Semantic and cultural features of love declaration in english and vietnamese folklores

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF LOVE DECLARATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FOLKLORES (Lời tỏ tình văn hóa dân gian tiếng Anh tiếng Việt góc nhìn ngữ nghĩa văn hóa) HỒNG THỊ THỦY Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Hoàng Tuyết Minh Hanoi – 2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF LOVE DECLARATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FOLKLORES” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 HOÀNG THỊ THỦY Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr Hoàng Tuyết Minh Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Hoàng Tuyết Minh, my supervisor, for her invaluable guidance, comments and corrections during the time I carried out my thesis Secondly, I would like to take this chance to thank all the lecturers in the Ministry Of Education And Training of Hanoi Open University for helpful lectures that have helped me in gaining the background knowledge to work on the thesis Finally, my gratitude also goes to my beloved family who have supported me during the time I completed the thesis Hanoi, 2020 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality Acknowledgements Table of contents Abstract List of tables and figures Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 An overview of semantics 2.2.1.1 Definition of semantics 2.2.1.2 Classification of semantics 2.2.2 Cultural features 2.2.2.1 Definition of culture 2.2.2.2 English cultural features 2.2.2.3 Vietnamese cultural features 2.2.3 The relationship between language and culture 2.2.4 Concepts of folklore and Love declaration 2.2.4.1 Definition of folklore 2.2.4.2 Definition of Love declaration 2.3 Summary Chapter 3: COMPARISON BETWEEN SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF LOVE DECLARATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FOLKLORES iii i ii iii v vi 1 2 4 6 7 14 14 18 20 22 25 25 27 28 30 3.1 Semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English folklores 3.1.1 Semantic features of Love declaration in English folklores 3.1.2 Cultural features of Love declaration in English folklores 3.2 Semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in Vietnamese folklores 3.2.1 Semantic features of Love declaration in Vietnamese folklores 3.2.2 Cultural features of Love declaration in Vietnamese folklores 3.3 Comparison between semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and in Vietnamese folklores 3.3.1 In terms of their semantic features 3.3.2 In terms of their cultural features 3.4 Summary 30 30 34 38 39 43 50 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation 4.2 Concluding remarks 4.3 Limitation of the study 4.4 Implications of the study 4.4.1 For teaching 50 52 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 4.4.2 For learning 60 4.5 Recommendations and suggestions for further research 60 REFERENCES APPENDIX I IV iv ABSTRACT Love expressions have been one of the most fascinating topics that attracts a large number of people In English and Vietnamese, the way people choose to express love is not the same as it is affected by cultural values This research investigates how English and Vietnamese speakers express their love declarations in in terms of semantic and cultural features In addition, the researcher tries to explore the similarities and differences in semantic and cultural features between English and Vietnamese folklores Besides, the thesis also attempts to explain what are behind the differences uncovered in the investigation The study suggests how learners and users can use Love declaration in both languages Furthermore, the thesis gives some theoretical background in which the concepts of semantics, features of culture, definitions of folklores, Love declaration, semantic and cultural characteristics of Love declarations in both English and Vietnamese are mentioned A large number of methods are conducted, such as descriptive, contrastive, synthetic and analytic methods However, the study mainly focuses on analysis and comparison of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores What is more, a variety of English and Vietnamese folklores about Love declaration from books, previous studies, Internet, ect have been collected to make the corpus of the study In order to make the thesis more convincing when