Gerunds Infinitives Bai hoc va Bai Tap

8 = verb followed by an infinitive OR an optional noun + an infinitive 13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning 14 = verb followed by a gerund OR a[r]

Gerunds and Infinitives

1 A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence

 Reading helps you learn English SUBJECTOFSENTENCE

 Her favorite hobby is reading COMPLEMENTOFSENTENCE

 I enjoy reading OBJECTOFSENTENCE Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

 He enjoys not working  The best thing for your health is not smoking

2 Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." Infinitive can be used as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence

 To learn is important SUBJECTOFSENTENCE

The most important thing is to learn COMPLEMENTOFSENTENCE

 He wants to learn OBJECTOFSENTENCE Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not." Examples:

 I decided not to go  The most important thing is not to give up

3 Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence

 Learning is important NORMALSUBJECT

 To learn is important ABSTRACTSUBJECT - LESS COMMON  The most important thing is learning NORMALCOMPLEMENT

 The most important thing is to learn  ABSTRACTCOMPLEMENT - LESS COMMON

4 As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive

 He enjoys swimming "ENJOY" REQUIRES AGERUND.  He wants to swim "WANT" REQUIRESANINFINITIVE Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects

 She suggested going to a movie  Mary keeps talking about her problems

List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds

9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive

13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning 14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning

admit He admitted cheating on the test

advise [9] The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk The doctor advised his patients/them to drink allow [9] Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars

Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars anticipate I anticipated arriving late

appreciate I appreciated her helping me avoid He avoided talking to her begin [14] I began learning Chinese I began to learn Chinese

can't bear He can't bear having so much responsibility can't help He can't help talking so loudly

can't see I can't see paying so much money for a car can't stand He can't stand her smoking in the office

cease [14] The government ceased providing free healthcare complete He completed renovating the house

consider She considered moving to New York continue [14] He continued talking

defend The lawyer defended her making such statements delay He delayed doing his taxes

deny He denied committing the crime despise She despises waking up early

discuss We discussed working at the company dislike She dislikes working after PM don't mind I don't mind helping you dread [13] She dreads getting up at AM encourage He encourages eating healthy foods enjoy We enjoy hiking

finish [13] He finished doing his homework forget [13] I forgot giving you my book

I forgot to give you my book hate [14] I hate cleaning the bathroom

imagine He imagines working there one day

involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month keep She kept interrupting me

like [14] She likes listening to music love [14] I love swimming

mention He mentioned going to that college mind Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes miss She misses living near the beach

need [13] The aquarium needs cleaning

neglect [14] Sometimes she neglects doing her homework permit [9] California does not permit smoking in restaurants postpone He postponed returning to Paris

practice She practiced singing the song

prefer [14] He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater propose [14] I proposed having lunch at the beach

quit [13] She quit worrying about the problem recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store recollect She recollected living in Kenya

recommend Tony recommended taking the train regret [13] She regretted saying that

remember I remember telling her the address yesterday report He reported her stealing the money

require [9] The certificate requires completing two courses resent Nick resented Debbie's being there

resist He resisted asking for help risk He risked being caught start [14] He started studying harder stop [13] She stopped working at o'clock suggest They suggested staying at the hotel tolerate I tolerated her talking

understand I understand his quitting urge [9] They urge recycling bottles and paper Some verbs are followed by infinitives Examples: She wants to go to a movie Mary needs to talk about her problems List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives

8 = verb followed by an infinitive OR an optional noun + an infinitive 13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning 14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning agree Tom agreed to help me

appear His health appeared to be better

arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami ask [8] She asked to leave

She asked the thief/him to leave begin [13] He began to talk

can't bear [14] He can't bear to be alone

can't stand [14] Nancy can't stand to work the late shift care He doesn't care to participate in the activity cease [14] The government ceased to provide free healthcare choose [8] I chose to help

claim She claimed to be a princess continue [14] She continued to talk decide We decided to go to Hawaii demand He demanded to speak to Mr Harris deserve He deserves to go to jail

dread [13] I dread to think what might happen expect [8] They expect to arrive early

fail He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project

forget [13] I forgot to lock the door when I left get (be allowed

to)

Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?

happen She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed hate [14] He hates to clean dishes

hesitate She hesitated to tell me the problem hope I hope to begin college this year intend We intend to visit you next spring

learn I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid like [14] Samantha likes to read

love [14] We love to scuba dive

manage He managed to open the door without the key need [8,13] I need to study

I need my son to study

neglect [14] She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket plan We plan to go to Europe this summer prefer [14] He prefers to eat at PM

prepare [8] They prepared to take the test pretend The child pretended to be a monster promise [8] She promised to stop smoking propose [14] Drew proposed to pay for the trip

refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building regret [13] I regret to inform you that your application was

rejected

remember [13] Did you remember to lock the door when you left? seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed

start [13] Marge started to talk really fast swear She swore to tell the truth tend He tends to be a little shy threaten [8] He threatened to leave forever

try [13] Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy vow He vowed to get revenge

wait She waited to buy a movie ticket want [8] I want to study Spanish

wish [8] I wish to stay would like [8]

(meaning "wish" or "want")

We would like to start now

yearn Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic

7 Gerunds can often be modified (determined) with possessive forms such as his, her, its, your, their, our, John's, Mary's, the machine's, and so on This makes it clearer who or what is performing the action Examples:

I enjoyed their singing THEYWERESINGING. She understood his saying no to the offer

HESAIDNO.

Sam resented Debbie's coming late to the dinner DEBBIECAMELATETOTHEDINNER.

We discussed the machine's being broken THEMACHINEISBROKEN.

8 Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive In some situations, the noun is required In other situations, the noun is optional

List of Verbs Followed by a Noun + an Infinitive = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive

13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning

 The police ordered the man to stop NOUNISREQUIRED  She asked to leave NOUNISOPTIONAL

 She asked him to leave NOUNISOPTIONAL advise [9] I advised seeing a doctor

List 2: Verb + Optional Noun + Infinitive

Notice in the examples below that the verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a noun plus an infinitive When a noun is added, it usually changes who or what is performing the action To understand this better, look at the first verb "ask" and its examples In the first sentence, she is asking if she herself can leave In the second sentence, she is requesting that a man leave Study the examples below and consider how the optional noun changes the meaning

9 Some verbs are usually followed by a gerund, BUT they can also be followed by a noun plus infinitive Using a noun plus infinitive will usually change who is performing the action Examples:

 I advised taking the train INGENERAL  I advised him to take the train HEWILLTAKETHETRAIN. List of Verbs followed by a Gerund OR a Noun + Infinitive

advise I advised seeing a doctor I advised them to see a doctor

allow Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars encourage He encourages eating healthy foods He encourages his patients to eat healthy foods

permit California doesn't permit fishing without a fishing license California doesn't permit people to fish without a fishing license require The certificate requires completing two courses The certificate requires students to complete two courses urge They urge recycling bottles and paper They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper

10 There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and individual recreational activities

 I go swimming every weekend  Would you ever go skydiving?

List of Go + Gerund Combinations

go boating go sailing

go bowling go scuba diving

go bungee jumping go shopping

go camping go sightseeing

go canoeing go skateboarding

go climbing go skating

go dancing go skiing

go fishing go skinny-dipping

go hiking go skydiving

go horseback riding go sledding

go hunting go snorkeling

go jogging go snowboarding

go kayaking go spearfishing

go mountain climbing go surfing

go paragliding go trekking

go parasailing go water skiing

go rollerblading go window shopping

go running go windsurfing

11 Gerunds are used after prepositions Most commonly, these are "verb + preposition" combinations You don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions! Examples:

They admitted to committing the crime Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday He is thinking about studying abroad

12 Remember that there are many "adjective + preposition" combinations and "noun + preposition" combinations in English as well These are also followed by gerunds

List of Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds accustomed to He is accustomed to having his own office addicted to She is addicted to watching TV

afraid of She is afraid of speaking in public

anxious about Norma is anxious about making the presentation bored of I am bored of doing the same old job

capable of He is capable of winning a gold medal committed to She is committed to improving her English

concerned about Nancy was concerned about being late content with Tim is content with winning second place dedicated to The organization is dedicated to ending poverty devoted to The money will be devoted to protecting the

environment

excited about The researcher was excited about going to Africa famous for That actor is famous for being extremely weird fond of She is fond of having picnics

frightened of She is frightened of being alone at night guilty of The banker was guilty of stealing money happy about He was happy about winning the lottery interested in She is interested in becoming a doctor involved in He was involved in making the movie known for She was known for causing problems

opposed to They are opposed to building a new road in the

park

proud of He was proud of having completed the marathon remembered for She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas responsible for He is responsible for causing the damage

scared of Tina is scared of being alone at night

terrified of The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark tired from She is tired from working all day

tired of Margaret is tired of making dinner every night worried about The hikers were worried about not having enough

water List of Noun + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds

addiction to His addiction to surfing the Internet is a problem advantage of He has the advantage of speaking English fluently anxiety

about

Her anxiety about speaking in public caused her to lose the job

belief in His belief in not harming animals was something he learned from his mother

credit for She took credit for improving the filing system dedication to His dedication to teaching was impressive delay in The delay in processing the visa caused problems devotion to His devotion to biking allowed him to win the competition disadvantage

of

The disadvantage of flying is that you can't see the scenery along the way

experience in She has a great deal of experience in introducing new products to international markets

