International Handbook of Public Procurement AU5457_C000.indd i 7/9/2008 4:20:01 PM PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY A Comprehensive Publication Program EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EVAN M BERMAN Huey McElveen Distinguished Professor Louisiana State University Public Administration Institute Baton Rouge, Louisiana Founding Editor JACK RABIN Professor of Public Administration and Public Policy The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg School of Public Affairs Middletown, Pennsylvania Public Administration as a Developing Discipline, Robert T Golembiewski Comparative National Policies on Health Care, Milton I Roemer, M.D Exclusionary Injustice: The Problem of Illegally Obtained Evidence, Steven R Schlesinger Organization Development in Public Administration, edited by Robert T Golembiewski and William B Eddy Approaches to Planned Change, Robert T Golembiewski Program Evaluation at HEW, edited by James G Abert The States and the Metropolis, Patricia S Florestano and Vincent L Marando 11 Changing Bureaucracies: Understanding the Organization before Selecting the Approach, William A Medina 12 Handbook on Public Budgeting and Financial Management, edited by Jack Rabin and Thomas D Lynch 15 Handbook on Public Personnel Administration and Labor Relations, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller 19 Handbook of Organization Management, edited by William B Eddy 22 Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and James S Bowman 23 Making and Managing Policy: Formulation, Analysis, Evaluation, edited by G Ronald Gilbert 25 Decision Making in the Public Sector, edited by Lloyd G Nigro 26 Managing Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Samuel Humes, and Brian S Morgan 27 Public Personnel Update, edited by Michael Cohen and Robert T Golembiewski 28 State and Local Government Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and Don Dodd 29 Public Administration: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature, Howard E McCurdy 31 Handbook of Information Resource Management, edited by Jack Rabin and Edward M Jackowski 32 Public Administration in Developed Democracies: A Comparative Study, edited by Donald C Rowat 33 The Politics of Terrorism: Third Edition, edited by Michael Stohl 34 Handbook on Human Services Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and Marcia B Steinhauer 36 Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values, Second Edition, John A Rohr AU5457_C000.indd ii 7/9/2008 4:20:03 PM 37 The Guide to the Foundations of Public Administration, Daniel W Martin 39 Terrorism and Emergency Management: Policy and Administration, William L Waugh, Jr 40 Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Second Edition, Michael L Vasu, Debra W Stewart, and G David Garson 43 Government Financial Management Theory, Gerald J Miller 46 Handbook of Public Budgeting, edited by Jack Rabin 49 Handbook of Court Administration and Management, edited by Steven W Hays and Cole Blease Graham, Jr 50 Handbook of Comparative Public Budgeting and Financial Management, edited by Thomas D Lynch and Lawrence L Martin 53 Encyclopedia of Policy Studies: Second Edition, edited by Stuart S Nagel 54 Handbook of Regulation and Administrative Law, edited by David H Rosenbloom and Richard D Schwartz 55 Handbook of Bureaucracy, edited by Ali Farazmand 56 Handbook of Public Sector Labor Relations, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller 57 Practical Public Management, Robert T Golembiewski 58 Handbook of Public Personnel Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller 60 Handbook of Debt Management, edited by Gerald J Miller 61 Public Administration and Law: Second Edition, David H Rosenbloom and Rosemary O’Leary 62 Handbook of Local Government Administration, edited by John J Gargan 63 Handbook of Administrative Communication, edited by James L Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin 64 Public Budgeting and Finance: Fourth Edition, edited by Robert T Golembiewski and Jack Rabin 67 Handbook of Public Finance, edited by Fred Thompson and Mark T Green 68 Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Third Edition, Michael L Vasu, Debra W Stewart, and G David Garson 69 Handbook of Economic Development, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou 70 Handbook of Health Administration and Policy, edited by Anne Osborne Kilpatrick and James A Johnson 72 Handbook on Taxation, edited by W Bartley Hildreth and James A Richardson 73 Handbook of Comparative Public Administration in the Asia-Pacific Basin, edited by Hoi-kwok Wong and Hon S Chan 74 Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration, edited by Dennis L Soden and Brent S Steel 75 Handbook of State Government Administration, edited by John J Gargan 76 Handbook of Global Legal Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 78 Handbook of Global Economic Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 79 Handbook of Strategic Management: Second Edition, edited by Jack Rabin, Gerald J Miller, and W Bartley Hildreth 80 Handbook of Global International Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 81 Handbook of Organizational Consultation: Second Edition, edited by Robert T