showing the similarities and differences of Love declaration in the two languages, some examples are taken in two both languages into consideration Finally, the findings are discovered The results show some characteristics of English and Vietnamese love declarations in folklores in terms of semantics and culture v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 3.1 Simile in Love declaration in English folklores Table 3.2 Metaphor in Love declaration in English folklores Table 3.3 Cultural features of Love declaration in English folklores Table 3.4 Simile in love declarations in Vietnamese folklores Table 3.5 Metaphor in love declarations in Vietnamese folklores Table 3.6 Cultural features of Love declaration in Vietnamese folklores Table 3.7 Simile in Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores Table 3.8 Metaphor in Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores Table 3.9 Cultural features of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores vi 32 33 38 41 43 49 50 51 52 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale In recent decades, love has been receiving a great deal of public attention The communication of love is an important aspect of interpersonal relationships across cultures However, saying “I love you” can be very delicate walk, with much gray area, regarding what can and should be communicated about love, when, by whom and to whom Love is sometimes felt but not expressed, other times, love is expressed only nonverbally; and still other times, it is communicated verbally, with or without nonverbal manifestations In English and Vietnamese, the way people choose to express love is not the same as it is affected by cultural values Love declarations include in themselves people’s viewpoints which are presented quite differently in the two languages Hence, what needs to be carried out in this study will be semantic and cultural features of Love declarations in folklores of the two languages in order to find out the similarities and differences between them The thesis also attempts to explain what are behind the differences uncovered in the investigation The study is entitled “Semantic and cultural features of Love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores” The choice of the thesis is generated from two reasons: Firstly, as Swales (1990: 34) stated that “the concept of genre has maintained a central position in folklore studies ever since the pioneering work in the early nineteenth century” The functionalist in folklore would rather stress sociocultural value For Malinowski (1960, cited in Swales 1990:35) “folklore genres contribute to the maintenance and survival of social groups because they serve social and spiritual needs” Perhaps inevitably, to assign cultural value also requires the investigator to pay attention to how a community views and itself classify genre This idea will lead to the fact that Love declaration is a mode of social communication and is only a genre among others, therefore, the Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores is investigated to see the similarities and differences of this genre in the two languages Secondly, Love declarations, as mentioned above, reflect human’s ideology, so it is wished to see how the ideologies represented in the two languages It is optimistically hoped that the thesis will help students of English, and students of culture as it could provide an insight into the similarities and differences of love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study The aim of the study is to help learners and users of English master Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores in terms of semantic and cultural perspectives In order to gain the above aim, the following objectives are put forward: - To identify the semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores - To make a comparison between the semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores 1.3 Research questions In order to fulfill the aim above, the study focuses on answering these following questions: What are the semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores? What are the similarities and differences between semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores? 1.4 Methods of the study 1.4.1 Research orientations 1.4.1.1 Research approaches The study is carried out by basing on the quantitative