Ebook Giải thích ngữ pháp tiếng Anh: Phần 2

304 4 Giải thích ngữ pháp tiếng Anh ►.. Present perfect The secretary has just finished the report... The report has just been finished by the secretary..[r]

^ Jtu -ffng 5 CÂU BJ ĐỘNG

(PASSIVE SENTENCES)

I CÁC BƯỚC ĐÓI CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG SANG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG: 1) Xác định s , V, o câu chủ động

2) Xác định động từ

3) Lẩy o trong câu chủ động làm s trong câu bị động, lấy s trong câu chù động làm o câu bị động

4) Lay V câu chủ động đổi thành V3/ed thêm BE thích hợp trước V3/ed

5) Đặt BY trước o câu bị động

Eg: (A) The cat ate the mouse (Con mèo ăn chuột.) -> (P) The mouse was eaten by the cat

Trong (A), The cat s, ate V chính, the mouse o Lấy the mouse làm s the cat làm o (P), Lấy V đổi thành V3 eaten Do V (A) q khử đcm The mouse (P) số nên BE phải was Đặt by trước the cat

II ĐỘNG TỪ TRONG CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG VÀ BỊ ĐỘNG: Tenses

Kx am pies

Active Passive

Simple present Lan cleans the floor every morning

The floor is cleaned by Lan every morning

Simple past Nam broke the glasses The glasses were broken by Nam

Present The pupil is not doing some Some exercises are not continuous exercises being done by the pupil Past continuous Mother was cooking dinner

at yesterday

I

Dinner was being cooked by mother at yesterday

Present perfect The secretary has just finished the report

The report has just been finished by the secretary

Past perfect The boy had found the key before yesterday

The key had been found by the boy before yesterday

Simple future Mr Brown will not teach our class

Our class will not be taught by Mr Brown

Future perfect The students will have written many compositions

Many compositions will have been written by the students

Modal verbs

The students must this exercise in class

This exercise must be done in class by the students

m MỘT s ố ĐIẺM CẰN LƯU Ý: 1) Câu hỏi chủ động bị động:

(A) Did your father make this chair? (P) Was this chair made by your father?

f Có phải bổ bạn ỉàm chỉểc ghế không?) (A) Who repaired your bicycle?

(P) Whom was your bicycle repaired by? (By whom was your bicycle repaired?)

(Ai sửa chiểc xe đạp bạn?)

(A) What plays did Shakespeare write? (P) What plays were written by Shakespeare?

(Shakespeare viết nhũng kịch nào?)

2) Lược bỏ túc từ câu bị động:

Nếu chủ từ câu chủ động KHÔNG rõ người hay vật cụ thể, rõ ràng (people, someone, every one, no one, any one, I, we, you, they, s/he, it) đổi sang câu bị động (by people /someone / every one / no one / any one / me / us / you / them / her / him / it) bị

Eg: (A) People built that bridge in 1998 (P) That bridge was built in 1998

(Mọi người xây cầu vào năm ỉ 998.)

3) Động từ có hai túc từ:

3.1 Động từ cần giới từ TO: give, lend, send, show

(A) John will give me this book (=John will give this book to me.)

-> (PI) I will be given this book by John (P2) This book will be given to me by John

(John đưa cho cuỗn sách đó.)

3.2 Động từ cần giới từ FOR: buy, make, g e t

(A) He bought her a rose (=He bought a rose for her.)

-ỳ (PI) She was bought a rose.

■> (P2) A rose was bought for her

(Anh ẩy mua tặng cô hồng.)

4) M ột sổ dạng bị động khác:

4.ỉ Cẩu trúc: They/People sa y/think/believe th a t - (A) People say that Henry eats ten eggs a day.

-ỳ (PI) It is said that Henry eats ten eggs a day.

(P2) Henry is said to eat ten eggs a day

(Mọi người nói Henry ăn mười trúng ngày.)

(A) They thought that Mary had gone away “> (PI) It was thought that Mary had gone away,

•ỳ (P2) Mary was thought to have gone away. (Mọi người nghĩ Mary rồi.) 4.2 Cẩu trúc H A V E / GET + something + V3/ed - (A) I had him repair my car.

(P) I had my car repaired (by him)

(Tôi yêu cầu anh ẩy sửa xe ô tô cùa tôi,) - (A) I get her to make some coffee.

(P) I get some coffee made (by her)

(Tôi bảo cô pha giúp cà phê.)

