Republic of malawi public administration profile

REPUBLIC OF MALAWI Public Administration Country Profile Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) United Nations Contributions: African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development (CAFRAD) July 2004 All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries Table of Contents Table of Contents Malawi General Information 1.1 People 1.2 Economy 1.3 Public Spending 1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages Legal Structure 2.1 Legislative Branch 2.2 Executive Branch 2.3 Judiciary Branch 2.4 Local Government The State and Civil Society 3.1 Ombudsperson 3.2 NGOs and Civil Society Civil Service 4.1 Legal basis 4.2 Recruitment 4.3 Promotion 4.4 Remuneration 10 4.5 Training .10 4.6 Discipline 10 4.7 Retirement 11 4.8 Gender 11 Ethics and Civil Service 12 5.1 Corruption 12 5.2 Ethics 13 e-Government 14 6.1 e-Government Readiness .14 6.2 e-Participation 15 Links .16 7.1 National sites .16 7.2 Miscellaneous sites 16 MALAWI Malawi Click here for detailed map Government type Multiparty democracy Independence July 1964 (from UK) Constitution 18 May 1994 (click here); in effect 17 May 1995 Legal system Based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction Administrative divisions 27 districts (click here) Source: The World Factbook - Country 1964- Dr Hastings Banda rules 1994 from 1971 as "President for Life" - with dictatorial powers in a one-party state Early Opposition to Banda’s 1990s totalitarian, one-party rule grows 14 June 1993 In a referendum, the overwhelming majority of the electorate vote for a multi-party system 17 May 1994 First free elections, won by the United Democratic Front (UDF) led by Dr Muluzi 1999, Parliamentary and 2004 presidential elections Source: Federal Foreign Office (Germany) - History: Malawi Source: The World Factbook - Country General Information 1.1 People Malawi Tanzania Zambia Population a Total estimated population (,000), 2003 12,105 36,977 Female estimated population (,000), 2003 6,128 18,661 5,438 Male estimated population (,000), 2003 5,977 18,316 5,374 Sex ratio (males per 100 females), 2003 Average annual rate of change of pop (%), 2000-2005 10,812 98 98 99 2.01 1.93 1.16 Youth and Elderly Population b Total population under age 15 (%), 2003 46 45 47 Female population aged 60+ (%), 2003 5 Male population aged 60+ (%), 2003 4 15 33 40 Human Settlements c Urban population (%), 2001 Rural population (%), 2001 85 67 60 Urban average annual rate of change in pop (%), ‘00-‘05 4.6 4.64 2.66 Rural average annual rate of change in pop/ (%), ‘00-‘05 1.71 0.73 1.7 Total school life expectancy, 2000/2001 6.9 Female school life expectancy, 2000/2001 6.6 Male school life expectancy, 2000/2001 5.1 7.3 Education d Female estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000 i ii 53.5 33.5 28.5 Male estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000 25.5i 16.1 14.8ii Employment 2 e Unemployment rate (15+) (%), 2000 Female adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 1998 76 Male adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 1998 79 Malawi Tanzania Zambia 1,880 9,383i 3,683 175 267i 352 6,297 19,589 8,431 586 557 806 Value added in agriculture (% of GDP), 2004 38.6 45.0ii 20.9 Value added in industry (% of GDP), 2004 15.2 16.4ii 35.2 46.2 ii 38.6 43.9 11.6 4.0 19.4 Notes: i 1987; ii 1990 1.2 Economy GDP a GDP total (millions US$), 2002 GDP per capita (US$), 2002 PPP GDP total (millions int US$), 2002 PPP GDP per capita(int US$), 2002 Sectors b Value added in services (% of GDP), 2004 Miscellaneous c GDP implicit price deflator (annual % growth), 2004 Private consumption (% of GDP), 2004 94.5 77.8 69.2 Government consumption (% of GDP), 2004 17.1 13.4 12.7 Notes: i Estimate is based on regression; other PPP figures are extrapolated from the latest International Comparison Programme benchmark estimates Data refer to mainland Tanzania only; ii 2003 United Nations Statistics Division: Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; b Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; c Population Division of the UN Secretariat; d1 UNESCO ; d2 UNESCO; e1 ILO; e2 ILO/OECD World Bank - Data and Statistics: a Quick Reference Tables; b Data Profile Tables ; c Country at a Glance a 1.3 Public Spending Malawi Tanzania Zambia Education (% of GNP), 1985-1987 3.5 3.1 a Education (% of GNP), 1995-1997 5.4 2.2 a Health (% of GDP), 1990 1.6 2.6 Health (% of GDP), 1998 2.8 1.3 3.6 Military (% of GDP), 1990 1.3 2i 3.7 b Military (% of GDP), 2000 0.8 1.3ii 0.6 b Total debt service (% of GDP), 1990 7.1 4.2 6.2 Total debt service (% of GDP), 2000 3.5 2.4 6.4 Public expenditures Notes: i 1991; ii 1999 1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages Malawi 1991-1995 Data from the latest year available Malawi 