Golembiewski 82 Handbook of Global Political Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 83 Handbook of Global Technology Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 84 Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration, edited by M A DuPont-Morales, Michael K Hooper, and Judy H Schmidt 85 Labor Relations in the Public Sector: Third Edition, edited by Richard C Kearney 86 Handbook of Administrative Ethics: Second Edition, edited by Terry L Cooper 87 Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Second Edition, edited by Robert T Golembiewski AU5457_C000.indd iii 7/9/2008 4:20:03 PM 88 Handbook of Global Social Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel and Amy Robb 89 Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Sixth Edition, Ferrel Heady 90 Handbook of Public Quality Management, edited by Ronald J Stupak and Peter M Leitner 91 Handbook of Public Management Practice and Reform, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou 93 Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management, edited by Ali Farazmand 94 Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration: Second Edition, edited by Ali Farazmand 95 Financial Planning and Management in Public Organizations, Alan Walter Steiss and Emeka O Cyprian Nwagwu 96 Handbook of International Health Care Systems, edited by Khi V Thai, Edward T Wimberley, and Sharon M McManus 97 Handbook of Monetary Policy, edited by Jack Rabin and Glenn L Stevens 98 Handbook of Fiscal Policy, edited by Jack Rabin and Glenn L Stevens 99 Public Administration: An Interdisciplinary Critical Analysis, edited by Eran Vigoda 100 Ironies in Organizational Development: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Robert T Golembiewski 101 Science and Technology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, edited by Tushar K Ghosh, Mark A Prelas, Dabir S Viswanath, and Sudarshan K Loyalka 102 Strategic Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations, Alan Walter Steiss 103 Case Studies in Public Budgeting and Financial Management: Second Edition, edited by Aman Khan and W Bartley Hildreth 104 Handbook of Conflict Management, edited by William J Pammer, Jr and Jerri Killian 105 Chaos Organization and Disaster Management, Alan Kirschenbaum 106 Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy, edited by Wallace Swan 107 Public Productivity Handbook: Second Edition, edited by Marc Holzer 108 Handbook of Developmental Policy Studies, edited by Gedeon M Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu and M Shamsul Haque 109 Bioterrorism in Medical and Healthcare Administration, Laure Paquette 110 International Public Policy and Management: Policy Learning Beyond Regional, Cultural, and Political Boundaries, edited by David Levi-Faur and Eran Vigoda-Gadot 111 Handbook of Public Information Systems, Second Edition, edited by G David Garson 112 Handbook of Public Sector Economics, edited by Donijo Robbins 113 Handbook of Public Administration and Policy in the European Union, edited by M Peter van der Hoek 114 Nonproliferation Issues for Weapons of Mass Destruction, Mark A Prelas and Michael S Peck 115 Common Ground, Common Future: Moral Agency in Public Administration, Professions, and Citizenship, Charles Garofalo and Dean Geuras 116 Handbook of Organization Theory and Management: The Philosophical Approach, Second Edition, edited by Thomas D Lynch and Peter L Cruise 117 International Development Governance, edited by Ahmed Shafiqul Huque and Habib Zafarullah 118 Sustainable Development Policy and Administration, edited by Gedeon M Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu, and M Shamsul Haque 119 Public Financial Management, edited by Howard A Frank 120 Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice, edited by Barbara Sims and Pamela Preston 121 Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Threat to Occupational Health in the U.S and Canada, edited by William Charney 122 Handbook of Technology Management in Public Administration, edited by David Greisler and Ronald J Stupak Morỗửl 123 Handbook of Decision Making, edited by Göktug 124 Handbook of Public Administration, Third Edition, edited by Jack Rabin, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller AU5457_C000.indd iv 7/9/2008 4:20:03 PM 125 Handbook of Public Policy Analysis, edited by Frank Fischer, Gerald J Miller, and Mara S Sidney 126 Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability and Participation, edited by Kathe Callahan 127 American Public Service: Radical Reform and the Merit System, edited by James S Bowman and Jonathan P West 128 Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration, edited by Jeremy Plant 129 The Art and Practice of Court Administration, Alexander B Aikman 130 Handbook of Globalization, Governance, and Public Administration, edited by Ali Farazmand and Jack Pinkowski 131 Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, edited by Khi V Thai, Dianne Rahm, and Jerrell D Coggburn 132 Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process, Sixth Edition, Norma M Riccucci and Katherine C Naff 133 Handbook of Police Administration, edited by Jim Ruiz and Don Hummer 134 Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration, Second