5) Câu mệnh lệnh (Imperative sentences): Câu mệnh lệnh có cấu trúc sau: Verb + object

Don’t + verb + object Dạng bị động thành lập cách dùng động từ LET

Let + object + be + Pỉi

Eg: Write your name here! Let your name be written here

(Hãy viết ten bạn đây!)

Don’t make so much noise -> Let not so much noise be made/ don’t let so much noise be made

(Đừng ỉàm on!)

EXERCISES

I Use the words in the box to complete these passive sentences Use any appropriate tense

cause blow hold collect invite not steal

show translate write invent spell surround

build report murder

1 An i sland _by water

2 I _to the wedding but I couldn’t come Many accidents _by reckless driving A new dormitory in the campus at present

5 A lot of the e e s down in a storm a few days ago Some politicians by terrorists recently

7 The concert _at the university next Sunday This money b o x _for five years

9 The electric light bulb by Thomas Edison 10 The -ing form of ‘sit’ with a double “t” 11 The accident _ in the newspaper yesterday 12 Mickey Mouse cartoons _into sixty languages 13 The election results_on television at the end of/this month 14 This program _by students at Stanford University

15 Thank goodness! My jewellery _ in the robbery last night

II Put the verbs into the most suitable passive form There’s someone behind us I think w e _(follow) A mystery is something th a t _(can’ư explain)

3 We didn't play football yesterday The m atch _(cancel) The television (repair) It’s working again now The church tow er _(restore) The work is almost finished

6 “How old is the tower?”- “ I t _(believe) to be over 600 years old.’ ’ If I didn’t my job properly, I (would/ sack)

8 A: I left some papers on the desk last night and I can’t find them now B: T hey _ (mighơ throw) away

9 I learned to swim when I was very young I _(teach) by my mother 10 A fter _ (arrest), I was taken to the police station

11 This road _ (repair), so we have to take another road

12 Two p e o p le _(report) t o _ (injure) in an explosion at a factory early this morning

13.1 haven’t received the letter I t (míghư send) to the wrong address 14, The vegetables didn’t taste very good They _(cook) for too long 15 The examination papers are scored by machine The students _(tell)

their results next week

III P ut these sentences into the passive voice Should they help Jane with the sewing?

2 The mechanic is repairing Judy’s car Must we finish the test before ten?

4, They use a computer to that pjob nowadays

5 Employers must pay all travel expenses for this training course Did her story take them in?

7 The bank manager kept me for half an hour Has he spelt this word wrongly

9 All his friends will see him off at the airport

10 They used to drink beer for breakfast in England years ago

11 Someone might have sent the letter to the wrong address

12 They were cleaning the floor when I arrived

13 They are digging the hole on the wrong side of the road

14 They are going to steal your money if you’re not careful

15 Has anyone ever asked you for your opinion?

16 Alan’s knowledge of art doesn’t impress me

17 How people make candles?

18 They can’t make tea with cold water

19 When is someone going to announce the results of the contest?

20 Nobody informed the police that there had been a mistake 21 Where will your company send you next year?

22, Who looked after the children when you were away? 23 Look! Someone is feeding the seals

24 Kathy had returned the book to the library

25 By this time tomorrow, the president will have made the announcement

26 The pollution in the city was affecting people’s breathing

27 Mrs Andrews hasn’t signed those papers yet Has Mr Andrews signed them yet?

28 Is a student pilot flying that airplane?

29 Where did they hold the 1988 Olympic Games?

30 Do they make those tractors in this country, or they import them?

IV Change active to passive, paying close attention to special structures Parents always give me proper encouragement

2 I remember someone giving me a toy drum on my fifth birthday

3 Someone saw him pick up the gun

4 They asked me some difficult questions at the interview

5 Don’t touch this switch

6 He won’t let you that silly thing again

7 The real estate office will send you a copy of the sales contract

8 I didn’t expect the police to find my car

9 I rarely hear her call her children bad names

10 Someone seems to have made a terrible mistake

11 I think they should have offered Tom the job

12 People say that Arthur robbed a bank a long time ago

13 They used to make little boys climb the chimneys to clean them

14 They suggested banning the sale of alcohol at football matches

15 Take off your coat

16 They have sent that money to the poor families

17 He recommended using bullet-proof glass

18 She loves someone praising her all the time

19 We believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police

20 You need to have your hair cut

V W rite the sentences in another way, beginning as shown Someone reported that the situation was under control