WITHTHENOUN "EXPERIENCE," SOMETIMESAGERUNDISADDED WITHOUTTHEPREPOSITION "IN." "EXPERIENCEINTRODUCINGNEW PRODUCTS" WOULDALSOBEACCEPTABLE.

fear of His fear of flying made travel difficult

fondness for Her fondness for traveling led to her career in the travel industry

habit of His habit of smoking in restaurants caused many problems in

California

interest in Her career as a pilot evolved out of her interest in flying knowledge of Her knowledge of climbing helped her during the competition love of His love of singing developed when he was a child

memory of Their memories of traveling in Africa will stay with them forever preference for I think his preference for speaking his native language is natural process of The process of painting such a large mural is more complicated

than you might think

reaction to His reaction to winning the prize was quite funny

reason for The main reason for taking the course is to improve your language skills

regret for The criminal's regret for committing the crime did not convince the judge

report on The magazine's report on choosing the right car was not well researched

reputation for Her reputation for lying is well known responsibility

for

His responsibility for completing the project on time was acknowledged by the company

story about I don't know if I believe his story about seeing a UFO talent for His talent for learning languages was impressive

Once again, you don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions! Examples:  Sandy is scared of flying ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION

 Nick is anxious about taking the examination ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION

 His interest in becoming a professional snowboarder was well known NOUN + PREPOSITION

 Thomas' story about seeing a grizzly bear was really exciting NOUN + PREPOSITION

13 Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, but with a difference in meaning

 Nancy remembered getting married NANCYHASAMEMORYOFGETTINGMARRIED

 Fred remembered to bring sunblock to the beach FREDREMEMBEREDTHATHENEEDEDTOBRINGSUNBLOCK List of Verbs Followed by a Gerund or Infinitive (Different Meaning)

begin She began singing She began to sing

WHEN "BEGIN" ISUSEDINNON-CONTINUOUSTENSES, YOUCANEITHER USEAGERUNDORANINFINITIVE.

She is beginning to sing

WHEN "BEGIN" ISUSEDINCONTINUOUSTENSES, ANINFINITIVEISUSED.

USUALLY "DREAD" ISFOLLOWEDBYAGERUND. "DREAD" ISSOMETIMESUSEDWITHINFINITIVESSUCHAS "THINK" OR "CONSIDER." INTHESENTENCEABOVE, "DREADEDTOTHINK" MEANS "DIDNOTWANTTOTHINK."

forget She forgot reading the book when she was a kid

WHEN "FORGET" ISUSEDWITHAGERUND, ITMEANS "TOFORGETTHAT YOUHAVEDONESOMETHING." THESENTENCEABOVEMEANSTHATSHE READTHEBOOKWHENSHEWASAKID, ANDTHATSHEHASFORGOTTEN THATFACT.

She forgot to pay the rent this month

WHENFORGETISUSEDWITHANINFINITIVE, ITMEANS "TOFORGETTHATYOUNEED TODOSOMETHING." THESENTENCEABOVEMEANSTHATSHEFORGOTTHATSHE NEEDEDTOPAYTHERENT.

keep She kept talking

"KEEP" ISNORMALLYUSEDWITHAGERUNDTOMEANTHATYOUCONTINUE DOINGANACTION.

The attackers kept hostages to prevent the police from entering

"KEEP" CANALSOBEUSEDWITHANOBJECTFOLLOWEDBYANINFINITIVE, BUTTHEN THEINFINITIVETAKESONTHEMEANINGOF "INORDERTO " INTHESENTENCE ABOVE, THEATTACKERSKEPTHOSTAGESINORDERTOPREVENTTHEPOLICEFROM ENTERING.

need The house needs cleaning

WHEN "NEED" ISUSEDWITHAGERUND, ITTAKESONAPASSIVEMEANING THESENTENCEABOVEMEANS "THEHOUSENEEDSTOBECLEANED."

He needs to call his boss He needs him to call his boss

"NEED" ISUSUALLYUSEDWITHANINFINITIVEORANOBJECT + ANINFINITIVE.

regret I regretted being late to the interview

"REGRET" ISNORMALLYUSEDWITHAGERUND.

We regret to inform you that your position at the company is being eliminated

"REGRET" ISSOMETIMESUSEDWITHINFINITIVESSUCHAS "TOINFORM." INTHE SENTENCEABOVE, "WEREGRETTOINFORMYOU" MEANS "WEWISHWEDIDNOT HAVETOTELLYOU (BADNEWS)."

remember I remember mentioning the meeting yesterday

WHEN "REMEMBER" ISUSEDWITHAGERUND, ITMEANS "TOREMEMBER THATYOUHAVEDONESOMETHING." THESENTENCEABOVEMEANSTHAT I MENTIONEDTHEMEETING, ANDTHAT I REMEMBERTHEFACTTHAT I DID THAT.

He remembered to turn off the lights before he left

WHEN "REMEMBER" ISUSEDWITHANINFINITIVE, ITMEANS "TOREMEMBERTHAT YOUNEEDTODOSOMETHING." THESENTENCEABOVEMEANSTHATHEREMEMBERED THATHENEEDEDTOTURNTHELIGHTSOFF.

start Marge started talking really fast Marge started to talk really fast

WHEN "START" ISUSEDINNON-CONTINUOUSTENSES, YOUCANEITHER USEAGERUNDORANINFINITIVE.

Marge is starting to talk really fast

WHEN "START" ISUSEDINCONTINUOUSTENSES, ANINFINITIVEISUSED.

I started to learn Russian, but it was so much work that I finally quit the class

INOTHERSITUATIONS, ANINFINITIVEMEANSTHATYOUDIDNOTCOMPLETEOR CONTINUEANACTION

stop He stopped smoking for health reasons

"STOP" ISNORMALLYUSEDWITHAGERUND.

He stopped to rest for a few minutes

WHEN "STOP" ISUSEDWITHANINFINITIVE, THEINFINITIVETAKESONTHEMEANING OF "INORDERTO." INTHESENTENCEABOVE, HESTOPPEDINORDERTORESTFORA FEWMINUTES.

was nothing She tried asking friends and family, but nobody knew of anything She also tried going shop to shop, but nobody was hiring

"TRY + GERUND" MEANSTOTRYORTOEXPERIMENTWITHDIFFERENT METHODSTOSEEIFSOMETHINGWORKS.

She tried eating the snake soup, but she didn't like it

"TRY + GERUND" ISOFTENUSEDWHENYOUEXPERIMENTWITH SOMETHING, BUTYOUDONOTREALLYLIKEITORWANTTODOITAGAIN.

WHENYOU "TRYTODO" SOMETHING, YOUWANTTODOIT, BUTYOUDONOT SUCCEEDINACTUALLYDOINGIT INTHESENTENCEABOVE, ANINFINITIVEISUSED BECAUSESHECANNOTSUCCESSFULLYCLIMBTHETREE.

Try not to wake the baby when you get up tomorrow at AM

ANINFINITIVEISALSOUSEDIFYOUAREASKINGSOMEONETOTRYSOMETHINGTHEY MAYORMAYNOTBEABLETOACCOMPLISH.

14 Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with little difference in meaning Examples:

 She likes swimming  She likes to swim

List of Verbs Followed by a Gerund or Infinitive (Similar Meaning)

REMEMBER

Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a meaning difference Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or experiences Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking about potential or possible activities or experiences Because of this small difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used interchangeably, such as in the examples below

 The British reporter likes living in New York HELIVESIN NEW YORKANDHELIKESWHATHEEXPERIENCESTHERE.

 The British reporter likes to live in New York whenever he works in the United States HELIKESTHEOPTIONORPOSSIBILITYOFLIVINGIN NEW YORK WHENHEWORKSINTHE UNITED STATES.

 I like speaking French because it's such a beautiful language I LIKETHEEXPERIENCEOFSPEAKING FRENCH, ANDTHEWAYITMAKESMEFEELWHEN I SPEAK THELANGUAGE.