Edition, edited by Kaifeng Yang and Gerald J Miller 135 Social and Economic Control of Alcohol: The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century, edited by Carole L Jurkiewicz and Murphy J Painter 136 Government Public Relations: A Reader, edited by Mordecai Lee 137 Handbook of Military Administration, edited by Jeffrey A Weber and Johan Eliasson 138 Disaster Management Handbook, edited by Jack Pinkowski 139 Homeland Security Handbook, edited by Jack Pinkowski 140 Health Capital and Sustainable Socioeconomic Development, edited by Patricia A Cholewka and Mitra M Motlagh 141 Handbook of Administrative Reform: An International Perspective, edited by Jerri Killian and Niklas Eklund 142 Government Budget Forecasting: Theory and Practice, edited by Jinping Sun and Thomas D Lynch 143 Handbook of Long-Term Care Administration and Policy, edited by Cynthia Massie Mara and Laura Katz Olson 144 Handbook of Employee Benefits and Administration, edited by Christopher G Reddick and Jerrell D Coggburn 145 Business Improvement Districts: Research, Theories, and Controversies, edited by Gửktug Morỗửl, Lorlene Hoyt, Jack W Meek, and Ulf Zimmermann 146 International Handbook of Public Procurement, edited by Khi V Thai Available Electronically Principles and Practices of Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Robert F Munzenrider, and Sherrie M Bartell PublicADMINISTRATIONnetBASE AU5457_C000.indd v 7/9/2008 4:20:03 PM AU5457_C000.indd vi 7/9/2008 4:20:04 PM International Handbook of Public Procurement Edited by Khi V Thai Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business AU5457_C000.indd vii 7/9/2008 4:20:04 PM Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5457-6 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The Authors and Publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S 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Cataloging-in-Publication Data International handbook of public procurement / [edited by] Khi V Thai p cm (Public administration and public policy ; 146) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4200-5457-6 (alk paper) Government purchasing Handbooks, manuals, etc Government spending policy Handbooks, manuals, etc Public contracts Handbooks, manuals, etc I Thai, Khi V., 1941JF1525.P85I58 2009 352.5’3 dc22 2008011592 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Auerbach Web site at http://www.auerbach-publications.com AU5457_C000.indd viii 7/9/2008 4:20:04 PM Dedication To my wife, Xuan, and my two children, Xuan-Thu and Edward AU5457_C000.indd ix 7/9/2008 4:20:04 PM Index A Accounting, 45–46, 96, 99, 159, 161–163, 263, 475–476, 598, 602, 609, 698, 758–759 data, 161 economy, 133 of fixed assets, 609 methods, 159 officer, 140, 358–359, 398, 401 system, 142, 148, 336, 437, 534, 562 Accounts payable, 546–547, 557 Activity-based costing, 476 Administrative accountability, 147 action, 68, 360 bid protest arrangements, 633 budgetary management, 234 instructions, 398 law, 125, 359–360, 368 personnel, 377 procedures, 532 staff, 158 Africa countries, 139, 145, 153 Development Bank, 20, 133, 137 governments, 137, 147–148, 151–152 peoples, 241 procurement, 145 public sector, 134 public sector acquisition processes, 150 public systems, 150 Union Convention, 127 Agriculture, 544, 548, 550–555, 559–561 assessment, 556 plans, 551, 559, 562 procurement data, 551 procurement headquarters, 557 procurement management division, 550 production, 550 purchase, 560 purchase card management system, 560 Anti-corruption, 4, 21, 105, 107, 126, 138–139, 385–386, 388–390, 395, 402, 404 Appeal, 123, 142, 153, 294, 298, 401–402, 415, 668–669, 683 process, 123 Arbitration, 8, 134, 262, 632 Architecture, 498, 507, 516, 571, 648, 721, 739, 791 Asset management, 177, 533–534, 591, 593, 595, 598–602, 605–606, 609–610 cycle, 595 owned, 605 programs, 606 recovery, 598 Auction, 72, 95, 253, 277, 339, 422, 449–450, 460–461, 477, 493, 504, 527–529, 531–534, 536, 577, 592, 596–598, 603–604, 607, 609–610, 667, 677, 779–791 Australian government’s procurement reforms, 91 electronic, 277 online, 534 B Baseline cost, 50 Benchmark/benchmarking, 4, 50, 61, 88, 135, 176, 178, 185, 402, 435, 437, 494, 516, 780–783, 790, Best practice, 34, 55, 60–61, 92, 100, 139, 142, 152, 282, 340, 349, 473–474, 481, 484, 519, 521, 543–544, 547, 553–557, 561, 593, 600, 613–615, 618–619, 620–624, 626–628, 674, 679 Best value, 13, 15, 17, 92, 205, 244, 258, 363, 365, 420, 437, 614, 617, 619–620, 624–625, 627, 631, 635, 639, 645, 719 793 AU5457_C042.indd 793 7/2/2008 9:40:40 PM 794 Ⅲ Index Bid, 13–15, 19, 67, 72, 75, 79–80, 94, 98, 134, 140, 158, 164, 180, 198, 202, 212–215, 217–219, 225–227, 242, 244–246, 268, 272, 274, 281, 300–302, 314, 317, 325, 334, 336–338, 340– 342, 346–348, 350, 354–355, 359, 365, 370, 379–389, 398, 400–403, 418, 421, 431, 433, 449–450, 517, 520, 532–533, 536, 564, 566, 592–593, 596–597, 601–603, 607, 614, 632, 635–647, 649–650, 652–654, 656, 660, 663, 665–666, 673, 680–683, 741, 750, 753, 755–756, 758–791 complaint, 341–342, 347–348 price, 218–220, 227, 337–338, 340, 350, 382, 385, 602, 607, 639, 641, 744 protest, 67, 75, 79–80, 82–83, 242, 614, 633, 637, 641, 644, 654, 659–664, 666–668 Bidding, 15, 17–18, 68, 76, 93–94, 98–99, 123, 162, 