The situation It is said that she works 16 hours a day

She _ Someone thinks that the company is planning a new advertising campaign

The company

4 Everyone expects that the soap opera will end next year The soap opera

5 It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour The man

6 Someone reported that the President had suffered a heart attack The P r e s i d e n t _

7 They think that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall

The prisoner _ It is reported that the buildings have been badly damaged by fire

The buildings It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods

Many p eo p le 10 We all expected Marta would pass her driving test

M arta 11 People believe that he was killed by terrorists

H e 12 We knew that you were in town on the night of the crime

Y o u _ 13 Journalists supposed that the footballer Wayne Johnson was earning £10

million a year

The footballer Wayne Johnson _ 14 It is said that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses

There 15 We know that they lives in a small flat on the fifth floor

T h e y 16 Lots of people believe that the Prime Minister and his wife have separated

The Prime M inister _ 17 It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans

The b o y _ _ 18 Everyone expects that the hostages will be released soon

The hostages 19 It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion

Two people _ _ 20 They say exercise is good for health

Exercise _

VI P ut the verbs into the correct form, active or passive A: Who met yoil at the airport yesterday?

B: Well, when I _(arrive) to the airport, I (meet) by my best friend, Joanna

2 A ; _(you/ pay) your electricity bill yet?

B: No, but I'd better pay it today If I don't, my electricity _(shut off) by the power company

3 A: W hen _ (your camera/ steal)?

B: Two months ago While I was on my holiday, my cam era _ (disappear) from my hotel room

4 A: Is the small lot behind your house still for sale?

B: No, i t _(sell) since last month and a new house _ (build) on it next month

5 A: I (leave) some papers on the desk last night and I can’t find them now B: I t (might/ throw) away

6 A: What a nice garden! I t _(must/ take) good care of

B: That’s right We can see that the plants and flowers _ (water) everyday and the grass _ (cut) regularly

7 Can you come to the police station? The man w h o _ (suspect) of stealing your w alle t _ (arrest), a n d (question) at the moment The police hope h e _ (identify), either by you or another witness The building at the end of the High Street is Barford Hall, w h ich

(build) in 1827 Today the H all _(own) by Bardale Council I t _ (use) as a warehouse when i t _(buy) by the Council in 1952, and it _ (not look) after very well Since then a lot of w ork _ (do) on it, and these days the Hal] _ (use) as an art centre

9 The Eiffel Tow er _(be) in Paris, France I t _ (visit) by millions of people every year I t _(design) by Alexandre Eiffel (1832 -1923) It _ (erect) in 1889 for the Paris exposition Since that time, i t _ (be) the most famous landmark in Paris Today i t _ (recognize) by people throughout the world

10 Winton C astle _(damage) in a fire last night The fire, which _ (discover) at about o'clock, spread very quickly N obody _ (injure) but two people had t o _(rescue) from an upstairs room A number of paintings - (believe/destroy) I t _ (not/ know) how the fire started

11 Repair work started yesterday on the Paxham-Longworth road The road _(resurface) now and there will be long delays Drivers _ (ask) to use an alternative route if possible The w o rk _(expect) to last two weeks Next Sunday the road _(close) and traffic _ (divert) 12 In Paxham yesterday a shop assistant _(force) to hand over £500 after

_(threaten) by a man with a knife The man escaped in a car which _ (steal) earlier in the day The c a r (later/ find) in a car park where i t _ (abandon) by the thief A m a n _ (arrest) in connection with the robbery an d _(still/ question) by the police

VII Choose the correct verb forms in this news report about a storm Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ( Ỉ ) _by a storm which (2 ) _ across the north of England last night The River Ribble ( ) _its banks after heavy rain Many people (4 ) _from the floods by fire-fighters, who (5 ) _hundreds of calls for help Wind speeds ( ) _ ninety miles an hour in some places Roads (7 ) _by fallen trees, and electricity lines (8) _ down, leaving thousands of homes without electricity ‘Everything possible (9 ) _ to get things back to normal’, a spokesman (10) _

1 a has caused b, has been caused c.caused

2 a swept b was swept c was being swept a was burst b has been burst c burst

4 a rescued b were rescued c be rescued a has received b.received c were received a reached b is reached c were reached a has blocked b blocked c were blocked a were brought b.brought c had brought a was done b is being done c is doing 10 a said b was said c say

v r n Reply to w hat people say Use the subject in brackets A: The bus fares have been increased, (they)

B: What? You m ean _ _ _ _again!

