Gerund and Present Participle Revision Form V + ing Use A gerund plays the role of a noun, so it can be used in the following situations: As a subject of a sentence Going out late at[r]
(1)NGỮ PHÁP VÀ BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 Người gửi: Thầy: Giang Lương Hùng Giáo viên: Tiếng Anh - Trường THPT Nguyễn Trãi Email: giangluonghung@yahoo.com §1 Both … and …, Not only … but also …, Either … or, Neither … nor … Revision Terms We call both … and, not only … but also …, either… or, neither … nor pair conjunctions or correlative conjunctions Parallel structures The same grammatical form should follow each part of the paired conjunctions Both + noun + and + noun/pronoun Both my sister and I went to Hoang Van Thu High School Not only + adj + but also + adj Trang is not only intelligent but also generous Not only + verb + but also + verb Minh not only saw the famous writer but also spoke to him Either + noun + or + noun Students can choose either English or French in this semester Neither + verb + nor + verb She had promised to visit me, but she neither came nor telephoned Subject and verb agreement Two subjects connected by both … and … take a plural verb Both Tam and Dan work for an instruction company When two subjects are connected by not only … but also, either … or…, neither… nor…, the second subject determines the form of the verb Not only my parents but also my brother is on a trip to Ha Long Either the teacher or the students have to make a plan for the class newspaper Neither salt nor sugar is necessary for this dish Notes Not only… but also … can be replaced by not only … but … as well It is not only rainy but also windy in this season It is not only rainy but windy in this season as well Exercises A In each of the following sentences, there is an error Identify and correct it Both my teacher praised my best friend and me Ha neither went to my party or told me the reason why Lop11.com (2) I enjoy neither swimming nor go fishing Hoa not only helps me in my work but as well shares my happiness and sadness in life I prefer living in the country since it is not only quiet but also less traffic I love not only watching game shows but talk shows as well I love literature, so I will either become a literature teacher or a journalist Rice is both grown in the north and in the south of Viet Nam B Suply the correct form and tense of the verb in the parentheses Both the fridge and the air conditioner (not work) ………………… today Both my sister and I (never be) ………………… to Ha noi before Either my husband or I (have) ………………… to see the estate agent today Either Thuy or her friends (be going to) ………………… pick you up at the airport Neither Mrs Hoa nor her assistants (be) ………………… at the meeting yesterday Not only Trung but also his parents (be expected) ………………… to come to the ceremony C There is a lack of both, and, not only, but also, either, or, neither or nor in the following passage Put a check () where you will find in one of these words and write the word on the right Television is one of the greatest inventions since it helps us ……………… relaxed after a day of work transfers the latest news in the world ……………… Normally, when we feel tired, we can choose to go out and have ……………… a drink with some friends to sit on the sofa in front of the ……………… television and enjoy the family warm atmosphere You may say ……………… that you like music programs lengthy soap operas No problem ……………… There are many channels for you to choose Why don’t you try ……………… TV news programs documentaries if you are interested in ……………… enlarging your knowledge? Besides, you can watch live soccer ……………… games that are transferred through satellites listen to lively ……………… comments which you can never hear in the stadium ……………… However, spending so much time watching television may have ……………… bad effects on parents work and children’s study Therefore, ……………… parents children should agree on how much time of watching TV ……………… ……………… is enough for a day D Combine wo sentences into one, using both … and …, not only … but also, either… or …, neither … nor… Hoang didn’t come to class today Nhan didn’t come to class today (neither… nor…) Le will buy a new T-shirt If there is no style that she likes, she will buy a shirt instead (either … or…) Lop11.com (3) Oxygen is necessary for life Water is necessary for life too (both … and…) Chanh is also absent-minded He left his book in class He also left his jacket in class (not only … but also) My father is going to see my teacher this Sunday If he is busy, my mother is going to see my teacher (neither … nor… ) Let’s go to the market to get some spices We don’t have any salt left and we run out seasoning too (neither … nor …) My aunt lives with me My cousins live with me too (not only… but also….) This shop sells fresh fruits It also sells canned fruits (both … and …) §2 Cleft sentences Revision Cleft sentences in the active Subject focus: We use cleft