1996-2000 Sub-Saharan Africa average4 1996-2000 Francophone Africa average4 1996-2000 Low income group average4 1996-2000 0.30 0.14 0.46 0.30 0.14 0.46 0.62 0.31 0.91 0.29 0.39 0.62 0.07 0.05 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.33 13.1 Employment Civilian Central Government5 Sub-national Government5 Education employees Health employees Police Armed forces SOE Employees Total Public Employment (,000) 52.0 (% pop.) 0.53 (,000) (% pop.) (,000) 47.0 (% pop.) 0.48 (,000) 14.0 (% pop.) 0.14 (,000) 1.0 (% pop.) 0.01 8.0 5.0 0.08 0.05 (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) Wages Total Central gov't wage bill (% of GDP) 5.4 6.1 5.3 5.4 Total Central gov’t wage bill (% of exp) 28.9 31.8 24.7 Average gov't wage (,000 LCU) Real ave gov’t wage ('97 price) (,000 LCU) 4.8 6.3 4.4 Average gov’t wage to per capita GDP ratio Source: World Bank - Public Sector Employment and Wages UNDP - Human Development Report 2002 Data refer to total public expenditure on education, including current and capital expenditures As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of military expenditure data over time and across countries should be made with caution For detailed notes on the data see SIPRI (2001) Averages for regions and sub regions are only generated if data is available for at least 35% of the countries in that region or sub region Excluding education, health and police – if available (view Country Sources for further explanations) a b Legal Structure T he Constitution of the Republic of Malawi provides for a classical separation of powers (legislature, executive, and judiciary) The country has a presidential, multiparty democracy complemented by special supervisory bodies such as an ombudsman and an Anti-Corruption Bureau Human rights and the rule of law are also constitutionally guaranteed Source: Federal Foreign Office (Germany) - Government and Politics: Malawi 2.1 Legislative Branch Unicameral6 National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms).7 women in parliament: 27 out of (184) 193 seats: (17%).8 All legislative powers of the Republic are vested in Parliament Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the President as Head of State According to the Constitution, the Electoral Commission determines the number of seats in the National Assembly Source: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi - Chapter VI: The Legislature At present, the National Assembly comprises 193 elected Members of Parliament represented across political parties It meets in plenary at least thrice a year for periods not exceeding six weeks per meeting Fact box: elections: Last held 20 May 2004 election results: seats by party – MCP 60, UDF 49, Mgwirizano 27, Independents 38, Others 14, to be elected in byelections 69 The National Assembly introduces bills through the Members debates The President assents to bills for the same to be laws for the country on publication The President may withhold his assent and if a bill is passed again by the National Assembly, he cannot withhold his assent The National Assembly has some Cabinet Ministers who are not elected Members of the House and, therefore, not have voting rights The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi provides that political parties represented in the House should be funded by the State The Constitution provides for the Public Appointments Committee10 of the National Assembly The Committees are appointed by the National Assembly with proportionate representation from all parties represented in the National Assembly.11 Committees meet for periods not exceeding eight weeks in a year The Policy making body for the National Assembly is the Parliamentary Service Commission which was created by an act of Parliament in 1998 Source: Government of the Republic of Malawi - National Assembly (edited) On January 11th 2001, the Parliament of Malawi voted in favour of the suppression of the Senate, whereas traditional chiefs and other sectors of society (the Church, trade unions and human rights protection organisations) were against this decision (Sénat – The Senate of Malawi) Source of fact boxes if nothing else stated: The World Factbook - Malawi Only data for 184 seats: 2004 Malawi Parliamentary Election BBC News (Africa) - "Malawi president gains majority" (18 June 2004) As of July 2004, At least 26 independent members of parliament have joined the ruling United Democratic Front (UDF), making it Malawi's majority party (IRIN "UDF becomes majority party") 10 The Constitution also provides for a Budget Committee and a Legal Committee in addition to any Committees the National Assembly the National Assembly deem appropriate 11 Chapter VI (Legislature), Article 56(7)(8) A characteristic feature of the party system has so far been its along regional lines: each of the