Zeroing methodology in the united states anti dumping law and implications for vietnam

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF LAW -*** -MANAGING BOARD OF THE ADVANCED COURSES VŨ NGỌC QUỲNH ZEROING METHODOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES ANTI-DUMPING LAW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VIETNAM BACHELOR OF LAW GRADUATION DISSERTATION Department: International Law Academic year: 2012 - 2016 HO CHI MINH CITY 2016 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF LAW -*** -MANAGING BOARD OF THE ADVANCED COURSES VŨ NGỌC QUỲNH ZEROING METHODOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES ANTI-DUMPING LAW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VIETNAM BACHELOR OF LAW GRADUATION DISSERTATION Department: International Law Academic year: 2012 - 2016 Supervisor: Doctor Lê Thị Ánh Nguyệt Student in charge: Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh Student ID: 1253801012256 Class: CLC 37A HO CHI MINH CITY 2016 DECLARATION This dissertation has been created solely and independently by Vu Ngoc Quynh, student studying Bachelor of Law under scientific supervision of Doctor Le Thi Anh Nguyet The researching results were built upon the concrete background including the careful research from other reliable projects, paperwork and articles of prestigious scholars, law school and authorities under the compliance with rules of citation I take full responsibility for this reassurances Vu Ngoc Quynh _ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I hereby deliver the sincerest appreciation to the dedicated supervision and thorough direction of Doctor Le Thi Anh Nguyet, without which the completion of this Dissertation would not be successful She has been a supportive supervisor from the beginning with the exceptional knowledge on the US anti-dumping law, researching skills and the inspirational advice despite all difficulties Without her supervision, this Dissertation would not be successfully completed Secondly, it is my family who I want to express my gratitude for They have been very first persons to encourage me through every hardship, every ups and downs in this journey Thanks to their divine love and constant inspiration, I have the ability to fully contribute to this final challenge and also complete the program with flying colors Vu Ngoc Quynh LIST OF ABBREVIATION CONTENT ABBREVIATION Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on ADA Tariffs and Trade 1994 European Community EC European Union EU General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 The Southern Shrimp Alliance The American Seafood Distributors Association The Consuming Industries Trade Action Coalition The United States of America GATT 1994 SSA ASDA CITAC US/ United States The United States of America DOC Department of Commerce The United States of America Court of CAFC Appeals for the Federal Circuit The United States of America ITC International Trade Commission The United States of America Trade USTR Representative The World Trade Organization AB Appellate Body The World Trade Organization Dispute DSB Settlement Body Understanding on rules and procedures DSU governing the settlement of disputes versus vs Vietnam Association of Seafood VASEP Exporters and Producers Vietnamese Chamber of Commerce and VCCI Industry Vietnamese Competition Authority VCA World Trade Organization WTO ZEROING METHODOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES ANTI-DUMPING LAW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VIETNAM TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATION PREAMBLE i A brief introduction and the necessity of the dissertation ii Literature review regarding zeroing methodology in the United States Anti-dumping law iii Research contents and research purposes iv Research methodologies CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF ZEROING METHODOLOGIES UNDER THE UNITED STATES ANTI-DUMPING REGULATIONS 1.1 Zeroing methodology: Definition and its characteristics 1.1.1 Zeroing methodologies under the