sentences to emphasize the subject of the action Did your friend give you these earrings? No It was my mother that gave me these these earrings Instead of saying My mother gave me these these earrings, the speaker says It was my mother that gave me these these earrings to emphasize that her mother, not her friend gave her the earrings Object focus: We use the cleft sentences to emphasize the object of the verb You went to the book store yesterday, didn’t you? Did you buy this English book? It looks new No It was this Math book that I bought yesterday The English book is a present from my teacher Instead of saying I bought this Math book yesterday, the speaker says It was this Math book that I bought yesterday to emphasize that he bought the Math book, not the English book Adverbial focus: We use cleft sentences to emphasize the adverb I should be grateful to my sister It was for me that she quitted school Instead of saying she quitted school for me, the speaker says It was for me that she quitted school to emphasize that his sister sacrificed her study for him Cleft sentences in the passive Cleft sentences can also be used in the passive voice I heard that dog bit you yesterday No It was the postman that was bitten by the dog Exercises A Choose the sentences that can best replace the sentences provided I was born and grew up in this village A It was this village that I was born and grew up B It was in this village I was born and grew up C It was in this village that I was born and grew up Lop11.com (4) D It was in this village where I was born and grew up Your carelessness cause the accident A It is the accident that your carelessness caused B It was the accident that your carelessness caused C It is your carelessness that caused the accident D It was your carelessness that caused the accident Hue helped me a lot with my study last semester A It was Hue that helped me a lot with my study last semester B It was Hue that has helped me a lot with my study last semester C It was Hue that had helped me a lot with my study last semester D It was Hue that was helped me a lot with my study last semester – Did the headmaster give Tham a bicycle as a scholarship - The headmaster gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship A It was the headmaster who gave Tham a bicycle as a scholarship B It was the headmaster who gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship C It was Tham who was given a bicycle as a scholarship D It was Tam who was given a bicycle as a scholarship – Who put the photo here on the desk? - Don’t you remember? You put it there on your birthday A It was you that put it there on your birthday B It was on your birthday that you put it there C It was there that you put it on there birthday D It was the photo that was put there on your birthday B Complete the following sentences with groups of words in the box There is one extra group it was this school that broke the window it was in this school it was the bicycle it was in the summer it was in the winter that i gave it a fish that stole the fish that i asked to carry the luggage for me It was the boy It was the cat that I learnt the first letter that was rebuilt that year it was the taxi driver that my grandpa used when he was young that birds moved to the south that my family often went to the seaside C Answer the following questions with the word provided, using cleft sentences Did you first meet your husband at high school (at university) Who did you give the letter to? (the landlady) It is said that you were on television last night Is it right? (my twin sister) I absent-mindedly washed your white T-shirt with the dark blue one Was your white T-shirt ruined? (my white shirt) Your cell phone was stolen, wasn’t it? Do you know who stole it? Lop11.com (5) (a monkey) Long time no see Do you still major in English now? (French) D Unscramble the words to make complete sentences was/ that/ this river/ It/ died/ in/ many people difficult/ loved/ was/ that/ they/ It/ in/ each other/ the/ more/ time secretary/ was/ typed/ It / the/ the/ letter/ that this shirt/ by/ It/ actress/ was/ that/ was/ the/ worn that/ was/ writer/ by/ signed/ book/ was/ It/ the/ the §3 Conditional Type Revision Use We use conditional type to express real or probable conditions If Van gets high marks in the exam, her parents will give her a computer (Van is a good student, and it is possible for her to get high marks in the exam) Form If clause Main clause Present Simple Future Simple If clause can come first or later Be careful If you step on the dof’s tail, it will bit you You’ll never get success if you don’t try your best Notes Instead of the Future simple tense in the main clause, we can use can + bareinfinitive to indicate permission or ability You can go out with friends if you promise to come home before (permission) If you concentrate, you can the job well (ability) May/might + bare-infinitive