three parties represented in dominant force in one of the three regions: the ruling party, the Front (UDF), in the south, the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) in Malawi Congress Party (MCP) in the central region strong orientation parliament is the United Democratic the north, and the Source: Federal Foreign Office (Germany) - Government and Politics: Malawi 2.2 Executive Branch cabinet: 46-member Cabinet named by the president elections: President elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20 May 200412 The President of the Republic is Head of State and Government The President is elected by a majority of the electorate through direct, universal and equal suffrage There shall be a First Vice-President, and the President may also appoint a Second Vice-President from another political party than that of the President The President holds office for five years with a maximum of two consecutive terms The Cabinet consists of the President, the First Vice-President, the Second Vice-President and such Ministers and Deputy Ministers as may, from time to time, be appointed by the President The Secretary to the Cabinet is appointed by the President Fact box: chief of state and head of government: President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA (since 24 May 2004)13 election results: Bingu wa Mutharika, UDF: 35%; John Tembo, MCP: 28%; Gwanda Chakuamba, Mgwirizano: 25%14 Appointments to the Attorney-General and the Director of Public Prosecutions are made by the President with the latter being confirmed by the Public Appointments Committee Source: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi - Chapter VIII: The Executive 2.3 Judiciary Branch Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts Chapter IX of the Constitution provides for the Judicature Section 103(1) stipulates that all courts and all persons presiding over those courts shall exercise their functions, powers and duties independently The Supreme Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court and other courts and tribunals The High Court has unlimited jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law It has jurisdiction to review any law, and any action or decision of the Government, for conformity with the Constitution Magistrate courts are subordinate to the High Court and presided over by professional magistrates and lay magistrates 12 13 14 IRIN - "Country goes to the polls" (20 May 2004) IRIN - "Flawed voter registration casts doubt on poll results" (24 May 2004) 2004 Malawi Presidential Election & BBC News (Africa) - "Malawi president gains majority" (18 June 2004) The Industrial Relations Court, subordinate to the High Court, has jurisdiction over labour disputes and other issues relating to employment The Chief Justice is appointed by the President and confirmed by the National Assembly by a majority of two thirds of the members present and voting All other judges are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission Magistrates and persons appointed to other judicial offices are appointed by the Chief Justice on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission All justices are appointed until the age of 65 and may be removed only for reasons of incompetence or misbehavior, as determined by the President and a majority of the Parliament.15 Source: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi - Chapter IX: The Judicature 2.4 Local Government Chapter XIV of the Constitution provides for Local Government Authorities while the Local Government Act of 1998 regulates local government Malawi is a centralist state divided into three regions (Northern, Central, Southern), comprising 28 districts and a number of autonomous municipalities Local government elections were held in November 2000 Source: Federal Foreign Office (Germany) - Government and Politics: Malawi (edited) The Malawi Government has adopted a Decentralization Policy, which provides for the establishment of local governments as the basis and a framework for the devolution of functions, responsibilities, powers and resources to District Assemblies The Local Government Act of 1998 has made the district assemblies the operational unit for preparing development plans and implementing those plans Source: District Assemblies - Mchinji District Assembly 15 U.S Department of State – Human Rights (2003) The State and Civil Society 3.1 Ombudsperson Chapter X of the Constitution provides for the Office of the Ombudsman The Ombudsman is appointed by the Public Appointments Committee16 The office of the Ombudsman investigates cases where a person has suffered injustice and no remedy reasonably is available (e.g court, appeal from a court) The Ombudsman has powers to subpoena the attendance of any person, require the immediate disclosure of information