 I like to speak French when I'm in France I PREFERTHEOPTIONOFSPEAKING FRENCHWHEN I AMIN FRANCE.

Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a meaning difference Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or experiences Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking about potential or possible activities or experiences Because of this small difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used interchangeably, such as in the examples below Examples:

 The British reporter likes living in New York HELIVESIN NEW YORKANDHELIKESWHATHEEXPERIENCESTHERE.

 The British reporter likes to live in New York whenever he works in the United States HELIKESTHEOPTIONORPOSSIBILITYOFLIVINGIN NEW YORK WHENHEWORKSINTHE UNITED STATES.

 I like speaking French because it's such a beautiful language I LIKETHEEXPERIENCEOFSPEAKING FRENCH, ANDTHEWAYITMAKESMEFEELWHEN I SPEAK THELANGUAGE.

 I like to speak French when I'm in France I PREFERTHEOPTIONOFSPEAKING FRENCHWHEN I AMIN FRANCE.

15 There are many "be + adjective" combinations that are commonly followed by infinitives Examples: They were anxious to begin She was delighted to receive such good

feedback

He is lucky to have such good friends

List of Be + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives be amazed He was amazed to discover the truth be anxious She was anxious to start her new job

be careful They were careful not to reveal the winner of the prize until the end

be certain She is certain to get the job

be content The student was content to receive second place in the competition

be delighted We were delighted to be invited to the wedding be

determined

He was determined to finish the marathon be eager He was eager to begin

be eligible They were not eligible to participate in the program be fortunate She was fortunate to receive the research grant be glad I would be glad to help out

be happy She was happy to see them at the party be hesitant Mary was hesitant to say anything

be liable The mountain climber is liable to hurt himself if he doesn't use well-made equipment

be likely They are likely to show up at any time be lucky You were lucky to have such an opportunity be pleased I am pleased to meet you

be proud He was proud to have been chosen to lead the project be ready I'm ready to go now

be reluctant The witness was reluctant to reveal what he had seen be sad She was really sad to leave

be shocked He was shocked to discover the truth

be sorry I am sorry to have to tell you that the tickets are sold out be surprised She was surprised to discover that he had never learned

how to swim

16 There are also many nouns that are commonly followed by infinitives Examples:  It was a good decision to move to San

Francisco

 His wish to become an actor was well known

 Laura's desire to improve impressed me

List of Nouns Followed by Infinitives

advice His advice to continue was good

appeal The appeal to reduce pollution was ineffective attempt Her attempt to locate them was unsuccessful chance In Britain, you will have a chance to improve your

English

decision The decision to increase taxes was not popular desire His desire to get a good job motivated him dream Her dream to become an actress was never

realized

goal His goal to run a marathon seemed unrealistic motivation Her motivation to enter university impressed

them

need Bob's need to be the center of attention was irritating

opportunity The opportunity to live in New York interested Sandra

order They followed the general's order to retreat permission Permission to enter the area was difficult to get

plan Sandy's plan to move to Madrid bothered her parents preparation NASA's preparations to launch on Monday moved

forward

proposal Her proposal to host the party impressed the committee

recommendation His recommendation to close the school upset the community

refusal Debra's refusal to help did not go unnoticed

reminder Her reminder to review the vocabulary helped me pass the test

request Their request to participate was granted requirement Their requirement to speak four languages was

unreasonable

suggestion His suggestion to leave seemed like a good idea tendency His tendency to tap his desk during a test annoyed me wish Her wish to be treated normally was respected way One way to improve your English is to read novels

17 Sometimes infinitives are used to express the idea of "in order to something."

 He bought the English dictionary to look up difficult words INORDERTOLOOKUP

 Janine sold her car to get the money that she needed

INORDERTOGET

 Juan uses Englishpage.com to learn English INORDERTOLEARN

This idea of "in order to something" is found in many English patterns

too + adjective/adverb + infinitive Examples:  The box is too heavy to carry  The television is too expensive to buy

 Fiona ran too slowly to win the race

 We arrived too late to see the beginning of the movie adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive Examples:

 She is tall enough to reach the book on the shelf

 Brian was smart enough to enter college at the age of 12

 Linda runs quickly enough to win the race

enough + noun(s) + infinitive Examples:  He has enough money to buy his own

car

 Cheryl owns enough books to start her own library!

 Diane needs enough time to finish writing her book

18 Certain expressions are followed by "ING" forms Examples:

List of Expressions followed by Verb+ing Forms have (some)

problems

He had some problems reading without his glasses have a difficult time She had a difficult time hiking up the mountain have a good time They had a good time snorkeling

have a hard time She had a hard time explaining the situation have a problem Debbie had a problem understanding his accent have an easy time She had an easy time selling the delicious cookies have difficulty Wanda had difficulty translating the letter by herself have fun The had fun skiing

have no difficulty They had no difficulty finding a discount flight to London

have no problem Francis had no problem getting from the airport to the hotel

19 Verbs which indicate location can often be followed by "ING" forms This pattern is VERB OF LOCATION + LOCATION + VERB+ING Examples:  Sarah stood at the corner waiting for

Tom

 Melissa lay in bed thinking about her future

 Don clung to the side of the clif looking down.

List of Verbs of Location

Location Verbs Followed by VERB+ing

cling She clung to the bottom of the bridge trying to resist the swift current

cower The family cowered in their basement hoping the tornado would change directions

crouch The mountain lion crouched on a bolder watching the deer walk by below

hang The monkey in the tree chewing on the ripened fruit

lean Tom leaned against the wall resting a few moments before he continued on

lie He lay in bed thinking about the day's events sit She always sits on the couch watching TV

stand Nancy stood at the corner looking up and down the street

20 In addition to simple gerund and infinitive forms, there are progressive gerund and infinitive forms, passive gerund and infinitive forms and perfect gerund and infinitive forms as well as combinations of these forms Progressive forms are used to emphasize that an action is taking place now Passive forms are used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is being acted upon Perfect gerund and infinitive forms are used to emphasize completion in both the past and the future Study the examples below to help understand these concepts

GERUND FORMS INFINITIVE FORMS

SIMPLE The teacher enjoys teaching The teacher wants to teach

PROGRESSIVE Mr Smith is really enjoying teaching his class LOOKSTHESAMEASSIMPLEFORMABOVE.

Mr Smith would like to be teaching his class

PASSIVE The students enjoy being taught The students want to be taught

PERFECT The retired teacher recalled having taught The teacher was expecting to have taught that already

PASSIVE + PROGRESSIVE

The students are enjoying being taught by such an exciting new teacher LOOKSTHESAMEASTHEPASSIVEFORMABOVE.

The students would like to be being taught by Mr Smith

PASSIVE + PERFECT

The older students recalled having been taught that already The students were expecting to have been taught that by now

Practice : Gerunds and Infinitives Part (1-6)

1 Dan enjoys (read) science fiction

2 Cheryl suggested (see) a movie after work

3 I miss (work) in the travel industry Maybe I can get my old job back

4 Where did you learn (speak) Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?

5 Do you mind (help) me translate this letter? He asked (talk) to the store manager

7 You've never mentioned (live) in Japan before How long did you live there?

8 If he keeps (come) to work late, he's going to get fired! Debbie plans (study) abroad next year

10 I agreed (help) Jack wash his car

1 I hope (graduate) from college next June

12 The models practiced (walk) with a book balanced on their heads

13 Mandy has promised ( take) care of our dog while we are on vacation

14 Mr Edwards chose (accept) the management position in Chicago rather than the position in Miami

15 I don't know what she wants (do) tonight Why don't you ask her?

16 Frank offered (help) us paint the house 17 Sandra decided (study) economics in London 18 Witnesses reported (see) the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-storey window

19 Stephanie dislikes (work) in front of a computer all day

20 Mrs Naidoo appears (be) the most qualified person for the job

2

1 Eliza recommended (eat) in a dim sum restaurant while we're in Hong Kong

22 I demand to (talk) to the manager of the hotel immediately

23 My grandmother recalled ( see) a plane for the very first time when she was six

24 She claims (be) related to George Washington, but I don't believe her

25 This broken bicycle needs (fix) before someone can ride it 26 I can't understand (drive) such a big car when gas prices are so high, not to mention what it does to the environment

27 She refused (speak) to me after our fight 28 The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and

involves (hike) more than fifty miles through rugged mountainous terrain

29 Don't hesitate (ask) for help if you don't understand the directions

30 She managed (communicate) with them, even though she didn't speak their language

3

1 She pretended (be) a student in order to get a student discount

32 She waited (see) what would happen next 33 The child denied (steal) the piece of candy

done for us

35 You seem (be) a little distracted Is everything alright? 36 Laura and Ed discussed (move) to the city to find work; however, in the end, they decided against relocating