can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility The soccer game may be delayed if the weather isn’t better Other modal verbs or any expressions of command can be used according to their meanings If Tuan wants to recover soon, he should stay in bed (advice) Please tell Ha to see me in the library if you happen to see him (request) Instead of Present Simple tense in the If clause, we can use the Present Perfect tense Hand in your paper if you have finished your writing Exercises A Make conditional sentences from the following words weather/ fine/ go on a pinic I/ be employed/ invite you/ eat out Lop11.com (6) you/ come across/ monolingual dictionary/ take one for me mother/ allow/ go to your party you/ want/ good English learner/ learn to speak at the very beginning not eat breakfast/ not have enough energy you/ feed it too regularly/ the fish die you/ travel by bus/ save money the storm/ attack the village/ everyone/ be moved 10 Suong/ finish her assignment/ within two weeks/ have one mark plus B Complete the following conditional sentences You will enlarge your knowledge …………… you spend time reading newspapers and magazines You …………… cut yourself if you are not careful with the knife …………… you want to lose weight, you …………… eat more vegetables If the strike …………… finished, the factory won’t be opened tomorrow …………… it’s Nhan that’s calling, please …………… him that I’m waiting for him If you …………… your homework, you …………… play computer games You …………… what you want if you try your best The traffic in the city is very busy It will be easier for you if you …………… by bus during rush hour Don’t forget to take your flashlight with you You …………… it if it is too dark outside 10 Normally the dog doesn’t bite anyone but …………… you enter the house stealthily, it …………… you C Complete the following conditional sentences with your own ideas If you want to speak English well, If I see an old lady crossing the street, If you visit my hometown, If the weather is nice this weekend, If I come first in the exam, If a friend of mine gets a cold and cannot go to class, If I come across an old friend who I haven’t seen for a long time, If you want to become a good student, Lop11.com (7) §4 Conditional Typed Revision Use We use conditional type to express unreal conditions in the present If I were you, I wouldn’t tell Nha that bitter truth Form If clause Main clause Past Simple / Would/ could/ might + bare-infinitive Past Subjunctive If clause can come first or later If I had enough money, I would buy a house for my parents We would become lazy if we didn’t work Note We can use both was or were for the subjects I, he, she, it in the if clause If I was/were stronger, I could carry the luggage for you We can use could in the if clause to express ability If I could speak French well, I would apply for a job in a French company Instead of the Past Simple tense in the if clause, we can use the Past Progressing tense I am talking to Ha who is a little boring I would be more interested if I was talking to another one Exercises A Complete the following sentences with the verbs in parentheses There would be less crime if anyone (have) ………………… a job I will buy a new T-shirt for you if you (like) ………………… If all the factories (be move) ………………… out of the city center, the air pollution (be) ………………… less serious If you (fry) ………………… the meat for a long time, it (become) ………………… tough (The phone ring) - Thao, please answer the phone - I (will) ………………… if I (can) ………………… I’m in the bathroom If there (be) ………………… no sunlight, life (not exist) ………………… Mr Nhan is a poor worker but if he (have) ………………… enough money, he (buy) ………………… a motorbike If I (be) ………………… a bird, I (be) ………………… a white pigeon If I (be) ………………… a flower, I (be) ………………… a sunflower If I (be) ………………… a cloud, I (be) ………………… a warm cloud As a human, I will die for my country B Choose the best answer – I have never been to a job interview before - ……………………………………………………… A If I were you, I will dress formally B If I were you, I could dress formally C If I were you, I would dress formally D If I were you, I can dress formally Lop11.com (8) There were 2000 workers in that prosperous company Many people ………………… out of work if that company ………………… down A would be, closed B are, closed C will be, closed D wouldn’t be, closed I don’t like living in the city, but if I ………………… a job there, I’ll move there A had B don’t have C get D don’t get …………………………………… if you have a headache A You drink these medicines B Drink these medicines C You take these medicines D Take these medicines I’m sure Toan ………………… win the scholarship I ………………… be very surprised if she couldn’t A will, will B would, will C will, would D would, would – Are you going to read this novel? - I ………………… if I ………………… time I am very busy with my jobs A will, have B will, had C could, have D would, had C Answer the following questions with your own ideas What would you if you were of the opposite sex? What