+ Qua lao dong ehe tao va sijr dung cong cu lao dong, ban tay con ngufdi kheo leo dan.. da biet each chuTa nhieu loai benh khae nhau.. - Do dieu kien tU nhien : Cau ndi giao luu giuTa [r]
(1)CHWNG I xA H6I NGUY£:N THUY Cau
Phan tich va neu ro npi dung (thdi gian, cong cu lao dpng vd ddi song, to
chOc xa hpi) c d c giai dogn hinti thdnh, phot trien vd tan c u a xd hpi nguyenthuy
DAPAN
1 Thcfi ki hinh
a) Thdi gian : Thdi ki hinh ciia che dO xa h^i nguyen thuy tMng lifng vdfi thdi da cu (each day 40 000 nSm trd ve trifdfc den 3,5 tri$u nSm)
b) To chuTc xa hoi: Bay ngUdi nguyen thuy
Ngirdi thiforng c6 da c6 quan he hop quan goi la b^y ngif&i nguygn thuy, s6'ng theo quan h§ ruot thit gom til den gia dinh, c6 ngiiiii Mng diu
c) Cong cu lao dong va ddi song:
diiac ghh mot mat tho so Do la nhCfng chiec riu van n&ng Biet dung
lijfa vk lay lijfa
Song hang dong D&i song ho^n to^n phu thu6c vao s&n duoi v^ hdi lifom Do la cuoc song til nhien bap benh, keo dki trien mien may trieu nam
2 Thcfi ki phat trien
a) Thdi gian : Thdi ki phat trien cua che d6 cong xa nguyen thuy tuang ufng v(Ji cuoi thdi da cu, hau ki do da giQa wk do da mdri (each day 10 000 nam den 40 000 nam ve tri/dc)
b) To chvlc xa h^i: Thi tQC, bo lac
Tif ngudi tinh khon xua't hi§n, dan s6' d6ng len Moi nhom ngUdi c6 tr§n
(2)6 Chaang I. XA HQI N G U Y E N THUY Vdi ch§' d6 cong xa thi tQC mau/h§, thi toe c6 sU phan cong, hdp tAc lao dong Cac vien hLfdrng thu bang nhau, cao hofn nufa la sir cong dong
Bo lac la tap hop mOt s6' thi tQC c6 ho h^ng vdi GiCfa cac thi tpc trong mpt hg lac c6 quan h$ gan bo giup d3
c) Cong cu lao d^ng va ddi song :
- Cung ten : Mot tifu Idn Vdi cung t§n, ngifdi ta chuyen tii s&n dudi sang san hAn, c6 hif u qua va an toan cao
- Riu, dao, nao, due : Dd difOc ghe deo hinh dang gon va chinh xdc, thich hop vdi titog cong vi^c, dUOc mai nhan d ria lifSi hay toan than, duac khoan lo hay c6 nac de tra cAn
- Lirdi danh ca b^ng v6 cay - Do go'm
Nhd C O cong cu lao d6ng t6't hcfn, thuTc an tang l§n ddng ke, nha't la thufc
an dong vat NgiTdi ta c6 the rdi hang dong CLT trii ngoai trcri nhieu ban
Tii san ban hai luam da tien tdti trot va chan nuoi Con ngifcri da bat
dau biet khai thac thien nhien, song c6 van hod (c6 "quan do" bang da thii, vong deo co bang v6 6c, dng sdo bang xaong, dan hkng dd, )
3 Thori ki tan :
a) Thdi gian : Thofi ki tan ciia che cong xa nguy§n thuy tiTcfng iJng v<Ji thdi dai kim (each day 000 nam den 500 nam)
b) Cong cu lao dgng : Cong cu lao dong bkng kim loai
Thoat tien la dong (5 500 nam each nay) roi sau la dong thau Khoang 000 nam each nay, ngifdi TSy A va Nam chau Au biet suf dung sat Vdti cong cu lao dpng bling kim loai nang suat lao dpng tang len vurgt bac Ngifdi ta c6 the cay sau cudc bam, xe go dong thuyen di bien, xe da xay difng
Day thifc sif la mgt cuoc cdch mang san xua't. Con ngifdi c6 the
lam mot lifong san ph^m thifa thifdng xuyen c) SI/ tan ciia che d0 c6ng xa nguySn thuy :
- Tu hOu xuat hien : Xa hoi luc da c6 nhOfng chufc phSn khac Mot so ngifdi Igri dung chufc phan de chiem mpt phdn san pham thifa Ho c6 nhieu ciia cai hon ngudi khac Tif hGu bat dau xua't hi§n
7 - Giai cap xuat hien :
Khi tuf hOfu xua't hien, gia dinh cung thay doi theo Do la gia dinh phu he Kha nang lao dong cua cac gia dinh cang thuc day sif phan biet giau ngheo Ke giau ngudi ngheo, ngifdi c6 quyen, ke bi le thuoc xuat hien nhy cai bong ciia che dp tif hifu The la xa hoi chia giai cap
Che cong xa nguyen thuy tan vd Con ngifdi dang dufng trudc ngudng ciifa ciia thdi dai xa hoi c6 giai cap dau tien - thdi Co dai
(De thi chinh thutc nam 2000) Cau
Ve so ve thdi gion va moo phot trien tQ loai vaon cd den ngUdi tinh khon IVIieu ta hinhi dgng, cong cu son xua't, ddi song kinhi te va mdi quan h$ xa hoi cua ngudi tinh khon thdi xd hpi nguy§n thuy,
DAP AN
a) Ve so ve thdi gian va cac moc phat trien tCf vuan co den ngi/di tinh khon :
Vuan CO Ngifdi thacing co Ngi/di tinh khon
H \ )( >
6 trieu nam trieu nam 4 van nam Ngay b) Mieu ta hinh dang, cong cu san xuat, ddi song kinh te va to chiic xa hoi ciia ngudi tinh khon :
- Hinh dang :
+ Co cau tao co the nhif ngifdi : Tran cao, mat phang, xifong cot nho, ban tay nho, linh boat, hop so va the tich nao phat trien
+ Ldp long mong khong con, xua't hien mau da khac theo thdi tiet va dac diem ncfi cif trii Cac chiing toe Idn ddi
- Cong cu san xuat :
+ Biet ghe, mai hai ria ciia mot mat da cho gon han, sac canh hcfn, dung lam riu, dao, nao Biet tao cung ten va cac loai vu tho so tif xifOng thu Biet dan lifdi danh ca bang spi v6 cay, lam chi lifdi bang da't nung, lam do gdm de difng, dun, na'u
(3)8 Chiiang I. X A H O I N G U Y E N T H U Y
- D d i s o n g k i n h t e : • + C h u y e n tijf k i n h t e h a i liJcfm, s a n hAn s a n g c h a n n u o i v a t r o n g t r o t
N e n k i n h t e n o n g n g h i e p so k h a i d a n d a n x u a t h i e n
+ B i e t k h a i t h a c t r o n g t h i e n n h i e n c a i ckn t h i e t cho cuoc s o n g ciia m i n h , l a m sach nhOfng t a m d a t h u de che t h a n , l a m t r a n g sijfc
- T o chuTc x a h o i :
+ G i a d i n h b a t d a u x u a t h i e n , h i n h t h a n h n h o m , m o i n h o m c6 k h o a n g 15 g i a d i n h , g o m - t h e h e g i a t r e c6 c h u n g d o n g m a u duoc g o i l a t h i t g c
+ N h i e u t h i t o e q u a n c\i t r o n g m o t k h u vifc dqoc g o i l a bo l a c , dufng d a u bo l a c l a cac g i a l a n g h a y t i j t r i J d n g , giufa cac t h i t p c t r o n g m o t bp l a c t h q d n g
CO q u a n h e g d n bo v d i n h a u , g i u p d n h a u
(Be thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Tien Clang) Cau
So sdnh hai gici dogn phat trien cua xd hpi thi tpc thdi nguyen thuy
DAP AN
So sdnh Thi tpc m l u h# Thi tpc phy h#
T h d i g i a n k i t h u a t
- 0 0 n a m trUdc C o n g n g u y e n : ngiTdi t i n h k h o n H a u k i d a cQ - d a m d i
- 0 n a m trUdc C o n g n g u y e n ^ : ngifdi t i n h k h o n D o n g - s a t ( k i m k h i ) C o n g cu
lao d o n g
- D a o , n a o b a n g d a , r i u d a d a m a i sac suf d u n g c6 h i e u q u a - P h a t m i n h c u n g t e n => each m a n g k i t h u a t
- R i u , d a o , h e m , h a i b a n g k i m l o a i =:> n a n g sua't t a n g , ciia d u thCfa x u a t h i e n
Phqorng thufc k i e m
s o n g
- H a i luam, s a n b a t , t r o n g t r o t - C h a n n u o i - d a n h ca => v a i t r o ngLfcfi d a n b a dUtfc de cao
- T r o n g t r p t , chSn n u o i , t h u y l o i , l a m g o m , d e t , t r a o d o i => v a i t r o ngUdi d a n b a ducrc de eao
T o chufc x a h o i
- G i a d i n h - t h i toe
- Bo lac C o n c a i l a y t h e o h o m e
- G i a d i n h - t h i toe
- Bo lac C o n c a i l a y t h e o h o c h a S i n h b o a t - l e u (nha), m a c q u a n ao, deo
do t r a n g sure, c6 n h a c cu
- n h a - cuf t r u o n d i n h , m a c q u a n ao, deo t r a n g sure, c6 n h a e eu
' TCf nav trudc C O H L ' nuuven duac viet In T C N
9
Q u a n h e k i n h t e
- C l i n g l a m , c i j n g h J d n g , t i n h c o n g d o n g cao n h a t => n g u y e n t a c c o n g b a n g ciia x a h o i n g u y e n t h u y
- C i i a d u thiTa x u a t h i e n d a n d e n x u a t h i e n che t U hHu
Q u a n h e x a h o i
- M o i c u a e a i l a ciia c h u n g , m o i t h a n h v i e n d e u b i n h d t n g n h i f n h a u
- X a h p i xua't h i e n ngufdi g i a u , ngifcfi n g h e o => g i a i c a p x u a t h i e n X a h p i n g u y e n t h u y r a n nuft v a t a n r a
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Ld Khiet) Cau
Lgp sd the hi^n si; tien trien cue xa hoi nguyen thuy,
DAP AN
Da cu sd ki
(4 trieu ndm) (40 000 nam) Da cu hau ki (10 000 n i m ) Da mdi (5 500 nam) Kim
- R i u t a y t h o sot - S a n b a t , h a i lucfm
- d t r o n g h a n g
- D a o , n a o , l a o - c u n g t e n - H a i lifcsm, s a n b a n - n h a l e u - c6 q u a n ao, t r a n g sufc
- R i u , dao, l i e m h a i - L a m g o m v a det t h u cong - C h a n n u o i , t r a o d o i , t r o n g t r o t
- N g i f d i thifcfng co - B a y n g i f d i n g u y e n t h u y
- N g a d i t i n h k h o n - T h i t o e - bO l a c
- C l i n g l a o d o n g , h i f d n g t h u B i n h d a n g v a k i n h t r o n g ngifcfi g i a
- G i a d i n h p h u h e -T i r hufu
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Ly TU Trong) Cau
Qua nhCfng l<ien thOc lich sCf dd hpc :
a) Em hdy cho blet nhCng td chCfc xd hO'i cua xd hOI nguyen thuy Quan he trong xd hpi nguyen thuy Vi c6 quan h$ ?
b) SU xudt hi^n cong cu lao dOng kim loqi dd c6 y nghla nhU the ndo ? c) Do ddu md c6 sU xudt hl^n tU hQu ? TU hOu xudt hi^n dd ddn den sU thay
(4)10 Chuang I.XA HOI NGUYEN THUY 11
DAP AN
a) Nhifng to chttc xa hoi cua xa hoi nguyen thuy : - Bay ngufcfi nguyen thuy :
Day la to chuTc xa hoi dau tien ciia loai ngUdi Ho song quay quan theo quan he ruot t h i t v6i nhau, gom - gia dinh Do bay gicr chtfa c6 nhCifng quy dinh xa hoi nen ngifcfi ta goi la nhOng hop quan xa hoi
- To chufc t h i toe :
La to chufc tren dLfd'i 15 gia dinh gom - the he gia tre eo chung dong
mau, ducfc goi la t h i toe nhufng ngirdi "cCing ho" DuTng dau la tpc trucfng - To ehuTe bo lac :
Bo lac la mot to chufc Idn hcfn, bao gom mot so t h i toe song canh nhau,
CO ho hang vdi va cimg mot nguon goc to tien Dufng dau la tu tri/omg
- Quan he xa hoi nguyen thuy :
La hop tac lao dong, hufdng thu b^ng su' eong dong : moi ciia cai, moi sinh boat dufgc coi la chung
- V i CO quan he ?