198, 211, 213, 224–226, 242–246, 268, 300–302, 319, 324–327, 330–338, 340–343, 345–348, 350–351, 353–356, 365, 378–380, 536, 577, 595, 602, 610, 631, 633, 635–638, 640, 644–647, 651–563, 667, 708, 720, 751, 784–787, 789, 791 cap, 785–786, 790 document, 94, 140, 153, 317–319, 338, 344, 355, 359, 380, 392, 399, 401, 403, 516 information, 242, 244, 355 procedures, 19, 176, 183, 245, 248, 268, 330, 333–336, 342–343, 352–353, 631, 635, 639 regulation, 325, 328–329, 333–334, 341, 348 Bidder, 15, 94, 109, 111, 120, 138, 140–141, 213, 216–217, 220, 223–227, 270, 282, 284, 296, 301–302, 314–319, 334, 336–338, 340–342, 345, 350, 352, 355, 365, 378–379, 382–383, 386–387, 396, 398, 400–405, 413, 424, 416–417, 419–421, 522, 597, 603, 610, 634–641, 643, 645–646, 649, 653–654, 656–657, 683, 740, 744, 780–791 Breach of contract, 6, 245, 280 Bribery, 106, 113, 116–122, 125, 127, 142, 385–386, 390, 395, 403–404, 640 combat of, 640 crimes of, 118 Budget, 2, 4, 7, 11, 17, 22, 31–33, 39, 41, 45, 48, 53, 66, 78, 88, 96, 112, 116, 124, 134, 140, 147–148, 158, 179, 182, 196, 198, 204, 213, 224, 227, 235, 243, 270, 292, 297–298, 301, 309–310, 329, 337, 347, 377, 389, 395–396, 399–400, 402–404, 409–412, 415, 421, 431–432, 436–438, 454, 463, 465, 467, 486, 514–516, 524, 548, 555, 561, 580, 582, 594, 596, 606, 677, 694–695, 700, 739–740, 743, 760, 764–765, 773 AU5457_C042.indd 794 Budgetary process, 11, 28, 301, 404, 523, 580 Buy American Act, local policies, 436, 478 C Cambodia anticorruption agencies, 385 bureaucracy, 390 government, 386 percentile rank, 385 percentile ranking, 385 point score, 385 procurement of private providers, 384 public procurement, 386 public procurement system, 388 Canada government, 607 online, 610 procurement information, 438 Capital assets, 5, 28, 46–47, 292, 597 expenditure, 56, 377 investment, 28, 46–49, 51, 707 investment projects, 46–48 investment strategy, 46 Central government, 4, 8, 21, 151, 297, 326, 333, 377, 381, 383, 399, 401, 531 agencies, 347 control, 377 departments, 452–453, 455 institutions, 418 level, 401, 403, 421, 431 maintenance budget, 421 procurement, 333, 401 procurement officer, 300 purchasing agency, 332 revenue, 394 tender board, 141–142, 396 Centralization, 5, 9–10, 90, 92, 95–98, 100, 176–180, 291, 293, 297–299, 409, 418, 529 Commodity, 9, 30, 42–43, 59–60, 183, 213, 270, 301, 450, 456, 545–550, 553–562, 582, 599, 692, 697–698, 701 Communication, 27, 30, 36–37, 41–43, 57–58, 77–78, 92, 109, 139, 189, 216, 237, 276–277, 315, 318, 330, 340, 348–349, 383, 447, 450–451, 456, 460–462, 474, 476–477, 481, 483–484, 491–492, 494, 496, 498, 500–502, 504, 506–508, 512, 516, 519–525, 529, 532, 545, 565, 569, 575, 636, 639–640, 643, 651–652, 704, 718–719, 784 7/2/2008 9:40:40 PM Index Constitutional framework of government procurement, 358, 364 Construction projects, 11, 327, 332, 341, 346, 350–353, 355, 430, 654 Consultant, 139, 141–142, 150, 153, 157–169, 173–174, 177, 187, 196, 202, 242, 292, 327, 359, 454, 483, 487, 495, 512–518, 522, 525, 548–551, 554, 558–561, 567, 572, 575, 637, 639, 645–646, 650, 654, 678, 683, 686–687 contract, 164, 170 costs, 159, 162–172 projects, 159–160, 163–164, 168–172 qualifications, 514 records, 162 selection, 511–518, 523, 525 work, 159 Contract award, 2, 11–14, 18–19, 61, 68, 75–77, 80, 82, 122, 252, 258, 271, 274–275, 366–367, 369, 379–381, 384, 396, 398, 400, 403–404, 413, 430, 434, 532–533, 567, 576, 614–616, 618, 621, 628, 631, 634, 636–638, 640–641, 652, 660, 725–728, 730–735, 766 decision, 18, 284, 342–344, 355, 614, 616, 624, 626, 633, 636–638, 640, 655 Contract administration, 2–3, 7, 19, 245, 301–302, 402, 563–564, 567, 570–572, 574–576, 665, 668 Contract candidate, 633–634, 639–640, 643, 648, 651–652, 654–655 Contracting, 9, 11, 15, 19, 37–38, 40, 55, 60, 62, 65, 67–70, 73–74, 76–82, 92, 97, 107, 110–114, 116–118, 139, 158, 160, 188, 192–194, 197–200, 203–204, 216, 222, 227, 240, 244, 251, 260–263, 265–266, 268, 270, 272, 275, 280, 283, 295–296, 301, 312, 318, 327, 340, 363–364, 367, 370, 378–379, 382–385, 387–388, 396, 409–415, 419–423, 427–429, 432–433, 438, 476, 517, 528, 532, 547, 554, 558, 560, 565, 577, 599, 619, 628, 632–635, 637–638, 640–655, 659–660, 663–667, 680, 684–685, 701, 704, 707–708, 715, 720–721, 737, 739–740, 742, 744–746 agency, 76, 620, 628 authority, 110–114, 116–120, 122, 124–128, 240, 251, 260–266, 268, 272, 275, 280, 312, 383, 410, 412–415, 419–420, 422, 635–638, 640, 643, 645–647, 652, 654–655, 681 entity, 327, 633–634, 640–641, 643, 645–646, 649, 653–655, 684 officer, 3, 12, 19, 34, 53, 60, 68, 70–73, 80, 302, 614–615, 621, 625–626, 652, 659–660, 664, 666–669, 690–691 out, 77–78, 158, 160, 188, 193–194, 198–200, 203, 423, 739–740, 742 world, 80, 340 AU5457_C042.indd 795 Ⅲ 795 Contractors, 45, 327, 549, 700 debarment of, 111, 113, 124–125, 367, 369, 373 Federal, 80 industry highway, 742 public, 421 Contracts committee, 140, 398–401, 405 Cooperative agreement, 720 Corruption, 2–3, 7, 20–22, 82, 90, 105–107, 109–127, 131–132, 135, 142–143, 146, 149–152, 241, 247, 259, 271, 275, 280, 283, 293, 295–296, 299, 313–314, 328, 349, 352, 357, 361–363, 369, 375–376, 381, 384–390, 395, 397, 401, 403–406, 422, 640, 674–675, 683, 782 administrative, 295 assessing, 21 crimes of, 126 covering tax administration, 22 curbing, 