would happen if there were no wars in the world? What would you if you became a member of the city government for a day? If you could meet a famous person, who would you meet? If you had a wish, what would you wish? What would happen if Vietnamese became an international language? §5 Conditional Type Revision Use We use conditional type to express unreal conditions in the past Loan failed the exam because she was too lazy If she had studied hard, she would have passed the exam Form If clause Main clause Past perfect Would/ could/ might + have + past participle If clause can come first or later If it hadn’t rained, I would have gone fishing I would have gone swimming if I had had time Note Lop11.com (9) Might + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility The accident might have been more serious if the driver hadn’t driven slowly Could + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility or ability If Toan had tried more, he could have done better (ability) The bridge could have collapsed if it had rained more heavily (possibility) Inversion can be used to replaced if If Dan had been out late last night, she might have been punished by her parents Had Dan been out late last night, she might have been punished by her parents Conditionals in reported speech Type 1: present past, will/ can would/ could “If I see Lam, I’ll tell him to phone you”, Tran promised Tran promised (that) she would tell Lam to phone me if she met him Type and type 3: no tense changes “I would travel to Ha Long Bay if I had enough money”, said Hoai Hoai said (that) she would travel Ha Long bay if she had enough money “If Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the U.S couldn’t have joined World War II”, our history teacher said Our history teacher said (that) if Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the U.S couldn’t have joined World War II Exercises A Match each clause in column A to its following in column B to make a complete conditional sentences Add a comma where necessary A B If It hadn’t been for the storm a it wouldn’t have bitten you I would have come back to work in b if the prince hadn’t kissed her my hometown after graduation c I would have helped you Had Phuc had a map d if she hadn’t worked so much If Chi hadn’t missed the bus e if I had been able to find a job there If I hadn’t been so busy f if It hadn’t been for her Snow White couldn’t have been godmother’s help g many people wouldn’t have been revived badly injured Cinderella couldn’t have met the h I couldn’t have afforded this prince motorbike If I hadn’t saved money for a long i she wouldn’t have gotten lost time If you hadn’t pulled the dog’s tail j she hadn’t been late for school 10 She wouldn’t have been so exhausted B Write conditional sentences from the following pairs of pictures (page 22) C Make conditional type from the following situations Tram stayed up late to watch TV last night, so she got up late and was late for class this morning Mr Trong’s head was badly injured in the accident because he didn’t wear a helmet Lop11.com (10) Lan went out yesterday without an umbrella It suddenly rained, and she got wet I was punished because I went out late last night I didn’t meet my old friend in the party yesterday because I left so early I didn’t know that you arrived in Ho Chi Minh City last Saturday, so I didn’t pick you at the station I didn’t recognize Hang among the crowd, so I didn’t call her Tam was fined because he rode the motorbike without a license D Yesterday was a busy day You had a lot of homework to You didn’t have enough time to other things What would you have done if you had had more time? Write sentences Example: If I had had more time yesterday, I would help my mother with the housework E Complete the following reported speech with your own ideas Linh told me she would lend me some money if The nurse told Mr Thuan if he took the medicines regularly, My teacher said the air wouldn’t be so polluted if Phuong said she would see me the day after if A witness said if the victim had been taken to hospital soon, Mrs Le believed if she had fewer children, Hai said he could have performed better in his interview, A firefighter said the fire wouldn’t have take place §6 Defining Relative Clauses Revision Definition Defining relative clauses which describe the preceding noun are essential to the understanding of the noun; so they could not be omitted 10 Lop11.com (11) The boy who gave me the letter yesterday ran away without letting me know his name (The clause who gave me the letter yesterday is a defining relative clause If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence becomes unclear.) Relative pronouns used defining relative clauses Subject Object Possessive Things which/ that (1) which/ that (3) whose/ of which (5) Person who/ that (2) whom/ who/ that (4) whose (6) (1) The road which/ that leads to the city center is in bad condition (2) He is the