* Do yeu cau ciia cong viec va t r i n h lao dong
* Tii lieu san xuat la ruong, ao, ho, rCrng chua c6 dieu kien khai thae, nang suat thap, thufc an ehufa nhieu,
Do dieu kien t i i nhien va cuoc song kho khan, ho phai l a m chung, a n chung, tham chi a ehung
b) SI/ xuat hien cong cu lao dong kirn loai da c6 y nghia :
- TCr 500 nam den khoang 000 nam each nay, ngifcfi ta da biet dung dong thau de due vu k h i , cong cu lao dong
- Khoang 000 nam trade day, dan Tay A va Nam chau A u da biet due va dung sSt
- Cong cu k i m k h i da mof thcfi dai mdi ma tac dung va nang suat lao dong vufgrt xa thdi dai da N h a t la sit giup ngudi khai pha, cay sau, cuoc bSm, xe go dong thuyen, xe da Day la cuoc each mang san xuat, ngifofi ta CO the l a m r a mot lugng san pham thiTa de nuoi song m i n h No da dem iai bien d6i Idn san xuat va ddi song ciia ngUdi nguygn thuy
c) Su xuat hien tU hHu :
M o t so ngufori Igi dung chiiTc phan (toe trUorng, tu trudng, chi huy dan binh, phu trach le nghi) chie'm mot phan san pham xa hoi k h i chi eho cac
cong viec chung va hufdng mot khau phan nhieu hon ngUcJi khac : tU hCTu xuat hien, quan he cong dong hi pha vd
- T L T huTu xuat hien da dSn den sU thay doi xa hoi :
* Do cong viec nang nhoc nhtf cay hiia, lam thuy l o i , dan binh, t i m thiJc an ngon vat la of xa, ngufdi dan ong eo vai tro tru cot gia dinh Gia dinh phu he xuat hien thay the cho gia dinh binh dang thcfi nguyen thuy
* Kha nang lao dong eiia cac gia dinh cung thiic day them sU phan biet giau ngheo
* Nhijfng ngirori eo chufc phan chiem doat mot phan san pham xa hoi lam cua rieng
NhU vay, xa hoi da phan chia ke giau ngUdi ngheo, ke c6 quyen life va nguori hi le thuoc Xa hoi phan chia giai cap Nhufng ngu:cfi c6 dia vi k i n h te, chinh t r i to chufc bo may nha nUde de bao ve quyen Igi eiia minh , xa hoi nguyen thuy tan
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng Trung hoc Chuyen ban Thi xS Cao Lanh) Cau
Lgp bang so sdnh, phan tich sa khac ve : Nien dgi, thdi dgi khao c d , kT thugt che t a c va logi hinh cong c u lao dpng, phUdng thC/c kiem song, ddi song vgt chdt vd guan he xd hoi g\Qa hai thdi ki b a y ngLfdi nguyen thuy vd cong xd thj tgc
DAP AN
Bay ngUcJi nguyen thuy Cong xa thj tpc 1)
Nien dai
- Cach day khoang tii trieu nam den van nam
- Cach day khoang tii van nam den 000 nam
2)
Thdi k i da cu
- T i i thdi scf k i da cu den het thdi trung k i da cu
- T d thdi hau k i da eii den het thdi da mdi
3)
K i thuat che tac va loai
hinh cong cu lao dong
- Ngudi thugng cd bat dau biet che cong eu goi la da cu (tho kech), thay r i u tay "van nang"
(5)12 Chaong I XA HOI N G U Y E N THUY - Cdch ng^y tif van nSm den 000 nSm : Vdi k i thuat mai, khoan, cifa (dd), ngucri biet che tao nhieu loai cong cu thich hop cho tCrng cong viec, h i n h dang gon, dep, chinh xac va biet Ikm do gom, dan l\Xdi (danh ca)
4)
PhUorng thufc kiem song
- S&n hit, h d i lucfm TU s&n ban, h a i luom, ddnh ca, tien tdi biet trot va chSn nu6i
5)
Dori so'ng vat chat
- C6n dua v^o tu nliien, ddi so'ng bap benh, thap kem
- NgU&i tliuTcfng CO song cf hang dong, mai da, - Biet giO liifa va tao liifa
- Con ngUori biet khai thdc thien nhi§n phuc vu cuoc s6'ng :
+ Chii d6ng t i m k i e m thuTc an + Chuyen tii k i n h te hAi lufcfm sang san xua't
- Ngucfi t i n h khon biet cir t r u "nha cijfa", c6 nhu cau che t h a n cho a m v ^ cho "c6 van hoa", biet dung trang siJc
6)
Quan he xa hoi
Co quan he hop quan xa hoi : Co ngirdi dilng dau, c6 phan cong viec giCIa nam va nU, cung chSm soc tre em
- Xuat hien t h i toe, bo lac - Hop tac lao dong
- Cung lam, cung hudng nhiT - Mang t i n h cong dong
- Khong c6 tir hQu va hoc lot
(Be thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Ben Tre)
Cau
Co may quan diem ve nguon goc loai ngudi ? Daa vao nhJng thdnh ti/u khoa hoc da dUdc hoc hoqc doc them, hdy trinh bay quan diem cua em ve van de
DAP AN
- Co hai quan diem ve nguon go'c loai ngi^di :
+ Quan dig'm tam, ton giao (do thifong de, t h a n thdnh tao ra) + Quan diem vat khoa hoc (do mot dong vat cao cd'p - giong vUcfn cd bien hoa thanh)
13 - Thanh tiTu khoa hoc chufng minh :
+ Khoa hoc da t i m dufoc hkng chu'ng noi len sir phat trien lau dai ciia sinh gidi : Dong vat cap thap len dong vat cap cao D i n h cao ciia qua trinh nay la sir chuyen bien tiT vUOn t h a n h ngudi
+ CJ chfing dau ciia qua t r i n h phat trien, xuat hien loai viTOn c6, c6 the duTng va di bang hai chan Xirong hoa thach duac t i m thay or Dong Phi - Tay A - Trung Quo'c va Viet N a m
+ Cdch khoang trieu nam viTcfn cd chuyen bien ngudi thirong cd (neu mot so d&c diem cua ngUdi thiTcfng cd) D i cot t i m thay of Dong Phi, Gia-va (In-do-ne-xi-a), Bac K i n h (Trung Qudc)
+ Qua lao dong, che tao cong cu va suf dung cong cu, ngiTdi tiTng
hudc t\i cai bien, hoan thien minh
- Quan diem vat khoa hoc la dung dan
(De thi de nghi cua Trt/dng THPT Nguyen Du)
Cau
a) Neu di§n bien hai bade nhdy vot qua trinh tl§'n hod tO vao'n ngadi hi0n dpi,
b) "Con ngadi ta cai bien minh, hodn thi$n minh tang bade nhd lao dpng" (sdch gido khoa Ljch sCf Idp 10, trang 4)
- Hdy gidi thich y kien tren
- Khi lao dpng chdn toy gidm di dang ke, ngadi se ta cdi bien minh bdng each ndo de gia dadc chdn toy vd hinh ddng dep de ?
DAPAN
a) DiSn bien hai bade nhay vot qua trinh tien hoa tCf vMn ngadi:
- BiXdc nhay vot thuf nhat : VUdn ngudi thifong cd :
+ Viron cd song each khoang trieu nam d Dong Phi, Tay A , Trung Qud^c va a Viet N a m
+ C6 the di dufng bang hai chan, dung tay de cam nam, Sn thiTc vat va dpng vat nhd
Cach day trieu nSm viTcfn cd bien ngiTcfi thifong cd
Ngirdi thirpng cd di diJng bang hai chan, doi tay duorc tiT de suf dung cong cu Nao da xuat hien trung t a m phat tieng noi, d i cot t i m thay d
In-do-ne-xi-a, Dong Phi, B^c Kinh +
(6)-I-14 Chifang I XA HOI N G U Y E N T H U Y
- Bade nhay vot thur h a i : Ngtrcfi thugng c6 t h a n h ngudi t i n h k h o n : + Khoang v a n nSm each nay, ngudi t i n h k h o n xuat hien goi la ngufdi hien d a i
+ Ngirdi t i n h khon c6 cau tao ccr the n h u ngifcri hien dai, xuat hien chung toe + D i cot ngudi t i n h k h o n t i m thay d khap eac chau lue t r e n the gidi
b) Giai thich y kien ''Con ngifdi tut cai hien minh, hoan thien minh titng bifdc nhd lao dong":
+ Qua lao dong ehe tao va sijr dung cong cu lao dong, ban tay ngufdi kheo leo dan
+ Do lao dong, eo the ngu&i cung bien doi theo de c6 t u the thich hop + Do nhu eau lao dong, n h u cau trao ddi tie'ng n o i xuat hien va cang t h u a n thuc
N h d lao dong ngudi da ho^n t h i g n m i n h - Sir cai bien cua ngudi tuong l a i :
+ Lao dong chan tay giam d i , nhung sir t i e n hoa ciia loai ngudi h i e n khong hoan toan 1$ thuoc vao lao dong ma phan I d n le thuoc vao t r i n h dp van m i n h
+ Con ngirdi se c6 nhuTng phiTong phap t h i c h hop de giiir va l a m tang ve dep h i n h the cua m i n h :
Tap the due, the thao
* Tao r a m o i trirdng song t h i c h hop k h i m o i trUdng ben ngoai thay ddi bat l o i cho viec t r i h i n h dang dep
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Nguyen Du) Cau
Trinh b a y tinh c p n g d o n g c u a thi t o e , q u a d o n e u b a n chd't c u a x d h o i n g u y e n t)rty^y ? H d y n e u sU g i b n g n h a u v d l<hac n h c j c o b a n giCa x d h p ! n g u y e n t h u y v i x d h p i c p n g son v d n minh
DAP AN a) Tinh cong dong ciia thi tgc :
- Co sd tao n e n t i n h cong dong : H a i nguyen tSc vang la hop tac lao dong (hop sdc k i e m &n) va hudng t h u bfing (chia deu thdc an)
- T h i toe CO t i n h cong dong v i t h d i nguyen thuy cong cu qua tho so, nang suat lao dong thap nen ngirdi phai dua vao m d i t o n t a i diroc T i n h cong dong la nen tang eua t h i toe
15
Ban c h a t cua x a h o i n g u y e n t h u y : L a m o t x a h o i cong b a n g va b i n h dang, t i n h cong d o n g b i i t buoc ngiTdi p h a i diTa vao n h a u de t o n t a i
b) So sanh xa hoi nguyen thuy va xa hoi cong san van minh :
Npi dung so sanh
Xa hpi nguyen thuy
Xa hoi cpng san van minh
Ban chat B i n h dang, cong bang B i n h dang, cong bang Co sd v a t
chat xa h o i
Cong cu tho so N a n g sua't lao dong tha'p, c h i dii a n , k h o n g CO thira
Cong cu phat t r i e n va hoan t h i e n N a n g sua't lao dong cao, ciia cai v a t chat dii cho
t a t ca m o i ngiTdi
Y thdc T i n h cong dong b ^ t buoc T i i nguyen l a m theo nang luc hirdng theo nhu cau
(De thi dc nghi cua Tntdng THPT Mac Dinh Chi)
CHlfONG I I
X A H O I C O D A I
Cau
Trinh b a y nhQng t h d n h t i i u n d i b g t c u a n e n v d n h o d c d d p i p h U d n g D o n g ? C h o b i e t t h d n h t a u n d o c y n g h l a Idn nhd't d o i v d i v d n m i n h lodi n g i i d i ?