and qualitative approach With the quantitative approach, the vast amount of data of Love declaration in both English and Vietnamese folklores is collected Besides, the researcher uses the qualitative one to describe and analyze the data of the research 1.4.1.2 Data collection The data collection is the most vital step in any research This procedure consists of two main stages Firstly, a large number of English and Vietnamese folklores about Love declaration were collected in order to make the corpus of this thesis Secondly, the collection of books related to semantics, cultures, linguistics, such as, Kramsch C (2000) “Language and Culture” Leech N L (1996) “ A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry” or Chưởng, L V (2004) “Ca dao Việt Nam Những yếu tố chỉnh thể nguyên hợp” Diễn, N Ð “Tình yêu qua thơ vǎn Anh ngữ” were done to hold up the study The corpus used in this research are built on the following general principles regarding size, number of languages, sources (i) The size of the corpus: Some data of utilized in the study consists of about one hundered love declarations in both English and Vietnamese.(ii) The number of languages: The corpus in this thesis is considered as bilingual corpus; hence it contains two languages: English and Vietnamese.(iii) The source of the corpus: The data in this research are taken from books, Internet, dictionary, previous studies 1.4.1.3 Data analysis After assembling about 50 Love declarations in each language from books, dictionaries, websites…, the research is carefully studied with the aim of effectively analysing the thesis data Therefore, the following stages of analysis are applied - The first stage: Classification: With an attempt to make the study more coherent because of the tremendous amount of data collected, the thesis is categorized into two major aspects: semantic and cultural features It is also an effective way to analyze the materials - The second stage: Comparison: One of the most crucial strategies in any analysis is comparison After being described, the thesis needs to be compared and contrasted so that the similarities and the differences of Love declaration between English and Vietnamese folklores (in terms of semantic and cultural features) are distinguished - The third stage: Synthesis and generalization The data is summarized and generalized after the comparative and contrastive analysis on the semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores As a result, the learners and users can achieve better knowledge in expressing love in English and in Vietnamese 1.4.2 Research methods 1.4.2.1 Major methods There are two main methods utilized for the research The first is descriptive method which characterizes the semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and in Vietnamese folklores The second is contrastive one which helps to find the similarities and differences of Love declaration between English and Vietnamese folklores 1.4.2.2 Supporting methods comparison of Love declaration between English and Vietnamese folklores is a fascinating way making the teacher’s lessons more effective Finally, students love to explore themselves new knowledge By introducing Love declarations in both English and Vietnamese folklores, teacher will help students take their initiative in their learning and remember lessons longer 4.4.2 For learning As mentioned, the findings of this thesis are the semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores Therefore, through the research, the learner can achieve the proper use of Love declarations Firstly, the thesis helps make up the large number in Love declaration collection Both English and Vietnamese love declarations not only have literal meaning but also figurative meaning Therefore, it is necessary for learners to accumulate as much cultural background knowledge as possible No matter when they learn English or their Vietnamese translation, students must bear in mind that they are not only to learn English but also to learn their correspondent cultures In general, it is indispensable for them to have cultural background knowledge to help them to have better understanding of Love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores Secondly, learners have more needs to clearly understand and achieve the meaning of Love declaration in general and speak them fluently in particular Therefore, the need for