Developing logistics system the case of some notable countries and lessons for vietnam,bachelors thesis

STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTER OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING BANKING ACADEMY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - NGUYỄN THỊ HƯỚNG 18A4050125 DEVELOPING LOGISTICS SYSTEM: THE CASE OF SOME NOTABLE COUNTRIES AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM BACHELOR’S THESIS Hanoi, May 2019 STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTER OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING BANKING ACADEMY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - NGUYỄN THỊ HƯỚNG DEVELOPING LOGISTICS SYSTEM: THE CASE OF SOME NOTABLE COUNTRIES AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM Major: International Business Code: 734.01.20 Student code: 18A4050125 BACHELOR’S THESIS INSTRUCTOR: DR NGUYEN THI THANH TAN Hanoi, May 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Banking Academy and the International Business Faculty for creating good conditions for me in the process of studying at the university and completing this thesis My sincere thank goes to Ms Nguyen Thi Thanh Tan - Lecturer of International Business faculty at Banking Academy, who kindly guided and helped me to complete this thesis Also, I would like to thank other lectures of the faculty of International Business and lectures of Banking Academy who equipped me with useful knowledge in the university years And last but not least, special thanks are given to my family and my friends who have been there to help me during my study and completion of this thesis Due to the limitation of accessing documents and time, the thesis cannot avoid shortcomings Therefore, I look forward to receiving suggestions and comments from teachers Hanoi, May 2019 COMMENTS OF INSTRUCTOR ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Instructor Dr Nguyen Thi Thanh Tan COMMENTS OF DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Dissertation Committee DECLARATION I assure that my Bachelor’s thesis with the topic "Developing logistics system: The case of some notable countries and lessons for Vietnam" is my personal research under the guidance of Ms Nguyen Thi Thanh Tan - Lecturer of International Business faculty at Banking Academy The data used for analysis in the thesis have a clear origin and cited in accordance with regulations The research results in the thesis are self-studying and analyzed objectively I will take all responsibility for my own thesis Student’s signature Nguyễn Thị Hướng TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW OBJECTIVES RESEARCH QUESTIONS SUBJECTS, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY STRUCTURE CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF LOGISTICS 10 1.1 DEFINITION OF LOGISTICS 10 1.2 THE ROLE OF LOGISTICS 11 1.2.1 In business 11 1.2.1.1 Minimize costs, improve efficiency and enhance competitiveness 11 1.2.1.2 Ensure the criteria "Just in time” 12 1.2.1.3 Facilitate the sale of goods and services 12 1.2.1.4 Expand markets for businesses 12 1.2.2 In the economy 13 1.2.2.1 Increase the competitiveness of the nation 13 1.2.2.2 An engine for economic growth 13 1.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMPROVEMENT OF A NATION’S LOGISTICS SYSTEM 14 1.3.1 Transportation infrastructure 14 1.3.2 Institutional frameworks 14 1.3.3 Technology advancements 14 1.3.4 Human resource training 15 1.4 COMPONENTS OF LOGISTICS SERVICES 15 1.4.1 Order processing 15 1.4.2 Inventory control 16 1.4.3 Warehousing 16 1.4.4 Transportation 16 1.4.5 Packaging 17 1.4.6 Information system 17 1.4.7 Procurement 17 1.5 LAYERS OF LOGISTICS SERVICES PROVIDERS 18 CHAPTER 2: THE LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT IN TOP LOGISTICS COUNTRIES AND THE LOGISTICS CONDITION IN VIETNAM 21 2.1 LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT IN TOP LOGISTICS COUNTRIES 21 2.1.1 Transportation infrastructure investment 21 2.1.2 Institutional frameworks 23 2.1.3 Technology advancements 24 2.1.4 Human resource training 26 2.2 THE CONDITION OF LOGISTICS IN VIETNAM 28 2.2.1 Transportation infrastructure 30 2.2.2 Institutional frameworks 33 2.2.3 Technology application 36 2.2.4 Logistics human resource 39 2.2.5 Logistics enterprises in Vietnam 41 2.2.6 General assessment 44 CHAPTER 3: SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING LOGISTICS IN VIETNAM 47 3.1 GLOBAL LOGISTICS TRENDS 47 3.1.1 Digitalization 47 3.1.2 Collaboration 48 3.1.3 Green logistics 48 3.2 THE LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION OF VIETNAM GOVERNMENT 49 3.2.1 Objectives 49 3.2.2 General tasks 49 3.2.2.1 Complete policies and laws on logistics services 49 3.2.2.2 Complete logistics infrastructure 50 3.2.2.3 Improve business capacity and service quality 51 3.2.2.4 Develop logistics service market 51 3.2.2.5 Improve the quality of human resources 52 3.2.2.6 Other tasks 52 3.