,” ‘ 95- • & ‘ $5 ‘ #$ “ 5# ’ #5 ‘ P. Q R(( S5#7T +=+=+= / \t / \t / … — + π=π=⇒ / \t — S ?k%S >?&&^#& ’ $#$ ‘ /5I “ 5 • ?5 ‘ /- • - ’ & • /I • 9$9 • #„$*'4&” ‘ + ’ %9$ 9 • #5 ‘ %35 ’ *55 ’ 5 ’ /5 ‘ $$ • #1 ’ 5 ‘ & • Ie • P5 ’ ’ #5 ’ 5 ’ Q35 “ 45 • 5 ’ 5 ’ 5 ’ 35 ’ \$5 R\$535 ’ \$5 >?&(j+ • “ #$ “ 5/- • # ’ # ‘ 495- • & ‘ $5 ‘ '3Ie5/- ’ #& ’ 5 • ? • *” ’ #+ ‘ ^5- ’ ##$ “ 5?+ • # ’ - • e ’ ‘ /- • I “ 5- • e ’ 5- ’ ##I • #5 • ” ‘ ” “ - ’ I • 5- • ?5 ‘ & ’ #$ “ 5?+ • 5 ‘ P Q R S'6@T P 5 ω= /@T–5–] –4– P 4 =⇒ jk%T 4 P i i =− = >?&DS*e ‘ • #I • #5 ‘ • #/ ’ #- ’ & ’ 3/- • \$5 • & • 45%#& ‘ $?e ’ & • *e “ E*- ‘ / ’ #5+ ‘ $5 • /5 • #5 ‘ %?5 ‘ & • 5 ’ 345%#& ‘ $# ’ 5 ’ * • & • $9$ • .jQ& ’ \$5 • 5 ‘ %# ’ #5 ’ # 5 ’ * • • /I ’ #Tj i?5 ‘ ,5 • - • $ ’ #-$+ ’ • /I ’ #” ‘ - • & • #35I • 5& • 5 ’ 3 e “ 5+ ‘ $\$5 • ?5 ‘ #Ie ‘ - • 9 ‘ & • \$5 ’ 5 ‘ ϕ?e ’ #ϕ.1& “ \$5 • & • 5 ‘ %#5 • %$ ’ #- $+ ’ • /I ’ #” ‘ E ‘ P.Ω QΩ Ω RxΩ IX9g!8/_#Tp • q#• • P . #p q • • == ϕ =⇒ S5#7T •E ppp += N7#o5 •E pp @• (pxp#ppppp E E•E • E =−+⇒ϕ++=⇒ NF*55IJ#Tp E .j ===⇒ . q p E E ˜ >?&EQ5+ ‘ $# ’ n 5 • +#$ “ 5/- • /+•$#+ ’ 3 ’ 45 • $%&#+ ’ # ’ #$,” ‘ 5 ’ *5 • SZ5$ ,5 “ e ‘ 5S,& “ I ‘ e ‘ & “ /5+ ‘ $- ’ 5 • +#I5 • 3+*5 • #$ “ 5/+•$#+ ’ 3 ’ 45 • 5 ‘ %5 ‘ P n Q n n R n >?&'S*-&5 • # ‘ ’ ?-$%& ’ Ie ‘ 5I “ 9$ • #5 ’ #& ’ & • $&- • I ’ #5 ‘ 5 ‘ /#&- • #$ “ 5 ’ & • I ‘ #5+ ‘ ` • 5 ‘ ’ /5d& ’ &'e ‘ 5?e ’ + ‘ - ’ ‘ + ‘ - ’ #$ “ 595- • +/+ ‘ + ‘ - ’ ’ /55 ‘ .,=>^95- • +/+ ‘ # ’ + ‘ - ’ =>I • #& • /- • 95- • 5 ‘ 3+ ‘ ” ‘ 95- • #5+ ‘ I • #& • Ie • #- ’ 95- • 5 ‘ 3+ ‘ 5 ‘ P Q . R SX5Y7+/<G#!IJ#/95@3<@T „ S − == SX5Y7#5<G#!IJ#/95@3<@T —„ —S − == jk%* 95@3<7#5<G#!IJ#@T = − − . >?&1S5 • /- • & “ /*&/ • #+ ’ “ # ’ /- • $- ‘ 95- • ?e ’ + ‘ - ’ =>5 • *5 ’ - “ • *&/ • #+ ’ “ r' ’ e • - ‘ && ’ 3*&/- • 3Ie*$%& ‘ ’ e “ ?& ‘ /- • 3” ’ 5?e ’ $- ‘ e • I ’ + ’ #5 ’ #e • I ’ //S- ’ #- • *$%& ‘ ’ 5 ‘ P/0 Q/0 /0 R/0 S'6@5#7T / ==λ Z$%*5#*$%67@T 0/„? ==λ= >?(,- ’ Ie • #$ “ 53*--e* . P* H + ‘ Ie • 5 ‘ Tx$.x$(($ $?5 ‘ $(V'j0# Z?e ’ Ie • &,& ’ *&#$ “ 55 • + H ” ‘ Ie • &,& ’ *&#$ “ 55 • + . P* P ‘ e/- • Ie • 5 ‘ V'j Qe ’ e/- • Ie • 5 ‘ V'j e ’ e/- • Ie • 5 ‘ V'j R “ e/- • Ie • 5 ‘ V'j nIJ&,*&#O5P*@T V'j. #d///.` P*33 = −+ nIJ&,*&#O5H@T V'j #d///` H33 = −+ nIJ&,*&#O5P* eH/IJ@TV'j T5MN=OP+QR H >+=,N %&'( '+%*',&$ >?