learning Love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores is very important The more they understand about those declarations, the more fluently and effectively they can communicate Finally, when learners and users realize the similarities and differences of Love declaration in folklores between two languages, they will know how to use them effectively in suitable situations 4.5 Recommendations and suggestions for further research A suggestion that can be made from the study is that in showing their love, declaring their love and proposing their marriage, English people and Vietnamese have very different ways and one from this culture may find it strange if encounters similar situations in the other The use of language is important, however, to have a correct response in a certain situation, people should learn how to react correctly in another language and 60 it is only done perfectly through a thorough understanding of the standard behaviour in that society Thus, the way a man declares his love to a woman, vie versus should be learnt by language learners as a part of the target language culture that he/she should learn The ways English and Vietnamese people express and declare their love are different in many ways, therefore, learners should know the differences between the use of two languages to avoid difficulties in acquiring the language competence to reach to a high level of proficiency in communication To researchers, the result of the study is fresh and could be taken as clue for other studies related to the field such as the culture, sociology, linguistics, etc as it brings about insights into the use of language, the behavior of each culture in declaring love, the feelings showing that each language manifests in their love declarations etc This study has been the first trial to uncover the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese love declarations in folklore, however, it has been limited to the some aspects investigated only, the following studies, if possible, should be in the love declarations of the modern time of the two languages so that learners and users can have a deeper understanding of the two societies In addition, further study should be of English and Vietnamese love declarations of husband and wife so that we can reach to more thorough understanding of the ideology in love declarations of the two languages The study focuses on comparing English and Vietnamese love declarations as a genre, therefore, further research should be done on other related genres such as love songs in the two languages 61 REFERENCES In English folklores Cook, G (1995) Discourse and Literature: The Interplay of Form and Mind Oxford: OUP Dewaele, J -M., Petrides, K V., & Furnham, A (2008) The effect of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety among adult polyglots Language Learning, 58 (4), 911–960 Goddard, C (1998) Semantic analysis New York: OUP Goodenough, W.H (1981) Culture, Language and Society London, Benjamin/Cunnings Hall, E T (1976) Beyond Culture, Anchor Press, Garden City, New York Harris, P.R & Moran, R.T Maganing Cultural Differences Gulf Publishing Co., Hoston (1977) Haviland, W.A (2002) Cultural Anthropology (10thed.) Forthwith: Harcourt College Publishers Hofstede, G (1980), Culture's Consequence, Sage, Newbury Park, California Hofstede, G (1997) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind, McGrawHill, London 10 Jackendoff, R (1983) Semantics and cognition Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 11 James R Hurford, Brendan Heasley 2001 Semantics A Coursebook Trẻ 12 Keats, Jerrold (1972) Semantic theory New York: Harper and Row 13 Kempson, R.M (1977) Semantic Theory Cambridge: CPU 14 Kramsch, C (1998) Language and Culture Oxford: OUP 15 Kramsch C (2000) Language and Culture Oxford: OUP 16 Lado, R (1957) Linguistics across Cultures: Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers Ann Arbor, MI: UMP 17 Lakoff, G&M Johnson (1980) Metaphor we live by Chicago: Chicago university Press 18 Leech N L (1996) A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry London: I 19 Lewis, D (1972) General semantics In Davidson & Harman, Eds., 169218.reprinted in Partee 1976, 1-50 20 Lyons, J (1995) Linguistic Semantics: An introduction London: CUP 21 Palmer, F R (1981) Semantics (2nd Edition) Cambridge: CUP 22 Pham Thi My Le (1999) A Cross-Cultural Study on