37 She refused (admit) that she had made a mistake 38 After his accident last year, he would never consider (buy) another motorcycle

39 Margaret just happened (find) the lost car keys while she was looking for something else

40 He never admitted (have) the wild party while his parents were out of town

4

1 Jackie tends (arrive) late on Mondays, but our boss doesn't seem to care about that very much

42 She imagined (lie) on a tropical beach under a palm tree 43 The winner of the local competition gets (participate) in a national competition in Washington D.C

44 We don't anticipate (have) any more technical problems during the concert tour

45 Debbie failed (notice) her credit card lying on the ground 46 The politician swore (serve) the people honestly and with pride, but the scandal revealed that the promise was little more than a lie

47 Mr Shinohara recollected (work) with his father on his family's fishing boat when he was a young child

48 The medical team deserves (receive) the award for their volunteer work in sub-Saharan Africa

49 I really appreciate (have) the opportunity to take part in this project and to work with such an excellent team

50 She delayed (submit) her application until just one week before the deadline

5

1 Everybody arranged ( meet) at the train station 30 minutes before the train departed

52 Simona resisted (speak) Italian during her English training program in London She wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to improve her English

53 Do you care to join us later for dinner? We are meeting at Tony's Italian Restaurant downtown

54 We waited (see) what would happen next, but nothing happened

55 Julius vowed (return) to his home country once again to see the village where he and his family had lived before the war

56 Diana yearns (travel) to far off, exotic destinations 57 When she got through (read) her book, she laid it on the table next to the bed and went to sleep

58 They expected (arrive) much earlier, but their plane was delayed in Paris

59 Michael postponed (clean) the bathroom as long as possible He hates cleaning!

60 How can you defend (say) such terrible things to him?

1 Bill agreed (meet) us at the restaurant at 8:30, but he never showed up

62 Jennifer practiced (pronounce) the word until she sounded just like a native speaker

63 Our art teacher encouraged (experiment)with different colors

64 Dana hopes (save) enough money to travel around Europe for three months It's her dream

65 (Dance) is her life That is why Susan moved to New York to study dancing professionally

66 Constance plans (take)part in the marathon next spring

67 I can't help (wonder) how my grandmother's life would have been different if she had been able to go to college

68 The doctor advised (see) a specialist about the problem 69 (Swim) helped me strengthen my injured leg

70 After the tsunami, Bette chose (stay) in Indonesia and work with a relief organization

7

1 (Read) is a great way to relax I love to sit back and enjoy a good book

72 Why you always get (be) first? I want to go first this time!

73 When you're in Prague, I recommend (walk) from the Charles Bridge to the castle at night

74 Susanne just happened (be)in the restaurant when Julia Roberts walked in! Can you believe that?

75 Eye specialists urge (take) frequent breaks while using the computer for extended periods of time

76 I thought you knew nothing about cars Where did you learn (change)a flat tire?

77 My favorite thing is (float) on my back in the sea 78 The Egyptology course requires (participate) in six months of field studies near Luxor, Egypt

79 The nurse risked (get) the disease from her patient, but she continued to treat him until he had fully recovered

80 Dad, you promised (take)us to the beach today When are we going to go to the beach?

8

1 He expects (finish)his studies next summer

82 National park officials not permit (enter) the park without an official guide You can hire one at the park office

83 He offered (carry)her books on the way home 84 The archaeologist reported (find) a large, previously unknown pyramid deep in the jungle

85 Samantha keeps (forget) to send us the documents We need to have them by next week!

86 Felix decided not (accept)the position in Miami because he wanted to stay in New York

87 (Exercise) and (eat) right can help you live a long and healthy life

88 The refugees risked (be captured) as they tried to escape through the mountains

89 You have to wait forever at the doctor's office I suggest (take) a good book to help kill time

90 Mr Miller asked (be included) in the meeting with the new clients

9

1 After his insulting comments, I thought Jack deserved (be fired)

92 Max avoided ( use) his cell phone when other people were in the room

93 We arranged (have) a taxi pick us up and take us to the airport

94 I resent (be treated) like a servant in my own home! 95 Frank completed (build) the new barn last week Next, he is going to paint it red

96 Don't worry, I don't mind (make) dinner I think I'll make fish with steamed vegetables, and a big salad on the side!

97 Crying, the mother looked into the television camera and said, "Society will no longer tolerate (drink) and (drive)."

98 Karen and Neil would like (try) that new dance club downtown It's supposed to have one of the largest dance floors in the world

driver's license That doesn't make any sense!

100 When you wish (begin) now or later? Part 2 (7-12)

1 I can't stand all the time

a she complaining b she to complain c her complaining Our teacher won't allow dictionaries during the test a us using b us to use c using

3 We advised a taxi instead of walking to the restaurant a him taking b him to take c taking

4 The city doesn't allow along curbs painted red a parking b to park c you parking

5 She prefers dinner because she doesn't like to cook a making b to make c my making

6 I hope you don't mind while you eat a smoking b me to smoke c my smoking

7 John is never on time to work! I hate late every day a him arriving b his arriving c he arrives

8 Sarah urged in the next election a me voting b to vote c me to vote

9 He needs to get a visa extension immediately The authorities won't permit in the country without a visa

a him staying b him to stay c he stays

10 Travel agents usually advise flight bookings three days before departure

a reconfirming b to reconfirm c you reconfirming

1 I enjoy to get up so early in the morning Sleeping in is great! a not having b not to have c having not

12 Nancy proposed a picnic at the beach a us having b our having c us to have

13 Do you wish , or would you like to stop now? a continuing b continue c to continue

14 His car needs It looks like it hasn't been washed in years a washing b to wash c be washed

15 Smokers risk several smoking related illnesses a getting b to get c they getting

16 The astronomer told us into the sun during the eclipse a not looking b not to look c to not look

17 I wish she would just quit all the time a complaining b to complain c his complaining

18 The astronomer told us into the sun during the eclipse a not looking b not to look c to not look

19 She resisted advice from her coworkers a taking b to take c take

20 Linda regretted to her high school reunion a not going b not to go c not go

2

1 They urged out for bears

a the hikers watching b the hikers to watch c the hikers watch 22 Denise resented the opportunity to work and advance her career

a having b not having c not to have 23 The policeman ordered his car

a the driver stopping b the driver not stopping c the driver to stop 24 He threatened forever

a leaving b to leave c his leaving

25 After he finished the show, he turned off the TV and went to bed

a watching b to watch c not to watch 26 The banker advised his clients for retirement

a investing b to invest c not to invest 27 Mr Johnson won't tolerate late to class a us being b us to be c our being 28 Do you prefer ?

a Ester to help you or me help you b Ester helping you or me helping you c Ester’s helping you or my helping you

29 I go every year I love winter sports a snowboarding b snow boarding c to snowboard

30 Frederick and I discussed the more than we can afford a computer costing b cost of computer c computer’s costing

1 She promised to the doctor as soon as she returned home a to go b him going c to go / him to go

32 Franne encouraged for the job a me to apply b to apply c to apply / me to apply 33 She wants more

a to study b her daughter to study c to study / her daughter to study 34 She neglected some important details of the accident a mentioning b to mention c not to mention

35 The food caused sick a getting b her getting c her to get 36 We expect soon

a to start b her to start c to start / her to start 37 Sam chose the meeting

a beginning b to begin / me to begin c beginning / me beginning 38 I tried the picture, but it didn't work

a emailing b me to email c to email 39 Laurelle reminded the door

a to lock b me to lock c to lock / me to lock 40 I would like the train

a to take b the group to take c to take / the group to take

1 Debbie urged the Eiffel Tower while they were in Paris a visiting b them to visit c visiting / them to visit

42 I remember up at 4:30 AM to make it to work on time a getting b us to get c getting / us to get

43 The math teacher doesn't allow calculators a us using b us to use c using / us to use

44 Sallie wanted longer, but I was so tired that we had to leave a us staying b us to stay c to stay / us to saty

45 The Japanese teacher encouraged in class a the students speaking b speaking / the students to speak c not speaking / the students not to speak

46 The consultant advised costs

a them reduce b them to reduce c reducing / them to reduce 47 I need me move the table

a to help b you to help c to help / you help 48 The zoo keeper permitted the snake

a we touching b us to touch / touching c touching / us touching 49 Do you mind a few more minutes?

a waiting b me to wait c waiting / me waiting 50 The hiking course requires in the snow a camping / us to camp b camping / us camping c we camp / us to camp