2 A: Bicycles should be used for short journeys, (people)

B: Yes, I ag ree. A: A new source of energy has been discovered, (someone)

B: What? Did you say t h a t _ A: This building is going to be knocked down, (they)

B; Well, no one told me that A: Eggs shouldn’t be kept in a freezer, (you)

B: Really? I didn’t know A: Why isn’t litter put in the bin? (people)

B: Exactly Why don’t A: A lot of money was stolen in the robbery, (the robbers)

B: Really? The papers this morning don’t say th at A: The road in front of my house is being resurfaced at the moment, (they) B: What? Did you say that _ A: A decision will not be made until the next meeting, (the board)

B: Well, I’ve heard that 10 A: How is this word pronounced? (people)

B: Sorry, I don’t know

IX Use the words in brackets to complete the sentence Use the structure have something done

1 W e _(the house/ paint) at the moment

2 I lost my key I’ll have t o (another key/ make) When was the last time y o u (your hair/ cut)? You look different. _ (you/ your hair/ cut)?

5 _(you/ a newspaper/ deliver) to your house or you go to the shop to buy one?

6 A: Can I see the photos you took when you were on holiday? B: I’m afraid _ (not/ the film/ develop) yet

7 A: What are those workmen doing in your garden? B: Oh, w e _ (a swimming pool/ build)

8 This coat is dirty I m ust _(it/ clean)

9 If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you _ (your ears/ pierce)? 10 A: My car has been serviced recently,

B: How often _ (you/ your car/ service)?

X Complete the sentences, using the causative form David went to the hospital A nurse bandaged his arm

He had his arm bandaged.

2 Daniel is going to the dentist He is going to fill his tooth He is going to have the dentist _

3 I didn’t recognize Sheila The hairdresser’s dyed her hair She’s had her hair

4 I ’ve been getting a lot annoying phone calls, so the telephone company is going to change my number

So I’m going to get the telephone company _

5 Gabrielle broke her leg six weeks ago but she’s much better now In fact the doctors should be taking the plaster off tomorcow

Gabrielle should be having the plaster _

6 Since Rowland made a lot of money, he’s not content with his little cottage, so an architect’s designed him a fine new house

Rowland has had an architect _■

7 This room gets too hot when the sun shines so I’m getting someone to fit blinds on the windows

I’m having blinds

8 Anne is walking around town while her photos are being developed Anne is getting her photos _

9 We don’t really know what Shakespeare looked like I wish he had asked someone to paint his portrait before he died

I wish Shakespeare had had his poitrait

10 My sister had always been self-conscious about her nose so she decided to go to a clinic for an operation to have i t _

XI W rite a second sentence so that it has a sim ilar meaning to the first Use the word in brackets

1 We have to test these products, (be)

2 A Belgian called Etienne Lenoir made the first motor car (by)

3 Nigel’s passport was taken away from him by the police, (took)

4, They pay babysitters a lot of money, (are)

5 I hope they’ll interview me for the job (to)

6 A mechanic is repairing Judy’s car (having)

7 Tessa lost her way (got)

8 Everyone agreed that the plan should go ahead, (it)

9 When did they decorate your kitchen? (get)

10 They believe that he is living abroad, (be)

11 Pavarotti sang the song, (by)

12 Someone is cleaning the floor, (being)

13 Do you suppose your brother could have written such a letter? (been)

14 Laura had her brother repair her bicycle, (to)

15 Don’t that again, (be)

XII Choose the correct answer

1 We can’t go along here because the road _

a is repairing b is repaired c is being repaired d repaires The story I’ve j ust read _Agatha Chri stie

a was written b was written by c was written from d wrote by Why don’t you have your brother _the roof?

a repairs b, repair c repaired d to repair

4 The man died because medical help was not summoned A doctor should

a be have called b been called c be called d have been called Something funny _in class yesterday

a happened b was happened c happens d is happened Many u s automobiles _in Detroit, Michigan

a manufacture b have manufactured c are manufactured d are manufacturing A lot of pesticide residue can _on unwashed produce

a find b found c be finding d be found W e _ by a loud noise during the night

a woke up b are woken up c were woken up d were waking up How did that window _? ~ I don’t know

a get broken b broke c got broken d broken 10 Some film stars _difficult to work with

a are said be b are said to be c say to be d said to be 11 Last night a tornado swept through Rockville I t everything in its path

a destroyed b was destroyed c was being destroyed d has been destroyed

12 Vitamin c _ by the human body It gets into blood stream quickly. a absorbs easily b is easily absorbing

c is easily absorbed d absorbed easily

13 Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? I don’t enjoy _ at a be laughed b to be laughed

c laughing d being laughed 14 John _last week

a had his house painted b had painted his house c had his father to paint d had his house paint

15 Today, many serious childhood diseases _ by early immunization a are preventing b can prevent

c prevent d can be prevented 16 ‘ _about the eight o’clock flight to Chicago?’ ‘Not yet.’

a Has been an announcement made b Has an announcement made c Has an announcement been made d Has been made an announcement 17 ‘Has the commitee made its decision yet?’

