Cambridge international AS and a level biology coursebook pdf

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Coursebook Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Jennifer Gregory and Dennis Taylor Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Coursebook Fourth Edition Jones, Fosbery, Gregory and Taylor Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Jennifer Gregory and Dennis Taylor Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Coursebook Fourth Edition University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 2003, 2014 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2003 Second edition 2007 Third edition 2013 Fourth edition 2014 Printed in the United Kingdom by Latimer Trend A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn 978-1-107-63682-8 Paperback with CD-ROM for Windows® and Mac® Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter notice to teachers in the uk It is illegal to reproduce any part of this work in material form (including photocopying and electronic storage) except under the following circumstances: (i) where you are abiding by a licence granted to your school or institution by the Copyright Licensing Agency; (ii) where no such licence exists, or where you wish to exceed the terms of a licence, and you have gained the written permission of Cambridge University Press; (iii) where you are allowed to reproduce without permission under the provisions of Chapter of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, which covers, for example, the reproduction of short passages within certain types of educational anthology and reproduction for the purposes of setting examination questions All end-of-chapter questions taken from past papers are reproduced by permission of Cambridge International Examinations Example answers and all other end-of-chapter questions were written by the authors Cambridge International Examinations bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication Contents How to use this book vi Introductionviii Cell structure Why cells? Cell biology and microscopy Animal and plant cells have features in common Differences between animal and plant cells Units of measurement in cell studies Electron microscopy Ultrastructure of an animal cell Ultrastructure of a plant cell Two fundamentally different types of cell End-of-chapter questions Biological molecules 3 5 6 13 19 21 23 27 The building blocks of life 28 Monomers, polymers and macromolecules 29 Carbohydrates29 Lipids36 Proteins39 Water46 End-of-chapter questions 49 Enzymes Mode of action of enzymes Factors that affect enzyme action Enzyme inhibitors Comparing the affinity of different enzymes for their substrates Immobilising enzymes End-of-chapter questions Cell membranes and transport 53 54 57 61 62 64 66 72 Phospholipids73 Structure of membranes 74 Cell signalling 77 Movement of substances into and out of cells 79 End-of-chapter questions 89 The mitotic cell cycle 93 Chromosomes94 Mitosis97 The significance of telomeres 102 Stem cells 103 Cancer103 End-of-chapter questions 106 Nucleic acids and protein synthesis  The structure of DNA and RNA DNA replication Genes and mutations DNA, RNA and protein synthesis End-of-chapter questions Transport in plants 110 111 113 118 118 123 126 The transport needs of plants 127 Two systems: xylem and phloem 128 Structure of stems, roots and leaves 128 The transport of water 134 Transport of mineral ions 146 Translocation146 Differences between sieve tubes and xylem vessels 151 End-of-chapter questions 153 Transport in mammals 157 Transport systems in animals 158 The mammalian cardiovascular system 158 Blood vessels 160 Blood plasma and tissue fluid 164 Lymph164 Blood166 Haemoglobin168 Problems with oxygen transport 171 The heart 173 The cardiac cycle 175 Control of the heart beat 177 End-of-chapter questions 179 iii Cambridge International AS Level and ABiology Level Biology Gas exchange and smoking 185 Gas exchange 186 Lungs186 Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 187 Alveoli189 Smoking190 Tobacco smoke 190 Lung diseases 190 Short-term effects on the cardiovascular system 193 End-of-chapter questions 195 10 Infectious diseases 198 Worldwide importance of infectious diseases 200 Cholera200 Malaria202 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 205 Tuberculosis (TB) 209 Measles212 Antibiotics213 End-of-chapter questions 219 11 Immunity iv Defence against disease Cells of the immune system Active and passive immunity Autoimmune diseases – a case of mistaken identity End-of-chapter questions P1 Practical skills for AS 222 223 224 232 237 242 246 Experiments247 Variables and making measurements 247 Estimating uncertainty in measurement 255 Recording quantitative results 255 Constructing a line graph 256 Constructing bar charts and histograms 258 Making conclusions 259 Describing data 259 Making calculations from data 259 Explaining your results 261 Identifying sources of error and suggesting improvements261 Drawings262 End-of-chapter questions 264 12 Energy and respiration 267 The need for energy in living organisms 268 Work269 ATP270 Respiration272 Mitochondrial structure and function 276 Respiration without oxygen 277 Respiratory substrates 278 