5

1 Carrie Ann goes every day

a hiking in mountains b to hike in the mountains c hiking in the mountains

53 Sam went in Paris

a sightseeing b sight seeing c seeing sight 54 Lisa and Kurt are going to go tonight

a dancing / to dance b dancing c his or her dancing 55 Jamie has never gone in that mall

a to shopping b to shop c shopping

56 Patrick wanted to go with his friends, but he had to work late

a bowling b with bowling c to bowls 57 He likes to go

a fishes b fish c fishing

58 Stephanie loves to go a to sail b sailing c sailling 59 Mina wants to go on the weekend a to camp b going camp c camping 60 Sarah often goes

a mountain climbing b mountains climbing c to mountain climbing

1 Simone was talking about up in Tanzania She has had such an interesting life!

a to grow b growing c growwing 62 I need him me lift this heavy box

a help b to help c helping

63 Thank you for to the meeting on such short notice

a coming b caming c comming

64 I suggest Japan when the cherry trees are in bloom a visiting b them to visit c visiting / them to visit 65 We hired professional translators the documents into Arabic and Chinese

a translating b to translate c for translation 66 After work, I always go

a joking b joging c jogging

67 His interest in languages is very impressive a learning b for learning c with learning

68 I don't mind your friend along with us Why don't you invite her and her husband?

a Sally comes b Sally coming c Sally’s coming

69 Roberta is getting tired of the same old job day in and day out I think she is going to quit!

a doing b making c working

70 Health professionals encourage people less red meat a to drink b to eat c to sleep

7

1 Agatha invited me the summer at her family's home in Costa Rica

a to rest b to spend c to stay

72 I didn't believe Camille's story about a rattlesnake in her bed a finding b talking c telling

73 The terrible weather forced us our plans a change b to change c changing

74 Diane has been scared of in the ocean ever since she saw the movie "Jaws."

a swim b swiming c swimming

75 I don't know how you got my son his broccoli He hates vegetables!

a eat b to eat c eating

76 I went when I was in New Zealand It was awesome!

a fish b to fish c fishing

77 Sally loves to go in her free time She doesn't usually buy anything, she just likes to look

a to window shop b window shopping c shop windowing

78 What you think about married just one week after they met? Isn't that crazy?

a Sarah and Doug to get b Sarah and Doug getting c Sarah’s and Doug’s getting

79 I urge you your decision

a reconsider b reconsidering c to reconsider

80 His reasons for to study Latin were always unclear to me a chosing b choosing c choose

8

1 Michael's talent for the right investments made him rich a choice b choose c choosing

82 Katie's talking caused me a mistake a making b to c to make

83 I'm bored of the same old thing every weekend a doing b making c working

84 Neil Armstrong is famous for the first man to walk on the Moon

a be b to be c being

85 The zoo keeper allowed us the cheetah

a pet b to pet c petting

86 I went in Hawaii It was spectacular! a to snorkel b snorkeling c to a snorkel

87 Carrie reminded me Dave and Stacey and invite them over for dinner

a call b calling c to call

88 The little girl pretended sick, so that she didn't have to go to school

a to be b being c to being

89 She took up the piano at the age of six

a to play b play c playing

90 Constance denied related to the royal family

a to be b being c to being

91 The certification program requires several tests a me take b me to take c me taking

92 The certification program requires several tests a me take b me taking c my taking

93 I told the others me at the beach after work Why don't you come along?

a meet b to meet c their meeting

94 Robin talked me into in the 24-hour dance marathon a participate b participating c my participating

95 He appreciated prepare for the Halloween party a we help him b us helping him c our helping him 96 Going tomorrow will test how brave you are a sky diving b to skydiving c skydiving

97 Don't you need a break? You've been working non-stop for over hours!

a take b to take c taking

98 late would be an insult to our dinner hosts a We arrive b Us arriving c Our arriving

99 Beth was excited about the world famous photographer a meeting b to meet c the meeting

100 How did you manage tickets for that concert? It has been sold out for months

a getting b to get c your getting Part 3 (13-20)

a bring b her bringing c to bring

2 I completely forgot here when I was a kid But now I remember! My parents brought me here when I was three

a coming b me coming c to come

3 Lydia really regrets out of high school She has really had to struggle to make a living because of that decision

a to drop b droping c dropping

4 I regret you that Mr Smith has passed away a to inform b me informing c informing

5 Did you remember your swimsuit? Our vacation in Hawaii won't be much fun if you can't go swimming

a packing b to pack c you should pack

6 Do you remember stuck in that elevator when we were in New York? I thought we would never get out of there!

a being b to be c me being

7 If you can't find the key, try the lock with something else, like a knife or a screwdriver

a to open b opening c open

8 She tried him the terrible truth, but she just couldn't bring herself to it

a to tell b telling c her to tell I dread of what might happen next a thinking b to think c someone to think 10 I dread going to work tomorrow I think I'm going to call in sick

a going b to go c me going

1

1 Neil is starting Japanese

a learning b to learn c learning / to learn

12 Neil started learning / to learn Japanese when he moved to Tokyo a learning b to learn c learning / to learn

13 Samantha loves in New York She has been living there all her life

a living b to live c living / to live 14 I would love in London, but it is too expensive a living b to live c living / to live

15 Tom loves in smaller towns where he can get to know the locals He would never live in a big city

a living b to live c living / to live

16 Fred is continuing karate lessons even though he broke his hand

a taking b to take c taking / to take

17 Fred continued karate lessons even though he broke his hand

a taking b to take c taking / to take 18 I like pizza

a eating b to eat c eating / to eat 19 I would like back in time and meet my great grandparents

a travelling b to travel c travelling / to travel

20 It's so hot in here! I'd like in my swimming pool right now a sitting b to sit c to be sitting

2

1 Are you ready to go yet? The train in 30 minutes! a leaves b is leaving c is to leave

22 Paul sat on a hill the mother bear and her cubs until they disappeared into the forest

a watching b to watch c for watching 23 I took the course more about Asian history a learning b to learn c for learn

24 Candice regretted that comment to Terry, so she apologized later

a making b to make c her making

25 My living room needs I think I haven't vacuumed in more than a month

a vacuum b to vacuum c vacuuming

26 His plan from New York to Los Angeles seemed crazy, but he actually did it!

a walking b to walk c for walk

27 We had a great time from San Diego to Catalina a sailing b to sail c with sailing

28 The runner was too exhausted the marathon a finishing b to finish c when finishing

29 Oh no! I forgot the iron off after using it We need to go back home, so I can turn it off

a turning b to turn c I should turn

30 Nancy loves at the Museum of Modern Art She would never want to work anywhere else

a working b to work c her working

1 I completely forgot you my electronic dictionary I thought I had lost it

a lending b to lend c my lending

32 Mickey is determined the spelling bee at school He has been studying for weeks

a win b to win c winning

33 We spent the whole day in the train station waiting for the overdue train to arrive

a sitting b to sit c sit

34 You just lie there on that couch TV all the time Get up and something!

a watch b watching c to watch 35 I think I am beginning this grammar a understand b understanding c to understand

36 Mr McDougall regretted Denise, so he called her up and asked her to come back to the company

a fire b firing c to fire

37 He'll never forget the Rolling Stones in concert!

a see b seeing c to see

38 We weren't sure if Sid was fit enough to the top of the mountain, but he was the first one there!

a hiking b hide c to hike

39 They prepared early in the morning a to leave b for leaving c in order to leave

40 There is no need anything when you come to my birthday party No food, no gifts - just bring yourself

a bringing b to bring c with bringing

41 You were fortunate tickets for the concert I heard they are already sold out!

a because you got b how to get c to get

42 What is wrong with my computer? It keeps down by itself

a shut b to shut c shutting

43 I don't know if I have enough time all this work before I have to leave

a to finish b in order to finish c finishing 44 Mike's desire the world is what made him join the foreign service Now, he's working in the embassy in Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia

a see b seeing c to see

45 The hitchhiker stood on the side of the road for someone to offer him a ride

7 We stopped something to eat at a little diner just next to the freeway

a to get b getting c so to get

48 She stopped , closed the book, laid it on the table, and turned off the light

a to read b reading c his reading 49 His bad attitude is starting on my nerves a to get b getting c with getting

50 Amy disliked on the mountain roads at night She preferred to travel during the day

a to travel b traveling c whenever traveling

1 They got to the train station too late the train, so they will have to leave tomorrow

a to catch b catching c that they catch 52 I need to make a quick phone call I'll be back in a second a me making b you make c to make

53 Louis had some problems train tickets in Beijing since he does not speak Chinese

a with buying b to buy c buying

54 I tried eating the exotic fruit durian while I was in Malaysia, but I didn't like it at all

a on eating b to eat c eating

55 Ricky loves a translator He has worked as a translator for over twenty years and he really enjoys what he does

a to be b being c having to be

56 All of the students need permission from their parents on the field trip

a who go b for going c to go 57 I am beginning this is a bad idea a to think b thinking c with the thought

