There is little difference in meaning between these words, but commence is used in formal English.. It is not used in conversation.[r]
(1)ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS ~ 11 because, as, since, for You can use because, as, since, or for to give an explanation for something or to explain why you say something Because is the most commonly used word for giving a reason or motive for something, someone asks a question beginning with ‘Why?’, you can reply using because - I said I wouỉdn,t go.—“Why?—'Because I didn’t want to leave you.’ - Why shouldn’t I come?’—'Because you’re too busy.’ If you have said that something is the case and you want to say why it is the case, you usually add a reason clause beginning with because - She finally walked off and caught the bus, because she could not really afford to pay both Eileen and a taxi - couldn’t see Helen’s expression, because her head was turned You can also use as or since to introduce a reason clause, especially in writing - A brief note on The National Portrait Gallery’s character is necessary as the word ‘Gallery’can be misleading - I realize it wouldn’t be in my interests to deceive him since I planned to deal with his bank for many years The reason clause is sometimes put first - As they have been on the winning side, they may have temptations to extend their borders - Since evaporated milk is about twice the strength of fresh milk, you always dilute it with at least an equal amount of water If you want to say that there is a special reason for something, you can use words like ‘especially’ or ‘particularly’ in front of as or since When you this, you put the reason clause after the main clause - I was frightened when I went to bed, especially as my room was so far up - It was nice to have someone to talk to, particularly as it looked as if I was going to be there all night In stories, for is used to explain or justify something that has just been said This is an old-fashioned use - After a while he seems to feel the need of company again, for he suddenly scrambles back into the kitchen - The diet we gave her seemed satisfactory, for she grew well begin, start, commence If you begin, start, or commence something, you it from a particular time There is little difference in meaning between these words, but commence is used in formal English It is not used in conversation - I had been asked to chat to the kids before they began lessons for the day - As they saw him coming they began to dance - The meeting, then, is ready to begin - He tore the list from the pad and started a fresh list - Mrs Bixby put a hand up to her mouth and started backing away Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 25th, 2020 - The war started between England and France - Students may commence a two-year Training study in a chosen activity - The space-probe commenced taking a series of photographs Start has some special meanings which are not shared by ‘begin’ or ‘commence’ You can use start to say that someone makes an enginе or machine begin to work You can also use start to say that somеопе creates a business or other organization In stories, start is used to say that someone begins to move in a particular direction - He couldn’t get his engine started - He scraped up enough money to start his Hollywood restaurant - They started down the street together GRAMMAR Note that commепсе carmot be used with a ‘to’-infinitive You can begin to something, or start to it, but you cannot ‘commence’ to it believe, believe in If you believe something, you are convinced that it is true, even if you cannot prove it logically You can believe a claim, believe that something will happen, or believe that something should be done - No one ever believes the official answer - I believed that I was at the beginning ofa great adventure - The Government believes that such powers are essential If you believe in God, you believe that God exists If you believe in ghosts, you believe that there are ghosts If you believe in something such as a system, you think that it works If you believe in doing something, you think that it is the right thing to - It’s natural to think of Europeans who believed in ghosts as ignorant - Tâm Vy believes in love - The Kirks are a modern couple, and believe in dividing all tasks equally down the middle beside, besides If one thing is beside another, it is next to it or at the side of it - His mother sat beside him, clutching her handbag - Beside the shed was a huge wire bird cage Besides means ‘in addition to’ or ‘as well as’ - What languages you know besides Arabic and English? - Is there anything else wrong besides her heart? - The farm possessed three horses besides Clover - Besides its own publications the works have handled many other magazines Besides can also be used as an adverb meaning ‘in addition to the thing just mentioned’ - He needed so much else besides big, large, great Big, large and great can all be used to talk about size They can all be used fr front of count nouns, but only great can be used in front of uncount nouns DeThi.edu.vn ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS - 11 (2) Big is the word you usually use in conversation - ‘Where” ~ ‘Over there by that big tree.’ - Ellen had a big bag of eggs Large is more formal than big - Except in large cities, specialist bookshops for childrens literature are few - Countries which are planning to build medium-sized and/or large wind turbines over the next few years include France and Holland You can use big, but not ‘large’, to suggest that something is important or impressive - Chicago is to him the Big Town - his influence over the big advertisers You normally use great to emphasize the importance of someone or something - the great English master of classical architecture, Inigo Jones However, great can also be used to emphasize size and impressiveness - the beach ofa great curving bay in the west o England - Gardens lay wasted in order that great office blocks and car parks might take their place Both big and great can be used to emphasize the intensity of something Great is preferred in formal writing - You must find this a big change from the Navy, Mr Rutland - Most of them act like big fools - He switched from one task to another with great difficulty - Effective analysis and recognized techniques can bring about a great improvement You use large or great to describe amounts You not use ‘big’ - She made a very large amount of money - drugs taken in large quantities - Young people consume great quantities of chips border, boundary, frontier A border is a line that separates two countries or other political regions such as states or counties - Stanley wanted to spend the night across the Florida border - his parents’ crumbling ancestral home somewhere on the Welsh border - So, legally or illegally, they crossed the border A boundary is a line that separates any two areas, for example towns, farms, or countries - Matthews showed US a fine old hedge which once marked the parish boundary - In international law, three miles is generally taken to be the boundary ofa country’s airspace You refer to a border as a frontier when it is guarded and separates countries which have different political systems or are in dispute about something - Milứary activity on the frontier diverted troops from their internal security role - I have to get off the train at the frontier and cross on foot between the guard posts A frontier can also be a limit beyond which nobody has explored or established political rights - Space will not be the last frontier, it will simply be the next frontier Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 25th, 2020 brand, make, type The brand of a product such as soap or tea is the name given to it by the firm that makes it One firm may make several brands of a particular product Brands are usually products which not last for a long time - There used to be so many different brands oftea - Stein was most particular about soap and he had used this particular brandfor over twenty years The make of a car or of an electric appliance such as a radio or washing machine is the name of the company that makes it You use make to refer to products which last for a long time - tests on different makes ofcar to establish resistance to bodywork stress - She can spot the make of typewriter a secretary is using If you talk about what type of product you want, you are saying what features it should have and what quality it should be You not only talk about types of goods; you can also talk about types of people or abstract things - You will have to decide which type of pram to choose - With a certain type ofactor that method can be quite effective - It’s a new type of bank account for young people and children Note that if you ask someone what type of car they have, they could reply, for example, ‘a saloon’ or ‘an estate’, ữ you ask what make of car someone has, they could reply, for example, ‘Ford’ or "Toyota’ briefly, shortly You use briefly to talk about things that happen for only a short period of time For example, if you see someone briefly, you not seet them for very long If you stay somewhere briefly, you stay there just for a short time - The two men had met briefly once before - The Duke proposed to stay there briefly to rest his troops If you explain something briefly, you use very few words or give ѵегy few details - She told them briefly what had happened - Stephanie wrote briefly and delicately to Mrs Orton, suggesting a visit You use shortly and not ‘briefly’ to say when something happens If something happens shortly after something else, it happens soon after it - Shortly after the break I was driven back to the hotel - She died shortly afterwards - When I informed her we were shortly to sailfor New York, she looked distressed and bewildered You can also say that something happens shortly before something else This is a slightly old-fashioned use - It happened shortly before my seventeenth birthday • Ifyou speak shortly to someone, you speak in an impatient or slightly angry way - ‘Good-bye, and thanks!' said Miss Jackson somewhat shortly, pushing open the wet gate - Naturally,’ I said shortly …to be continued DeThi.edu.vn ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS - 11 (3)