dumping determination 1.1.2 Characteristics of zeroing methodology 17 1.1.3 Types of zeroing methodology 19 1.1.4 Disputes over the fairness characteristic of zeroing methodology 22 1.2 Legislative history of zeroing methodology in Anti-dumping regulations 1.2.1 Legislative history of zeroing methodology in WTO regulations 24 1.2.2 Zeroing methodology in the United States regulations: historical and developmental discussions 27 1.2.3 The change in anti-dumping policy regarding the application of zeroing methodology of the United States 28 Conclusion 34 CHAPTER 2: ZEROING METHODOLOGY IN ANTI-DUMPING DISPUTES: CASES STUDIES IN THE UNITED STATES TERRITORY AND THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODY FORUM 35 2.1 The application of zeroing methodology by the Department of Commerce 35 2.1.1 The practical application of zeroing methodology by the United States Department of Commerce 35 2.1.2 The practical effects of zeroing methodology applied by the United States Department of Commerce 37 2.2 Disputes over zeroing methodology involving United States authorities 2.2.1 Remarkable dispute affecting the application of zeroing methodology of the United States Department of Commerce 43 2.2.2 Remarkable dispute over zeroing methodology application of the United States involving Vietnam 49 Conslusion 55 CHAPTER 3: PETITIONS FOR VIETNAM REGARDING A BETTER PREPARATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 57 3.1 Petitions in enhancing internal strength to avoid noncompliance in the future transactions 57 3.1.1 Petitions for Vietnamese companies 58 3.1.2 Petitions for Vietnamese government 60 3.1.3 Petitions for industry representatives and commercial associations 63 3.2 Petitions in facing unwanted disputes in international trade 64 3.2.1 Petitions for Vietnamese companies 64 3.2.2 Petitions for Vietnamese government 67 3.2.3 Petitions for industry representatives and commercial associations 70 Conclusion 71 CONCLUSION 72 ANNEX 1: ANTI-DUMPING DISPUTES ON THE UNITED STATES ZEROING METHODOLOGY CLAIMED BY OTHER WTO MEMBERS ANNEX 2: TIMELINE OF THE UNITED STATES ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATION BIBLIOGRAPHY PREAMBLE i A brief introduction and the necessity of the dissertation Up until these days, nine years after the milestone change in Vietnamese economics which would be named as the membership of World Trade Organization (WTO), Vietnam has been claimed to be a 33rd largest export economy in the world in 2013 by Economic Complexity Index (ECI).1 The exportation of Vietnam has increased dramatically, ―Exports in Vietnam increased to 14200 USD Million in March from 10099 USD Million in February of 2016 Exports in Vietnam averaged 4821.33 USD Million from 1990 until 2016, reaching an all-time high of 14481 USD Million in August of 2015 and a record low of 537 USD Million in February of 1997‖2 Among the concerned countries, Vietnamese exports to the United States rank around 20.7 percent of the total exports and Vietnam also ranks top in ASEAN in terms of exports into the United States.3 Nevertheless, we still have to face the challenges when exporting our goods to other countries, especially the United States (US) As one of the most valued trading partners of Vietnam, United States has been applying its discretionary zeroing methodology in determining dumping margins of the subject merchandises which are being imported into the US Interestingly, the zeroing methodology has been decided to be inconsistent measures in the light of Anti-dumping Agreement of the WTO (ADA) And, the US has been requested to bring the measure into conformity with the US obligations under the ADA Needless to say, in practice, under the dispute settlement mechanism in the OEC, http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/vnm/ (Last visit at 13:30, April 2nd 2016) Trading Economics, Vietnam Export, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/exports (Last visit at 13:38, April 2nd 2016) Thành Luân, Việt Nam dẫn đầu ASEAN xuất vào Mỹ: Lượng nhiều chất