Adaptations of rice for wet environments 281 End-of-chapter questions 283 13 Photosynthesis 286 An energy transfer process 287 The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis 288 The light independent reactions of photosynthesis290 Chloroplast structure and function 290 Factors necessary for photosynthesis 291 C4 plants 293 Trapping light energy 295 End-of-chapter questions 297 14 Homeostasis 299 Internal environment 300 Control of homeostatic mechanisms 301 The control of body temperature 302 Excretion304 The structure of the kidney 305 Control of water content 312 The control of blood glucose 315 Urine analysis 319 Homeostasis in plants 320 End-of-chapter questions 325 15 Coordination Nervous communication Muscle contraction Hormonal communication Birth control Control and coordination in plants End-of-chapter questions 329 330 344 349 351 353 358 Contents 16 Inherited change 364 Homologous chromosomes Two types of nuclear division M iosis G n tics Genotype affects phenotype Inheriting genes Multiple alleles Sex inheritance Sex linkage Dihybrid crosses Interactions between loci Autosomal linkage Crossing over The χ2 (chi-squared) test Mutations Gene control in prokaryotes Gene control in eukaryotes End-of-chapter questions 365 367 368 374 374 375 378 378 379 380 382 383 384 386 387 389 391 393 17 Selection and evolution 397 Variation Natural selection Evolution Artificial selection The Darwin–Wallace theory of evolution by natural selection Species and speciation Molecular comparisons between species Extinctions End-of-chapter questions 18 Biodiversity, classification and conservation Ecosyst ms Biodiv rsity Simpson’s Index of Diversity Systematic sampling Corr lation Classification Virus s Threats to biodiversity Why does biodiversity matter? Protecting endangered species Controlling alien species International conservation organisations Restoring degraded habitats End-of-chapter questions 398 402 404 409 19 Genetic technology 462 Genetic engineering Tools for the gene technologist Genetic technology and medicine Gene therapy Genetic technology and agriculture End-of-chapter questions 463 464 475 477 480 487 P2 Planning, analysis and evaluation 490 Planning an investigation Constructing a hypothesis Using the right apparatus Identifying variables Describing the sequence of steps Risk assessment Recording and displaying results Analysis, conclusions and evaluation Pearson’s linear correlation Spearman’s rank correlation Evaluating evidence Conclusions and discussion End-of-chapter questions 491 491 491 492 495 495 495 495 501 503 504 506 507 Appendix 1: Amino acid R groups 512 Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet codes 513 Glossary 514 Index 526 Acknowledgements 534 423 CD-ROM CD1 425 426 430 431 433 435 440 441 444 445 451 452 453 455 Advice on how to revise for and approach examinations Introduction to the examination and changes to the syllabus Answers to self-assessment questions Answers to end-of-chapter questions Recommended resources 412 413 416 417 420 CD1 CD16 CD21 CD64 CD128 v Cambridge International AS Level Biology How to use this book Each chapter begins with a short list of the facts and concepts that are explained in it There is a short context at the beginning of each chapter, containing an example of how the material covered in the chapter relates to the ʻreal worldʼ Questions throughout the text give you a chance to check that you have understood the topic you have just read about You can find the answers to these questions on the CD-ROM vi This book does not contain detailed instructions for doing particular experiments, but you will find background information about the practical work you need to in these boxes There are also two chapters, P1 and P2, which provide detailed information about the practical skills you need to develop during your course The text and illustrations describe and explain all of the facts and concepts that you need to know The chapters, and often the content within them as well, are arranged in the same sequence as in your syllabus Important equations and other facts are shown in highlight boxes How to use this book Wherever you need to know how to use a formula to carry out a calculation, there are worked example boxes to show you how to this Definitions that are required by the syllabus are shown in highlight boxes Key words are highlighted in the text when they are first introduced You will also find definitions of these words in the Glossary There is a summary of key points at the end of each chapter You might find this helpful when you are revising Questions at the end of each chapter begin with a few multiple choice questions, then move on to questions that will help you to organise and practise what you have learnt in that chapter Finally, there are several more demanding exam-style questions, some of which may require use of knowledge from previous chapters Answers to these questions can be found on the CD–ROM vii Cambridge International AS Level Biology Introduction viii This fourth edition of Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology provides everything that you need to well in your Cambridge International Examinations AS and A level Biology (9700) courses