student who/ that has taken his disable friend to school for years (3) The book which/ that I bought yesterday is an original one (4) The secretary whom/ that Mr Hoa has employed is very talented (5) Houses whose walls were made of wood were all destroyed by the storm Houses, the walls of which were made of wood, were all destroyed by the storm (6) The man whose daughter has just been born is over 50 Omission of relative pronouns in defining relative clauses An object relative pronoun in a defining relative clause can be omitted “Gone With The Wind” is the novel which/ that I like best = “Gone With The Wind” is the novel I like best A relative pronoun that is the subject of a clause cannot be omitted Exercises A In each of the sentences below, there is one error in relative clause structures Find and correct the error The woman whom sent this package absent-mindedly left her wallet at the post office Spending time with people who knows how to make jokes is very interesting I did not recognize the man entered the room The new motorbike people are advertising on TV, and in newspaper and magazines All the contestants take part in the competition are very intelligent The house which Mr Lam is going to buy it is located in a very quiet area The party where I went to last night was held by an old friend The student who assignment got the highest mark worked very hard Have you returned the money that borrowed from the bank? 10 The families whose house destroyed in the storm are still trying to improve their lives B Combine a word or phrase in each box to complete a defining relative clause An email a service be wrapped in a box and sent to someone 11 Lop11.com (12) Fax transmission A package A postman A message A clerk an object a letter a person a person a piece of information his job is to serve people at a store you send to someone when you cannot speak directly be sent from one computer to another help people send documents without changing their original shapes his job is to deliver mail to people An email is a letter which/ that is sent from one computer to another Fax transmission A package A postman A message A clerk C Read the following passage about different kinds of flooding then fill in the blanks with who/ whom/ which/ that/ where There may be more than one correct word fill in a blank Flooding actually occurs from a range of causes and conditions – not always the ones (1) ……………… first come to mind Of course, river flooding is the kind (2) ……………… we think of most commonly Heavy rains or rapid snowmelt on upstream watersheds cause rivers to rise Coastal flooding is also very common in many places (3) ……………… coastal land is very close to sea level, and therefore vulnerable During hurricanes or other large storms, waves may be much higher than normal, and super-low atmospheric pressure often forces sea level to rise a dozen feet or more above normal in a “storm surge” When violent surf and storm surge coincide with normal high tides, the results can be catastrophic Less often thought of are the flood (4) ……………… can result from the failure of dams, impoundments, or other regulatory systems The Johnstown flood is an example A flash flood is really any sudden, severe flood event (5) ……………… can have a variety of causes – although large sudden downpours are the main ones The effects of a downpour are worsened when terrain will not absorb water Reasons vary: soil type (e.g clay), lack of vegetation, steepness, extensive pavement (urban areas), frozen or ice-covered soil, or the saturation of soil by previous rains Flood typically get the most headlines when waters are about to crest But there are important post-flood stories (6) ……………… need telling as well For example, failure of normal sewage and drinking water systems means people need advice about how to find safe drinking water They need to understand and address the problems of mold and mildew in waterlogged buildings And of course they need advice on how to connect with disaster-aid agencies (Source: Environment Health Center) D Complete the following definitions about different kinds of flooding, using relative clauses River flooding is a kind of flood that is caused by heavy rains or rapid snowmelt Coastal flooding is a kind of flood Johnstown flood is an example of flood 12 Lop11.com (13) A flash flood is a kind of flood §7 Non-defining Relative Clauses Revision Definition Non-defining relative clauses are replaced after definite nouns; so they are not essential to the understanding of the noun They only give some more information about the noun Non-defining relative clauses are separated from the noun by commas Long’s father, who works for a construction company, is often away from home (The clause who works for a construction company is a non-defining relative clause If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence is still clear.) Relative pronouns used in non-defining relative clauses Subject Object