22, 110 Cost, 2–5, 8, 10, 12–17, 20, 29, 32, 41–50, 52, 54–55, 59, 61–62, 66, 68, 71, 73, 75, 77–78, 81–82, 88–91, 93–95, 98–99, 107, 132–133, 144, 151, 158–178, 182, 188, 191–194, 197–198, 200, 202–204, 211–228, 239, 241, 243, 245–246, 248, 271–272, 281, 283–284, 294–296, 299, 301–302, 310–315, 336, 338, 347, 358–365, 367–370, 372, 382, 384, 395, 397, 403–404, 410, 416, 421, 423, 430–438, 445–448, 450–456, 460, 462–463, 469, 475–476, 482, 484, 486, 492–493, 497, 513–515, 518–520, 528–529, 533–534, 536, 544–559, 561, 563, 566, 569–573, 575, 580–582, 590, 594, 596, 598, 601, 603–605, 607, 614–616, 619–620, 624–626, 632, 634–635, 637, 643, 646, 649, 656, 660–664, 669, 675, 681, 683, 685, 689–701, 704, 707–709, 711–712, 719, 726–727, 735, 737–738, 740–746, 752, 754–760, 763–773, 776–777, 781, 784, 786–788, 790 analysis, 158, 161, 301, 454, 689–692, 699–700, 764, 771 Criminal, 105–107, 112–127, 271, 279–280, 296, 343, 422, 424, 522 D Decentralization, 9, 91–92, 97–98, 177–179, 233, 235, 239–241, 248, 293, 297–299, 391, 521–522 Defense procurement, 73, 75, 142, 254, 275–276, 292–293, 296, 692, 758 7/2/2008 9:40:40 PM 796 Ⅲ Index Departmentwide consolidation of procurement activities, 554 Design, 14, 42–43, 49–50, 66, 97, 150, 157, 159, 162–164, 167–174, 196, 200–201, 217, 262, 269–270, 332–333, 339, 351–352, 382, 447, 450, 452, 454, 507, 513, 516, 518, 525, 561, 570–571, 576, 583, 634, 643, 645–646, 649, 664, 692, 701, 703, 706, 708, 710–711, 723, 746, 752–753, 756–758, 777, 779–780, 782–783, 786, 788–791 build, 296, 703, 710 build-finance-operate, 703, 710–711, 723 build-operate, 703, 710–711 build-operate-transfer, 703, 710–711 characteristics, 13 costs, 159–163, 169, 172, 174 criteria, 570 own-operate, 703, 710 selection, 165–166 services, 158, 160 specifications, 13–14, 74 Designer, 492, 495–498, 504, 506–507 Digitalization, 491, 496–499, 501–502, 504, 507–508 Digital signature, 72, 277, 340, 354, 503, 527, 529, 531–534, 536 Discount agreements, 549–554, 559–561 E EC procurement directives, 411, 419 law, 252, 632–633 markets, 253, 282 policy, 281 procedures, 413 regime, 252, 278 rules, 109, 258, 281, 431 solution, 517 E-mail, 246, 277, 318, 451, 465, 477, 520 inviting, 464 lists, 465 notifications, 520, 610 survey, 533 systems, 532 Embezzlement, 141, 150, 385, 390 E-procurement, 72–73, 246, 445, 449, 455, 462, 474, 478, 512, 518–519, 528–529 implementation strategy, 485 initiatives, 474, 477–478, 480–484, 486–488 literature, 478 permits, 486 projects, 478 reverse auctions, 339, 477 signatures, 72, 277, 340 AU5457_C042.indd 796 solution, 516, 523, 525 system, 525 E-signature law, 340 Ethics, 9, 150, 154, 296, 299, 402, 531, 603 Evaluation committee, 134, 138, 140, 338, 350, 355, 400, 405, 517 Evaluation criteria, 15–16, 140, 338, 386, 365, 617, 620–623, 627, 634, 642, 666, 682–683, 685–686, 781, 788 F Fair contract hypothesis, 726–727, 729–730, 733 Favoritism, 782 Federal acquisition, 55–56, 615 assets, 610 regulation, 3, 42, 294, 297–298, 633, 641, 660, 690 system, 615 workforce, 666 Federal Acquisition Reform Act, 70, 73, 296 Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act, 69–70, 72–73, 75–76, 296, 592 Federal contract rates, 610 Federal government, 43, 46, 49, 55, 72–74, 76, 295–298, 300, 434, 529, 555, 569, 615, 660, 720, 726, 732–733, 735 Federal government contract, 628, 735 Federal procurement, 67–69, 73, 78, 80, 88, 292, 296–298, 616, 635, 652, 661–662, 664 administrative structure, 297 authorities, 311–312 data system, 545, 560 officials, 614, 662 policy, 298 process, 298, 614 system, 68, 70, 75, 81–83, 292, 294–295, 302–303 Federal property, 294–295 Federal supply schedule, 74, 550 Fiduciary review of Cambodia, 385 Financial accountability, 41, 147 Financial activities of government procurement managers, 133 Financial benchmarks, 437 Financial disclosure rule revisions, 242 Financial information system modernization, 553 Financial management, 31, 361, 532, 556, 677 function, 45 integration, 98 organizations, 551 staff, 45, 62 system, 45, 63, 142, 482, 552, 554, 562 Financial management systems, 482 Financial obligations, 415 Fixed-price contract, 775 7/2/2008 9:40:40 PM Index Fraud, 21, 30, 72, 82, 98, 112, 116–117, 120–122, 134, 147, 150, 271, 280, 296, 300, 369–370, 385, 482, 537, 614 Free trade, 8, 254–255, 395, 431, 742 G German public procurement, 309, 313–314, 316–318, 320 General Service Administration procurement transactions, 73 schedule contracts, 76, 79, 82, 669 H Harmonization of procurement policies, 93, 99, 139 High-dollar purchase card, 554 History of legal regulation of public procurement, 411 Hospital construction projects, 430 Hospital public procurement, 436 I Independent procurement review, 141 Infra-contractual negotiations, 650 Institutional framework, 325 Institutional reform of public procurement, 389 Integrated acquisition environment, 303 Integrated acquisition system, 561–562 Integration database, 454 electronic, 469 finance systems, 454 lack of, 60 Integration of freight business, 744 Integration of knowledge, 677 Integration of supply strategies, 300 International trade law model, 142, 259, 634 Internet, 72, 270, 340, 413, 446, 450, 452, 455, 460, 462, 465–469, 477, 493, 512, 515, 607–609, 662, 694 alternatives, 529 applications, 608 auctions, 