It provides full coverage of the syllabus for examinations from 2016 onwards The chapters are arranged in the same sequence as the material in your syllabus Chapters to P1 cover the AS material, and Chapters 12 to P2 cover the extra material you need for the full A level examinations The various features that you will find in these chapters are explained on the next two pages In your examinations, you will be asked many questions that test deep understanding of the facts and concepts that you will learn during your course It’s therefore not enough just to learn words and diagrams that you can repeat in the examination; you need to ensure that you really understand each concept fully Trying to answer the questions that you will find within each chapter, and at the end, should help you to this There are answers to all of these questions on the CD-ROM that comes with this book Although you will study your biology as a series of different topics, it’s very important to appreciate that all of these topics link up with each other Some of the questions in your examination will test your ability to make links between different areas of the syllabus For example, in the AS examination you might be asked a question that involves bringing together knowledge about protein synthesis, infectious disease and transport in mammals In particular, you will find that certain key concepts come up again and again These include: ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ cells as units of life biochemical processes DNA, the molecule of heredity natural selection organisms in their environment observation and experiment As you work through your course, make sure that you keep on thinking about the work that you did earlier, and how it relates to the current topic that you are studying On the CD-ROM, you will also find some suggestions for other sources of particularly interesting or useful information about the material covered in each chapter Do try to track down and read some of these Practical skills are an important part of your biology course You will develop these skills as you experiments and other practical work related to the topic you are studying Chapters P1 (for AS) and P2 (for A level) explain what these skills are, and what you need to be able to to succeed in the examination papers that test these skills Cambridge International AS Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter Further reading Prior, R (2013) Circulatory System (Kindle edition) Prior Educational Resources This is a Kindle edition It’s an interactive book, describing the structure and function of the human cardiovascular system, including questions (Note that the content only partially matches the content in the Cambridge syllabus.) Online and interactive resources www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/ Clear descriptions and diagrams of structure and function of the human heart http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CVHTML/CVIDX.html Photographs and micrographs of the heart, and heart diseases www.fi.edu/learn/heart/vessels/vessels.html Information about blood vessels www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html Information about blood www.histologyguide.org/About_Us/About_Us.html Histology Guide is an interactive site for histology www.histologyguide.org/EM_Atlas/09_Cardiovascular_System.html For the structure of blood vessels http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2004/02/0224_040225_evolution.html Information on adaptations to high altitude www.abpischools.org.uk This website from the Association of British Pharmaceutical Societies (ABPI) is good for notes on heart and circulation It includes a glossary, questions and animations Video www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3rJCLCE A clear (though fairly basic) overview of heart structure and function, including the roles of the SAN and AVN www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcWNjt77uHc A description of the cardiac cycle Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter Further reading www.ash.org.uk Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), based in the UK, has several fact sheets on the effects of smoking For example: fact sheets on Smoking and respiratory disease, and Smoking and cancer Online and interactive resources There are many websites devoted to histology Simply search for ‘Lung histology’ and look through some images www.ash.org.uk/information/resources/visual-resources Visual resources from ASH www.lung.org The American Lung Foundation website Look at the two areas of the website headed Your lungs and Lung disease www.courseweb.uottawa.ca/medicine-histology/english/respiratory This site explains what is visible in sections of trachea, bronchi and lungs www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/Respiratory/NormalA.htm www.histologyguide.org/About_Us/About_Us.html www.histologyguide.org/Slide_Box/17_Respiratory_System.html Histology Guide is an interactive site for histology, with a page on the respiratory system www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en www.who.int/tobacco/en/index.html www.who.int/tobacco/research/youth/health_effects/en A sample of World