Possessive Things which (1) which (3) whose/ of which (5) Persons who (2) whom/ who (4) whose (6) (1) Nhu’s cat, which just caught a mouse, didn’t eat the dead mouse (2) That man, who has just lent me his umbrella, is a kind man (3) Those classrooms, which were built last year, have not been in use yet (4) Tuan, whom I hate a lot, is a talkative man (5) My jacket, the sleeves of which are too long, was bought in this shop My jacket, whose sleeves are too long, was bought in this shop (6) Hoang, whose father is an English teacher, cannot speak English Use We use non-defining relative clauses in the following situations: When the preceding noun is a proper noun Tien, who has just moved to my neighborhood, is a very sensitive boy When the preceding noun has a possessive case I’ve lost my book, which I lent you last week When the preceding noun has this, that, these, those That man, whom Iyou met last Christmas, is going to be my brother-in-law Note That cannot be used to replace who, whom, which in non-defining relative clauses Relative pronouns used as objects cannot be omitted Notice the difference: Contestants, who got good results, are all very intelligent (All the contestants got good results.) Contestants who got good results are all very intelligent (Only some of the contestants got good results.) Exercises A Defining or non-defining? Add commas if necessary Professor Kim who teaches psychology is a strict teacher Japan which consists of four main islands suffers from a lot natural disasters every year Only students whose English does not meet the requirement should attend the course 13 Lop11.com (14) Minh who couldn’t stand the smell of durian went out of the room when she saw me with some durians Corn which is mainly grown in the highland can be exported Hue bought a bar of chocolate which looked very delicious My ao dai which is too short now was my favorite at high school These glasses which were made by a famous craftsman were sold out quickly B Combine two sentences to make a defining relative clause or a non-defining relative clause Does the T-shirt fit you? I gave it to you yesterday Our teacher assigned us the homework We had to finish it within a week Those students got very high marks in the final exams They had studied enthusiastically for months The Prime Minister praised Nguyen Huu At He was the first blind student to take the university entrance exams alongside peers in Viet Nam Ngoc has just moved to a new school It was built two years ago The man is selling lottery tickets He used to be very rich Hai’s friend is a very interesting boy He came from Da Nang Mekong Delta is located in the South of Viet Nam It provides most of the rice for exporting C Choose the correct explanation of the meaning of each sentence Bread, which was very precious in the difficult time, is very cheap nowadays A Bread, in general, was all precious in the difficult time B Just some kinds of bread were precious in the difficult time The bread which I ate yesterday was very cheap A All the bread was cheap B Only the bread I ate yesterday was cheap Tham tried to reach the bottle which was on the top shelf A There was only one bottle on the shelf B There was more than one bottle on the shelf Tham tried to reach the bottle, which was on the top shelf A There was only one bottle on the shelf B There was more than one bottle on the shelf The players who want to take part in the coming game are practicing very enthusiastically A All the players of the team want to take part in the coming game B Only some of the players want to take part in the coming game The players, who want to take part in the coming game, are practicing very enthusiastically A All the players of the team want to take part in the coming game B Only some of the players want to take part in the coming game 14 Lop11.com (15) §8 Gerund and Present Participle Revision Form V + ing Use A gerund plays the role of a noun, so it can be used in the following situations: As a subject of a sentence Going out late at night is very dangerous in this city As a compliment of a verb What I like most is gathering and chatting with my friends After a preposition Nga is afraid of staying alone In a noun compound Mrs Ly is my dancing teacher After some verbs (avoid, delay, enjoy, finish, forgive, miss, etc.) She had just finished dressing the children when the phone rang A present participle is used in the following situations: As an adjective I heard some surprising news from him After catch, find, leave + O I find my new job satisfying After verbs of sensation (the action may be complete or incomplete.) There must be someone outside I hear someone knocking at the door After go, come, spend, waste, be busy Maybe I will go fishing this weekend Ms Nga can spend hours doing the shopping Sorry I can’t help you right now I am busy preparing dinner Perfect gerund and perfect participle The suspect finally admitted having broken into the