from any public body, and question any person In the case of non-compliance the Ombudsman can initiate contempt proceedings before the High Court The Ombudsman reports to Nation Assembly on an annually basis The Office of the Ombudsman was established in 1994 and became operative in 1995.17 Source: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi - Chapter X: The Ombudsman 3.2 NGOs and Civil Society There are a growing number of civil society institutions (e.g Civil Liberties Committee, the Centre for Advice on Research and Education on Rights and Malawi Institute of Democracy and Economic Affairs) that have been formed outside institutions established under the constitution Source: European Commission (Development) - Country Strategy Paper and Indicative Programme (2001-2007) The Council for Nongovernmental Organisations in Malawi (CONGOMA) is a membership umbrella body for NGOs in Malawi It has a membership of 175 comprises of National, International and Emerging NGOs It was established in 1992 as an offshoot of the council for Social Welfare Services in Malawi with the mission to enhance and maximize the potential and actual impacts that NGOs can and have upon development in Malawi through mutual support between NGOs The NGO Bill passed into law by Parliament in 2000 legally designated CONGOMA in Section 24 as the NGO coordinating body and charged it with the responsibility to represent and promote the collective interest of NGOs in Malawi Source: Sustainable Development Network Programme - Council for Nongovernmental Organisation in Malawi The Human Rights Consultative Committee (HRCC) was formed in 1995 with the objective of creating a platform upon which human rights institutions can come together and exchange views on current topical issues Hereby, a forum is created for strengthening the coordination of activities according to the mandates of the individual institutions through a commonly defined vision and priority areas for the promotion and consolidation of democratic principles in Malawi HRCC constitutes a network of 40 Malawian civil society organizations including members from a cross section of Malawian society Members are drawn from the church, media, human rights NGOs, women and youth organizations Source: The Danish Institute for Human Rights - Main partners in Malawi Click here for Malawi NGO list 16 17 See 2.1 Legislative Branch for Public Appointments Committee The Danish Institute for Human Rights - Main partners in Malawi Civil Service The State President is responsible for the public service and the Secretary to the President and Cabinet, is the head of the civil service The Department of Human Resource Management and Development (DHRMD) is the Central Government Agency responsible for overall policy on the management of human resources in the public service It is a Department in the Office of the President and Cabinet (OPC) in Central Government It underwent major reform in 1993 and its present form derives from that restructuring and the 1994 Public service Act Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) 4.1 Legal basis The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi in Chapter 20 sets out the legal basis of public administration in Malawi while the Public Service Act (1994)18 clarifies and operationalizes the legal mandates cited in the Constitution Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) 4.2 Recruitment Each Ministry and Department is responsible for recruitment of employees to fill positions on its establishment Recruitment and promotion policy is formulated by DHRMD for implementation by Ministries and Departments First an office has to confirm existence of an established vacant position Then the office obtains authority to fill the position from DHRMD and OPC Thereafter it prepares job specifications to give minimum qualifications and experience required that will be translated into an advertisement This is then submitted to the Civil Service Commission, the independent authority in the Civil Service responsible for recruitment, promotions, transfers and disciplinary matters For positions lower than EO/TO grade, i.e diploma level, the vacancies are declared to the Ministries’ Appointments and Disciplinary Committees (ADC) These bodies advertise the vacancies and once originating ministries complete short listing eligible candidates, the Commission/ADC’s, assess the candidates mostly through oral interviews Sometimes written examinations, aptitude tests and practical examinations are administered depending on the nature of the job Other appointing authorities in the public service are the Judicial Service Commission; Police Service Commission; Prisons Service Commission; Local Government Service Commission and Teaching Service Commission Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) 