ít!, http://www.agtex.com.vn/zone/viet-nam-dan-dau-asean-xuat-khau-vao-myluong-nhieu-chat-it/258/806 (Last visit at 13:38, April 2nd 2016) roadmap addressing this dispute request by both parties The Panel Report on Article 21.5 was circulated on December 17th 2008 The Appellate Body Report on Article 21.5 was circulated on May 14th 2009 15 The reasonable period of time was 07 Request for Consultations was and one-half months, started from received on September 13th August 31st 2004 to April 15th 2005 2002 The Panel Report and The This reasonable period of time was Appellate Body Report have United States – Final reached after an unsuccessful been circulated The case was Dumping Determination on procedure according to Article 21 and under the Arbitration Procedure Article 22 of the DSU This period and The Arbitration Report on Canada (Complainant: was then agreed to be extended to Article 21.3(c) was circulated Canada) May 2nd 2005 After the expiry of the on December 13th 2004 The period, Canada requested for the Panel Report on Article 21.5 procedure regarding the US was circulated on April 3rd implementation in the light of Article 2006 The Appellate Body 21.5 and Article 22 of the DSU On Report on Article 21.5 was Softwood Lumber from DS264 October 2nd 2006, both parties circulated on August 15th 2006 informed their Comprehensive The Mutually Agreed Solution Agreement (Softwood Lumber was notified on October 12th Agreement) towards a mutually 2006 settled solution for previous antidumping and countervailing cases As the result, the proceedings of the DSB regarding the compliance procedures of the US including the claim of retaliatory measures of Canada towards US CAD 400 million noncompliance United States – Anti- 16 Dumping measures on The reasonable period of time was Stainless Steel Plate in Coils months and expired on September 1st and Stainless Steel Sheet and DS179 th 2001 On September 10 2001, the Strip from Korea US announced its full implementation (Complainant: Republic of with Korea‘s acknowledgement Korea) Request for Consultations was received on July 30th 1999 The Panel Report was circulated on December 22th 2000 ANNEX 2: TIMELINE OF THE UNITED STATES ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATION157 157 Legal Information Institute, 19 CFR Part 351, Annex VII to Part 351 - Antidumping Investigations Timeline, Cornell University Law school, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/19/part-351/appendix-AnnexVII (Last visit at 10:57, Jul 8th 2016) BIBLIOGRAPHY VIETNAMESE REFERENCES LEGAL PROVISIONS Decree No 04/2006/ND-CP issued on January 01st 2006 on establishment, functions, duties, powers, organizational structure of Council for handling cases of combat against dumping, combat against subsidy and self-protection Decree No 90/2005/ND-CP issued on July 11th 2005 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the ordinance on Anti-dumping of imports into Vietnam Ordinance No 20/2004/PL-UBTVQH11 issued on April 29th 2004 on Antidumping of imports into Vietnam BOOKS John Hambrey and David Blandford, Giới thiệu luật chống bán phá giá EU Mỹ áp dụng cho mặt hàng thủy sản, Hambrey Consulting, United Kingdom, 2010 Vũ Thị Phương Lan, Pháp luật chống bán phá giá thương mại quốc tế vấn đề đặt Việt Nam, Chính trị Quốc gia – Sự Thật, Ha Noi, 2012 Lê Thị Ánh Nguyệt, Pháp luật chống bán phá giá Hoa Kỳ tác động Việt Nam, Đại học Quốc gia, Ho Chi Minh City, 2009 Phịng Thương mại Cơng nghiệp Việt Nam, Cẩm nang kháng kiện chống bán phá giá chống trợ cấp Hoa Kỳ, Ha Noi, 2010 Phòng Thương mại Công nghiệp Việt Nam, Hỏi đáp pháp luật chống bán phá WTO – Hoa Kỳ – EU, Ha Noi, 2009 Võ Thanh Thu, Đoàn Thu Hồng Vân, Nguyễn Đơng Phong, Cẩm nang phịng ngừa & đối phó với với vụ kiện chống bán phá giá hàng xuất Việt Nam, Lao động xã hội, Ho Chi Minh City, 2009 PUBLISHED PAPERS AND OTHER ARTICLES 10 Đỗ Tuyết Khanh, Tìm hiểu luật sách chống bán phá giá (Antidumping) Mỹ, Tạp chí Thời Đại Mới, No (3/2004) 11 Lưu Hương Ly, Địa vị kinh tế thị trường tác động doanh nghiệp Việt Nam điều tra chống bán phá