(1& “ ,& “ /#I ’ & • $I ’ 1- ’ 33'Ie ‘ 5- ’ *” ’ *&/- • Ie ‘ *5% “ /- • $- ‘ +/ #$%& “ - • & ‘ $?e ’ - ’ #- • /035 ’ *5+/?e ’ + ‘ - ’ 45 ’ # • ?5 ‘ /- • /5 ’ %$+/I ’ %&Q& ’ +/*$%& ‘ *,-,” ’ ?e ’ - ’ #- • /0^$- ‘ +/5 • + ‘ ” ‘ /5 ’ %$Ie • #+ ‘ - ’ +/ 5 ‘ x=>^$- ‘ +/*545” ‘ /5 ’ %$Ie • #+ ‘ - ’ +/5 ‘ P.=> Q=> => Rx.=> n$C+/#$%YA</)%$T ?? ? „ —„ − = `d n$C+/#$%Y*545/)%$ ?? ? „ ——„ + = `d SW`d?@`d$%*5T => x —„——„ x ?? ?? —„ ——„ ==⇒= + − = + − = >?(V- • - • #e& • 45%#& ‘ $,5 • - • ” ‘ Ie ‘ ?e ’ & • 5 ’ 3& • $9$ • j” ‘ *5#-$+ ’ #e • #5 ‘ xiQ& ’ - • #e# ’ & • - ’ #-$+ ’ .?5 ‘ #-$+ ’ 5 “ & • *& 9+%\$+ ’ - • #e5 ‘ xiQh\$5#5 ’ #53” ’ ,5 ’ ##Ie ‘ - • 9 ‘ & • #I • #5 • \$5- • #e5 ‘ P P QP P R P S5#7Tpq#• #ef# c h5! . xx q + =⇒ PZ$%*5Tq P >?(CV- • 5 ’ 5 ‘ # ’ //'\$5 ’ ” ’ - ’ ?e ’ *$ • #\$5%#- ’ • #$ “ 5 ’ 5 ‘ ,/ 1& “ 5 ’ 5 ‘ - ’ #I ‘ *5 • 5 ’ I ’ %&& ’ - ’ #- • ’ #ω35 “ - ’ #-Q “ \$5/55 ’ N5 ’ * • #$ “ 5ω5 ‘ P*590 Q*590 *590 R*590 [...]... của mẫu gỗ cổ đó, lấ y từ cây mới chă ̣t, có đô ̣ phóng xa ̣ 1600 phân rã / phút Tuổ i của mẫu gỗ cổ đã cho là A 17190 năm B 2865 năm C 11460 năm D 1910 năm Gợi ý giải H = H 0e − λt ⇒ e −λt = H H −T H − 5730 200 ⇒ −λt = ln ⇒t = ln = ln = 17190 năm H0 H0 ln 2 H 0 ln 2 1600 ... rad/s thì chiu tác du ̣ng ̣ ̣ của mô ̣t momen ham có đô ̣ lớn không đổ i nên quay châ ̣m dầ n đề u và dừng la ̣i sau 2 phút Biế t momen ̃ của vâ ̣t rắ n này đố i với tru ̣c ∆ là 10 kg.m2 Momen ham có đô ̣ lớn bằ ng ̃ A 2,0 N.m B 2,5 N.m C 3,0 N.m D 3,5 N.m Gợi ý giải M = Iγ = I ∆ω 30 = 10 =2,5Nm ∆t 2.60 14 Câu 60: Biế t đồ ng vi ̣ phóng xa ̣ 6 C có chu kì bán rã 5730 năm Giả... Gợi ý giải 0 = theo đề bài suy ra: mà C1 = C0 +C vậy: C = 8C0 = C1 9 λ1 C1 C1 3 Câu 55: Chùm tia X phát ra từ mô ̣t ố ng tia X (ố ng Cu-lit-giơ) có tầ n số lớn nhấ t là 6,4.10 18 Hz Bỏ ́ qua đô ̣ng năng các êlectron khi bức ra khổ i catôt Hiêu điên thế giữa anôt và catôt của ố ng tia X là ̣ ̣ A 2,65 kV B 26,50 kV C 5,30 kV D 13,25 kV hf 6,625.10−34.6,4.1018 = 26,5kV Gợi ý giải. |e|U=hf...Gợi ý giải. Ta có: 1 2 Iω = A ⇒ ω = 2 2A = 100 rad/s I Câu 54: Ma ̣ch dao đô ̣ng dùng để cho ̣n sóng của mô ̣t máy thu vô tuyế n điên gồ m tụ điên có điên dung ̣ ̣ ̣ C0 và cuô ̣n cảm thuầ n có đô