DAP AN
a) NhCfng ti/u ndi bat cua nen van hoa c6daiphiiOng Dong:
- Lich siV t h i e n v a n :
+ T h i e n v a n hoc va lich l a nganh khoa hoc r a d d i sdm nhat, xuat phat tCr nhu cau san xuat nong nghiep
+ Ngudi phirong Dong c6 dai da biet nghien eufu boat dong ciia M a t T r d i , M a t T r a n g va quan sat cac ngoi d i chuyen t r e n bau t r d i TiT n h d n g hieu biet t h i e n v a n hoc sO k h a i , ngiTdi ta t i n h chu k i t h d i gian va mua
(7)16 Chuang II XA HOI CO DAI 17
+ NgUori Ladng H a xay d a i t h i e n v a n tang, t i n h dMc n h a t thiTc, nguyet thiTc
- Chur viet va g h i chep :
+ ChOf viet xuat hien sdm nhat d A i Cap, each day 5000 nam den 6000 nam + Dang ehuf dau t i e n a A i Cap la chuf tUcrng h i n h CJ Lxidng H a eo ehiJ t i e t h i n h eua ngudi Su-me
+ Ve sau phat t r i e n t h a n h chijf tiTdng y - PhUcfng tien g h i chep :
+ NgUdi A i Cap viet t r e n giay pa-pi-rut
-I- NgLTcfi Lufdng H a viet chu" t r e n d a t set r o i nung kho
+ NgUori T r u n g Quo'e khae chiJ t r e n xuTctng t h u , m a i riia Ve sau viet t r e n the t r e (hoae true) va lua
- Toiin hoc :
+ NgLfdi A n Do da sang tao chO so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 9, ke ca so
+ NgUdi A i Cap r a t gioi ve h i n h hoe, t i n h duoc so' Pi - 3,16 va biet t i n h dien tich cac hinh, ,
-I- NgLfdi Lifong Ha gioi ve so hoc, biet l a m phep t i n h , phan so (2/3,
5/6, 3/6) va k h a i can bae 2, bac 3,
V6i nhOrng cong thuTe, d i n h l i ngiiori phuong Dong eo dai da c6 the l a m nhCTng bai toan phuTc tap Nhijfng hieu biet ve toan hoc eua hp da de l a i nhieu k i n h nghiem quy bau, chuan h i cho bifdc phat t r i e n cao hon d thdi k i sau
- K i e n true, dieu khSc :
Ngirdi phuong Dong c6 d a i eo nhieu cong t r i n h k i e n true, dieu khae tuyet vc/i, so , the hien su lao dong sang tao va t a i nang ciia ngudi
+ T h a n h t h i c6 Ha-rap-pa a A n Do
+ O Luflng H a c6 t h a n h t h i cd Ba-bi-lon, vudn treo Ba-bi-lon, tiiong dau bo v.v
+ d A i Cap C O K i m tu' thap, tuong N h a n sU - Y hoc :
+ NgUcfi A i Cap hieu ro ve cau tao ca the ngirdi (nhd iJdp xae ) + Ngudi Ludng H a , T r u n g Qude, A n Do, da biet each chuTa nhieu loai benh khae
h) Thanh tUu c6 y nghia Idn nhat dd'i v d i nen v a n m i n h loai ngi/di la chuf viet, v i day la m o t phat m i n h Idn, bieu hien v a n m i n h cua loai ngudi
(Oc thi I hinh Ihuc nJm 2U(>ii<
Cau 11
So v6i vdn hod c d dgi phaong Dong, van hod c d dpi Hi Lap vd R6-ma phdt trien nhiJ the ndo (ve mat lich, chQ viet, khoa hoc, van hoc, ngh$ thugt) ? Vi van hod c d dgi Hi Lap vd Ro-ma Igi phdt trien dUdc nha the ?
DAP AN
a) Van hoa cd dai Hi Lap va Ro-ma phat trien han trud'c :
- Ve lich :
+ Caeh t i n h lich c h i n h xac h o n va r a t gan v d i hieu biet Quan niem va ecf sd t i n h lich la DdOng lich (phuong Dong la A m lich)
+ Quan niem T r a i D a t n h u qua cau t r d n
-I- Ngufdi Rd-ma da t i n h diioe m o t n a m cd 365 va 1/4, nen ho dinh
mot t h a n g Ian lufot cd 30 va 31 ngay, r i e n g t h a n g h a i cd 28 ; cdn ngudi phUflng Dong t i n h m o t n a m chi cd 360 dem
+ Hieu biet ve lich eiia ngUdi H i Lap va Rd-ma la ccf sd de t i n h lich - Ve ehU viet :
+ Phuong Dong cd chU tugng h i n h H i L a p va Rd-ma da sang tao he thong chu cai Day la m o t phat m i n h va cong hien Idn lao ciia cU d a n D i a T r u n g H a i cho loai ngUdi
- Ve khoa hoc :
+ Phuong Dong chi m d i diing l a i d nhOng hieu biet khoa hoc, cdn cU dan Dia T r u n g H a i da biet k h d i quat t h a n h nhUng d i n h l i , d i n h de dat eo sd cho cac nganh khoa hoc
-I- Neu m o t so' d i n h luat va m o t sd nha khoa hoe tieu bieu
-I- Sd hoc : PhUotng Dong chi la sU g h i chep t a n m a n , thuan "bien
nien" Cac suf gia H i Lap va Rd-ma da biet t a p hop t a i lieu, phan t i c h va t r i n h bay ed he thd'ng l i c h sd mot nUdc hay mot C U Q C chien t r a n h
+ Neu t e n m o t sd n h a sd hoc va cac tac p h a m cua ho : He-rd-dd't, Ta-xit,
-I- Dia l i : N h a dia l i hoc Xtra-bdn cua H i L a p eo dai ed nhieu ddng gdp
noi tieng viec t i m hieu vung Dia Trung H a i va de l a i nhieu t a i lieu cd gia t r i
- Van hoe :
(8)18 Chaang II XA H p I CO DAI 19 + Neu nhOrng nha van noi tieng va nhufng tac pham ciia ho : Ho-me-ra,
Xo-phoc-lor, - Nghe thuat :
+ d phu-otng Dong cd nhufng cong t r i n h so nhu : V a n h' trUcfng thanh, K i m t u thap, a H i Lap va R6-ma de l a i nhieu tifcfng va den dai mang gia t r i hien thuc, nhan dao va tror nhOng kieu mSu cho ddi sau ; Tuong liic SI nem dia, than Ve nuT Mi-16 Cac cong t r i n h kien true cung dat tdi t r i n h tuyet m i n h i f : Den Pac-te-nong, dau triTdng Co-li-de,
b) V a n hoa cd dai H i Lap, R6-ma c6 the phat trien difcfc n h u the v i : - Thdi gian hinh : Ra ddi muon hon cac qudc gia cd dai phifong Dong (hang nghin nam) do da tiep thu ke thira nen van minh ciia cac quo'c gia cd dai phuorng Dong
- Do dieu kien tU nhien : Cau ndi giao luu giuTa cac vung, tiep xuc vdi bien da md cho ho mot chan trdi m d i
- Sq phat trien cao han ve mat k i n h te, chinh t r i xa hoi : Co sd k l thuat, dd sat, k i n h te cong thiTOng nghiep va hang hai ; vai t r d ciia tang Idp t r i thufc xa hoi
Ket luan : Cac dieu kien tren la co sd de cac dan toe H i Lap va Rd-ma sang tao nen van hoa cao hon thdi trqdc
(De thi chinh thClc nam 2002) Cau 12
Doc d o g n viet sou d a y vd chi nhQng chi tiet khong d u n g :
NhQng dieu ki^n hinh yo phdt trien c u a c d c q u d c gia c d d q i phUdng Dong :
1 Che dp cong xd thi tpc tan rd, thdi ki mdi bdt dau bang sa xudt hi$n ta hQu, Lau vac c d c ddng song Idn d chdu A - Phi Id ndi cd di§u ki^n thuqn Idi de
xd hpi c d giai c a p vd nhd nadc x.udt hi^n
3 Khodng 2000 ndm TCN c a ddn d lau vac ndy dd biet sCf dung cong cu
b d n g s d t i, c a ddn song gdn bd vdi bdi cong tdc thuy Idi
5 Ho so'ng chu y e u bdng nghd chdn nudi gia sue Idn
6 Ho xdy dang dadc nhOng kim ta thdp cd gid trj ngh# thugt cao chQa d a n g nhieu kTthudt kien true phac t a p
7 Ket c d u xd hpi taang Qng vdi nen kinh te ndng nghiep thdm canh,
DAP AN Chi tiet khong dung :
3 Khoang 2000 n a m T C N cU dan d liJu vqc da biet suf dung cong cu bang sat
5 Ho sd^ng chu yeu bang nghe chan nudi gia sue Idn
6 Ho xay dqng duoc nhiJfng K i m t q thap c6 gia t r i ngh§ thuat cao chila dung nhieu k i thuat kien true phdc tap
(Oe thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Phu Nhuan)
Cau 13
Hdy Idp b a n so sdnh nhQng d d c diem ve kinh te - xd hpi vd chinh trj c u a c d c q u d c gia c d d q i phQdng Ddng vdi c d c q u d c gia c d d q i Dia Trung Hdi
DAP AN Bang so sanh :
Dac diem
Cac qudc gia cd dai phi/dng Dong
Cac qudc gia cd dai Dja Trung H c i i
K i n h te'
Dieu kien t i i nhien thuan Iqi : d liiu vqc cac ddng song Idn, miia deu dan, k h i hau am ndng
K i n h te : Nong nghiep t h a m canh, t h u cong nghiep, chan nuoi
Nhor cd bien Dia Trung H a i nen sq giao thong giufa cac nufdc vdi thuan Iqi Phan Idn lanh thd la n u i va cao nguyen Dat canh tac i t , khong mau md -> k i n h te thu cong nghiep, thiiong nghiep phat trien
Xa hoi Phan chia t h a n h giai cap : - Quy tdc : Tang Idp cd dac quyen
- Nong dan cong xa : Tang Idp xa hoi can ban va la phan san xuat chu yeu
- No le : L a m viec hau cung dinh, den mieu, nha quy toe va nhufng cong viec nang nhoc nhat
Xa hpi CO giai cap :
- Chu no : Rat giau, cd the luc k i n h te, chinh t r i
- B i n h dan : D a n t q cd nghe nghiep, t a i san, t q sinh sdng b i n g lao dong ciia ban t h a n
(9)20 Chaang II XA H p I CO DAI 21
- Che' dp quan chu chuyen
che trung Ucfng tap quyen,
vua ty xUng la "Thien tuf" c6 quyen hanh tuyet doi ve chinh tri, quan siJ va ca ton giao
- Che dp dan chii : Chinh quyen thupc ve cac cong dan : Dai hoi cong dan bau va cijr cac co quan nha nudc, quyet dinh moi cong viec ciia nha nUdc (tinh chat dan chu rong rai)
- The che dua tren sir b6c lot no le : Chi la nen chuyen chinh ciia giai cap chu no
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Nguyen Du) Cau 14
Hc3y neu c a c d g c diem c u a c a c q u o c gia c d dgi phUdng Dong va c d c q u o c gia c d d q i Dia Trung Hai ve c a c m O t : ,
- Ldnh thd q u o c gia - The c l i e nha niJdc
Giai thich VI sac Iqi c nhOng d g c diem khac nhtj v g y ?