Advising in English and Vietnamese M.A Thesis VNU-CFL 23 Robert Dixon 2005 A new approach to English grammar on semantic principles Clarendon Press Oxford 24 Robert, L (1960) Linguistics Across Cultures Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press 25 Richards, J., & Schmidt, R W (Eds) (1985) Language and Communication London and New York: Longman 26 Strauss, C & Quinn, N (1999) A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning Cambridge: CUP 27 Ullmann, S (1962) Semantics Oxford: Blackwell 28 Yule, G (1996) The Study of Language (2nd Edition) Cambridge: CUP II In Vietnamese folklores Châu, Ð H (2001) Ðại cương ngôn ngữ học Tập hai: Ngữ dụng học Hà Nội: NXB Giáo dục Chưởng, L V (2004) Ca dao Việt Nam Những yếu tố chỉnh thể nguyên hợp Hà Nội: NXB Vǎn học Diễn, N Ð Tình yêu qua thơ vǎn Anh ngữ TP Ho Chí Minh: NXB Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Hương, V.T.T (2007) Ca dao Việt Nam lời bình, NXB Văn hóa thơng tin Kính, N.X (2005) Thi pháp ca dao, NXBĐHQG Hà Nội Khánh, H – Anh, K (2002) (sưu tầm biên soạn), Tục ngữ ca dao, NXBĐà Nẵng Khánh, Ð.G (2003) Văn học dân gian Việt Nam Hà Nội: NXBGD Long, N T (1998) Thi ca bình dân Việt Nam Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Hội nhà vǎn Luận, L.Đ (2005) Giáo trình thi pháp văn học dân gian Việt Nam, NXB Đại học Huế 10 Luận, L.Đ (2009) Cấu trúc ca dao trữ tình người Việt, NXB Đại học Huế 11 Lung, Ð V (1997) Nghiên cứu vǎn nghệ dân gian Việt Nam Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Vǎn hoá 12 Minh Hiệu (1984) Nghệ thuật ca dao Thanh Hoá: NXB Thanh Hoá 13 Ngun, T (2001) Bình giảng ca dao, NXB Thuận Hố 14 Phát, L T (2001) Thi pháp vǎn học dân gian Hà Nội: NXBGD 15 Phan, V N (2004) Tục ngữ ca dao dân ca Việt Nam (Tái lần thứ 12) Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Vǎn học III APPENDIX Appendix Simile in Love declaration in English folklores No Expressions of simile Sources Love is compared to diseases Love’s like the measles- all the worst when it comes Douglas Jerrold late in life Love is like the measles; we have to go through it Love is compared to plants Love imposes impossible tasks, Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme Scarborough Fair Love is compared to the animals Thomas Lodge Love, in my bosom, like a bee, Doth sucks his sweet Scarborough Fair Love is compared to the part of human’s body But none more than any heart would ask, I must know you're a true love of mine Jerome K Jerome Love is compared to the supernatural places - Absence from whom we love is worse than death William Cowper - For man at most differ as Heaven and Earth, But Tennyson women, worst and best, as Heaven and Hell Appendix Metaphor in Love declaration in English folklores No Expressions of metaphor Sources Love is implied as humanity Love is a boy, by poets styled, Then spare the rod, and spoil the child Samuel Butler Love is a great teacher who teaches all at once Pierre Corneille Love is implied as the part of human’s body G Herbert Love is swift of foot IV Love is implied as a weapon Love’s a man of war, And can shoot And can hit from far G Herbert Love is implied as the misery Love is smoke made with the fume of sighs Shakespeare Appendix Cultural features of Love declaration in English folklores No Expressions of cultural features Sources Love is related to space conquer Love moves the Sun and the other Stars Dante Love conquers all Virgile Love joined the two in sweet conjunction, death was Thomas Mann powerless to sever such a bond Love is related to a big illusion Love’s a blind, and those that follow him too often Colley Cibber lose their way If love be blind It best agrees with night Shakespeare But love is blind, and lovers cannot see The pretty follies that themselves commit Shakespeare Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind Shakespeare Love makes people happy and their life more beautiful Thomas Lodge Love, in my bosom, like a bee, Doth sucks his sweet We are all born for love It is the principle of Disraeli existence and its only end Familiar acts are beautiful through love V P.B Shelley Oh, love will make a dog howl in rhyme Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher The sweetest joy, the wildest woe is love P.J Bailey Oh, when I was in love with you, Then I was clean and brave A.E Houseman If love were what the rose is, And I were like the Swinburne leaf, Our lives would grow