603 -based government procurement bidding, 340 bidding, 528–529, 534, 536 bidding procedures, 533 bubble, 460, 469 commercial use of, 477 companies, 469 AU5457_C042.indd 797 Ⅲ 797 connection, 507 connectivity, 399 infrastructure, 242 link, 450 offers, 603 performance, 507 portal government-wide, 72 purchase intentions, 468–469 sites, 608 technologies, 493, 485, 493, 607 tools, 607 Inventory, 10, 47, 53–54, 64, 75, 177, 180, 448, 460, 476, 581–583, 589, 595–597, 599–600, 602, 605–606, 625, 677 J Joint purchase service, 238 venture, 267, 384, 750, 753, 755, 766 venture arrangements, 649 Jointness, 191, 198 consumption, 191 of use, 190–191 Judicial review process, 142 of procurement decisions, 361, 370 system, 123 L Law of contract, 368–370 of contract, 359, 361, 370 influence government procurement, 359 law, administrative, 125, 359–360, 368 law, private, 308–310, 318 principles of, 359, 651 public procurement, 313 remedies, 368–369 South African, 360 Lease, 415, 429, 565–566, 568, 571–574, 594–595, 649, 651, 655, 710–711 Leasing, 563, 571–734, 608 contracts, 573–574 procurement process, 571 programs, 608 Legal principles of public procurement, 419 Legislative history of procurement legislation, 330 Legislative pillars of procurement reform, 69, 326 Liberalization of Chinese procurement markets, 325 Life cycle costing, 301 Limited international competition, 233, 242, 244 Long-term agreements, 241, 645 7/2/2008 9:40:40 PM 798 Ⅲ Index M Maintenance of information management systems, 333 Maintenance of quality standards government, 292 Malpractice, 150, 386, 396, 398–400, 402, 404 Management attention, 551 capabilities, 177 control, 64 of e-procurement projects, 487 of government procurement, 326 implementation perspective of e-procurement initiative, 481, 483–484 information, 60, 448, 518, 556 of long term contracts, 302 of markets, 405 of public procurement, 90 policies, 358 program, 553 supervision, 260 system, 562 units, 142 Manufacturing process, 13, 581–582 Market -based approaches, 204 -based provision, 197 demands, 647 economy, 376 management, 200, 204–205 mechanisms, 739 segmentation, 694 share, 214, 219–220, 692–694, 696 system, 292 value, 378, 595, 597, 609 Method of manufacture specifications, 13 Model procurement code, 10, 90 N Negotiations Act, 296, 701 Non-discriminatory award of licenses, 634 Non-tariff barrier, 395 Norwegian Complaint Board case, 654 Procurement Complaints, 654 Supreme Court, 653 Supreme Court decision, 654 O Oligopolistic access, 150 Oligopolistic market, 696 AU5457_C042.indd 798 Oligopoly, 5–6, 692, 696 OLS model building effort, 769 OLS regression analysis, 535 Olympic construction projects, 327 On-line reverse tender pilot project, 492 reviews of process documentation, 516 training videos, 519 transaction, 694 Open competition, 70 Open international competition, 244 Open procedure, 316 Operating systems, 256, 575, 607 Operational manuals, 134 Operational realities of public procurement, 101 Operation research, 677 Organizational commitment, 456 Organizational model of centralized procurement, 326 Organizational performance, 96 Organizational relationships, 190 Organizational support, 456 Organizational understanding, 189 Overview of UN System procurement, 234 P Parole evidence rule, 649 Partnership, 49, 116, 119–121, 153, 194–195, 201–206, 316–318, 365, 378, 428, 430, 433, 565, 576, 610, 647–649, 651, 655, 684, 703–711, 714–718, 720–721, 739, 755 arrangements, 648, 651 decision making, 708 income, 710 issues, 648 public-private, 706, 715, 719 Past performance, 17, 61, 70, 193, 296, 436, 564, 575, 613–628, 664, 666, 691, 741 Past performance information (PPI), 613–625, 627–628 Patent, 274, 332, 352, 594 Penal Code, 117–118 Performance management, 97 Performance specifications, 14 Performance work statement, 15 Pharmaceutical industry, 241 national contracts, 558 procurement, 22, 548 procurement practices, 553 procurement standardization program, 548 products, 13 purchase sales, 557 spending trends, 548 7/2/2008 9:40:41 PM Index Planning estimate, 773, 776 Political accountability, 147 Political corruption, 404 Pollution, 278–279 Positive NPV hypothesis, 727 Postal services, 114, 258, 264–265, 412, 633, 652 Preclusive signing of contract, 637 Pre-construction engineering services, 159, 172 Preferential procurement, 361, 364, 367 Prevention of Corruption Act 1906, 122 Principles of European Contract Law, 651 Privatization, 11, 97, 150, 188, 200, 212–213, 217–218, 411, 512, 522, 704, 710, 715, 737, 739–740, 744–745 Private law, 308–310, 318, 359, 369 Private law of contract, 359, 361, 370 Private sector, 7, 11, 16, 22, 51, 80–81, 115, 142, 146, 153, 158, 162, 176–178, 181, 184, 185, 194, 199–200, 292, 294, 318, 378, 383, 388, 400, 411, 428, 430, 433, 483, 528–529, 534, 546, 569, 603, 608, 638, 653, 660, 663–665, 667, 704–706, 709–710, 712, 715–716, 720, 740, 744 administrative savings, 80 best practices, 547, 553 confidence, 618 contractor, 708 counterpart, 162 experience, 320, 553 financing, 717 firms, 180, 185, 663 group, 177, 179, 182–183 involvement, 709, 716 manufacturing organizations, 178 organizations, 81, 176–177, 179, 185, 708, 717 participation, 327 procurement, 475–476 purchasing organizations, 176 purchasing responsibilities, 177 supply organizations, 