DAP AN
1 Dac diem cd ban ve lanh tho quoc gia
a) Pbirang Dong:
Lanh thd quoc gia la vung dat dai rong 16n (hfu vuc song Idn) phat trien thanh cac quo'c gia Idn
b) Dia Trung Hai:
Lanh tho quoc gia la vung dat dai nho hep phat trien th^nh cac bang
2 Giai thich :
- O phuong Dong dan ctf tap trung tai cac vijng dong bfing ven cac song Idn nhir song Nin, An, HSng, Hoang Ha, khong bi doi nui chia cSt
Do nhu cau thuy loi, nen can tap trung mot so dan rat dong, lien minh nhieu bo lac, vi vay d phuong Dong da xuat hien cac quoc gia c6 lanh tho rong Idn
- O vung Dia Trung Hai dat dai bi doi niii va cac eo bien chia cat
cac vung thung lung nho hep, dan ciT tiTng viJng song ngan each Dat
canh tac ft, kho cuTng, nong nghiep it phat trien
NgLfOc lai, thii cong va thifcfng nghiep phat trien cao nhd tai nguyen khoang san phong phu va giao thong dudng bien thuan loi Nghe luyen sSt cung la mot nghe thu cong
Kinh te cong - thuong khong can phai tap trung mot so' dan dong nhu a phiiong Dong (vi nhu cau thuy loi) Vi vay, d Dia Trung Hai da xuat hien cac thanh bang
3 Dac diem ve mat nha nifoTc :
a) Phuang Dong:
Che chuyen che cd dai DiJng dau bp may nha nifdc la vua va la vua chuyen che
b) Dia Trung Hai:
The che dan chii (dan chii chii no) Tat ca cac cong dan hop Dai hoi cong dan, bau va ciJf cac co quan nha nifdc, quyet dinh moi cong viec nha nUdc
4 Giai thich :
a) Phuang Dong:
Nen kinh te ndng nghiep la chu yeu Vi nhu cau thuy loi, phai huy dong mot so dong dan
Vua chuyen che vi thufdng la ngifdi co cong tap hop va tiTOng trutig cho su thong nhat dat niJdc
Vua giOf dac quyen ve chinh tri va ton giao
b) Dia Trung Hai:
Nen kinh te difa chii yeu tren thu cong va thiTOng nghiep Do sSt ddi khong chi cd tac dung canh tac ma md mot trinh ki thuat cao Thii cong nghiep phat trien cao va toan dien Ve thuong nghiep, md rong buon ban khu vUc va cdc ntfdc phuang Dong
Gidi chu no trd nen giau cd nhd san xuat, buon ban va bdc lot sdc lao dong cua no le Ho cd the luc ca ve kinh te iSn chinh tri Ho ru sach anh hudng v^ dia vi ciia tang Idp quy toe cu song gan vdi rupng dat
Uy the cua quy toe xuat than la bo lao ciia thi toe da b; danh bat Day la mdt qua trinh dau tranh gay go quyet liet mdi gianh difoc thang Ipi
Thang loi quyet dinh cua cupc dau tranh la sU hinh mot the che dan chii
(10)22 Chuang II. XA HQ I CO DAi
Cau 15
Giai thich t h a n h b a n g la gi ? Vi d Dia Trung Hai x u d t hi^n t h a n h b a n g ? Phdn t i c h t h e c h e c h i n h trj c u a t o chC/c t h a n h b a n g (A-ten) So sdnh t h e c h e c h i n h tri t h a n h b a n g (A-ten) v i c h e d p c h u y e n c h e co' d g i d p h U b n g D o n g
DAP AN
a) SU ddi cua to chtic bang a Dia Trung Hai:
- Do dat dai phan tan nho, khong c6 dieu kien tap trung dong dan c\i a nipt noi
- CiT dan song b l n g nghe thu cong va buon ban nen khong can tap trung dong due
Moi vung la giang son cua mot bo lac (mot nUdc) gom t h i va mot vung dat dai trot xung quanh Trong bang cU dan song tap trung d t h i Thanh t h i c6 pho' xa, lau dai, den thcf, san van dong, nha hat va quan hon ca la c6 ben cang Cho nen goi nU6c la bang
b) The che chinh tri ci/a bang (A-ten):
- M i t h a n h bang la mot nUdc rieng, c6 co quan hanh chinh rieng, quan dpi rieng, luat phap rieng, tap quan rieng
- DiJng dau bang la mot H p i dong dan bau, nhiem k i mot nam Chii no va binh dan c6 quyen cong dan, kieu dan va no le khong c6 quyen cong dan
- Day la the che dan chii t h d i cd dai (dudfi cac h i n h thUc dan chu chu no, cong hoa quy tpc) hoac h i n h thufc dai hpi nhan dan
- O Dia Trung H a i , bang c6 the che dan chii phat trien cao nhat la A-ten :
+ Hon van cong dan hop dai hpi cong dan, bau " H p i dong 500", cuf cac co quan quyet d i n h moi cong viec nha nUdc (300 000 no le va 15 000 kieu dan khong c6 quyen cong dan)
+ " H p i dong 500" c6 vai tro n h u "Qudc hpi", nhiem k i mot nam O day bau 10 vien chUe dieu hanh cong viec (nhu kieu mpt chinh phii) va cung c6 nhiem k i mot nSm Cac vien chUc c6 the t a i ciJf neu dupc bau
c) So sanh v6i che chuyen che c6 dai phucfng Dong :
Mac du van ban che la no le, kieu dan va phu nU khong c6 quyen cong dan, nhUng so vdi che dp chuyen che' cd dai d phuong Dong t h i nen dan chu chu no A-ten tien bp hon V i d phuong Dong mpi quyen lUc tap trung vao
23 nha vua Vua n i m t h d n q u y i n va phdp quy^n, t u quyet dinh mpi cong vi$c ciia nha nudc Con c^c bang or Dia Trung H a i (dac biet la A-ten) t h i chii no va b i n h dan la nhCfng cong dan thUc thu)
(Be thi de nghl cua Tri/dng THPT Ben Tre) Cau 16
Trinh b a y nhOng d g c trtfng ve kinh t^, xd hpi chinh trj c u a che d p c h i e m no Hi L a p , R d - m a Tinh c h d t d i e n hinh c u a xd hpi c h i e m n o t h e hipn nhU t h e n d o ?
DAP AN
a) Nhvfng dac trifng ciia che dg chii'm nd Hi Lap, Rd-ma :
(xem cau 13, muc cac qudc gia cd dai Dia Trung Hai)
b) Tinh chat dien hinh cua xa hgi chiem nd :
- So luong dong dao ciia no le xa hpi (A-ten cd 30 ngan cong dan nhUng CO den 300 ngan nd 1§)
- Vai tro lao ddng quan cua nd le cac nganh k i n h te nong nghiep, cdng thuong nghiep, mau dich hang hai
- Su hoc lot triet de lao dpng nd 1$ da t r d quan he bdc lot chii dao (De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Ly TU Trong) Cau 17
N e u d i e u kipn ta nhien v d nhOng t d c d p n g c u a nhQng didu kipn d d e n siJ hinh t h d n h v d p h d t trien c u a c d c q u c ' c gia c d d g i phiJdng E)dng v d Dja Trung Hdi
• >
DAP AN a) Dieu ki$n tU nhiSn :
- Luu vuc cac sdng Idn is chau A , chau Phi ( song N i n d A i Cap, Lu9ng Ha d I-r^c, sdng A n va song Hang d A n Dp, Hoang Ha va Duong TiJf d Trung Qudc, song Hong d Viet Nam, ), noi cd nhUng dieu k i ^ n tU nhien thuan Ipi la noi xa hdi cd giai cap va nha nUdc xua't hien
+ NhUng ntfi c6 nhieu da't canh tac, cd mUa deu dan theo mua, cd k h i hau am nong, (trU Trung Qudc, nhUng cung khdng lanh nhU nay), dan C U tap trung kha dong theo tUng bp lac tren cac them da't cao gan song
(11)24 Chitang II. X A H Q I C O D A I 25 n a m l a m cho ni/nrc song dang cao phii l e n cac chan ruong thap m o t l<Jp phu
sa m ^ u m d va l a m cho dat m e m , de l a m v d i ca nhuTng chiec cay luei b&ng g6, - Do dieu k i e n t\i n h i e n thuan l o i va phu hop cho viec phat t r i e n t r o t va chan nuoi n e n k i n h te chii yeu d k h u vifc la nong nghiep :
+ Cir dan t r e n liAi V L T C nhufng dong song I d n of chau A va chau P h i da
song chu yeu b&ng nong nghiep t h a m canh Cac cif dSn nong nghiep co l a m gom va d$t v a i dap ufng n h u cau h ^ n g cua m i n h Ho cung tien h a n h trao doi san p h a m giiJa vijng va viing khdc
+ N o n g dan k e t hgfp nuoi gia sue M t s6' dan song viing doi ven chan n u i chuyen chan nuoi nhCTng d a n gia sue Idfn
- K i n h te chii yeu la nong nghiep nen cM dan chiem da so of day 1^ nong dan + N o n g dan cong xa la t a n g Idp xa h o i cSn b a n va la t h a n h phan san xuat chii yeu Hp t i e n h a n h san xuat tr§n p h a n ruong dufpc giao va hop tdc vdi viec bao d a m thuy Ipfi va t h u hoach b k n g lao dong, ho tif nuoi song gia d i n h m i n h Tuy n h i e n , la t h a n h v i e n ciia xa h o i , hp p h a i dong gop dudi dang thue m o t p h a n san p h a m cua hp cho nha nirdc Hp c6n p h a i l a m mot so nghia vu khdc nhif d i lao dpng phuc vu cdc c6ng t r i n h xay diTng, di l i n h k h i co n h u cau,
+ Trong qua t r i n h p h a n hoa xa hpi, nhOfng ngUfyi diirng dau m o i cong xa, chiem r i e n g nhieu ciia cai v $ t chat tU cung co dia v i va quyen liTc cua minh, hop t h ^ n h m o t t a n g Idp dac bif t xa hpi - t i n g Idp quy tpc Hp co dac quyen, giuf cac chuTc vu t o n giao hoac cai quan bp mAy nha ntfdc dia phuang, chi huy quan sir, song giau sang b l n g bong l^c n h a ni/dc cap va chijfc vu ciia m i n h dem l a i
+ T a n g Idp t h t l ba la no Ip, hp la nhufng t u b i n h chien t r a n h hay nong dan nghfeo k h p n g t r a dUpc no, h i bie'n t h a n h no le Hp l a m viec hiu cho cung d i n h , den mieu va nha cua quy tpc Ngoai r a , hp phai l a m nhiJng vi§c n a n g nhpc n h a t nhif: L a m difotng, xay ditag cdc d i n dai, lang ta'm
b) Tie dong ciia nhOng diiu kifn tu nhien dd'i v6i si/ hinh va phat triin ciia cac quoc gia c6 dai Dia Trung Hai:
- N a m t r e n bd Bic D i a T r u n g H a i , H i L a p va R6-ma bao gom Mn dao
va nbieu dao nho, tao n e n sir giao thong thuan Ipi giiJa cac nUdc v d i
- K h i hau a'm, dong bang t h u n g lung nho, phan I d n l a n h t h d la n u i va cao nguyen D a t canh tac i t va khong mau md M m , chu yeu la dat ven doi kho va r d n p h a i can dd'n cong cu sat m d i k h a i tMc duac
- Da't dai cf day t h i c h hpp v i viec gieo t r o n g cac loai cay luu m e n , co
gia t r i cao n h u : Nho, 6-liu, cam, chanh, Cac nudfc vkn phai nhap liia
m i , lua mach ciia ngir5i A i Cap, Tay A
- Dieu k i p n t\i n h i e n khong t h u a n I p i cho viec phat t r i e n nong nghiep nhifng D i a T r u n g H a i co nhieu k h a nang de phdt t r i e n cac nganh t h u cong :
+ T h u cong nghiep ra't phat dat Bay gid san xua't thii cong nghiep da chia t h a n h nhieu n g a n h khac n h u : Luyen k i m , m i nghe, gom, go, da, n a u rUpu, dau 6-liu, Nhieu t h p gioi kheo tay da xua't h i p n Da c6 nhieu xudng t h u cong chuyen san xua't m o t m a t hang co cha't lupng cao Nhieu xUdng thii cong co quy mo k h a I d n
+ S u phat t r i e n ciia thii cong nghiep la san xua't hang hoa tang
nhanh, quan he thUdng m a i dupc m d rpng, no Ip t r d t h a n h m a t hang quan t r p n g bac n h a t Hoat dpng thuong m a i phat dat da thuc day vipc m d rpng
luu thong t i e n te
- Do nhu cau siJf dung nhan cong nhieu cac xudng san xua't va cac
tau buon n e n n6 le la lUc lUpng san xua't chinh :
+ No Ip chiem so dong, dUpc siif dung ta't ca cac l i n h vUc theo nhu cau ciia gidi chii no Hp khong co quyen, ke ca quyen dUpc coi la mot ngUcfi
+ Chii no true tiep hoc l o t no le, co nhieu the lUe k i n h te va c h i n h t r i + Bp p h a n l a i la ngudi b i n h d a n , c6 tai s i n va nghe nghiep nhung coi k h i n h lao dpng
(De thi de nghi ciia TrUdng THPT Binh Phu) Cau 18
Che dO chi^'m n6 la gi ? Cac giai cap che dO chiem no ? Nguyen nhan khung hoang cue che 6Q chiem no ?