together In sad or singing weather There are no ugly loves, nor handsome prisons Pierre Gringore There is only one happiness in life, to love and be George Sand loved Love is a condition in which the happiness of Robert Heinlein another person is essential to your own Love is related to absence In every parting there is an image of death George Eliot Absent in body, but present in spirit St Paul I not love thee! - No! I not love thee! And yet Caroline Norton when you art absent I am sad Absence from whom we love is worse than death William Cowper Absence lessens half-hearted passions, and La increases great ones, as the wind puts out the Rochefoucauld candle and yet stirs up the fire Absence and time are nothing when one is in love Alfred de Musset The different attitudes towards love between men and women Woman can’t love man as much as man loves Anonymous woman, for the love of a woman is in her eyes, and in the nipple of her breast, and in the toe of her foot, but the love of man is planted in the heart where it can’t escape VI Man’s love is of man’s life a thing apart, Tis Byron woman’s whole existence For man at most differ as Heaven and Earth, But Tennyson women, worst and best, as Heaven and Hell Women are wiser than men because they know less James Stephens and understand more Women represent the triumph of matter over mind, Oscar Wilde just as men represent the triumph of mind over morals A woman is a foreign land, Of which, though there he settle young, A man will never quite understand The customs, politics, and tongue Coventry Patmore I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, Queen Elizabeth but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a I king of England too “ A man has been a wonder to the world, whose Michel de wife and valet have seen nothing in him that was Montaigne even remarkable Few men have been admired by their servants “A kiss” is a symbol of love Give me a thousand kisses, then a hundred, then a Catullus thousand more Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth, For thy The Bible love is better than wine Leave a kiss but in the cup, And I’ll not look for Ben Johnson wine I dare not ask a kiss I dare not beg a smile; Lest having that, or this, I might grow proud the while Robert Herrick The moth’s kiss first! Kiss me as if you made believe You were not sure, this eve, Robert Browning VII How my face, your flower, had pursed? Its petals up The bee’s kiss now! Kiss me as if you entered gay My heart at some noonday Love is expressed explicitly Robert Escape me? Browning Never Beloved! While I am I, and you are you, So long as the world contains us both Me the loving and you the loth, While the one eludes, must the other pursue Some pray to marry the men they love, My prayer Rose Pastor Stokes will somewhat vary: I humbly pray to Heaven above That I love the man I marry Love is related to marriage I love you more than anything else in the world Little SnowCome with me to my father’s castle You shall White become my wife Appendix Simile in love declarations in Vietnamese folklores No Expressions of simile Sources Love is compared to nature, conquer or things related to light Ðôi ta lửa nhen Như trǎng mói mọc , đèn khêu Luận, L.Đ (2009) Love is compared to many familiar images Tình anh nước dâng cao Tình em dải lụa đào tẩm hương VIII Hương, V.T.T (2007) 3 Thân em lụa đào Còn nguyên hay xé vuông cho ? Thân em lụa đào Dám đâu xé lẻ vuông cho Tựu, H.T (2001) Ðơi ta lúa địng địng Ðẹp dun chẳng lịng mẹ cha Ðơi ta xẻ ba Thầy mẹ xe đơi ta xe nhiều Nguyên, T (2001) Love is compared to the animals Ðôi ta thể tằm Cùng ǎn lá, nằm nong Ðôi ta thể ong Con quấn qt, ngồi Ngun, T (2001) Appendix Metaphor in love declarations in Vietnamese folklores No Expressions of metaphor Love is implied through some simple images Thuyền lơ lửng bên sơng Có lịng đợi khách hay khơng thuyền? Thuyền có nhớ bến chǎng? Bến khăng khăng đợi thuyền Love is implied as a traditional custom Sources Kính, N.X (2005) Long, N T (1998) Miếng trầu ăn kết làm đôi Lá trầu vợ, cau tươi chồng Trầu xanh, cau trắng, chay hồng Vôi pha với nghĩa, thuốc nồng với duyên Trầu vàng nhá lẫn cau xanh Duyên em sánh với tình anh tuyệt vời Luận, L.Đ (2009) Cho anh miếng trầu vàng Mai sau anh trả cho nàng đôi mâm Yêu chẳng lấy Con lợn bỏ đói, buồng cau bỏ già Minh Hiệu, (1984) IX Luận, L.