Health Organization (WHO) publications on smoking www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) web pages on smoking Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 10 Online and interactive resources www.rcsb.org/pdb/education_discussion/educational_resources This website has an informative downloadable poster on The structural biology of HIV, showing a painting of the HIV virus surrounded by the structures of its constituent molecules taken from the Protein Data Bank There is also a poster entitled How drugs work? which includes information about antibiotics and antiviral drugs www.abpischools.org.uk Resources for schools produced by the Association of British Pharmaceutical Industries (ABPI) Resources include material on Infectious diseases, covering immunity, medicines and pathogens www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis/en/ www.who.int/topics/cholera/en/ www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/ www.who.int/hiv/en/ www.who.int/topics/measles/en/ www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/ Information from the World Health Organization (WHO) on each of the diseases covered in Chapter 10 In each case, look at the Fact sheet on the disease first before exploring other resources from the WHO www.healthmap.org/en/ An interactive online resource that provides lots of information about the geographical spread of diseases www.map.ox.ac.uk The Malaria Atlas Project has lots of online resources based on the geographical spread of malaria www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1317136987072 Top ten facts about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance www.avert.org/ www.avert.org/about-avert.htm AVERT is an international HIV and AIDS charity, based in the UK, working to avert HIV and AIDS worldwide, through education, treatment and care Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 11 Further reading Playfair, J (2004) Living with Germs: In Sickness and in Health Oxford University Press; Kindle edition, 2007 Online and interactive resources www.who.int/topics/immunization/en/ Information about immunisation from the World Health Organization (WHO) www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/ A WHO article on the smallpox eradication programme www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en/ Information about polio www.unicef.org/india/health_3729.htm Polio eradication in India www.nhs.uk/conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Introduction.aspx Information about myasthenia gravis Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter P1 Further reading Fosbery, R (2012) OCR AS/A2 Biology Student Unit Guide: Practical Skills in Biology Philip Allan Available as a Kindle edition, or as a paperback book Boyle, M (2014) Science Skills – A Level Biology Collins Educational Available as a Kindle edition, or as a paperback book Cadogan, A and Ingram, M (2002) Maths for Advanced Biology Nelson Thornes Penny, J (2013) Maths Skills for Biology A Level Nelson Thornes Online and interactive resources www.gettingpractical.org.uk/documents/LoMsampleJan2010.pdf The Language of Measurement: terminology used in school science investigations A free pdf available from the link above, or the complete book is available to order from www.ase.org.uk/ bookshop/books-for-practical-work/ www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-physics/language-measurements A language for measurements: written for physics students, but equally applicable for biology www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/Stats%20for%20twits/Different%20kinds%20of%20data.html Clear advice about collecting and handling data from the Field Studies Council: here is a simple description of the different types of data (interval, ordinal and so on) www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/Stats%20for%20twits/Additional%20Material/MeansMedians htm Information from the Field Studies Council on the different kinds of averages www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/Stats%20for%20twits/How%20big%20a%20sample.html Advice about sample size from the Field Studies Council Other resources www.heckgrammar.co.uk/index.php?p=10310 Merlin Statistics Software: an add-in for Microsoft Excel developed by an A level biology teacher Merlin adds over 30 new functions and six charts to Excel’s existing capabilities Accompanied by a comprehensive booklet to using descriptive statistics and statistical tests in A level biology Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 12 Further reading Alberts, B et al (2013) Essential Cell Biology, 4th edn Garland Science ■■ Chapter 13: ‘How Cells Obtain Energy from Food’ including ‘Glycolysis’ and ‘Citric acid cycle’, step‑by-step accounts of these two processes showing animated details of the chemical reactions ■■ Chapter 14: ‘Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts’ including ‘Electron transport chain’, an animated series of diagrams showing structural features of the electron transport chain ‘ATP Synthase – A Molecular Turbine’ is a stunning realistic animation showing this beautiful minimachine in operation Available at: www.garlandscience.com/ECB4-students Jones, M and Jones, G (1997) Advanced Biology Cambridge University Press Elliot, W.H and Elliot, D (2009) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4th edn Oxford University Press Alberts, B et al (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th edn Garland Science These biochemistry textbooks are very accessible Online and interactive resources www.rcsb.org/pdb/education_discussion/educational_resources/citric_acid_cycle.pdf A poster available to download on the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) showing three-dimensional models of the molecules involved plus summaries of all the reactions www.johnkyrk.com/glycolysis.html www.johnkyrk.com/krebs.html www.johnkyrk.com/mitochondrion.html These animations of respiration are to be found on John Kyrk’s website Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 13 Further reading Alberts, B et al (2013) Essential Cell Biology, 4th edn Garland Science ■■ Chapter 14: ‘Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts’ including the animation ‘Light harvesting’, which deals with the structure and function of chloroplasts; other animations show the effects of light on chlorophyll and the subsequent flow of electrons, including the splitting of water, the role of photosystems and the electron transport chains Available at: www.garlandscience.com/ECB4-students Jones, M and Jones, G (1997) Advanced Biology Cambridge University Press Elliot, W.H and Elliot, D (2009) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4th ed Oxford University Press Lea, P and Leegood, R (1994) Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology John Wiley & Sons Online and interactive resources www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio_animations/02_MH_Photosynthesis_Web/index.html This is an animation about photosynthesis The three animations that follow can be accessed from here: highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073532223/student_view0/chapter8/animations_and_videos.html Look for: ‘Photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis’, ‘Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation’ and ‘How the Calvin cycle works’ www.johnkyrk.com/photosynthesis.html www.johnkyrk.com/photosynthesisdark.html There are animations of photosynthesis on John Kyrk’s website Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 14 Further reading Ashcroft, F (2001) Life at the Extremes Flamingo Online and interactive resources highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/ This link has animations on endocrine communication, blood sugar control and negative and positive feedback control of the menstrual cycle Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 15 Further reading Alberts, B et al (2013) Essential Cell Biology, 4th edn Garland Science + + ■■ Chapter 12 ‘Transport Across Cell Membranes’ including ‘Na /K pump’ and ‘Action potentials’, which are useful animations giving an understanding of the dynamics of processes that are harder to understand from single diagrams ‘Synaptic signalling’ shows electron micrographs of synapses and very clear animations of the release of neurotransmitters and the consequences at a synapse Available at: www.garlandscience.com/ECB4-students Cole, J (1995) Pride and the Daily Marathon MIT Press This is a book about a man who completely lost proprioception It is written by his doctor, Jonathan Cole, a consultant in clinical neurophysiology Sacks, O (2011) The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat Picador; first published in 1985 Oliver Sacks is probably the most famous neurologist in the world In this book he describes people with various neurological disorders, including ‘The Disembodied Lady’ This is a beautifully written book that never fails to spark an interest in the world where biology meets psychology Online and interactive resources www.abpischools.org.uk This site has notes on the nervous system highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation the_nerve_ impulse.html This site has an animation on nerve impulses highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation chemical_ synapse quiz_1_.html This site has an animation on synapses Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 16 Further reading Gregory, J (2000) Applications of Genetics Cambridge University Press Hickey, I et al (eds) (2007) BIOS Instant Notes, Genetics, 3rd edn Taylor and Francis Lewin, B (2007) Genes IX Oxford University Press To be consulted when in doubt! Ridley, M (2000) Genome Fourth Estate Read this book Online and interactive resources www.hhmi.org/biointeractive BioInteractive is a free resource for teachers and students, including animations, short films and apps (HHMI in the web address refers to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.) www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/regulation-eukaryotic-dna-transcription This has an animation of transcription and its regulation www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/sickle-cell-anemia This animation describes the effects of the disease sickle cell anaemia on red blood cells, the mutation responsible and the consequent change to haemoglobin www.dnai.org Many resources on DNA; see also the