giá, Tạp chí Nghiên cứu lập pháp, No 91 (2/2007) 12 Lê Thị Thu, Quan hệ thương mại Canada – Mỹ hai thập niên đầu kỷ XXI, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam – Học viện Khoa học Xã hội, 2016 13 VCCI, WTO Center, European Trade Policy and Investment Support Project (EU-Vietnam MUTRAP III), Phân tích vụ giải tranh chấp Việt Nam WTO – Bài học rút cho Việt Nam, 2011 WEBSITES 14 Bộ Ngoại Giao (2013), Đề nghị Hoa Kỳ công nhận Việt Nam kinh tế thị trường, http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/mofa/nr040807104143/nr040807105001/ns13092 7110322/view 15 Michael Jay Friedman, Giới thiệu hệ thống pháp luật Hoa Kỳ, http://www.maxreading.com/sach-hay/khai-quat-he-thong-phap-luat-hoaky/gioi-thieu-he-thong-phap-luat-hoa-ky-3120.html 16 Trường Giang (2016), ―Tuần trăng mật‖ phát triển quan hệ Canada Mỹ, VietnamPlus, http://www.vietnamplus.vn/tuan-trang-mat-moi-trongphat-trien-quan-he-canada-va-my/375627.vnp 17 Việt Hà (2015), Giải tranh chấp WTO – Thực tiễn kinh nghiệm, Bộ Công Thương – Cục quản lý cạnh tranh, http://www.vca.gov.vn/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=3147&CateID=372 18 Thanh Hương, Bảo hộ thương mại khuôn khổ WTO – Nhân tố làm giảm cạnh tranh lành mạnh kinh tế giới, Bộ Công Thương – Cục quản lý cạnh tranh, http://www.vca.gov.vn/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=1344&CateID=372 19 Thành Luân, Việt Nam dẫn đầu ASEAN xuất vào Mỹ: Lượng nhiều chất ít!, http://www.agtex.com.vn/zone/viet-nam-dan-dau-asean-xuat-khau-vaomyluong-nhieu-chat-it/258/806 20 Song Linh (2004), VASEP tiếp tục kêu gọi công cho vụ kiện tôm, VnExpress, http://kinhdoanh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/vi-mo/vasep-tiep-tuc-keugoi-cong-bang-cho-vu-kien-tom-2680374.html 21 Song Linh, Thuy Vinh (2004), Một doanh nghiệp Việt Nam rút khỏi vụ kiện tôm, VnExpress, http://kinhdoanh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/vi-mo/mot-doanhnghiep-vn-rut-khoi-vu-kien-tom-2676852.html 22 Nhịp cầu đầu tư (2013), Nhìn lại vụ kiện tơm xuất Việt Nam Mỹ, http://nhipcaudautu.vn/thi-truong/hang-hoa/nhin-lai-nhung-vu-kien-tomxuat-khau-viet-nam-tai-my-3163577/#axzz4BrC7TkMq 23 Dương Anh Sơn (2008), Quy chế kinh tế thị trường vấn đề minh bạch để ứng phó với vụ kiện bán phá giá, http://www.hcmulaw.edu.vn/hcmulaw/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&catid=119:ctc20076&id=341:qcnktptt&Itemid=110 24 Hà Thanh (2009), Mỹ gần ―xóa‖ thuế chống bán phá giá tơm Việt Nam, VnExpress, http://kinhdoanh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/vi-mo/my-gan-nhu-xoathue-chong-ban-pha-gia-tom-viet-nam-2700975.html 25 Tiền Phong (2006), Những bất lợi bị coi kinh tế phi thị trường, http://www.tienphong.vn/Kinh-Te/nhung-bat-loi-khi-bi-coi-la-nen-kinh-te-phithi-truong-68128.tpo 26 Trung tâm hỗ trợ hội nhập WTO TP HCM, Tóm tắt vụ tranh chấp liên quan tới biện pháp chống bán phá giá Hoa Kỳ số dịng tơm nước ấm đơng lạnh Việt Nam, http://www.hoinhap.org.vn/phan-tich-binh-luan/thitruong/8197-tom-tat-vu-tranh-chap-lien-quan-toi-cac-bien-phap-chong-banpha-gia-cua-hoa-ky-doi-voi-mot-so-dong-tom-nuoc-am-dong-lanh-cua-vietnam.html ENGLISH REFERENCES LEGAL PROVISIONS 27 Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 28 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 29 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 30 The Tariff Act 1930 31 The United States Federal Code 32 United States Antidumping Manual 33 Understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes BOOKS 34 Duk Geun Ahn, Patrick Messerlin, United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp and Diamond Sawblades from China: never ending zeroing in the WTO?, World Trade Review, 2014 35 Bruce Blonigen, Stephen Haynes, Antidumping Investigations and the PassThrough of Antidumping Duties and Exchange Rates, American Economic Review, Volume 92, No 4, 2002 36 Bruce Blonigen, Jee-Hyeong Park, Dynamic Pricing in the Presence of Antidumping Policy: Theory and Evidence, American Economic Review, Vol 94, No 1, 2004 37 Bruce Blonigen, Thomas J Prusa, The Cost of