DAP AN a) Ch^ dg chiem no :
- L a m o t che dp k i n h t§' - xa h p i t o n t a i va phat t r i e n dua chii yeu t r e n
lao dpng ciia no le, boe l o t no le
- M o t h i n h th<Jc p h a t t r i e n cao ciia n e n k i n h te t h d i co d a i va cung la h i n h thufc boe l o t dau t i e n , t h o bao nha't ciia xa h p i co giai cap
6) Cac giai cap xa hdi chiem nd :
(12)2 Chuang II XA H p I CO DA| 27
+ L a nhufng ngadi lao d o n g h o a n t o a n t h u o c q u y e n sd hufu cua c h t i H o k h o n g C O c h u t q u y e n n a o , k e ca q u y e n daac coi l a m ^ t ngifcfi H o duoc x e m l a m o t " c o n g cu b i e t n o i "
+ N o le diroc suf d u n g r o n g r a i t r o n g cac c o n g v i e c s a n x u a t v a p h u c vu cac y e u cau k h a c n h a u ciia d d i so'ng
+ So luofng n le r a t d o n g , n h i e u g a p chuc I a n c h u n o n h Q n g n g u d i b i n h d a n H o l a liic luTomg s a n x u a t c h u y e u n u o i s o n g x a h o i
- C h u n o :
+ L a cac c h u x t i d n g , c h i i 16, c h u t h u y e n , r a t g i a u c6
+ Co n h i e u no l e , l a n g u d i c h u sd hOu h o a n t o a n d o i v d i no l e , c6 t o a n q u y e n d o i v d i no le ciia m i n h
+ M t C O t h e life ca ve k i n h t e i S n c h i n h t r i - N g u d i b i n h d a n ( d a n tiT do) :
+ L a n h O n g ngudi c6 n g h e n g h i e p c h i i t i t t a i s a n de t\i s i n h s o n g b a n g lao d o n g ciia b a n t h a n m i n h
+ H o l a m d i i cac v i e c nha : S a n x u a t h a n g m l n g h e , l a m d i c h v u v ^ b u o n b a n n h o
+ So d o n g nhcrng ngiiori b i n h d a n t h i c h r o n g c h o i a n n h a n , s o n g n h d t r o cap x a h o i , k h i n h lao d o n g v i h o coi lao d o n g l a c o n g v i e c ciia n o l e
c) Nguyen nhan kbting hoang:
- N o le l a I L T C lugfng s a n x u a t c h u y e u ciia x a h o i , l a n h O n g n g i f d i bao
d a m sir s o n g , s\i t o n t a i v a p h a t t r i e n ciia x a h o i n h i t o g l a i b i k h i n h b i va l o a i trijf, do h p k h o n g ngCrng d a u t r a n h p h a n k h a n g che dp c h i e m n o
- H i n h thufc d a u t r a n h ciia no le :
+ D a u t r a n h v u t r a n g , d i e n h i n h l a cupc khofi n g h i a ciia Xpac-ta-cut (nSm 73 T C N ) or L t a - l i - a keo d a i t r o n g h a i n a m gay k i n h h o a n g , k h i e p so cho chu no
+ D a u t r a n h k i n h te ( t i f t h e k i H I ) : D a p p h a c o n g c u , p h d h o a i s a n x u a t , c h a y l i f d i t r o n v i e c , bo t r o n , d a n d e n s a n x u a t b i g i a m s u t , d i n h d o n va che c h i e m n o b i k h i i n g h o a n g , sup vao n a m
(De thi cle nghi cua Tnfdng THPT Tran Quoc Tuani
CHVONG in
T R U N G Q U O C PHONG K I E N Cau 19
Phong t r a o n o n g d a n Trung Q u o c dUcJi t h d i p h o n g kien :
a ) H a y n e u t o r n t d t c a c c u p c khdi nghTa c h i n h d a i c a c trieu d g i p h o n g kien Trung Q u o c
b) N e u khdi q u d t n h C n g d g c d i e m c h u n g c u a p h o n g t r a o n o n g d d n ke t r e n c ) N h g n xet c h u n g v e nhOng n g u y e n n h d n t h a t b g i v d y n g h i a lich sCf c u a
c d c p h o n g t r d o n o n g d d n
DAP AN
a) Tom tat cac cuoc khdi nghia nong dan qua cac thdi phong kiS'n :
+ K h d i n g h i a T r a n T h a n g ( T r a n T h i e p ) v a N g Q u a n g n a m 209 T C N
gop p h a n l a m cho n h a T a n suy y e u v a sup
+ K h d i n g h i a X i c h M y - L u c L a m t h d i V i i o n g M a n g cifdp n g o i n h a T a y
Han, vLfa c h o n g t r i e u d i n h T a y Han va c h o n g V u o n g M a n g
+ K h d i n g h i a H o a n g C a n ( K h a n V a n g ) : P h o n g t r a o n o n g d a n T r u o n g
Giac l a n h dao c h o n g t r i e u d i n h D o n g H a n t h u c d a y T r u n g Quoc c h i a r e v a suy y e u ( t h d i T a m quoc), t r i e u D o n g Han sup
+ K h d i n g h i a Hoang Sao txi n a m d e n n a m 884 c h o n g p h o n g k i e n
nha D i i d n g t h o i n a t P h o n g t r a o c6 q u y mo r a t I d n , n h a D i i d n g p h a i d d n h
dep khd khan, d a n d e n suy y e u v a sup
+ K h d i n g h i a C h u N g u y e n C h i i o n g ( p h o n g trao n o n g d a n H o n g C a n ) c h o n g p h o n g k i e n n h a N g u y e n K e t qua t i e u d i e t nha N g u y e n , l a p n h a M i n h
+ K h d i n g h i a L y TiT T h a n h l a m n h a M i n h sup v a o n a m 1644 N h U n g sau b i n g i i d i M a n C h a u d a n h d a n d e n s\i l a p n h a T h a n h ( t i l n a m 1644 d e n n a m 1911)
+ T h a i binh T h i e n quoc : L a p h o n g trao n o n g d a n I d n m a n h n h a t ,
Hong T u T o a n l a n h dao c h o n g p h o n g k i e n n h a T h a n h t h o i nat L a m c h i i 17 t r o n g 18 t i n h T r u n g n g u y e n T r u n g Quoc s u o t 15 n a m (1850 - 1864) N h a T h a n h p h a i cau k e t v d i cac nUdc de quoc p h t r o n g T a y danh dep
b) Khai quat nhOng dac diem chung cua phong trao nong dan Trung Quoc :
+ T r i e u d a i p h o n g k i e n n a o c u n g c6 k h d i n g h i a n o n g d a n
(13)28 Chuang III. TRUNG QUOC PHONG KIEN 29
+ N h i e m v u c h i n h ciia cac cuoc k h d i n g h i a l a c h o n g p h o n g k i e n ( d a u t r a n h g i a i cap) M p t v a i cuoc k h d i n g h I a c o n c h o n g n g o a i x a m (each m a n g d a n toe) n h u C h u N g u y e n C h u o m g c h o n g M o n g - N g u y e n , H o n g T u T o a n c h o n g de quoc phLTOng T a y
+ H a u h e t cac C U Q C k h d i n g h I a d e u h i d a n a p t h a t b a i ( n g o a i t r i ^ k h d i
n g h i a ciia C h u N g u y e n ChUcfng), n h i f t i g g6p p h a n t h u c d a y sir sup n h a n h c h o n g cdc t r i e u d a i p h o n g k i e n T r u n g Quoc
c) Nguyen nhan that bai va y nghia Ijch so" :
+ N o n g d a n k h o n g d a i d i e n cho m t life liTOng s a n x u a t m d i , t i e n b , k h o n g CO he ta tifdng r i e n g , k h o n g c6 k h a n&ng x a y diTng che dp m d i
+ B a n c h a t ciia g i a i cap n o n g d a n ( k h o n g t h o n g n h a t )
+ T u y k h o n g d a n h difac che dp p h o n g k i e n , cuoi c u n g b i d ^ n d p , t h a t b a i , n h u n g p h o n g t r a o n o n g d a n cho t h a y v a i t r o v a sure m a n h cua n o n g d a n ,
CO t h e l a m sup cdc t r i e u d a i p h o n g k i e n
(De thi de nghi ciia TrUdng THPT ChuySn Nguyin Du) Cau 20
H a y n e u c d c t h d n h ti^u v d n h o d , k h o a h o c kT t h u g t c u e Trung Q u o c t h d i p h o n g ki^'n C d c t h d n h t a u d o d d a n h h u d n g dd'i v d i t h e gidi n h a th§' n d o ?