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING LOGISTICS IN VIETNAM 53 3.3.1 For Vietnam logistics services providers 53 3.3.1.1 Improve capability by collaboration 53 3.3.1.2 Increase applying digitalization and efficient technologies 53 3.3.1.3 Increase staff training 54 3.3.1.4 Integrate green logistics 54 3.3.2 For Vietnam government 55 3.3.2.1 Enhance quality, balance, and connectivity of transportation infrastructure 55 3.3.2.2 Enhance institutional frameworks 56 3.3.2.3 Enhance technology applications 57 3.3.2.4 A dual system in vocational training 57 3.3.2.5 Promote green logistics 58 CONCLUSION 60 REFERENCES 64 ABBREVIATIONS 1PL First Party Logistics 2PL Second Party Logistics 3PL Third Party logistics 4PL Fourth Party logistics 5PL Fifth Party logistics CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CPIB Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau ETC Electric Toll Collection System FDI Foreign Direct Investment FMS Forwarding Management System GDP Gross Domestic Product IT Information Technology ITS Intelligent Transport System JIT Just In Time LEAP Logistics Enhancement and Application Program LPI Logistic Performance Index PwC PricewaterhouseCoopers The U.S The United States VICS Vehicle Information and Communication System VLA Vietnam Logistics business Association WTO World Trade Organization 56 inefficient roads Moreover, separate cargo terminals should be built in all airports to increase efficiency To enhance connectivity, there should be investment in transport infrastructure according to an overall long-term plan, which enables different modes of transport to interact and support each other effectively In particular, the infrastructure of different means of transport needs to be built to easily move goods from one mode of transport to another and cargo handling standards should be agreed between different modes of transports 3.3.2.2 Enhance institutional frameworks Since most strategies and master plans on developing logistics services of the government stop at a strategic level, long-term vision Specifically, the government has planned the location and scale of ports and logistics centers but has not mentioned the planning of the road system or transport infrastructure connecting to these areas The Law on Road Traffic 2008 has provisions on limiting the liability of air transport service providers (Vietnam Civil Aviation Law, 2006), limiting the liability of sea service providers (Vietnam Customs, 2015), limiting the responsibility of multimodal transport service providers (Decree 87/2009/NĐ-CP) and limiting the liability of logistics service providers (Decree 163/2017/NĐ -CP) However, there is no provision on the limitation of liability of the person providing goods transport services by road This is the direct reason why 100% of road transport enterprises not have professional liability insurance when providing services This is also a huge disadvantage of enterprises providing transport services by road transport Therefore, the Road Traffic Law of 2008 should be added to limit the liability of road transport service providers to ensure fairness Besides, policy about customs agents should clarify the role of custom agents to effectively exploit this object The inspection and supervision of the implementation of regulations should be carried out by an independent body like the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) in Singapore that has the right to prevent corruption and fraud in enforcing government decisions The standardization of logistics equipment and calculation of logistics cost should be encouraged like the Framework Act of Korea The Act allows for the preferential treatment of companies adopting standardized equipment, for example by giving financial support or discounted service rates at public logistics facilities 57 3.3.2.3 Enhance technology applications As traffic congestion is an alarming problem in Vietnam and the implementation of ITS in Vietnam still faces many shortcomings, the Vietnam government Vietnam government should implement the Intelligent Transport System to keep road traffic running safely and smoothly like Japan is a productive solution for Vietnam VICS, ETC and ITS Spot are the main ITS services of ITS in Japan VICS provides drivers with public road traffic information, collected from road operators and police control centers in Japan, with free of charge VICS helps drivers to find an efficient route to their destination, resulting in the reduction of traffic congestion ETC allows drivers not to stop at toll-gates of highways ETC has reduced thirty percent of traffic congestions with expressways, all of which occurred at the toll-gates ITS Spot enables drivers to receive more dedicated traffic information to improve the quality of navigation systems within a city and traffic safety Vietnam government needs to coordinate relevant ministries and businesses in ITS improvement as well as disseminate clearly and widely to traffic participants Implementation needs to be synchronized and strictly monitored, even after completion Places installed CCTV should be operated into a system that can connect between different places Automatic toll booths should also be connected There should be a common smart card which can be used for all public transport (and some other services) and shared with main cities to promote quickness and convenience Moreover, the government needs to recruit and train enough human resources at each unit to operate, maintain and preserve equipment In terms of promoting companies applying technology, the government needs to guide logistics companies to understand the benefits of updating new technology applications in operation There should also be incentives or supporting for companies in the initial stage of applying as well as during usage process The government should also support capital or initial working conditions for start-ups on logistics electronic platform solutions and start-ups on related technology applications 3.3.2.4 A dual system in vocational training Vietnam should develop a dual system in vocational training like Germany and Singapore, which combines the benefits of off classroom-based and on-the-job training over a period of two to three years This includes cooperation between the public and private sector guarantees the dual education system’s efficiency, which can balance 58 between demand and supply of human resource in the industry This system can be combined in university and college education The vocational