Antidumping: The Devil is in the Details, Policy Reform, University of Oregon and NBER, Rutgers University and NBER, Vol 6(4), 2003 38 Chad P Bown, Thomas J Prusa, U.S Antidumping Much Ado about Zeroing, The World Bank - Development Research Group - Trade and Integration Team, 2010 39 Judith Czako, Johann Human and Jorge Miranda, A Handbook on AntiDumping Investigations, World Trade Organization, Cambridge University Press, 2003 40 International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development, US Commerce Department Contemplates Limits on ‗Zeroing‘, In Bid to Ease Trade Tensions, Bridges, Volume 5, No 1, 2011 41 Brink Lindsey, Dan Ikenson, Antidumping 101- The Devilish Details of ‗Unfair Trade‘ Law, Center for Trade Policy Studies, 2002 42 Brink Lindsey, Dan Ikenson, Reforming the Antidumping Agreement - A Road Map for WTO Negotiations, Center for Trade Policy Studies, 2002 43 William W Nye, The Implications of ‗Zeroing‘ on Enforcement of U.S Antidumping Law, Economic Analysis Group (EAG) of the Antitrust Division, U.S Department of Justice, BICN 10-000, Washington, DC 20530, 2008 44 Thomas J Prusa, On the spread and impact of Antidumping, National Bureau Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 1999 45 Thomas J Prusa, Luca Rubini, United States – Use of Zeroing in AntiDumping Measures Involving Products from Korea: It‘s de´ ja` vu all over again, World Trade Review, 2013 46 Casey Reeder, Zeroing in on Charming Besty: How an Antidumping controversy threatens to sink the schooner, Stetson Law Review, Vol 36, 2007 47 Kamal Saggi, Mark Wu, Yet Another Nail in the Coffin of Zeroing: United States – Anti-Dumping Administrative Reviews and Other Measures Related to Imports of Certain Orange Juice from Brazil 48 United States International Trade Commission, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Handbook (Fourteenth Edition), Washington, DC 2201520436, 2015 49 Tania Voon, The End of Zeroing? Reflections Following The WTO Appellate Body‘s Latest Missive, Legal Studies Research Paper No 378, The University of Melbourne, 2007 PUBLISHED PAPERS AND OTHER ARTICLES 50 Annex F-2 Executive Summary of the Oral Opening Statement of the United State in US - Anti-Dumping Administrative Reviews and Other Measures Related to Imports of Certain Orange Juice from Brazil (DS382) 51 Antidumping Proceedings: Calculation of the Weighted Average Dumping Margin and Assessment Rate in Certain Antidumping Duty Proceedings, 75 Fed Reg 81533 (Dec 28, 2010) 52 European Community, Council Regulation No 1095/2005 of 12 July 2005 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of bicycles originating in Vietnam 53 European Community, Council Regulation No 1472/2006 of October 2006 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty and collecting definitely the provisional duty imposed on imports of certain footwear with uppers of leather originating in the People's Republic of China and Vietnam 54 First Written Submission before the World Trade Organization, United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews, WT/DS322, May 9th 2005 55 First Written Submission of the European Community, United States - United States — Continued Existence and Application of Zeroing Methodology, WT/DS350/R 56 Notice of Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less than Fair Value, Affirmative Preliminary Determination of Critical Circumstances and Postponement of Final Determination: Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 68 Fed Reg 4986 (Jan 31, 2003) 57 Daniel L Porter, Ross Bidlingmaier, Targeted Dumping: The Next Frontier in Trade Remedy Litigation, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 2013 58 Sidley Austin LLP, The U.S Department of Commerce Proposes to Abandon ―Zeroing‖ Methodology in Administrative Reviews of Antidumping Duty Orders, 2010 59 The Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/AB/RW (April 8th 2003) 60 The Appellate Body Report, United States – Final Dumping Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS264/AB/R (August 15th 2006) 61 The Appellate Body Report, United States – Laws, Regulations, and Methodology for Calculating Dumping Margins (―Zeroing‖), WT/DS294/AB/R (April 18th 2006) 62 The Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews, WT/DS322/AB/R (January 9th 2007) 63 The Appellate Body Report, United States – Sunset review of anti-dumping duties on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Japan, WT/DS244/AB/R (December 15th 2003) 64 The Panel Report, United States – Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam, WT/DS404/R (July 11th 2011) 65 The Panel Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador, WT/DS335/R (January 30th 2007) 66 The Panel Report, United States – Final Dumping Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS264/R (August 11th 2004) 67 The United States Department of Commerce (2004), Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Antidumping Duty Investigation of Certain Frozen and Canned Warmwater Shrimp From Thailand, 69 FR 76918, December 23, 2004 68 The United States Department of Commerce (2007), Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the First Antidumping Administrative Review and First New Shipper Review CASES 69 Corus Staal BV v Department of Commerce, 395 F.3d 1343, 1347 (Fed Cir 2005), cert denied, 126 S Ct 1023, 163 L Ed 2d 853 (January 9, 2006) 70 European Communities - Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-type Bed Linen from India (Complainant: India) (DS141) 71 EC v Bicycles originating in Vietnam 72 EC v Certain footwear with uppers of leather originating in the People's Republic of China and Vietnam 73 Dongbu Steel Co., Ltd v United States, 677 F Supp 2d 1353 (Ct Intl Trade 2010) 74 Koyo Seiko Co v United States, 543 U.S 976 (2004) 75 Timken Co v United States, 354 F.3d 1334, 1342 (Fed Cir 2004) 76 United States – Anti-Dumping Administrative Reviews and Other Measures Related to Imports of Certain Orange Juice from Brazil (Complainant: Brazil) (DS382) 77 United States – Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam (Complainant: Viet Nam) (DS404) 78 United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam (Complainant: Viet Nam) (DS249) 79 United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Shrimp and Diamond Sawblades from China (Complainant: China) (DS422) 80 United States – Continued Existence and Application of Zeroing Methodology (Complainant: European Communities) (DS350) 81 United States – Final Anti-dumping Measures on Stainless Steel from Mexico (Complainant: Mexico) (DS344) 82 United States – Final Dumping Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada (Complainant: Canada) (DS264) 83 United States – Laws, Regulations and Methodology for Calculating Dumping Margins (Zeroing) (Complainant: European Communities) (DS294) 84 United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews (Complainant: Japan) (DS322) 85 United States – Sunset review of anti-dumping duties on corrosion-resistant carbon steel flat products from Japan (DS244) 86 United States – Use of Zeroing in Anti-Dumping Measures Involving Products from Korea (Complainant: Republic of Korea) (DS402) WEBSITES 87 Sungjoon Cho (2012), No More Zeroing?: The United States Changes its Antidumping Policy to Comply with the WTO, American Society of International Law, https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/8/no-morezeroing-united-states-changes-its-antidumping-policy-comply-wto 88 Nam Hải (2015), VN firms lose $60 million for not understanding American law, Vietnamnet Business, http://m.english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/136798/vn-firms-lose 60-millionfor-not-understanding-american-law.html 89 Hoàng Lan (2014), Dealing with anti-dumping lawsuits, Thủy sản Việt Nam, http://thuysanvietnam.com.vn/dealing-with-anti-dumping-lawsuits-article7229.tsvn 90 Legal Information Institute, 19 CFR Part 351, Annex VII to Part 351 Antidumping Investigations Timeline, Cornell University Law school, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/19/part-351/appendix-AnnexVII 