DAP AN
a) Tren iTnh vi/c van h(fc:
- ChOr v i e t : B a n d a u l a cac l o a i cha difgrc g o i c h u n g l a chCr d a i t r i e n D e n
t h d i T a n c h i n h l i , c a i bi§'n t h d n h cha t i e u t r i § n
- T h o D i r d n g : L a d i n h cao cua n e n t h o ca T r u n g Quoc Cdc t d c g i a n d i t i e n g : L y B a c h , D o P h u , B a c h Cil D i
- T i e u t h u y e t : T i e u t h u y e t chirong h o i Cdc tdc p h a m : Thuy hii cua T h i N a i A m , Tam quoc dien nghia cua L a Q u a n T r u n g , Tdy du ki ciia N g o ThiTa A n
- Siif hoc : BO Sii ki ciia T i f M a T h i e n , d d t n e n m o n g cho n i n s d hoc T r u n g Quoc
b) Tren iTnh viic tif tudng:
Co n h i e u hoc t h u y e t t\i tiTdng r a d d i : N h o g i d o , D a o g i d o , M d c g i a , P h d p g i a N h u t i g N h o g i d o t r d t h a n h co sd l i l u a n v a tuf t i f d n g ciia che p h o n g k i e n T r u n g Quoc N g u d i s d n g l a p l a K h o n g T d , ve sau c6 M a n h Tijf, D o n g T r o n g T h u
c) Tren iTnh vi/c khoa hoc kT thuat:
- T h i e n v d n hoc : Tijr t h d i co d a i , ngUdi T r u n g Quo'c biet q u a n s a t t h i e n
v d n - 800 t i n h t u , ghi c h e p d i i n g h i e n tirgfng n h a t t h u c , n g u y e t t h u c , q u a n
sdt vi't den t r e n M d t T r d i , che tao d u n g cu bdng M d t T r d i t i n h l i c h ,
dong da't
- L i c h phdp : D o n h u cau s a n x u a t n o n g nghi§p, tCf t h d i T a n - H d n d a
phdt m i n h n o n g l i c h , d i i a theo sir v d n h a n h M d t T r d n g
- Y difOc hoc : K h d m b e n h , c h a m cdu, v i e t n h i e u bo s d c h chOa b e n h , gdn
l i e n v d i cdc d a n h y : H o a D a , L y T h d i T r a n , - D i e u k h ^ c , k i e n t r i i c :
N g h e t h u a t d i e u k h d c co ra't s d m v a ra't phong p h u , c h a m , k h d c t u o n g P h a t , cdc v i L a hdn t r e n n g a voi, gd,
K i e n t r u e phdt t r i e n riTc r d : C u n g d i f n, t h a n h q u d e h : V a n l i trUdng
t h a n h , C u n g A phong, Co' c u n g , Tuf c a m t h a n h ,
+ T r e n l i n h virc k h o a hoc k i t h u $ t cd bon p h d t m i n h q u a n t r o n g l a : - Thuo'c Sling
- L a b a n - L a m gia'y - N g h e i n
d) Anh bifdng doi vdi the gidi:
- A n h hifdng d e n cac niTdc dd cd V i e t N a m t r e n cdc l i n h vifc : Tii
tifdng, t r i e t hoc, v d n hoc, c h d vig't,
- N h d i i g t h a n h tiTu ve k i t h u a t a n h hufdng ca the gidi Thuo'c s u n g d u n g
che tao d a n dupe, l a b a n d u n g h a n g h a i , gia'y v a nghe i n suf d u n g cho vi§c d a y hoc v a l a phdcfng t i e n phdt t r i e n k h o a hoc
^ (De thi de nghi cua Tri/dng THPT Trung Phu)
Cau 21
So sdnh d i e m g i o n g n h o u v d k h d c n h o u giQa bO m d y n h d nddc p h o n g kien Trung Q u o ' c t h d i ki Ton - H d n v d Minh -.Thanh
(14)3 Chaang III T R U N G Q U O C P H O N G KIEN
DAP AN
So sanh va chiJng minh :
- Diem chung :
+ Bo may chinh quyen phong kien u^f> trung
+ Hoang de t\i xUng la dang toi cao, c6 quyen hanh tuy^t doi, dtjfng dau
bo may nha nifdc, c6 to chufc thong nhat ca nudc
- Diem khac : + Thdi Tan - Han :
* Dat cac churc thCra tirdng, thai uy (te tudng, tudng quoc) dufng dau c^c
quan vSn, v6 giiip hoang de tri nUdc
* Lanh tho dUcfc chia cdc chau, quan, huy?n Dat cAc chufc quan
thuf suf (chau), thai thu (quan), huyen lenh (huyen) * Quan lai difoc cijf tuyen, mot so duac the tap j
+ Thdi Minh - Thanh : * Bai b6 chufc ThCra tudtng Thai uy Ho^ng de trifc tiep cai tri f
* Dat luc bp quan li cac nganh, c6 quan thifOng thiT dufng dau, cdc tham
tri, thi lang phu giiip
* Lanh thd chia tinh, c6 quan tong doc hoac tuan vu (tuan phij)
diJng dau Tinh chia nhieu phii, huyen, chau
* Thay the dan che cuf tuyen bkng che dp thi cuf chon ngi/cfi lam quan + Da6i thdi cdc trieu Minh - Thanh, quyen liic duac tap trung cao han
* Bai bo cac chufc thifa tiTomg, thai uy c6 quyen hanh qua 16n, Ian at hoang
de, nhieu chuyen quyen (Tri^u Cao ddi Tan, Tao Thao dc(i Tarn Quoc) * Bai bo vi$c cuf tuyen va the tap de tri/ hoa be phai phan nghich * Dat luc bo, chia lanh tho nhieu tinh de tho'ng nhat vi$c quan li
* Dat che thi cuf de cdc tang Idp phong kien dUcfc tham gia bp may
cai tri
(De thi de nghj cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen NguySn Du)
Cau 22
Neu nhJng tiJu van hoa quan c u a nhan d a n Trung Quoc thdi phong kien Cho biet nhdn d d n ta d d tiep thu nen van hod Trung Quoc nha the ndo ?
31
DAP AN
a) Nhufng ti/u van hoa cua Trung Quoc thdi phong kien :
(xem cau 20, muc a, b, c)
b) Viet Nam tiep thu nen van hoa Trung Qud'c :
Vdi han 10 the ki Bac thupc, van hoa Trung Quoc da xam nhap vao nude ta tao anh hifong tren nhieu hnh vUc nhu : Tu tiJorng, triet hoc, chuf viet, van hoc, suf hoc, lich phap, nghe thuat, cac nghe thii cong, phong tuc tap quan, Tuy nhien, nhan dan ta da biet tiep thu c6 chon Ipc va liAi giuf nhiJfng cai dep cdi hay ciia van hoa Trung Quoc de gop phan lam phong phu them nen van hoa dan tpc Ta da biet bien cai hay ciia "ngudi" ciia minh
(£1^ thi de nghj cua TrUdng THPT Ben Tre)
CHlfONG IV
AN D VA D N G NAM A PHONG KIEN
Cau 23
a) Trinh b a y c d c giai dogn phdt trien c u a lich sCf An Dp ta nhd nadc co dpi ddi cho den bj thi^c d d n phadng Tdy xdm ladc
b) Hdy trinh b a y dnh hadng c u a vdn hod An Dp dd'i vdl c d c q u o c gia d Dong Nam A ?
DAP AN
a) Cac giai doan phat trii'n :
- Nhufng trang suf dau tien :
+ Khoang 2500 nam TCN, nhufng thi c6 xuat hi^n d Tay Bac An Dp + Khoang 1500 nam TCN, mot s6' thi khdc ddi or mien Dong B^c An D6
+ The ki VI TCN, dao Phat xuat hien f + Cuoi the ki HI TCN, vua A-x6-ka truyen ba dao Phat kh^p ca nifdc "''\
(15)32 Chiiang IV AN Dp VA DONG NAM A PHONG KIEN Day la giai doan phat tri§'n cua t h u cong nghiep, thifcfng nghiep bien v a cung Ik giai doan phat t r i e n m a n h ciia vSn hoa truyen thong A n Dp, dSc biet l a dao H i n - d u , v a n hoc cd v a chu" Phan
- A n D5 H o i giao v a A n Do M6-g6n :
+ Vuong qudc H o i giao De-li (the k i X I I - the k i X V I ) :
NgLfcfi T h d N h i K i theo dao H o i da x a m nhap m i e n Bfic A n Do tuf dau the k i X I , t h i e t lap viTOng trieu H o i giao De-li, gay mdu thuan dan toe v a t o n giao sau sSc v d i n h a n dan A n Dp
+ Virong qudc A n Do M6-g6n (the k i X V I - t h d k i X I X ) :
D i u the k i X V I , ngtfcfi Mong Cd t a n cong A n Do, thii tieu chinh quyen H d i giao, lap nen viTOng qudc A n Do M6-g6n, t h i hanh chinh sach hoa dong t o n giao Virong trieu nky k6o dai cho den k h i thiic dSn phifong Tay xam lifgc
b) Anh hwdng ciia van hoa An Dg doi vdi cac quoc gia d Dong Nam A :
Qua dudng buon b a n , v a n hoa A n Do toa rong a n h hifotng den c a c nifdc Dong N a m A
- Chui viet : Tit chOf Phan ciia ngLfcri A n Dp, cac dan tpc Dong N a m A s^ng tao r a chiJ viet rieng nhif chijf ChSm cd, chCf Khcf-me cd, chOr Lao, chijf viet cua T h a i L a n va Mi-£m-ma cung a n h hudng nhOfng net cong cua chOr Phan
- T o n giao : Dong N a m A tiep t h u ca dao Phat, dao H i n - d u v a dao H o i - K i e n true : Cac cong t r i n h k i e n true ve t o n giao d Dong N a m A deu chiu a n h hudng k i e n true A n Dp (Thap ChSm, Ang-co Ykt, Ang-co Thom, T h a t Ludng )
- V a n hoc : V a n hoc Phat giao A n Dp gdm cdc tich truyen, gan v d i siJ tich lich suf Phat giao co a n h hifdng sau sac den Dong N a m A Nhiftig difdi Idp ciia v a n hoa A n D6, m o i d a n tpc v i n co ban sac r i e n g ciia m i n h
(De thi chinh thilc nSm 2004) Cau24
Hay neu nhQng tau cua ndn v<3n hod An DQ C6 dgi va phong kien NhQng tiiu co anh hadng d niJ6c va ngoai nUdc nha the nao ?