school training (Off-thejob) will take 1-2 day per week and curricula consists of 60% vocational subjects Meanwhile, employment training (On-the-job) will take 3-4 days per week with 1/3 of skilled worker salary and certified company employees train apprentices Thereby, apprentices will be turned into specialists that fit each company’s individual needs Moreover, the selection of learning materials and teachers should be standardized to keep up with the development of world logistics Because of the shortage in postgraduate training in logistics, the Vietnam government should also promote logistics postgraduate program to have leading logistics experts 3.3.2.5 Promote green logistics The government needs to institutionalize environmental protection regulations for logistics activities Supervisors need to be trained to improve the capacity of assessing and appraising reports on environmental impacts and environmental protection solutions of logistics construction projects For service business enterprises, the government needs to assign leaders in charge, set up a team specialized in environmental protection activities in the logistics industry and develop annual plans on environmental protection activities which regularly check and supervise logistics activities Besides, the government needs to propagate green logistics more and support logistics enterprises to develop towards green logistics SUMMARY OF CHAPTER Chapter shows some global logistics trends: digitalization, collaboration, and green logistics The chapter also demonstrates logistics development orientation of the Vietnam government though Decision 200/QĐ-TTg This includes general tasks in total: Complete policies and laws on logistics services, complete logistics infrastructure, improve business capacity and service quality, develop logistics service market, improve the quality of human resources and other relating tasks After that, recommendations for Vietnam logistics providers and the Vietnam government are given In particular, it is highly recommended that enterprises should improve their capability by collaboration, proactively apply digitalization and efficient technologies, 59 increase staff training and integrate green logistics On the government side, the Vietnam government should enhance the quality, balance, and connectivity of transportation infrastructure by increasing massive investments of both private and government into transport infrastructure annually through long-term plans like the U.S, which enables different modes of transport to interact and support each other effectively Institutional frameworks should be more specific and comprehensive The inspection and supervision of the implementation of regulations should be carried out by an independent body like the CPIB in Singapore The standardization of logistics equipment and calculation of logistics cost should be encouraged like the Framework Act of Korea Implementing the ITS to keep road traffic running safely and smoothly like Japan is a productive solution for Vietnam There should also be incentives or supporting for companies in the initial stage of applying as well as during usage process About human resource training, a dual system in vocational training like Germany and Singapore is a suitable recommendation for Vietnam education 60 CONCLUSION As logistics covers the key role of a principal atom of the flourish of an economy, upgrading the logistics system is the question that every country needs to solve Considering both geographical advantage and the movement of the international market, Vietnam logistics sector has many opportunities to become the regional and global logistics hub However, the condition of Vietnam logistics still has a wide range of weaknesses Unbalanced modes of transport and poor transport infrastructure leads to serious traffic congestion and high logistics costs, which inhibits the development of logistics The Vietnam transport infrastructure has a problem of lack of quality, consistency, and connectivity Investment in Vietnam's transport infrastructure is still primarily for roads, rather than large transport modes and competitive prices such as inland waterways and railways This limits the choice of transport modes and creates many bottlenecks in the logistics service chain, increasing the logistics costs for businesses Most strategies and master plans on developing logistics services of the Vietnam government stop at a strategic level, long-term vision Some laws and regulations are not clear and comprehensive Vietnamese businesses still face many difficulties in finding system solutions This is because of the high cost and distrust of Vietnamese solution providers, financially efficient consideration, no experience, lack of capital and specialized workforce Moreover, the implementation of ITS in Vietnam still faces many shortcomings like lack of asynchronous, coordination and connectivity Despite the huge young workforce and increasing training colleges and universities, high-quality human resource in Vietnam logistics industry is insufficient Labor for the current logistics service industry only meets about 40% of demand in Vietnam Most logistics enterprises in Vietnam are domestic enterprises (88%), 10% are joint-venture enterprises and only 2% are 100% foreign-owned enterprises Most domestic logistics enterprises have a small scale and only able to provide 2PL services, while 3PL service mainly provided by foreign enterprises or foreign-invested enterprises The consultation of top logistics countries is one beneficial way for Vietnam to identify adequate actions for Vietnam logistics enhancement A huge amount of money is invested in transportation construction and infrastructure enhancement 61 