house The action of breaking into the house happened before the action of admitting, so it is in perfect gerund having + past participle Exercises A Decide whether each –ing form below is gerund or present participle Write G for gerund and P for participle I introduced Mai to Hang and then I left her talking to Hang The police caught him breaking into a house You should avoid eating too much fat since it is not good for you health Having a cold bath in the morning has become my habit for years Hoai wasted a lot of time riding her bike around without any purpose He got up late because of staying up late last night My hobby is playing soccer Taking risks is his distinguishing characteristic B Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the word(s) provides in parentheses There is something in the kitchen It is burning (SMELL) Hue reminded me to turn off the lights, then she went to bed (BEFORE) 15 Lop11.com (16) The tap in the bathroom is dripping Please have a plumber repair it (DRIPPING TAP) The job really interests me (FIND) It took me hours to tidy my room (SPEND) I gave my little brother some English exercises, then I let him them and went out (LEAVE) C There is an error in each sentence Identify and correct it Travel by bus in the city is one of the ways to avoid getting tired when there are traffic jams Phuong has spent million dong doing shopping since she luckily won the lottery Thao went to school in the afternoon last year, so she isn’t used to get up early this year I had a date with my friends yesterday, but the heavy rain prevented me going out I find it interest to take part in social activities held by the school I have tickets to the cinema tonight Would you like to go with me? I’d love to, but I’m busy to my homework D Gerund, present participle, perfect gerund or perfect participle? Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses In my company, the employees have bonuses for (not miss) ……………… a day (Do) ……………… all the housework, Dung went to bed The businessman kept (deny) ……………… (sponsor) ……………… the scholarship He wanted to keep it secret Would you mind (turn) ……………… the CD player down? I’m studying Despite (never meet) ……………… Le before, I could realize her thanks to her distinguishing height I have to go now It was nice (talk) ……………… to you, you know Nam is always keen on (pursue) ……………… his study despite the poverty of his family (Do) ……………… the morning exercise, Mr Minh enjoyed his breakfast E Ask and answer the following questions in full sentences Have you ever wasted your time doing something useless? When did you last spend a big sum of money buying something? What did you buy? Are you afraid of doing anything? What you like doing most? What you think about living alone? 16 Lop11.com (17) §9 Infinitive and Gerund Revision Infinitive There are kinds of infinitive: infinitive with to (to-infinitive) and infinitive without to Infinitive with to (to-infinitive) Certain verbs, adjectives and expressions can be followed by infinitive with to The manager asked his secretary to type the letter for him I’m glad to hear that you are recovering There’s nothing left to eat Some common verbs and adjectives followed by to-infinitive Verbs Adjectives Expressions allow/ ask/ invite + O delighted likely There is something to-infinitive hope eager lucky There is nothing to-infinitive try glad pleased S + have something to-infinitive want happy reluctant enough to-infinitive would like/ love hesitant willing too + adj/ adv + to-infinitive kind Infinitive without to Some common verbs and expressions followed by infinitive without to Let/ have/ suggest + O + infinitive without to See/ hear + O + infinitive without to I suggest you travel by bike to avoid traffic jams I heard Xuan chat with her friend on the phone yesterday Gerund Some common verbs followed by gerund admit deny postpone avoid enjoy practice can’t bear finish quit can’t help keep recommend continue mind risk delay miss suggest Nguyet delayed studying at the university to open a shop Mrs Huong risked investing all her money on her new company Exercises A Infinitive or gerund? Use the infinitive of gerund form of the verbs in parentheses A: Hang’s grandmother has just passed away B: I’m sorry (hear) ………………… about that Hai wants (travel) ………………… to Hai Phong but he doesn’t have enough money (go) ………………… I don’t mind (share) ………………… my book in case you doesn’t have one Toan admitted (break) ………………… the flower case Thuy is really interested in (do) ………………… the research I saw her (work) ………………… alone in the lab yesterday A: Why is the door open? I remember (lock) ………………… it B: You are absent-minded You told me (leave) ………………… it open since you just went out for a minute Remember? 