176, 185 use of PPI, 627 Privatization, 11, 97, 150, 188, 200, 212–213, 217–218, 411, 512, 522, 704, 710, 715, 737, 739–740, 744–745 Process management, 97 Procurement organization structure, 297 Procurement-management process, 529 Procurement as a policy, 293–294, 357–358, 360, 362–368, 370 Procurement performance, 137, 456, 551, 553, 562 Procurement planning, 1, 11–12, 15, 247, 301, 400, 404, 415, 553, 564, 600 AU5457_C042.indd 799 Ⅲ 799 Procurement policy, 71, 93, 139, 237–239, 247, 259, 262, 281, 293–295, 297–298, 323, 329, 346, 358, 361–362, 367, 418–419, 436, 527, 530, 535–537, 554, 754–755 Procurement process, 1, 3–4, 7–9, 11, 20, 75, 82, 89–90, 92, 100, 107, 133, 136, 141, 147, 152, 154, 188, 200–201, 215, 227–228, 242, 291–297, 299–302, 307–309, 311–316, 318, 320, 334, 343–344, 348, 355, 360–363, 365–366, 368–369, 375, 379, 381–383, 385–387, 396–400, 403, 405, 418, 427–428, 229, 432, 434–438, 447, 450, 462, 469, 477, 483, 485–486, 512, 516, 518, 521–522, 525, 529, 544, 548, 555, 565, 571, 592, 610, 614, 662, 673–674, 680, 683, 686, 744, 746, 787 Product-in-hand contracts, 754, 759 Property, intellectual, 43, 270, 751 Protests, 8, 12, 18, 67, 70, 75–76, 79–80, 82, 242, 400, 414–415, 423, 613–618, 620–628, 633, 637, 641, 644, 652, 654, 659–669 protests regulations, 637, 652 Protester, 620–626, 637 Psychology decision theory, 678 Public accountability, 737 Public administration, 87–88, 93, 95, 98, 132, 151, 237, 308, 310, 410–412, 528–529, 616, 661, 663 Public health, 126, 141, 256, 434 Public procurement, 3, 8, 22, 94, 107, 109, 111, 114, 120, 128, 133, 140–142, 254–255, 384, 398, 401–403, 410–411, 415–416, 652, 686–687 framework, 1–3, 8, 19, 420 Public Procurement Act, 115, 117–118, 121, 142, 410–411, 414–421, 423 Public procurement activities, 309–311, 313–314, 674, 679 Public procurement cycle, 94, 140, 460, 564, 592, 610 Public procurement law, 8–9, 22, 117, 120, 125, 307, 309–310, 312–318, 320, 325, 331, 397–398, 412, 420, 648 Public procurement management, 92, 135, 153 Public procurement market, 109, 253, 282, 402, 414, 416, 422 Public procurement reform, 88, 131–139, 141, 143, 145–146, 148–154, 393–397, 402, 406, 410–411 Public procurement system, 145, 148, 410–411, 419 Public sector, 197, 259, 262, 265, 267, 274, 277, 488 Cambodian, 382 Public sector procurement, 88, 200, 204 Public service, 95, 132, 135–136, 150, 154, 177, 187–188, 190–193, 197–202, 204, 206, 308, 376, 384, 188, 390, 397, 403, 405, 416, 419, 423, 434, 492, 507, 530, 590, 648, 706 agencies, 198 Cambodian, 388, 390 7/2/2008 9:40:41 PM 800 Ⅲ Index conditions, 150 contracts, 109–110, 112–113, 128, 255, 633 disciplinary procedures, 405 Estonian, 419 objectives, 135 provision, 198, 200 Public works, 128, 381, 384, 582, 610 Public private initiative, 378 Public private partnership (PPP), 49, 194–195, 199–200, 316, 365–366, 372, 428, 433, 576, 648, 651, 655, 684–685, 703–721, 739, 741, 744–746 arrangement, 745 Australia use, 715 involvement, 715 political leadership, 718 program of country, 712 road, 709 United Kingdom makes significant use of, 712 Purchase Card, 2, 40, 63, 67, 70–72, 75–76, 79, 242, 544, 547–550, 552, 554, 556–557, 559–562 holder, 555 Q Qualifications questionnaire, 575 Qualified products lists, 13 Quality-based selection, 513 Quasi-judicial institution, 660 R Reform, 20, 22, 31, 67–70, 72–77, 79–83, 87–89, 91, 95–97, 100–101, 131–143, 145–154, 200, 228, 242, 276, 296, 309–310, 323, 325–326, 328–329, 332, 334, 340, 348–352, 367, 375, 376, 380, 389–390, 393–398, 401–403, 406, 410–411, 420, 422, 432, 474–475, 483, 512–513, 522, 530, 532, 536, 544, 554, 633, 636, 642, 649, 651–652, 655, 721, 739–740, 742, 744, 764 Registration of contractors, 143 Regulatory battles, 330 Regulatory framework, 4, 402 Re-invention of procurement management framework, 101 Remedies directives, 282 Request for proposals, 212, 244–245, 295, 301–302, 380, 515–517, 520, 525, 531, 564–567, 570, 572, 592, 660, 720, 741, 781 Research and development, 318, 773, 777 Resource conservation, 608 Restricted procedure, 316 AU5457_C042.indd 800 Risk assessment, 623 Rural-based infrastructure projects, 381 S Sanitation, 133, 135, 331, 386 Service process performnace (SPC), 330–331, 580–584, 590 application, 583 methodology, 583–584 tool, 590 Single-source selection, 514 Small business, 3, 18, 72, 79–82, 94, 247, 255, 278–279, 430, 432, 437–438, 485, 519, 550–551, 558, 607, 621, 665 Social considerations, 113 Social development fund, 381–382 Social engineering interventions, 206 Social goals, 410 Social insurance carrier, 311 Social security, 112, 189, 271, 336, 435 Social welfare, 331, 704–705, 716, 781 Software, 575, 755 Sole source, 18, 40, 301, 324, 339, 765 Solicitation, 3, 12, 15–16, 72, 244–245, 301–302, 336, 434, 532–533, 536, 563–565, 571–572, 576–577, 613–615, 617–628, 635, 660, 662, 665–667, 690, 740, 720 document, 17, 244, 337–338, 565, 572–573, 575, 681–682 methods, 17–18, 741 notice, 336 procedure, 324, 336 Source selection, 514, 613–622, 624–627, 660 South Africa government procurement system, 370 growth, 368 history of discriminatory policies, 361 history of unfair discriminatory policies, 362 public procurement, 431 Special interest groups, 294 Specialize, 254 Specialized government agencies, 328 Specialist Functions