annually in those countries This annual increasing expenditure contributed to the upgrade the infrastructure score, resulting into higher LPI score in the U.S The institutional frameworks to support the logistics industry and promoted its structural reforms are remarkable, such as the 10-year National Logistics Master Plan based on the Framework Act of Korea, the Logistics Enhancement and Application Program (LEAP) of Singapore Thirdly, IT applications like Intelligent Transport System (ITS) have been invested efficiently ahead of time, boosting the efficiency of transport as well as logistics Finally, the human resource in those nations has highly specialized qualification thanks to a system of vocational training, in addition to college and university graduates This is a dual system in vocational training, which combines the benefits of off-classroom-based and on-the-job training This thesis provides some recommendations for both Vietnam logistics providers and the Vietnam government With the global logistics trends and the orientation in the Action Plan of the Vietnam government through Decision 200/QĐTTg, it is highly recommended that enterprises should improve their capability by collaboration, proactively apply digitalization and efficient technologies, increase staff training and integrate green logistics On the government side, transport infrastructure needs to be enhanced quality, balance, and connectivity To enhance transportation infrastructure quality, there should be increasing massive investments of both private and government into transport infrastructure annually through long-term plans like the U.S To gain balance, the investment managed by the government should be distributed properly for the development of different modes of transportation To enhance connectivity, there should be investment in transport infrastructure according to an overall long-term plan, which enables different modes of transport to interact and support each other effectively In terms of solutions for institutional frameworks, the Road Traffic Law of 2008 should be added to limit the liability of road transport service providers to ensure fairness Besides, policy about customs agents should clarify the role of custom agents to effectively exploit this object The inspection and supervision of the implementation of regulations should be carried out by an independent body like the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) in Singapore that has the right to prevent corruption and fraud in enforcing government decisions The standardization of logistics equipment and calculation of logistics cost should be 62 encouraged like the Framework Act of Korea The Act allows for the preferential treatment of companies adopting standardized equipment, for example by giving financial support or discounted service rates at public logistics facilities In terms of promoting companies applying technology, the government needs to guide logistics companies to understand the benefits of updating new technology applications in operation There should also be incentives or supporting for companies in the initial stage of applying as well as during usage process The government should also support capital or initial working conditions for start-ups on logistics electronic platform solutions and start-ups on related technology applications Implementing the ITS to keep road traffic running safely and smoothly like Japan is a productive solution for Vietnam About human resource training, a dual system in vocational training like Germany and Singapore is a recommendation for Vietnam education, which combines the benefits of off classroom-based and on-the-job training Moreover, the Vietnam government should promote logistics postgraduate program to have leading logistics experts due to a shortage of postgraduate training in logistics The government also needs to institutionalize environmental protection regulations for logistics activities, propagate green logistics more and support logistics enterprises to develop towards green logistics This thesis is the first research topic analyzing the logistics development of the top logistics countries in main factors affecting the logistics development of a nation: Transport infrastructure, institutional frameworks, technology advancements, and human resource training Besides, the logistics condition in Vietnam is analyzed according to the latest data The solutions have been given reasonably according to the global logistics trend and the logistics development orientation of the Vietnam government combined with applying the experience of the top logistics countries analyzed in the above aspects 63 LIMITATION AND FURTHER RESEARCH RECOMMENDATION This thesis has some limitations on the topic as access to documents and research time are limited Firstly, the quantitative research method is not included Secondly, research level has not analyzed deeply into every aspect of logistics Thirdly, the specific analysis in some typical logistics enterprises in Vietnam has not yet been implemented In order to overcome these limitations, the author recommends next researches should apply the quantitative research methods and research more specifically on each aspect of logistics such as on customs, logistics centers, and warehousing Researching about the operation of typical logistics enterprises in Vietnam should also be updated As e-commerce has revolutionized business and has a vital role in today's business, further research should also focus more on e-logistics REFERENCES A English Abrahamsson, M & Sandberg, E (2011), Logistics capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage, International Journal of 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