4.3 Promotion For promotions, the procedure is similar to the one above For positions at EO/TO grade, there is need for either training or acquisition of a diploma or writing departmental examinations for purposes of promotion Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) 18 Public Service Act, 1994 (No 19 of 1994); Malawi Gazette, Supplement, 1994-05-16, No 3C, pp 1-10 4.4 Remuneration The remuneration in the Government is meant to compensate employees for services rendered Employees occupying equivalent grades regardless of profession share similar salaries There are minimal annual salary increments that result in officers salaries progressing over time in respective salary scales As compared to the private sector, salary levels in Government are much lower This is a function of affordability in the profit making private sector organizations and large numbers in the public service Worth noting is that senior officers in the Civil Service who are engaged on performance contracts schemes get better remuneration comparable to some private sector organizations With respect to revision of salaries, this is based on the change in the cost of living, need to retain and motivate skilled staff and also taking into account the factor of affordability Normally the salary increase is by a uniform percentage across the board In terms of the grading system, the Malawi Public Service follows a hierarchical arrangement of grading of positions from the lowest to the highest As regards incentive pay there is a system of accelerated salary advancement for high performers, award of some salary increments to recognize previous relevant experience and on acquisition of higher qualifications Except for very senior positions, there is not much by way of fringe benefits Senior officers are entitled to such benefits as housing allowance, transport, telephone, water, electricity, security and domestic servants Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) (edited) 4.5 Training The Government has since independence in 1964 established a number of Training Institutions to cater for different sectors These include the Malawi College of Health Sciences; Nursing Schools; Malawi College of Forestry; Natural Resources College; Teachers Colleges; a number of Technical and Vocational Training Colleges, Staff Development Institute and Malawi Institute of Management Most of the training institutions provide either promotional or upgrading training programmes for lower level officers up to professional officer level However, the Malawi Institute Management is an institution targeting senior officials in short term management courses Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) 4.6 Discipline19 The disciplinary procedure, depending on the nature and gravity of misconduct, is applied in the following manner On first offence, a verbal warning is given, followed by a written warning, deduction of salary suspension, or interdiction, and finally dismissal or termination of employment It should be noted that it is the Civil Service Commission that sanction disciplinary action There is also a provision for appeal against such disciplinary decisions as dismissal The Civil Service also has a grievance handling procedure that gives an 19 See also 5.2 Ethics 10 opportunity for employees to table their grievances with the highest level of management, including with the Minister Responsible for the Public Service Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) (edited) 4.7 Retirement Employees retire from the public service on attaining the mandatory retirement age of 55 years with a minimum service of 10 years, by voluntary retirement after 20 years pensionable service, or with the consent of the Minister of the Public Service with a minimum of 10 years service and having attained 45 years of age Terminal Benefits on retirement comprise of lifetime pension and lump sum gratuity Qualification for gratuity is a minimum service of years, whereas for pension qualification is 10 years in respect of early retirement or 20 years service For periods of less than years, Ex-gratia payment is effected Other benefits on retirement include severance package, redundancy benefits where applicable, and transportation for re-allocation The pension comprises 75% of total terminal benefits, whereas gratuity consists of the remaining 25% On death, gratuity is payable to employee’s dependents The pension scheme is funded by Government (non-contributory) Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) 4.8 Gender As guided by the Malawi Constitution, Employment Act and Public Service Act the Civil Service promotion and recruitment policy is based on equal opportunity to all who qualify With guidelines from the National Gender Policy, efforts have been made to promote women who qualify to fill top