Đ (2009) Từ ngày ǎn phải miếng trầu Miệng ǎn môi đỏ sầu đăm chiêu Một thương, hai nhớ, ba sầu Cơm ăn chẳng được, ǎn trầu cầm Nguyên, T (2001) Appendix Cultural features of Love declaration in Vietnamese folklores No Expressions of cultural features Sources Many familiar images related to their daily life, especially in rural areas Kính, N.X Thuyền lơ lửng bên sơng (2005) Có lịng đợi khách hay khơng thuyền? Long, N T Thuyền có nhớ bến chǎng (1998) Bến khăng khăng đợi thuyền Qua đình ngả nón trơng đình, Ðình ngói thương nhiêu Luận, L.Đ (2009) Long, N T Nước sông Tô vừa vừa mát Em ghé thuyền đỗ sát thuyền (1998) anh Dừng chèo muốn tỏ tâm tình Sơng nước thương nhiêu There are some circumstances in Love declaration in Vietnamese folklores Hơm qua tát nước sau đình, Bỏ qn áo cành hoa sen Em cho anh xin, Hay em để làm tin nhà Hương, V.T.T (2007) Áo anh sứt đường tà, Vợ anh chưa có mẹ già chưa khâu Áo anh sứt lâu, Mai nhờ cô khâu cho Hương, V.T.T (2007) X Chàng để áo lại đây, Để đêm em đắp, để ngày em trông Khánh, H – Anh, K (2002) Áo xông hương chàng vắt mắc ! Ðêm em nằm em đắp lấy Luận, L.Đ (2009) Yêu cởi áo cho nhau, Về nhà dối mẹ qua cầu gió bay Lung, Ð V (1997) Cơ áo trắng lòa lòa, Lại đập đất, trồng cà với anh Bao cà chín, cà xanh, Anh cho để dành mớm Tựu, H.T (2001) Cơ cắt cỏ Kính, N.X (2005) Hỡi cô tát nước quang mây Hương, V.T.T (2007) Hôm qua tát nước đầu đình Kính, N.X (2005) Cơ cắt cỏ bên sơng, Có muốn ǎn nhãn lồng sang dây Sang anh nắm cổ tay, Anh hỏi câu này: Có lấy anh khơng?” Long, N T (1998) Con cò bay lả bay la Bay từ cửa phủ bay cánh đồng Lung, Ð V (1997) Ðêm trǎng anh hỏi nàng Phát, L T (2001) Ðêm trǎng anh hỏi nàng Tre non đủ đan sàng nên chǎng? Ðan sàng thiếp xin Tre vừa đủ non chǎng chàng? XI Nguyên, T (2001) “Trầu, cau” are two proposing marriage cultural features in Yêu trầu vỏ say, Ghét cau đậu đầy khay chẳng màng Nguyên, T (2001) Trầu bọc khăn trắng cau tươi, Trầu bọc khăn trắng đãi người xinh xinh Ǎn cho thoả tâm tình, Ǎn cho thỏa sự ta Long, N T (1998) Yêu trao miếng trầu Giấu thầy, giấu mẹ đưa ǎn Kính, N.X (2005) Trầu có đây, cau có Nhân duyên chưa định trầu ǎn Trầu trầu túi trầu khǎn, Cùng trầu giải yếm, anh ǎn trầu nào? Hương, V.T.T (2007) Trầu trầu quế trầu hồi, Trầu loan trầu phụng, trầu tơi, trầu mình, Trầu trầu tính, trầu tình Trầu nhân trầu ngãi, trầu trầu ta Hương, V.T.T (2007) Trầu têm tối hôm qua Giấu thầy giấu mẹ, đem cho chàng Trầu trầu hàng Không bùa, không thuốc, chàng không ǎn? Hương, V.T.T (2007) Vào vườn trẩy cau xanh Bổ làm sáu trình anh xơi trầu Minh Hiệu (1984) Trầu têm vôi tàu Ở đệm quế, đôi đầu thơm cay Minh Hiệu (1984) Mời anh xơi miếng trầu Dù mặn dù nhạt, dù cay dù nồng Dù chẳng nên đạo vợ chồng Xơi nǎm ba miếng kẻo lòng nhớ thương Minh Hiệu (1984) Ðêm khuya thiếp hỏi chàng Cau xanh ǎn với trầu vàng xứng chǎng ? Phát, L T (2001) XII Trầu vàng nhá lẫn cau xanh Duyên em sánh với tình anh tuyệt vời Ước anh hóa vơi Em hóa trầu lộc tốt tươi lại nồng Kính, N.X (2005) Anh cuốc đất trồng cau, Cho em trồng ké dây trầu bên Mai sau trầu lớn lên Cau trái làm nên cửa nhà Luận, L.Đ (2005) Áo cưới chưa hết nếp tà Cơ dâu xách nón nhà cô dâu Phải cau chán trầu, Ðôi bờ gãy nhịp cầu sang sông Luận, L.Đ (2005) Ðêm qua em nằm nhà Em têm mười một, mười hai miếng trầu Chờ chàng chẳng thấy chàng đâu Ðể cau long hạt, để trầu long vôi Trầu long vôi trầu nhạt Cau long hạt cau già Hương, V.T.T (2007) Vietnamese people implicitly tend to express their love Bây mận hỏi đào Vườn hồng có vào hay chưa? Mận hỏi đào xin thưa, Vườn hồng có lối chưa vào Minh Hiệu (1984) Bớ ghe sau chèo mau anh đợi Kẻo khúc sông bờ bụi tối tăm Lung, Ð V (1997) Gió đưa buồn ngủ lên bờ Mùng có rộng cho ngủ nhờ đêm Luận, L.Đ (2009) Đường xa thật xa Mượn làm mối cho ta người Một người mười tám, đôi mươi Một người vừa đẹp, vừa tươi Luận, L.Đ (2005) XIII ... Love declaration in English folklores 3.1.2 Cultural features of Love declaration in English folklores 3.2 Semantic and cultural features of Love declaration in Vietnamese folklores 3.2.1 Semantic. .. between semantic and cultural features of love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores 29 Chapter 3: COMPARISON BETWEEN SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF LOVE DECLARATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE. .. of semantics, the definition of cultural features in English and in Vietnamese, the concepts of folklores and Love declaration and the semantic and cultural features of Love declaration Chapter