recommended resources for Chapter www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html There is an animation of meiosis on John Kyrk’s website Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 17 Further reading Read The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin to see how this voyage stimulated thoughts about evolution There is an abridged edition in the Penguin Classics series, published 1989 There are also illustrated editions available, and a Kindle edition: Darwin, C (2012) A Naturalist’s Voyage Round the World: The Voyage of the Beagle Balefire Publishing Or read about Darwin and Wallace: Desmond, A and Moore, J (1991) Darwin Michael Joseph Keynes, R (2001) Creation John Murray Keynes is a great-grandson of Charles Darwin Raby, P (2001) Alfred Russel Wallace a Life Chatto and Windus Or read about natural selection and evolution: Larsen, E (2001) Evolution’s Workshop Basic Books Lane, N (2009) Life Ascending Profile Books Jones, S (2000) Almost like a Whale Black Swan Dawkins, R (1989) The Selfish Gene, 2nd edn Oxford Paperbacks Dawkins, R (2006) The Blind Watchmaker, 2nd edn Penguin Books Bell, M et al (eds) (2010) Evolution since Darwin Sinauer Associates Online and interactive resources darwin-online.org.uk For everything Darwin wrote www.sciberbrain.org www.sciberbrain.org/advanced-level The Biochemical Society has set up a special website for education There is an advanced-level animated presentation on evolution A lower-level presentation (standard level) is also available www.hhmi.org/biointeractive BioInteractive is a free resource for teachers and students, including animations, short films and apps (HHMI in the web address refers to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.) www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/origin-species This features a series of three short films, total running time 65 min, on evolution The films are downloadable and also available on a DVD The overall title is The Origin of Species and the three subtitles are: ■■ ‘The Making of a Theory’ The epic voyages and revolutionary insights of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace ■■ ‘The Beak of the Finch’ An examination of 40 years of research into the Galapagos finches providing clues as to how 13 distinct finch species arose from a single ancestral population ■■ ‘Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree’ Examples of adaptive radiation, reproductive isolation and the formation of new species among the Caribbean islands Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/animated-life-ar-wallace This is an amusingly presented, animated cartoon video telling the story of Alfred Russel Wallace It tracks his life and legacy and is an opportunity to correct his frequent omission from history www.wellcometreeoflife.org/video The Tree of Life is an interactive resource developed by the Wellcome Trust, with texts and images exploring the evolutionary links between living things The accompanying video was shown as part of ‘Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life’ broadcast by the BBC in February 2009 Narrated by Sir David Attenborough, it can be downloaded or a DVD can be purchased from the BBC Shop www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html John Kyrk has an animated timeline of the history of the Earth on his website Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 18 Further reading The End of the Line Charles Clover Ebury Press; 2005 978-0091897819 This excellent book details the threats of fishing to the marine environment Online and interactive resources www.csiro.au This is the website of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia CSIRO provides educational resources, particularly on environmental issues With its unique flora and fauna Australia has a particularly strong interest in conservation issues The website section on ‘Biodiversity and Environment’ includes many videos, for example on climate change science, coral reef ecology and conservation www.mongabay.com Mongabay: for information about environmental issues and conservation This has a lot of information about threats to biodiversity www.wwf.org.uk World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) www.cites.org Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) www.sandiegozooglobal.org San Diego Zoo Global is an international conservation organization Look at the section on San Diego’s frozen zoo www.kew.org Read about the scientific and conservation work of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew www.kew.org/science-conservation/save-seed-prosper/millennium-seed-bank/index.htm The Millennium Seed Bank Video BBC DVD ‘The Truth About Climate Change’ is a classic two-part documentary, released in 2008, narrated by Sir David Attenborough BBC DVD ‘State of The Planet’ is another classic documentary narrated by Sir David Attenborough, released in 2004 Worksheets and practicals www.linnean.org/Education+Resources/Secondary_Resources Worksheets on taxonomy and classification (‘What’s in a name’; ‘Who are you?’; ‘Who’s who?’) There are student and teacher versions, the latter with mark schemes Posters are also available A simple laboratory-based practical, ‘How