17 Lop11.com (18) A: It’s late Why don’t you go home? B: I can’t help (wait) ………………… a little more I’m eager (know) ………………… the test result On the way to the company, Mr Tuan felt someone (following) ………………… him Don’t reluctant (help) ………………… the victims of the hurricane 10 Trang invited me (eat) ………………… out, but my parents didn’t let me (go) ………………… out so late B Underline the most appropriate words or phrases Trang failed ………………… the essay into Vietnamese because there are too many unfamiliar expressions A translate B to translate C translating Hoai stopped ………………… the phone A cook to answer B to cook answering C cooking to answer Knowing that I had some problems with my project, the professor offered ………………… me A help B to help C helping Mr Long is a very good dentist I had him ……………… my teeth last month A fill B to fill C filling Just finish your work I don’t mind ………………… A wait B to wait C waiting Teacher (to student) If you have any questions, feel free ………………… me after class A contact B to contact C contacting My older sister let me ………………… her motorbike to go out with friends, but she doesn’t allow me ………………… out of the city A take, to go B to take, to go C take, go Although we tried ………………… him ………………… on a picnic with class, he kept ………………… A to convince, going, refusing B to convince, to go, refusing C convincing, to go, refuse C Rewrite these sentences, using the words in the parentheses The picture is too high for me to reach (ENOUGH) You have one more book to read in order to make the presentation (THERE) 18 Lop11.com (19) Let’s go on a picnic this weekend (SUGGEST) Do you want to come over for dinner tomorrow? (HOW ABOUT) Mrs Huong let her son go on a picnic with his friends (PERMIT) Prices are supposed to go up (LIKELY) The police continued searching everywhere for the missing man (GO ON) Trung is always willing to help others whenever they need (HESITATE) D Answer the following question What you expect to after you graduate from high school? Do you often practice speaking English? Where and with whom? What you want to become when you are over twenty? Where you suggest your friend go if s/ he has vacation? List three things that your parents don’t let you do? Have you ever planned to live on your own? If you are allowed to, what you intend to to earn a living? Who will ever have your bicycle repaired once the brake doesn’t work? (use have + O + infinitive without to) Whenever you have a problem, who is the first person that is always willing to help you? §10 Linking words Revision Definition Linking words are words used to link clauses or sentences Tam likes leaning English However, he is too shy to speak English in front of the class Popular linking words Addition and, additionally, in addition, besides, moreover, furthermore, what is more, in addition to + n, apart from + n Contrast but, though, however, nevertheless Result hence, thus, as a result, the result of that is …, as a consequence, consequently 19 Lop11.com (20) Example for example, for instance Generalization in general, generally, to sum up Life in big cities is very comfortable There are many parks where the whole family can relax at weekends Besides, there are supermarkets where you can both go shopping and enjoy yourself Life in big cities is very comfortable Nevertheless, it may be stressful to some people If parents indulge their children too much, they may spoil them Hence, children should be punished only when they something wrong Note Sometimes linking words can be put after the subject It is assumed that big cities are heavens City dwellers, however, have to face many problems Exercises A Choose the best linking word to fill in each blank Women nowadays have their social roles They work as doctors, engineers, and even construction workers …………………, some women become the leaders of their countries A As a result B In addition to C In general D Additionally English has become the key to success …………………, more and more people rush to study English in language centers A For example B As a consequence C Additionally D Nevertheless Money can guarantee a comfortable life …………………, it cannot always bring happiness A What is more B Consequently C However D To sum up Travelling by public means of transportation can help save money …………………, it costs us only 6,000 dong to go to school and come back home while we have to spend 10,000 dong filling the petrol tank of the motorbike A For instance B Example C Such as D All are correct Studying abroad is a good opportunity to develop our foreign language …………………, not everyone can afford it A Nevertheless B But C Besides D Thus B There is a passage about the benefits of games Complete each numbered blank in the passage with one of the following linking words Capitalize it where necessary for instance and although in general consequently since what is more It is argued that games are but a kind of entertainment, and that it is a waste of time to spend so much time playing games I myself think that games are much more than recreation (1)………………… they teach us a lot of useful things, among which are team spirit, competence of observation, and wishes 20 Lop11.com (21)