58 The children cowered behind the large rock the lion wouldn't see or smell them

a and hope b to hope c hoping

59 Sari's belief in meat made it difficult to find restaurants while we were traveling

a eating b not eating c not to eat

60 Sam warned me anything during the tea ceremony, so I didn't say a word

a to say b not saying b not to say

1 She just keeps the same mistake over and over again

a doing b making c not to make

62 I have been trying Steve, but I still haven't been able to get in touch with him

a contacting b to contact c not to contact 63 Nate goes every afternoon

a runing b running c to run

64 On the way home from work, he stopped some groceries a buying b for buying c to buy

65 I forgot that word in class Now I remember! The teacher wrote it on the board and gave us several example sentences

a learning b to learn c having learned

66 Don't waste your time in the phone book Just look the address up on the Internet

a to look b for looking c looking

67 Did you remember the iron before we left the house? a to unplug b having unplugged c unplugging 68 He despises him questions while he is working a her to constantly ask b her constantly asking

c she constantly asks

69 I know I've met her before I remember her at John's party last summer

a to meet b not meeting c meeting

70 After several months of studying Japanese, I am finally beginning native speakers when they talk to me

a to understand b understanding c my understanding

1 Fiona and Diedre really want to the party a to invite b being invited c to be invited 72 Shelly admitted on the exam

a to cheat b her cheating c having cheated

73 I recall the Grand Canyon once as a child, but I don't remember it very well

a to visit b me visiting c having visited

74 Nathan claims to from Harvard at the age of 16, but I don't believe him

a to graduate b to have graduated c graduating

75 Mr Thompson was interested in for the new position as regional manager

a considering b to consider c being considered

76 one month before he retired was a shock to the whole company

a Bill was fired b Bill was to fire c Bill’s being fired

77 We were very thrilled the opportunity to speak to the Dalai Lama in person

a to give b to be given c to have been given 78 French hurt her chances for the job

a The applicant not to study b The applicant’s having studied c The applicant’s not having studied

79 the university upset the entire family

a Jenny not being admitted b Jenny’s not to be admitted c Jenny’s not having been admitted

80 Tina expects the children cleaning their rooms before their grandparents arrive this afternoon

a to finish b to have finished c to be finished

1 She quit about and decided to create her own job

a complaining/unemployed b.to complain/to be unemloyed c complaining/being unemployed

82 her passport prevented her from crossing the border a Naomi is to lose b Naomi is losing c Naomi’s losing 83 Do you remember at the top of the Eiffel Tower the sunset? That's a view I'll never forget!

a standing/watching b standing/to watch c to stand/to watch 84 Oh no! The movie is sold out! Do you want to see if we can get tickets for the next showing at 8:30?

a to wait b us waiting c our waiting

85 Going snowboarding next week isn't a good idea since you keep having problems with your knee Already your knee once this year should teach you that you need to be more careful about pushing yourself to return to the slopes

a to injure b being injured c having injured

86 I would love on a beach in Tahiti right now basking in the sun Sitting in this office all day and around by my boss is not an enjoyable way to spend my time

a to lie/to order b to lie/to be ordered c.to be lying/being ordered 87 The police chief ordered his officers to keep looking for the escaped prisoner Hopefully, ordering the officers to continue looking will result in

a the prisoner to be captured b th prisoner’s capturing c the prisoner’s being captured

a Her quitting/caring b She is to quit/to care c Her being quitted/caring 89 Rover, my dog, always tries over the fence, but he is too small it

a jumping/doing b to jump/to c jumping/to

90 The little boy was clinging to his mother's leg screaming that he

wanted him a candy bar The mother refused to buy the little boy any candy and told him

a to buy/to stop to cry b her to buy/ to stop to cry c her to buy/to stop crying

Final Test : Choose the correct alternative

1 Nate deserved towin/winning the prize for writing/to write that amazing short story about traveling through Peru I don't understand him not to receive/his not receiving the award

92 I can't believe you wanted to go/going to fish/fishing, and you forgot to bring/bringing a fishing pole How did you expect to catch/catching any fish? Were you just going to sit in the river to try/ trying to catch fish with your bare hands? You would have had a hard time to do/doing that!

93 Vince is determined to save/saving enough money to travel/traveling to South Africa next year If he avoids to waste/wasting his money and manages

to save/saving what he needs to make/making the trip, he plans on to leave/leaving in June

94 When Sam mentioned to want/wanting to go/going to swim/swimming, Nina warned him not to go/his not going into the river She explained that the national park did not allow visitors to swim/visitors’ swimming for several reasons The number one reason for not to permit/not permitting visitors to swim/swimming was the large number of crocodiles in the park

95 The Oscar-winning actor avoids to talk/talking to his fans and refuses to give/giving his autograph Moreover, he has difficulty to give/giving

interviews and appears to have/having problems to interact/interacting with other people Doesn't he seem way too shy to be/being an actor?

96 Simone and Michael discussed to go/going to Tahiti on their honeymoon, but they had very different opinions about to visit/visiting such an expensive destination Michael said that after such a costly wedding, he couldn't see to spend/spending so much money on a vacation Simone defended them to go/their going to Tahiti by to argue/arguing that a honeymoon is a once in a lifetime experience

97 To use/Using a search engine to look/looking things up on the Internet is a skill that all students need to learn/learning That is why the government is urging schools’ beginning/schools to begin to teach/teaching basic computer skills in elementary school Schools also encourage parents’ reinforcing/ parents to reinforce these skills at home by to surf/surfing the Internet together with their children

98 Samantha kept to have/having problems with her computer at work Her co-worker Denise suggested to shut/shutting down the computer and to restart/restarting it to see if that would solve the problem

99 Jack's interest in learning/to learn foreign languages is a major factor in his decision moving/to move to China One of his life-long goals is learning/to learn speaking/to speak Chinese fluently Learning/To learn Chinese will be quite a challenge, but to live/living in China should enable him to achieve/his archieving his goal of mastering/to master the language more quickly

100 Simon's attempts finding/to find accommodation in Paris were not very successful He tried calling/to call every hotel in his guidebook, but he was shocked to discover/discovering they were all full He called all the youth hostels finding/to find out if they had any beds, but they were full, too Another traveler advised him going/to go to the tourist information office asking/to ask for help, but the office was closed Although Simon hated the idea of

leaving/to leave Paris without to have seen/having seen anything, the thought of to sleep/sleeping in the train station or to walk/walking the streets all night convinced him to take/his taking the train to another city looking/to look for accommodation there

Answers : Part (1-6)

1 Dan enjoys reading science fiction

2 Cheryl suggested seeing a movie after work

3 I miss working in the travel industry Maybe I can get my old job back

4 Where did you learn to speak Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?

5 Do you mind helping me translate this letter? He asked to talk to the store manager

7 You've never mentioned living in Japan before How long did you live there?

8 If he keeps coming to work late, he's going to get fired! Debbie plans to study abroad next year

10 I agreed to help Jack wash his car

1

1 I hope to graduate from college next June

12 The models practiced walking with a book balanced on their heads 13 Mandy has promised to take care of our dog while we are on vacation

14 Mr Edwards chose to accept the management position in Chicago rather than the position in Miami

15 I don't know what she wants to do tonight Why don't you ask her? 16 Frank offered to help us paint the house

17 Sandra decided to study economics in London

18 Witnesses reported seeing the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-story window

19 Stephanie dislikes working in front of a computer all day

20 Mrs Naidoo appears to be the most qualified person for the job

1 Eliza recommended eating in a dim sum restaurant while we're in Hong Kong

22 I demand to talk to the manager of the hotel immediately 23 My grandmother recalled seeing a plane for the very first time when she was six

24 She claims to be related to George Washington, but I don't believe her

25 This broken bicycle needs fixing before someone can ride it 26 I can't understand driving such a big car when gas prices are so high, not to mention what it does to the environment

27 She refused to speak to me after our fight

28 The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and involves hiking more than fifty miles through rugged mountainous terrain

29 Don't hesitate to ask for help if you don't understand the directions 30 She managed to communicate with them, even though she didn't speak their language

3

1 She pretended to be a student in order to get a student discount 32 She waited to see what would happen next

34 We fully intend to pay you for all the work you have done for us 35 You seem to be a little distracted Is everything alright?