positions to balance the gender gap Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (edited) Not available online 11 Ethics and Civil Service 5.1 Corruption 2003 CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and (highly corrupt) Corruption Perceptions Index 2003 CPI Score Surveys Used Standard Deviation High-Low Range Number Inst 90 percent confidence range Rank Country Highly clean 9.7 0.3 9.2 - 10.0 9.5 - 9.9 83 Malawi 2.8 1.2 2.0 – 4.4 2.0 – 3.7 133 Highly corrupt 1.3 0.7 0.3 - 2.2 0.9 - 1.7 Source: Transparency International - Corruption Perceptions Index 2003 Surveys Used: Refers to the number of surveys that were used to assess a country's performance 17 surveys were used and at least surveys were required for a country to be included in the CPI Standard Deviation: Indicates differences in the values of the sources Values below 0.5 indicate agreement, values between 0.5 and c 0.9 indicate some agreement, while values equal or larger than indicate disagreement High-Low Range: Provides the highest and lowest values of the sources Number Institutions: Refers to the number of independent institutions that assessed a country's performance Since some institutions provided more than one survey 90 percent confidence range: Provides a range of possible values of the CPI score With percent probability the score is above this range and with another percent it is below The Corrupt Practices Act (No 18 of 1995)20 Act Establishes an Anti-Corruption Bureau with the purpose of investigating cases of suspected corruption in the public sector Sets forth definitions of and penalties for corruption offences Source: International Labour Organization (NATLEX) - Public and Civil Servants: Malawi The Bureau is a government Department headed by a Director assisted by a Deputy Director who are both appointed by the President but whose appointment is subject to ratification by the Public Appointments Committee of Parliament Other officers of the Bureau are not subject to such ratification The finances of the Bureau are charged to the consolidated fund The Director is subject to the direction and control of the Minister (of justice) on all matters of policy, but otherwise is not subject to the direction or control in the performance of his professional duties The Director is required to submit an annual report to parliament through the minister The first Director and Deputy Director officially took up their positions on March 1, 1997 The Bureau commenced full operations on February 9, 1998 Source: The Anti-Corruption Bureau - What is the Anti-Corruption Bureau? Other government institutions are put in place with the specific role of promoting accountability: Office of Ombudsman, Office of the Director of Public Prosecution, The Law Commission, Auditor General and the Malawi Human Rights Commission, among others 20 Gazette, Supplement, 1995-12-22, No 7C, pp 1-23 Amended 12 The civil society has also formed and established organizations similar to those of government to complement the efforts of government in the fight against corruption These are, inter alia, Transparency International Malawi, Media Council of Malawi, Malawi Human Rights Resource Center and Civil Liberties Committee Source: Regional Workshop for Anglophone Africa - The Malawi Experience (3/2001) The IMF, the European Union, the World Bank, and the governments of Britain and Denmark all suspended budgetary support to Malawi following concerns about overexpenditure and corruption by former president Bakili Muluzi's government Source: IRIN - "Mutharika promises action over economy, corruption" (30 June 2004) 5.2 Ethics The Malawi Public Service Regulations (MPSR), Public Service Commission Regulations and Internal Administrative Circulars govern disciplinary matters In addition, Personnel Procedure Manuals provide procedures to be followed in disciplinary matters Chapter Two of Book of MPSR outlines acts of misconduct that constitute breach of discipline in the public service DHRMD is in the process of developing a Code of Conduct and Ethics for the civil service, to complement the existing disciplinary provisions in the regulations All employees have to adhere to Financial Regulations set out in Treasury Instructions Recruitment employees are oriented in the workplace and through formal induction courses on the civil service regulations Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) (edited) 13 e-Government Web Measure Index: A scale based on progressively sophisticated web services present Coverage and sophistication of stateprovided e-service and e-product availability correspond to a numerical classification 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 e ba bw bi a Zi m U Za m ga n da a Ta n za ni da wa n R ru nd i M oz am bi qu e Bu The index is comprised of three sub-indexes: Web