DAP AN
1 N h i J n g n e t c h u n g :
A n Do CO m o t nen vSn hoa lau ddi, phong phu, da dang va day t i n h sdng tao
33
a) T6n giao va tri€'t hoc :
A n Dp l a que huong ciia nhieu t o n giao I d n : Dao Ba-la-mon, H i n - d u , phat
Ve t r i e t hoc, co h a i trtjfdng phai : C h i n h thdng (thiifa n h a n k i n h Ve-da)
va ta giao (khong thCra n h a n k i n h Ve-da)
b) Van tit va van hgc :
NgLfcfi A n Dp co chiJ viet ra't sdm :
- ChOr tupng h i n h viet t r e n nhCng da'u (chua doc difoc) - Cha Bra-nii xuat h i e n vao the k i V I I I T C N
- ChCf Phan hoan t h i e n vao the k i V T C N
- Tijr chu; Phan da h i n h t h a n h cac phUcfng ngiif va ngon ngiif khac n h u : H i n - d i , Ben-ga-li, M a - r a - t h i
v a n hoc A n Dp r a t phong phu v d i nhCfng bp k i n h , thor ca lich sii, t h a n thoai D i e n h i n h l a :
- Bp kinh Ve-da
- H a i bp sijf t h i Ma-ha-bha-ra-ta va Ra-ma-ya-na
Cling v d i thor va k i c h , n e n v a n hoc Hin-du n d i tieng vdri eac tac pham chinh luan :
- "Luan ve dao phdp" (Dac-ma-sa-to-ra) - "Luan ve chinh tri" (Drcf-tha-sa-to-ra) - "Ludn ve lac thu" (Ka-ma-sa-to-ra)
c) Kien triic : G a n l i e n v d i t o n giao co cae den h i n h thap n h o n nhieu tang, tupng tritog cho d i n h niii t h i e n g - noi nguT t r i ciia cac t h a n Cac thap h i n h n i i i difpc t r a n g t r i t i m i hkng cac phu dieu, tao nen m o t phong each ngh§ thuat k i e n true H i n - d u doc dao
d) Thien van : A n Dp l a m o t nhufng dan tpc biet l a m lich s6m nhat Lich A n Dp ed d a i : M o t t h a n g co 30 ngay, m o t n a m co 12 thang Cuf n a m
CO mot n a m nhuan Ngifdi A n Dp cd d a i ciJng giai thich dupfc n h a t thiic va
nguyet thuc
e) Toanhgc : A n Dp cd d a i biet diTpc luat ve canh va diTcfng huyen ciia tarn giac vuong goc, biet t i n h j t A n Dp cd d a i cung phat m i n h chO so va <l4c biet la so khong (0)
(16)34 Chuang IV AN Dp VA DONG NAM A PHONG KIEN 35
2 A n h hifcfng t r o n g nv(6c :
a) Dao Ba-la-mon va dao Hin-du :
Hau thuan cho viec phan biet d i n g cap xa hoi Su phan biet dang cap la mot che het sure bat cong va k i m hanj sU phat trien ciia xa hoi A n Dp
b) Nhieu ton giao, ngon ngvt va chCt viet:
Cac SU k i e n (eung v6i dieu kien ve dia hinh) da gay nhieu kho khan trong viec thong nhat dat nifcJc A n Do e6 mot lieh sijf luon bi gi&ng xe giOa phan t a n va thong nhat Cho den the k i V T C N A n Do vSn b i phan t a n t h a n h chuc nUdc nho TCr the k i V I T C N , dao Phat xuat hien, A n Dp tifng hudc dirpc thong nhat A-x6-ka da thong n h a t A n Dp lap de quoc co d a i va truyen ba dao Phat
K h i A-x6-ka qua dc/i, A n Dp l a i phan t a n n h u trirdrc
c) Nen van hoc Hin-du va ddi song xa hoi:
N e n v a n hoc Hin-du v6i cac giao l i , chinh luan va luat phdp c6 a n h hudng sau sac den d&i song xa hpi
- Luat phap Xu-tP-ra r a n day ngucfi song theo giao l i va phong tuc tap quan hipn t h d i
- Luat Ma-nu xac d i n h va ciing co che dp dang cap
- "Luan ve chinh t r i " cho rang dung h i n h phat la phifpng tien t o t n h a t de bao d a m t r a t t\i
3 A n h hv^dng d g n nifofc n g o a i :
a) Ve cha viet: Tii chG Phan ciia A n Dp, cac dan tpc Dong N a m A (trif V i f t N a m ) dan dan sang tao chuT viet rieng ciia m i n h n h a chQ ChSm co the k i I V , chif Khp-me co the k i V I I Ngiicfi Lao va cac nhom ngifdi Thai khac CO he thong chu" viet difpc xay difng t r e n co sd van dung cac net chu' cong cua Cam-pu-chia va Mi-an-ma •
b) Ve ton giao: Cac dan tpc Dong Nam A tiep thu ca A n giao Ian Phat giao c) Ve van hoc : V a n hoc dan toe cua hau het cac nifdc Dong N a m A deu mo phong hay lay tich tCr ede suf t h i , eac truyen than thoai A n Dp
d) Ve kien triic : K i e n true phan Idn ede nUdc Dong N a m A deu mo phong k i e n true Hin-du v^ k i e n true Phat giao K i e n true Hin-du v6i eac den hinh thap nhon nhieu tang K i e n true Phat giao vdi cac kieu h i n h thap Xtu-pa c6 m a i t r o n
e) Ve toan hoc: Ngufcfi A n Dp phat m i n h cac chG so ki ca so khong (0) r d i truyen ba cho ngucfi A- rSp, tCf Ian rpng toan the gidi
fee thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Le Hong Phong)
Cau
Hay so sanh sU giong va khac giufa hai trieu dgi : vUdng tridu Hoi giao De-li va vaong trieu An DO M6-g6n
DAP AN - Sii giong :
+ Ca h a i trieu d a i A n Dp H o i giao De-li v^ A n Dp M6-g6n deu de quoc ben ngoai x a m chiem v^ xay diTng nen
+ Ca h a i trieu d a i deu ap bufc va thong t r i nhan dSn A n Dp
+ Do mau thuan giai cap v^ dan tpc, ca hai trieu dai b i suy yeu vk sup - Sir khac :
-I- A n Dp H o i gido De-li :
* The k i X I I , ngudi Tho N h i K i theo dao H o i x a m ehiem mien B^c A n Dp t h a n h lap vifcrng trieu nhiJng ngudi H o i giao dijfng dau, d i n h d De-l i , gpi Ik vifong trieu H o i giao De-De-li (the k i X I I den the k i X V I )
* Ngi/6i Tho vao A n Dp mang theo dao H o i va truyen ba dao H o i * Thiic hien chinh sach k i t h i d a n tpc va t o n giao, hit n h a n d a n A n Dp phai theo dao H o i , cam doan nghiet nga dao Hin-du
* T h i h a n h chinh sach dp biJc boc l o t t a n bao nhuf : ehiem doat rupng dat cua nong dan, b6c Ipt thp t h u cong A n Dp
* Nong dan A n Dp dau t r a n h m a n h me chong l a i viTcfng quoc H o i giao De-H
+ A n Dp M6-g6n :
* The k i X V I , nga6i Mong Co t a n cong vao Bac A n , thii tieu chinh quyen H6i giao, lap v\iang trieu A n Dp ngUcri M o n g Co dufng dau, gpi la vuang trieu A n Dp M6-g6n
* NgLidi Mong Co vao A n Dp khong dp dat m o t t o n gido nao
(17)36 Chuang IV AN DO VA DONG NAM A PHONG KIEN
37
* ThUc h i e n c h i n h sach hoa hap dkn tQC, chii trirong ho^ dong vdi quy toe A n D
* K h o i phuc k i n h ite va phat t r i e n vSn hoa A n DQ, ciing c6 sir thong n h a t va tSng cifdng bo may nha midc trung qong tap quyen
* NhOrng CO gang khong thii tieu diroc mau thuan giai cap giOa t a n g 16p quy toe vdri nong dan h i m a t dat, h i hoc lot Sy k h i i n g hoang ehia re ben da tao dieu k i e n cho thue dan phqong Tay xam ehiem A n Do sau
iDe thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Ly Tu Trong)
Cau 26
Trinh b a y nhQng t^u van hoa tieu bieu c u a c d c qudc gia phong kien phLfdng Dong
DAPAN I
1 van h o c : Dat dqoc nhieu t h a n h tufu to 16n
- O A n Do : s\i t h i Ma-ha-bha-ra-ta, Ra-ma-ya-na; Ka-li-da-sa (cuo'i the k i thdr I V - niJfa dau the k i thiir V); kich Sa-kun-ta-la
- T r u n g Quoe :
+ Thcf Dudng so' luong Idn, phan anh sau sSc loi so'ng xa hpi luc bay gicf dat den d i n h eao ve nghe thuat : Ly Bach, Do Phii, Bach Cu D i
+ Tieu thuyet phat t r i e n m a n h : Thuy hil ciia T h i N a i A m , Tarn quoc dien nghia cua La Quan Trung, Tdy du ki ciia Ngo ThiTa An, bo Sit ki cua TU M a T h i e n khong chi la tde pha'm siir hoe noi tieng m^ cung la tdc p h a m eo giA t r i van hoc
- NgqcJi A-rap v d i Nghin le mot dem ^;
2 N g h ^ thu|it k i e n t r u e v a d i e u k h ^ c : Chiu nhieu a n h hudng ciia cac ton giao ciing cac the che chinh t r i
- T r u n g Quoc : V a n l i trUdng t h a n h dai gdn 000 k m • - CJ A n Do :
+ K i e n true chiu anh hudng ciia dao Hin-du : Den h i n h thdp nhon nhieu tang, tqong t r u n g cho d i n h n u i thieng, noi ngu t r i ciia cac t h a n
+ K i e n true H o i giao : M a i vom, ciifa v6m, eo thdp rpng, san rong, hoan toan khong c6 h i n h tUOng ngqcfi
+ Cong t r i n h n6'i t i e n g n h q thdp lang Ta-gia]VIa:li^^ j
+ N h a t Ban : Nhieu chiia difcfc xay ditog : K i m cac tU - chua c6 lau vang, Ngan cdc t u - chiia c6 lau bac
+ d Dong N a m A : Ang-eo V d t , Ang-co Thorn (Cam-pu-chia)
3 T h a n h ti^u ve k h o a h o c k i thu|lt :
- A n Do : Tde pham T h i e n v a n hoc eo nhat A n Do Xit-dan-ta (the k i V TCN), Todn hoc, phat m i n h so khong (0)
- T r u n g Quoc :
+ To Xung Chi, Truong H a n h la nhOfng nha khoa hoc noi tieng + L y T h d i T r a n vdi nhiJng cong t r i n h SQ ve y hoc
+ NhOrng phat m i n h IcJn : Nghe i n , che tao thuoc sung, suT dung la ban, lam giay
- Ngqdi A-rap : Co cong t r o n g viec dong vai tr6 t r u n g gian, giao \\iu van hoa giOa Dong va Tay Ho da bao ton mot phan dang ke cdc d i san ve van hoa H i Lap Ngoai ho cung c6 nhiing t h a n h tUu rieng ve y hoc, toan hoc
(De thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Le Khiet)
Cau 27
Khdi qudt qua trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trien c u a vaong qudc Cam-pu-chia vd vaong qudc Ldo.Dieu gi chQng to sa sdng tgo van hod c u a hai ddn tpc ndy ?