-‘Not yet They are still _the proposal.’

a considering b been considered c being considered d considered 18.1 might watch this programme I t _very funny

a supposes to be b, is supposed being c is supposed to be d was supposed be 19 Do you get your heating _every year?

a checking b check c be checked d checked 20 Claude Jennings is said _his memory

a to have been lost b to be lost c to have lost d to lose

CÂU TƯỜNG THUÁT ư n g _ _ _ _ _ _

(REPORTED SPEECH)

I ĐỘNG TỪ TƯỜNG THUẬT Ở THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOẶC TƯƠNG LAI: Nếu động từ tường thuật HIỆN TẠI TƯƠNG LAI, ta đổi NGÔI sau:

1) Đổi ngơi th ứ NHÁT phù hợp vói CHỦ TỪ mệnh đề 2) Đổi ngơi th ứ HAI phù hợp với TÚC TỪ mệnh đề 3) Ngôi th ứ BA không đỗi

Eg: He says to me, “I and you will go with her father tomorrow.” -> He tells me (that) he and I will go with her father tomorrow

(Anh ẩy nói với tôi anh ẩy ỉhăm bổ cô ay vào ngày mai.)

* Chú ý: say to -> tell

II ĐỘNG T Ừ TƯỜNG THUẬT Ở THÌ QUẤ KHỨ:

Nếu động từ tường thuật khứ, ta đổi ba yếu tố ngơi, động từ trạng từ chi thời gian nơi chốn

1) Ngôi: (như trên)

2) Thỉ động từ:

VI -» V2/ed V2/ed had + V3/ed can -> could will would

shall -> should may -> might must -> had to

3) Trạng từ thời gian noi chốn:

today -ỳ that day next week the week after

tonight that night tomoưow -> the day after

now then this that

ago before these -ỳ those

yesterday the day before here there last week -> the week before

Eg: She said to me, “I met your brother yesterday.”

“> She told me that she had met my brother the day before

(Cơ ẩy nói với tơi gặp bố tồi vào hôm qua.)

III CÁC DẠNG CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT: 1) Câu khăng định phủ định:

Động từ tường thuật thường said/told E g ]: He said, “I have seen her today.”

-ỳ He said (that) he had seen her that day

(Anh nói ngày hơm anh ẩy gặp cô ấy.)

Eg2: The teacher said to Peter, “The prize was not given to you.” -> The teacher told Peter (that) the prize had not been given to him

(Cơ giáo nói với Peter giải thưởng không trao cho cậu ẩy.)

Chú ý: said to told

2) Câu hỏi:

Động từ tường thuật thưởng asked/wondered/wanted to know (hỏi/tự hòi/muốn biết)

2.1 Y/N:

E g l: She asked me, “Do you like him?” She asked me if I liked him

ịCô ay hỏi có thích anh hay khơng.)

Eg2: He said, “Can you speak English, Nam?” He asked Nam whether he could speak English

(Anh ẩy hỏi Nam nói tiếng Anh khơng.)

2.2 WH-:

E g l: He said, “What is her name?”

-ỳ He asked what her name was (Anh ẩy hỏi tên gì.) Eg2: She said to him, “Where you live?”

-> She asked him where he lived

(Cô ay hỏi anh sổng đâu.)

* Chú ý trật tự s và V:

Câu hỏi trực tiếp -> Câu hỏi gián tiếp

- Y/N: “aux verb+ s+ V?” -> if/whether + s + (aux verb) + V - WH-: “WH-+ aux verb + s+ v r -ỳ WH- + s + (aux verb) + V

* said to asked

3) Câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu, đề nghị, lời khuyên

Động từ tưcmg thuật thường told/ asked/ ordered/ commanded, requested (bảo/yêu cầu/ra lệnh),

3.1 Khẳng định: s + askedy íold + o + to V4nf

Eg: The teacher said, “Go to the board, John.” The teacher told John to go to the board,

(Thầy giáo gọi John ỉên bảng.)

3.2 Phủ định: s + asked/ told + o + not to V-inf

Eg: Nam said to his friend, “Don’t shut the door.” Nam asked his friend not to shut the door

(Nam bảo bạn anh ay đừng đóng cứa.)