36 Laura and Ed discussed moving to the city to find work; however, in the end, they decided against relocating

37 She refused to admit that she had made a mistake

38 After his accident last year, he would never consider buying another motorcycle

39 Margaret just happened to find the lost car keys while she was looking for something else

40 He never admitted having the wild party while his parents were out of town

4

1 Jackie tends to arrive late on Mondays, but our boss doesn't seem to care about that very much

42 She imagined lying on a tropical beach under a palm tree

43 The winner of the local competition gets to participate in a national competition in Washington D.C

44 We don't anticipate having any more technical problems during the concert tour

45 Debbie failed to notice her credit card lying on the ground 46 The politician swore to serve the people honestly and with pride, but the scandal revealed that the promise was little more than a lie 47 Mr Shinohara recollected working with his father on his family's fishing boat when he was a young child

48 The medical team deserves to receive the award for their volunteer work in sub-Saharan Africa

49 I really appreciate having the opportunity to take part in this project and to work with such an excellent team

50 She delayed submitting her application until just one week before the deadline

5

1 Everybody arranged to meet at the train station 30 minutes before the train departed

52 Simona resisted speaking Italian during her English training program in London She wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to improve her English

53 Do you care to join us later for dinner? We are meeting at Tony's Italian Restaurant downtown

54 We waited to see what would happen next, but nothing happened 55 Julius vowed to return to his home country once again to see the village where he and his family had lived before the war

56 Diana yearns to travel to far off, exotic destinations

57 When she got through reading her book, she laid it on the table next to the bed and went to sleep

58 They expected to arrive much earlier, but their plane was delayed in Paris

59 Michael postponed cleaning the bathroom as long as possible He hates cleaning!

60 How can you defend saying such terrible things to him?

1 Bill agreed to meet us at the restaurant at 8:30, but he never showed up

62 Jennifer practiced pronouncing the word until she sounded just like a native speaker

63 Our art teacher encouraged experimenting with different colors 64 Dana hopes to save enough money to travel around Europe for three months It's her dream

65 Dancing is her life That is why Susan moved to New York to study dancing professionally

66 Constance plans to take part in the marathon next spring

67 I can't help wondering how my grandmother's life would have been different if she had been able to go to college

68 The doctor advised seeing a specialist about the problem 69 Swimming helped me strengthen my injured leg

70 After the tsunami, Bette chose to stay in Indonesia and work with a relief organization

7

1 Reading is a great way to relax I love to sit back and enjoy a good book

72 Why you always get to be first? I want to go first this time! 73 When you're in Prague, I recommend walking from the Charles Bridge to the castle at night

74 Susanne just happened to be in the restaurant when Julia Roberts walked in! Can you believe that?

75 Eye specialists urge taking frequent breaks while using the computer for extended periods of time

76 I thought you knew nothing about cars Where did you learn to change a flat tire?

77 My favorite thing is floating on my back in the sea

78 The Egyptology course requires participating in six months of field studies near Luxor, Egypt

79 The nurse risked getting the disease from her patient, but she continued to treat him until he had fully recovered

80 Dad, you promised to take us to the beach today When are we going to go to the beach?

8

1 He expects to finish his studies next summer

82 National park officials not permit entering the park without an official guide You can hire one at the park office

83 He offered to carry her books on the way home

84 The archaeologist reported finding a large, previously unknown pyramid deep in the jungle

85 Samantha keeps forgetting to send us the documents We need to have them by next week!

86 Felix decided not to accept the position in Miami because he wanted to stay in New York

87 Exercising and eating right can help you live a long and healthy life 88 The refugees risked being captured as they tried to escape through the mountains

89 You have to wait forever at the doctor's office I suggest taking a good book to help kill time

90 Mr Miller asked to be included in the meeting with the new clients

1 After his insulting comments, I thought Jack deserved to be fired 92 Max avoided using his cell phone when other people were in the room

93 We arranged to have a taxi pick us up and take us to the airport 94 I resent being treated like a servant in my own home!

95 Frank completed building the new barn last week Next, he is going to paint it red

96 Don't worry, I don't mind making dinner I think I'll make fish with steamed vegetables, and a big salad on the side!

97 Crying, the mother looked into the television camera and said, "Society will no longer tolerate drinking and driving."

98 Karen and Neil would like to try that new dance club downtown It's supposed to have one of the largest dance floors in the world

99 I can't see buying a car when you don't even have a driver's license That doesn't make any sense!

100 When you wish to begin, now or later?

Part (7-12)

1 I can't stand her complaining all the time (she complaining, she to complain, her complaining)

4 The city doesn't allow parking along curbs painted red She prefers my making dinner because she doesn't like to cook I hope you don't mind my smoking while you eat

7 John is never on time to work! I hate his arriving late every day Sarah urged me to vote in the next election

9 He needs to get a visa extension immediately The authorities won't permit him to stay in the country without a visa

10 Travel agents usually advise reconfirming flight bookings three days before departure

1

1 I enjoy not having to get up so early in the morning Sleeping in is great! 12 Nancy proposed our having a picnic at the beach

13 Do you wish to continue, or would you like to stop now?

14 His car needs washing It looks like it hasn't been washed in years 15 Smokers risk getting several smoking related illnesses

16 The astronomer told us not to look into the sun during the eclipse 17 I wish she would just quit complaining all the time

18 Leslie hired someone to repair her fence 19 She resisted taking advice from her coworkers 20 Linda regretted not going to her high school reunion

1 They urged the hikers to watch out for bears

22 Denise resented not having the opportunity to work and advance her career

23 The policeman ordered the driver to stop his car 24 He threatened to leave forever

25 After he finished watching the show, he turned off the TV and went to bed

26 The banker advised his clients to invest for retirement 27 Mr Johnson won't tolerate our being late to class 28 Do you prefer Ester's helping you or my helping you? 29 I go snowboarding every year I love winter sports

30 Frederick and I discussed the computer's costing more than we can afford

3

1 She promised to go / him to go to the doctor as soon as she returned home

32 Franne encouraged me to apply for the job 33 She wants to study / her daughter to study more 34 She neglected to mention all the facts

35 The food caused her to get sick 36 We expect to start / her to start soon 37 Sam chose to begin / me to begin the meeting 38 I tried to email the picture, but it didn't work 39 Laurelle reminded me to lock the door

40 I would like to take / the group to take the train

1 Debbie urged visiting / them to visit the Eiffel Tower while they were in Paris

42 I remember getting up at 4:30 AM to make it to work on time 43 The math teacher doesn't allow using / us to use calculators

44 Sallie wanted us to stay longer, but I was so tired that we had to leave 45 The Japanese teacher encouraged speaking / the students to speak in class

46 The consultant advised reducing / them to reduce costs 47 I need you to help me move the table

48 The zoo keeper permitted touching / us to touch the snake 49 Do you mind waiting a few more minutes?

50 The hiking course requires camping / us to camp in the snow

1 Carrie Ann goes surfing every day

52 Delores goes hiking in the mountains when she has time 53 Sam went sightseeing in Paris

54 Lisa and Kurt are going to go dancing tonight 55 Jamie has never gone shopping in that mall

56 Patrick wanted to go bowling with his friends, but he had to work late 57 He likes to go fishing

58 Stephanie loves to go sailing

59 Mina wants to go camping on the weekend 60 Sarah often goes mountain climbing

1 Simone was talking about growing up in Tanzania She has had such an interesting life!

62 I need him to help me lift this heavy box

63 Thank you for coming to the meeting on such short notice 64 I suggest visiting Japan when the cherry trees are in bloom 65 We hired professional translators to translate the documents into Arabic and Chinese

66 After work, I always go jogging I'm a fitness freak! 67 His interest in learning languages is very impressive

68 I don't mind your friend Sally's coming along with us Why don't you invite her and her husband?

69 Roberta is getting tired of doing the same old job day in and day out I think she is going to quit!

70 Health professionals encourage people to eat less red meat

1 Agatha invited me to spend the summer at her family's home in Costa Rica

72 I didn't believe Camille's story about finding a rattlesnake in her bed 73 The terrible weather forced us to change our plans

74 Diane has been scared of swimming in the ocean ever since she saw the movie "Jaws."

75 I don't know how you got my son to eat his broccoli He hates vegetables!

76 I went bungee jumping when I was in New Zealand It was awesome! 77 Sally loves to go window shopping in her free time She doesn't usually buy anything, she just likes to look

78 What you think about Sarah's and Doug's getting married just one week after they met? Isn't that crazy?

79 I urge you to reconsider your decision

80 His reasons for choosing to study Latin were always unclear to me

1 Michael's talent for choosing the right investments made him rich 82 Katie's talking caused me to make a mistake

83 I'm bored of doing the same old thing every weekend

84 Neil Armstrong is famous for being the first man to walk on the Moon 85 The zoo keeper allowed us to pet the cheetah

86 I went snorkeling in Hawaii It was spectacular!

87 Carrie reminded me to call Dave and Stacey and invite them over for dinner

88 The little girl pretended to be sick, so that she didn't have to go to school

89 She took up playing the piano at the age of six 90 Constance denied being related to the royal family 91 The certification program requires me to take several tests 92 The certification program requires my taking several tests