Division of National Treasury, 358 Specification, 14, 140, 319, 428 Spot procurement, 340 Standard bidding, 153, 393, 399, 401, 403 documentation, 399, 401 Standardized documentation, 98, 147, 359, 397, 451, 521 Standardized procurement, 94, 189, 277, 529, 614, 687 State governments, 5, 260, 527–529, 531–537, 744, 746 State tender board, 358 Statement of guiding principles, 615 7/2/2008 9:40:41 PM Index Statement of objectives, 15 Statement of work, 15, 19, 140, 620 Stock prices, 726–727, 734–735 Strategic management, 92, 97, 149, 204 Strategic planning, 32, 34, 53, 61, 63, 78, 153, 184, 301, 546, 592 Electronic marketplace, 556 Subcontracting, 198, 367, 409, 414, 680, 750 Subcontractor, 18, 80, 119, 255, 296, 412–414, 433, 623–624, 646, 651 Subsidies, 113, 117, 256–257, 681, 740–741, 745, 752 Summative number of different aspects of adopted e-procurement tools, 535 Supply management, 141, 242, 451, 462, 598–599, 604, 741 Support services, 164–165, 187, 199, 551, 553–558, 674 Surplus assets, 595–598, 602–603, 606–610 Surplus property program, 609 Syntax comprehensibility index, 498 System contracts, 245 T Taiwanese military procurement, 450 Telecommunication, 92, 109, 128, 133, 190, 193, 262, 264, 266, 331, 384, 750–751, 755, 758, 783, 791 activities, 262 arrangements, 92 education, 190 equipment, 758 facilities, 133 franchises, 781 government purchase, 750 industries, 755 infrastructure, 750 sector, 128 standard, 791 Tender, 107–108, 110, 115, 120, 123, 126, 140, 201, 255, 259, 267–280, 283–284, 316–318, 329, 337–339, 343–344, 354–355, 360–361, 365–366, 368–370, 373–374, 378–380, 383, 385–386, board, 4, 142–143, 358, 371, 373, 396–397, 401, 404–405, 413–414, 416, 418–421, 431, 437, 492, 503, 610, 633–634, 636–649, 652–656, 681–684, 686, 745, 751, 786 criteria, 366 document, 147, 397, 421, 634, 636, 639–640, 642, 644, 646, 649, 653, 655, 681 evaluation committee, 98, 338, 355, 404, 640 information, 99, 242, 343 invitation, 271, 634, 685 AU5457_C042.indd 801 Ⅲ 801 procedures/process, 93, 180, 188, 202, 269, 272–273, 366–367, 405, 410, 412–414, 421, 423, 434, 631, 634–649, 651–654, 656 Tenderer, 105–107, 111–113, 115–121, 124–127, 267, 273–274, 279, 317, 366, 368, 370, 373, 381, 401, 637, 641–642, 647, 653–654 Tendering, 93–94, 111, 113, 116, 121, 123–124, 126, 199, 201, 204, 268–270, 273, 283, 314, 334–336, 339, 351, 353, 360, 373, 384–336, 339, 351, 353, 360, 373, 384, 404, 460–461, 477, 480–483, 631, 634, 636, 681, 703, 720 Tort law, 651 Total cost of ownership, 301, 484, 486, 519 Total solution approach, 520 Trade agreements, 2, 7–8, 252, 254, 262, 266, 282, 431, 660 Trade barriers, 254, 257, 259, 277 Transparency, 2, 4, 7, 9, 21, 87, 89–91, 93–96, 98–99, 106, 110–111, 114, 124, 127, 131–134, 137–139, 142–143, 145–147, 150–152, 242, 244, 247, 251, 257, 271–272, 275, 282, 283–284, 296, 299–300, 302–303, 312–314, 316, 325, 337, 358, 362–366, 370, 376, 385–386, 395–398, 402, 404, 409–410, 412–413, 418, 431, 437–438, 460, 475–477, 485–487, 492, 512–515, 518–521, 523, 525, 577, 600, 631, 633, 635, 638, 640, 643–644, 652, 654–655, 669, 674, 721, 740, 787 Transportation, 8, 179, 265, 429, 548, 551, 553, 556, 562 agencies, 158 capabilities, 179 cost, 241, 248 facilities, 158 processes, 318 procurement activities, 562 services, 239 system, 552, 575 Trust funds, 516, 518, 520 fund agreements, 518 fund provisions, 520 U UN system, 234–235, 237–240, 242–248 financial resources, 235 organizations, 234, 244, 235, 237–238, 240, 243–248 procurement, 235, 237–238, 242, 248 procurement implementation, 244 procurement operation, 237 procurement volume, 235 UNCITRAL, 96, 142, 234, 259, 268–269, 335, 411, 634, 641, 645, 651, 655 UNDP, 235–238, 240, 242, 244 7/2/2008 9:40:41 PM 802 Ⅲ Index Union, 127, 739, 743 United Nations Convention, 106, 110, 127 Utilities, 111, 116, 158, 198, 258, 264–275, 281, 283, 323, 327–328, 331, 334, 450, 634, 652, 684, 585, 692 commercial nature of, 267 contracts, 633 markets of, 266 municipal, 328 Utilities directive, 110–111, 114, 251–252, 258, 260, 262, 264–265, 267, 271–272, 274, 277, 279–284 Utilities procurement law, 652 V Variable costs, 211, 215, 218, 221–227 Variation orders, 632, 634, 650 AU5457_C042.indd 802 Vendor review committee, 242 Vickrey auction technique, 667 W Wage, 278–279, 294, 315, 739, 742–744 living, 743 minimum, 743 standard, 315 Warehouse, 547, 551, 559, 562, 580–590, 598–599 Web-based catalog, 560 Web-based solution, 516 Website, 401 Websites offering advertizements, 270 World Bank’s control of corruption governance indicator, 385 World Bank’s e-procurement, 514, 521, 525 World Trade Organization’s Agreement, 94, 254, 395, 411, 441, 660 7/2/2008 9:40:41 PM ... fellowship in 1999 David S Jones is an associate professor, Department of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Business, Economics, and Policy Studies, University of Brunei His research... the specification and drawings Standards Standards establish engineering and technical limitations and applications of items, materials, processes, methods, designs, and engineering practices Standards... journals, a guest editor for an issue of the Journal of Decision Systems, a member of the International Research Study of Public Procurement workshops program and of the Decision Support Systems Working