DAPAN
Qua trinh h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n ciia vuang quoc Cam-pu-chia va
vuong quoc Lao
a) Vuang quoc Cam-pu-chia :
- Ngudi Khcf-me, la mot bo phan c\i dan co d Dong N a m A Thoat t i e n , ho song d phia bac Cam-pu-chia (tren cao nguyen Co Rat va m a n trung luu song Me Cong) Vao the k i V, nha nqde cua ngiidi Kho-me h i n h t h a n h Ho t u goi ten nude la Cam-pu-chia
- Ngix6i Khot-me tiep tuc m d rong dia ban xuong phia nam (ttjfc lanh tho Cam-pu-chia nay) Thcfi k i phat trien vUOng quoc Cam-pu-chia keo dai tix the k i K den the k i X V (con goi la thdi k i Ang-eo : ti^ n-im 802 dSn nam 1432)
- Trong the k i X den the k i X H I , Cam-pu-ehia t r d t h a n h vUdng quoc manh va h a m chien t r a n nhat D6ng N a m A Ti^ the k i X H I , Cam-pu-chia bat dau suy yeu bi ngUcfi Thai t a n cong nhieu Ian, den nam 1863 bi
(18)38 Chuang IV AN D p VA DONG NAM A PHONG KIEN
b) Vifcfng quoc Lao :
- Tren dat Lao xa xi/a c6 ngifdi Lao c6 s i n h song goi 1^ Lao Thang, v^o the k i X I I I C O mot nhom ngUcfi n6i tieng T h a i di C L T den day sinh song hoa nhap vdi ctf dan co of day goi la Lao L i j m N h ^ nirdrc ddri vao cuo'i the k i X I V , ong vua sang lap la Pha Ngiim Ho dat ten ni/dc la L a n Xang (Tri^u Voi)
Thcri phdt t r i e n t h i n h virong ciia L a n Xang ti^ giijfa the k i X V I I Dau the k i X V I I I dirdi trieu vua Su-lin-ha-v6ng-sa, dat ntfdc c6 nhieu l a m san quy va
thLfdng trao doi buon ban v d i nude ngoai Tii cuoi the k i X V I I I Lao suy yeu va b i X i e m xam lifcfc, n a m 1893 la thuoc dia ciia Phdp
c) SI/ sang tao van hoa ciia hai dan tgc Cam-pu-chia va Lao :
- Cha viet : Lao va Cam-pu-chia deu hoc chil A n Do (chijf Phan - chCf c6' A n Do) M o i nUdc deu diJa t r e n ngon ngiJ r i e n g ciia dan tgc m i n h de sang tao chiJ viet r i e n g ciia dan toe m i n h
- K i e n true : K i e n true hai nvtdc nhy mang nhieu anh hudng ca ve de t a i l a n phong each nghe t h u a t ciia k i e n true H i n - d u giao va Phat giao, nhong the h i e n r a t ro ban s^c dan toe m i n h V i du : Thap Cam-pu-chia mang k i e n true H i n - d u giao nhifng khong giong bat cuf thap nao d A n Dp Con T h a t Ludng d Lao mang dang dap k i e n true Phat giao nhifng l a i c6 m6t net doe ddo r i e n g mang dau an lieh suf, tUcfng t r u n g van hoa Lao
- M o i dan toe deu c6 nen v a n hoc dan gian, phong tuc tap quan, dieu vu, dieu nhae r i e n g tao nen nen vSn hoa truyen thong r i e n g cua dan toe m i n h
(De thi de nghi ciia Tri/dng THPT Thoai Ngoc Hau)
Cau 28
a ) Trinh b a y d i e u ki^n t a n h i e n , kinh t e , c h i n h trj, t i j t a n g v a v(3n h o d c u e c a c q u o c g i a D o n g N a m A t r o n g 10 t h e ki d a u C o n g n g u y e n
b ) Ke t e n v a t h u d o c u a 11 q u o c g i a D o n g N a m A hi^n n a y
c ) Ten g o i , sU d d i , m u c t i e u c u a t o c h Q c lien m i n h c h i n h trj - kinh t e Idn nhd't D o n g N a m A hi$n n a y N a m g i a n h g p c u a c d c t h a n h vi§n
DAP AN
a) Dieu ki^n til nhien, kinh te, chinh tri, tir tudng va van hoa cua cac quoc gia Dong Nam A 10 the ki dau Cong nguySn
- Dieu k i e n t u n h i e n :
+ Dia h i n h phan tan hep, chia eat bdi nhOfng day nui da va rijmg nhiet ddi + Thieu nhang ednh dong rong t r o n g liia, eung thid'u ca nhuTng dong c6 rong de chan nuoi dan gia sue Idn M o t so dong bang h i ^ n duoe eoi la rong va trij phu, t h i edch day v ^ i nghin nSm vSn c6n b i ngap ntrdc
39
_ K i n h te :
+ Dfiu eong nguyen s^t xua't hien Cac quoc gia dau t i e n ciia Dong Nam A eung xua't hien
+ Song chii yeu b^ng nong nghiep Ben canh do, moi quoc gia eo nhijfng nganh nghe thii cong truyen t h o n g : d^t v a i , gom suT, cac diing b^ng k i m khi, • Ngoai ra, cac nUdc c6 nhOng nguon l a m , h a i san quy va r a t phong phu
+ Vi?c giao lUU buon ban giiJa cac niidc va vdi cac nifdc Idn khu viJc : A n Do, Trung Quoc da l a m cho viec buon ban dudng ven bien r a t p h d t dat M o t so t h a n h t h i , h a i cang da r a ddi va hoat dong r a t n h p n nhip
- C h i n h t r i :
+ Tif the k i I den the k i X, hang loat quoc gia nho da ddi va phat t r i e n Cac quoc gia phan t a n t r e n cdc dia ban nho hep, song r i e n g re va nhieu k h i t r a n h chap vdi Q u a qua t r i n h ton t a i , cac quoc gia phat t r i e n va thong nha't, h i n h t h a n h nhiJng vUcfng quoc rong Idn nhif h i $ n
- T u tudng, van hoa :
+ Cac niidc da hoe va van dung van hoa A n D Q de phdt t r i e n sdng tao van hod dan toe ciia m i n h
-I- M o i dan toe deu c6 tieng noi dan toe va l a n luqt deu c6 chCf viet rieng dua t r e n co sd hoe tap, v$n dung va eai bien net ehiJ Phan
b) Ten nu6c va thO dd ciia cac quoc gia Dong Nam A hi^n nay:
Ten nUdc Thu
V i e t N a m Ha N o i
Lao Vieng Chan
Cam-pu-chia Phnom Penh
T h a i L a n Bang Coc
Mi-an-ma Rang-gun
• P h i - l i p - p i n Ma-ni-la In-do-ne-xi-a Gia-eac-ta
Ma-lai-xi-a Kua-la Lam-pcf
Xin-ga-po Xin-ga-po
Bru-nay Ban-da Xe-ri Be-ga-oan
(19)40 Chuang IV. A N P Q V A D O N G N A M A P H O N G K I E ' N 41
c) To chttc liSn minh chinh trj - kinh tS'Idn nhat Ddng Nam A hien nay:
- To chuTc l i e n m i n h chinh t r i - k i n h te Idn nhat Dong N a m A h i e n la Hiep h o i cac niidc Dong N a m A (ASEAN), r a dcri vao t h d n g - 1967 t a i Bang Coc Luc dau gom : In-do-ne-xi-a, Ma-lai-xi-a, Xin-ga-po, T h a i L a n va Phi-lip-pin T r u sd d a t t a i Gia-cac-ta
- Muc tieu : (Noi dung Hiep Udc Ba-li - 1976)
+ X a y ditog m o i quan he hoa b i n h , hflu nghi va hgfp tdc giOra c^c n\idc k h u viTc, tao n e n m o t cong d6ng Dong N a m A m a n h t r e n ccf sd t u cqdng k h u VLTC
+ T h i e t l a p mOt k h u viJc hoa b i n h , tif va t r u n g lap d D6ng N a m A - Ve sau CO t h e m cac t h a n h v i e n khdc gia nhap : Bru-nay (1984), Viet N a m (1995), Lao va Mi-an-ma (1997), Cam-pu-chia (1999)
(De thi de nghi cua Trifdng TI-IPT Thi xS Cao Lanh) Cau 29
a) Trong thdi kl phong kien, d Dong Nam A da hinh nhQng vUdng qu6'c
ndo ? Trinh bay qua trinh hinh vd nhJng dgc diem cua cdc vUdng qudc ndy
b) Cdc vUdng qudc ndy chiu anh hadng cua nhQng nen van hod ndo ?
DAP AN a) Cac vifong quoc phong kien d Dong Nam A :
Qua t r i n h h i n h t h ^ n h va nhOfng dSc diem :
- Cac vMng quoc phong k i e n d Dong N a m A : (Ja-va) In-do-ne-xi-a, (Ma-lac-ca) Ma-lai-xi-a, (Pa-gan) Mi-an-ma, T h a i L a n , Cam-pu-chia, ( L a n Xang) Lao , (Dai Viet) V i e t N a m
- Qud t r i n h h i n h t h a n h : (khong t r i n h bay V i e t Nam)
+ In-do-ne-xi-a : TCr the k i V I I den the k i X I I I d i l n r a qud t r i n h thong n h a t cac nvtdc nho t r e n cac dao Idn Ja-va va Xu-ma-tcf-ra Cuoi the k i X I I I , Ja-va chinh phuc Xu-ma-tof-ra v^ cac dao nho xung quanh, thong n h a t vqong quoc In-do-ne-xi-a ma ngiTdi nLfdc ngoai quen goi la Ja-va
+ Vuong quoc Ma-lac-ca : TCf dau the k l X V , cac niTdc nho tr§n ban dao M a L a i dau t r a n h tach k h o i a n h hufdng cua Xu-ma-ta-ra, Ma-lac-ca di t i e n phong GiOfa the k i X V , sau tieu quoc M a L a i hap t h a n h vtfong quoc Ma-lac-ca Ma-lac-ca l a t i e n t h a n cua Ma-lai-xi-a
+ Vucfng quoc Pa-gan : TCf dau Cong nguy§n d§'n cuoi the k i X, c6 nhieu qu6'c gia nho xua't h i | n t r e n dong hkng cdc song d Mie'n Dien GiOa th6
Ici X L quoc gia Pa-gan d m i e n Trung da thong nha't l a n h t h o , m d dau cho
qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n ciia vuang quoc Mi-an-ma
+ VMng quoc T h a i : T r e n dong hkng song Me N a m cU dan b a n dia la ngUdi M o n The k i X I I I , ngudi T h a i a t d i cU xuong phia N a m lap nen nhCng tieu quoc Thai t r e n k h u vUc ngUdi M o n GiuTa the k i X I V , cac tieu qudc mien t r u n g T h a i tho'ng nha't t h a n h vufong quo'c T h a i (sau goi l a Xiem-la, r6i ddi l a T h a i L a n )
+ Yxiang qudc Cam-pu-chia : H i n h t h a n h t d the k i V Tuf t h e k i I X den th§' k i X V la t h d i k i p h a t t r i e n nha't cua vUctng qudc
+ VifOng qudc Lao : TCf t h d i cd cd ngUdi Lao Thang sinh song t r e n da't Lao, the k i X I I I ngifdi T h a i d i cxi den (goi l a ngiTdi Lao Lum) cung sinh song
hoa hop c a c bd lac Lao song d thifong liAi song Me Cdng D e n n a m 1353, tu trifdng Pha N g d m da tho'ng nha't cac bd lac Lao l a p r a vufang qudc L a n Xang (Trieu Voi)
b) NhOng anh hudng:
- N h i n chung, c a c vtfcfng qudc Ddng N a m A chiu a n h hifdng ciia v a n hoa A n DO v a Trung Qudc
- N h d n g a n h hifdng difcfc the h i e n qua cac l i n h vifc nhtf : T o n giao (Nho giao, dao Phat, dao Hoi ), k i e n true (thap, den ), chd viet (chd Phan), nghe thuat mua,
(Di thi de nghi cua TrUdng THPT Chuyen Le Quy Don) Cau 30
Doc dogn viet sau ddy vd chf nhQng chi tiet khdng dung, - Ai C O P Id tgng phdm cue song NIn
- Ngadl Cam-pu-chia c6 ten tgc Id ngJdl Khd-me song tr§n cao nguyen Co Rgt - Thdi kl phdt tri^n cua vUdng qud'c Cam-pu-chia t a the k? XV-XVII, cdn goi Id
thdi kl Ang-co
- Ngudi sdng Igp nUdc Lan Xang Id Pha NgOm
- Ban tuyen ngdn nhdn quyen vd ddn quyen dadc thdng qua ngdy 4-7-1776 d MT
- ChQ sd 0, 1,2, Id phdt minh Idn cua ngadi Hi Lap vd Rd-ma