Measure Index, Telecommunications Infrastructure Index and Human Capital Index e-Government Readiness Index i The index refers to the generic capacity or aptitude of the public sector to use ICT for encapsulating in public services and deploying to the public, high quality information (explicit knowledge) and effective communication tools that support human development 6.1 e-Government Readiness M al aw e-Government Readiness Index: Source: United Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003 Web Measure Index Telecom Infrastructure Index Human Capital Index 0.9 0.8 0.7 Telecommunications Infrastructure Index: A composite, weighted average index of six primary indices, based on basic infrastructural indicators that define a country's ICT infrastructure capacity 0.6 Primary indicators are: PC’s, Internet users, online population and Mobile phones Secondary indicators are TVs and telephone lines 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Zi m ba bw e Za m bi a U ga n da ia Ta nz an a w an d R M oz am bi qu e Bu ru nd i M al aw i 0.1 Source: United Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003 Human Capital Index: A composite of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio, with two thirds of the weight given to adult literacy and one third to the gross enrolment ratio 14 6.2 e-Participation e-Participation Index 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 e-information: The government websites offer information on policies and programs, budgets, laws and regulations, and other briefs of key public interest Tools for disseminating of information exist for timely access and use of public information, including web forums, e-mail lists, newsgroups and chat rooms Zi m ba bw e bi a Za m ga nd a U Ta nz an ia R w an da bi qu e M oz am ur un di B Refers to the willingness, on the part of the government, to use ICT to provide high quality information (explicit knowledge) and effective communication tools for the specific purpose of empowerring people for able participation in consultations and decision-making both in their capacity as consumers of public services and as citizens M al aw i e-Participation Index: Source: United Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003 d e-information e-decision making e-consultation 2.5 1.5 0.5 Zi m ba bw e bi a Za m ga nd a U Ta nz an ia R w an da bi qu e oz am M B ur un di al aw i The government indicates that it will take citizens input into account in decision making and provides actual feedback on the outcome of specific issues M e-decision making: Source: United Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003 d e-consultation: The government website explains e-consultation mechanisms and tools It offers a choice of public policy topics online for discussion with real time and archived access to audios and videos of public meetings The government encourages citizens to participate in discussions 15 Links 7.1 National sites Authority Topic Government http://www.malawi.gov.mw/ Office of the President and Cabinet http://www.malawi.gov.mw/opc/opc.htm Parliament http://www.malawi.gov.mw/parliament/parliament.htm Local Government http://www.malawi.gov.mw/local_gov/local_gov.htm Council for Nongovernmental Organizations (CONGOMA) http://www.sdnp.org.mw/~edsaidi/congoma3/ 7.2 Miscellaneous sites Institution Topic African Development Bank (ADB) http://www.afdb.org/ African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP) African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development (CAFRAD) http://www.unidep.org/ http://www.cafrad.org/ African Union (AU) http://www.africa-union.org/ European Union (EU) http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/ACP countries International Labour Organization (ILO) - NATLEX http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.home New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) http://www.nepad.org/ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.undp.org.mw/ United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) http://www.uneca.org/ UNPAN http://www.unpan.org/virtual_library-byregion.asp USAID http://www.usaid.gov/locations/malawi/ World Bank (WB) http://www.worldbank.org/mw 16 ... an act of Parliament in 1998 Source: Government of the Republic of Malawi - National Assembly (edited) On January 11th 2001, the Parliament of Malawi voted in favour of the suppression of the... the 1994 Public service Act Source: CAFRAD - Questionnaire on National Public Administrations in Africa: Malawi (not available online) 4.1 Legal basis The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. .. and the Director of Public Prosecutions are made by the President with the latter being confirmed by the Public Appointments Committee Source: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi - Chapter