91 Legal Information Institute, 19 CFR 351.214 - New shipper reviews under section 751(a)(2)(B) of the Act., Cornell University Law school, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/19/351.214 92 Simon Lester (2011), Does U.S Law Require Zeroing?, The Holocaust and High Speed Rail, Trade Rules and Restrictions on Large Stores, International Public Law and Policy Blog, http://worldtradelaw.typepad.com/ielpblog/2010/10/does-us-law-requirezeroing.html 93 Simon Lester (2011), The CAFC and Inconsistent Zeroing, Trade in Everything: Public School Students, First Conference of the African International Economic Law Network, International Public Law and Policy Blog, http://worldtradelaw.typepad.com/ielpblog/2011/04/the-cafc-andinconsistent-zeroing.html 94 Khôi Nguyên (2011), Vietnam hauls in WTO win on shrimp duties, Vietnam Investment Review, http://www.vir.com.vn/vietnam-hauls-in-wto-win-onshrimp-duties.html 95 William W Nye (2008), Competitive Advocacy Opportunity: Zeroing in U.S Antidumping Enforcement, The United States Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/atr/competitive-advocacy-opportunity-zeroing-usantidumping-enforcement 96 OEC, http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/vnm/ 97 Sài Gịn Giải Phóng (2011), Vietnam wins WTO anti-dumping case against US, http://www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn/National/2011/7/94557/ 98 The Business Times – Vietnam Business News (2010), Vietnam shrimp exporters to appeal against DOC antidumping duty, http://businesstimes.com.vn/vietnam-shrimp-exporters-to-appeal-against-docantidumping-duty/ 99 Trading Economics, Vietnam Export, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/exports 100 United States International Trade Commission, Understanding Five-Year (Sunset) Reviews, https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/us_sunset.htm 101 What is zeroing?, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/february/tradoc_149065.pdf 102 World Trade Organization, Appellate Body Reports, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/ab_reports_e.htm 103 World Trade Organization, Chronological list of disputes cases, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_status_e.htm 104 World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement System Training Module: Chapter 6, The process – Stages in a typical WTO dispute settlement case, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c6s7p1_e htm 105 World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS247, United States – Provisional Anti-Dumping Measure on Imports of Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds247_e.htm 106 World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS264, United States – Final Dumping Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds264_e.htm 107 World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS322, United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds322_e.htm 108 World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS404, United States – Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds404_e.htm 109 World Trade Organization, Index of disputes issues, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_subjects_index_e.htm?id= G132#selected_subject 110 WTO Center - Vietnam Chamber of Commerce And Industry (2010), Chronological list of disputes disputes/chronological-list-disputes-cases cases, http://wtocenter.vn/wto/list- ... 1.1.1 Zeroing methodologies under the dumping determination 1.1.1.1 Dumping and anti- dumping in the United States regulation in comparison to WTO anti- dumping law Defined by WTO, ? ?dumping? ?? can... margin conducted in anti- dumping investigation zeroing methodology is applied during the determination of dumping margin towards the final decision of whether there is dumping activity existing In. .. affecting the changing of anti- dumping system of US In EC anti- dumping duty collection, the prospective nature indicates in the dumping margin calculation It is determined in the original investigation