93 I told the others to meet me at the beach after work Why don't you come along?

94 Robin talked me into participating in the 24-hour dance marathon 95 He appreciated our helping him prepare for the Halloween party 96 Going skydiving tomorrow will test how brave you are

97 Don't you need to take a break? You've been working non-stop for over hours!

98 Our arriving late would be an insult to our dinner hosts

100 How did you manage to get tickets for that concert? It has been sold out for months

Part (13-20)

Gerunds and Infinitives 21

1 Sheryl forgot to bring her purse, so I lent her ten dollars

2 I completely forgot coming here when I was a kid But now I remember! My parents brought me here when I was three Lydia really regrets dropping out of high school She has really had to struggle to make a living because of that decision I regret to inform you that Mr Smith has passed away

5 Did you remember to pack your swimsuit? Our vacation in Hawaii won't be much fun if you can't go swimming Do you remember being stuck in that elevator when we were in New York? I thought we would never get out of there! If you can't find the key, try opening the lock with something else, like a knife or a screwdriver

8 She tried to tell him the terrible truth, but she just couldn't bring herself to it I dread to think of what might happen next

10 I dread going to work tomorrow I think I'm going to call in sick Gerunds and Infinitives 22

1 Neil is starting to learn Japanese

2 Neil started learning / to learn Japanese when he moved to Tokyo Samantha loves living in New York She has been living there all her life I would love to live in London, but it is too expensive

5 Tom loves living / to live in smaller towns where he can get to know the locals He would never live in a big city Fred is continuing to take karate lessons even though he broke his hand

7 Fred continued taking / to take karate lessons even though he broke his hand I like eating / to eat pizza

9 I would like to travel back in time and meet my great grandparents 10 It's so hot in here! I'd like to be sitting in my swimming pool right now Gerunds and Infinitives 23

1 Are you ready to go yet? The train leaves in 30 minutes!

2 Paul sat on a hill watching the mother bear and her cubs until they disappeared into the forest I took the course to learn more about Asian history

4 Candice regretted making that comment to Terry, so she apologized later

5 My living room needs vacuuming I think I haven't vacuumed in more than a month His plan to walk from New York to Los Angeles seemed crazy, but he actually did it! We had a great time sailing from San Diego to Catalina

8 The runner was too exhausted to finish the marathon

9 Oh no! I forgot to turn the iron off after using it We need to go back home, so I can turn it off 10 Nancy loves working at the Museum of Modern Art She would never want to work anywhere else

Gerunds and Infinitives 24

1 I completely forgot lending you my electronic dictionary I thought I had lost it

2 Mickey is determined to win the spelling bee at school He has been studying for weeks We spent the whole day sitting in the train station waiting for the overdue train to arrive You just lie there on that couch watching TV all the time Get up and something! I think I am beginning to understand this grammar

6 Mr McDougall regretted firing Denise, so he called her up and asked her to come back to the company He'll never forget seeing the Rolling Stones in concert!

8 We weren't sure if Sid was fit enough to hike to the top of the mountain, but he was the first one there! They prepared to leave early in the morning

10 There is no need to bring anything when you come to my birthday party No food, no gifts - just bring yourself Gerunds and Infinitives 25

1 You were fortunate to get tickets for the concert I heard they are already sold out! What is wrong with my computer? It keeps shutting down by itself

3 I don't know if I have enough time to finish all this work before I have to leave

4 Mike's desire to see the world is what made him join the foreign service Now, he's working in the embassy in Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia The hitchhiker stood on the side of the road waiting for someone to offer him a ride

6 We had fun rafting down the Colorado river

7 We stopped to get something to eat at a little diner just next to the freeway She stopped reading, closed the book, laid it on the table, and turned off the light His bad attitude is starting to get on my nerves

10 Amy disliked traveling on the mountain roads at night She preferred to travel during the day Gerunds and Infinitives 26

1 They got to the train station too late to catch the train, so they will have to leave tomorrow I need to make a quick phone call I'll be back in a second

3 Louis had some problems buying train tickets in Beijing since he does not speak Chinese I tried eating the exotic fruit durian while I was in Malaysia, but I didn't like it at all

8 The children cowered behind the large rock hoping the lion wouldn't see or smell them Sari's belief in not eating meat made it difficult to find restaurants while we were traveling 10 Sam warned me not to say anything during the tea ceremony, so I didn't say a word Gerunds and Infinitives 27

1 She just keeps making the same mistake over and over again

2 I have been trying to contact Steve, but I still haven't been able to get in touch with him Nate goes running every afternoon

4 On the way home from work, he stopped to buy some groceries

5 I forgot learning that word in class Now I remember! The teacher wrote it on the board and gave us several example sentences Don't waste your time looking in the phone book Just look the address up on the Internet

7 Did you remember to unplug the iron before we left the house? He despises her constantly asking him questions while he is working

9 I know I've met her before I remember meeting her at John's party last summer

10 After several months of studying Japanese, I am finally beginning to understand native speakers when they talk to me Gerunds and Infinitives 28

1 Fiona and Diedre really want to be invited to the party Shelly admitted having cheated on the exam

3 I recall having visited the Grand Canyon once as a child, but I don't remember it very well Nathan claims to have graduated from Harvard at the age of 16, but I don't believe him Mr Thompson was interested in being considered for the new position as regional manager Bill's being fired one month before he retired was a shock to the whole company

7 We were very thrilled to have been given the opportunity to speak to the Dalai Lama in person The applicant's not having studied French hurt her chances for the job

9 Jenny's not having been admitted to the university upset the entire family

10 Tina expects the children to have finished cleaning their rooms before their grandparents arrive this afternoon Gerunds and Infinitives Practice Test

1 She quit complaining about being unemployed and decided to create her own job Naomi's losing her passport prevented her from crossing the border

3 Do you remember standing at the top of the Eiffel Tower watching the sunset? That's a view I'll never forget! Oh no! The movie is sold out! Do you want to wait to see if we can get tickets for the next showing at 8:30?

5 Going snowboarding next week isn't a good idea since you keep having problems with your knee Already having injured your knee once this year should teach you that you need to be more careful about pushing yourself to return to the slopes

6 I would love to be lying on a beach in Tahiti right now basking in the sun Sitting in this office all day and being ordered around by my boss is not an enjoyable way to spend my time

7 The police chief ordered his officers to keep looking for the escaped prisoner Hopefully, ordering the officers to continue looking will result in the prisoner's being captured

8 Her quitting her job allowed her to spend more time caring for her sick parents Rover, my dog, always tries to jump over the fence, but he is too small to it

10 The little boy was clinging to his mother's leg screaming that he wanted her to buy him a candy bar The mother refused to buy the little boy any candy and told him to stop crying

Gerunds and Infinitives Final Test

1 Nate deserved to win the prize for writing that amazing short story about traveling through Peru I don't understand his not receiving the award I can't believe you wanted to go fishing, and you forgot to bring a fishing pole How did you expect to catch any fish? Were you just going to sit in the river trying to catch fish with your bare hands? You would have had a hard time doing that!

3 Vince is determined to save enough money to travel to South Africa next year If he avoids wasting his money and manages to save what he needs to make the trip, he plans on leaving in June

4 When Sam mentioned wanting to go swimming, Nina warned him not to go into the river She explained that the national park did not allow visitors to swim for several reasons The number one reason for not permitting visitors to swim was the large number of crocodiles in the park

5 The Oscar-winning actor avoids talking to his fans and refuses to give his autograph Moreover, he has difficulty giving interviews and appears to have problems interacting with other people Doesn't he seem way too shy to be an actor?

6 Simone and Michael discussed going to Tahiti on their honeymoon, but they had very different opinions about visiting such an expensive destination Michael said that after such a costly wedding, he couldn't see spending so much money on a vacation Simone defended their going to Tahiti by arguing that a honeymoon is a once in a lifetime experience

7 Using a search engine to look things up on the Internet is a skill that all students need to learn That is why the government is urging schools to begin teaching basic computer skills in elementary school Schools also encourage parents to reinforce these skills at home by surfing the Internet together with their children

8 Samantha kept having problems with her computer at work Her co-worker Denise suggested shutting down the computer and restarting it to see if that would solve the problem

List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds 9 13 14 List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives 8 List of Verbs Followed by a Noun + an Infinitive List of Go + Gerund Combinations List of Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds List of Noun + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds. List of Be + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives List of Nouns Followed by Infinitives List of Expressions followed by Verb+ing Forms List of Verbs of Location