Rich Is Your Habitat?’, is available It uses a simple and convenient model of the real environment in order to understand the principles of random sampling and how to estimate biodiversity It includes use of Simpson’s Diversity Index Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter 19 Further reading Alberts, B et al (2013) Essential Cell Biology, 4th edn Garland Science ■■ Chapter 10: ‘Modern Recombinant DNA Technology’ including ‘Polymerase chain reaction’, a clear animation Available at: www.garlandscience.com/ECB4-students Brown, T.A (2007) Genomes Garland Science See the topics in the section ‘Classical Genetics’ Online and interactive resources www.sciberbrain.org www.sciberbrain.org/advanced-level The Biochemical Society has set up a special website for education There is an advanced-level animated presentation on genetic engineering A lower-level presentation (standard level) is also available for a gentler introduction www.hhmi.org/biointeractive BioInteractive is a free resource for teachers and students, including animations, short films and apps (HHMI in the web address refers to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.) www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/polymerase-chain-reaction This is a step-by-step animation explaining the polymerase chain reaction www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genetic-engineering An animation showing how a new gene can be inserted into a loop of bacterial DNA (a plasmid) A restriction enzyme is shown cutting the DNA, allowing a new piece of DNA to be inserted www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/human-genome-sequencing An animation outlining the principles adopted when trying to sequence the human genome www.abpischools.org.uk/object/download.cfm?lib=liPoster&id=409 This site contains notes on genetic engineering, including a clear and attractive downloadable poster ‘Genetic Engineering – New Horizons in Medicine’ There is also a poster on the human genome project These posters are part of a useful series entitled ‘New Horizons in Medicine’ www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/index.html The DNA Learning Centre at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has many animations on the topics covered in this chapter www.dnaftb.org/ There are many resources to support topics in this chapter in the section in another website from Cold Spring Harbor: DNA from the Beginning www.dnai.org See the sections on ‘Manipulation’ and ‘Applications’ Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 Cambridge International A Level Biology Recommended resources Chapter P2 Further reading Fosbery, R (2012) OCR AS/A2 Biology Student Unit Guide: Practical Skills in Biology Philip Allan Available as a Kindle edition, or as a paperback book Boyle, M (2014) Science Skills – A Level Biology Collins Educational Available as a Kindle edition, or as a paperback book Cadogan, A and Ingram, M (2002) Maths for Advanced Biology Nelson Thornes Online and interactive resources www.gettingpractical.org.uk/documents/LoMsampleJan2010.pdf The Language of Measurement: terminology used in school science investigations A free pdf available from the link above, or the complete book is available to order from www.ase.org.uk/ bookshop/books-for-practical-work/ www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-physics/language-measurements A language for measurements: written for physics students, but equally applicable for biology www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/Stats%20for%20twits/Different%20kinds%20of%20data.html Clear advice about collecting and handling data from the Field Studies Council: here is a simple description of the different types of data (interval, ordinal and so on) www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/Stats%20for%20twits/Hyptesting%20stats%20format.html Information from the Field Studies Council on hypotheses and null hypotheses www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/Stats%20for%20twits/Additional%20Material/SDeviation htm www.theseashore.org.uk/theseashore/Stats%20for%20twits/Additional%20Material/SError.htm Advice about standard deviation and standard error Other resources www.heckgrammar.co.uk/index.php?p=10310 Merlin Statistics Software: an add-in for Microsoft Excel developed by an A level biology teacher Merlin adds over 30 new functions and six charts to Excel’s existing capabilities Accompanied by a comprehensive booklet to using descriptive statistics and statistical tests in A level biology Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014 ... the heart beat 177 End-of-chapter questions 179 iii Cambridge International AS Level and ABiology Level Biology Gas exchange and smoking 185 Gas exchange 186 Lungs186 Trachea, bronchi and. .. found at the bases of cilia (page 189) and flagella, where they are known as basal bodies, act as MTOCs The microtubules that extend from the basal bodies into the cilia and flagella are essential... mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes Animal cells also contain a centrosome and centrioles Plant cells may contain chloroplasts, often have a large, permanent, central vacuole and have a cell wall