Khdng gian kidn trfle ndi tu Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Gilm dugc ngan d c h vdi vudn Gilm vl khdng gian bdn ngoli bing tudng gach vd; gdm 5 ldp khdng gian, mdi ldp dugc gidi ban bdi ele t[r]
(1)TLTLlgHTRnNPiMiri^r
CUA VAN MIEU QUOC TQ GIAM
DAO THI T H O Y ANHK
idn trfle Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Giam d i e d \ii thdi L^ Dien mao cua ngdi fludng dai hgc nly dirge thay ddi qua eac trieu dai phong kien nhidu chi lidi, bd phan kidn uiic dugc trung tu song vln dya tren tinh thiin ndn lang eua tu tudng nhap thd Nho giaoCo thd ndi Van Mieu -Qudc Tfl Giam la mdt
cong Uinh kien true ddc dao, nd khdng chi chfla dung ydu td van hda ma cdn la thlnh qua sang tao tuyet vdi cua ngudi xua vdi nhimg td chat tao hlnh dam da phong elch dan tdc Viet Nam TirTiiTry ldi Van Mieu mdn Dai Trung mdn, Khud Van Cac, Dai Bli, Dien Dai Thanh (noi thd Khdng tfl va tfl phdi: Tu tu, Nhan tfl, Manh ii> Tang tfl), den Nha Thai Hoc, noi thd thay d u Van An vl vj vua Ly Thanh Tdng, Ly Nhln Tdng Le Thanh Tdng lit ea tao nen mdi chu trinh kidn true khep kin khdng gian mfl Toan canh kien true vdi ding ve nhlp nhd ciia nhflng hang mai Igp ngdi mui hai vdi sle nSu trSm nhu nhung cung bac cua mdt khudng nhac khdng gian tram mac tinh tai eua V3n Midu - Qud'c Tfl Giam Do la su kd't hgp Idieo ldo gifla he thdng kd't clu kidn tnic vdi :ach thflc trang trf trdn cdl U-u, diu dao, mai *'ay, tran bia tao ndn net da phong d c h cua :um kidn tnic u-ung tam
Tren tinh than ke thfla y tudng giao due xua Sia Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Giam dugc
Ngudi Hd Ndi ndi ridng, nhdn ddn cd nudc ndi chung, da cd nhidu ngudi bidt ddn mdt Van Mieu - Qud'c Td GIdm cd' kinh, trudng dai hoc diu lidn cda Vidl Nam Ddy nguydn id noi thd Kh£ng td, cdc hdc tidn thdnh, tidn so cua Nho hoc Tif sau nam 1070, Vdn Mid'u cdn Id noi thd Tu nghidp Qud'c Td Gidm Chu Van An - ngudi thay ddng Idnh cua nen gido due Viet Nam Sau thdi Ld sti, Vdn Midu duoc md rdng thdm noi hgc hdnh cda cdc thai td vd b'd thdnh Vdn Mieu-Qud'c Td Gidm nhu hay gid
trang tri kha dep mil Tfl tam quan di vao trdn dudng theo true ble nam, hai ben cd nhflng cku ddi chfl Han them trang tri kei hoa sinh dgng:
Hifng hoc nhdm hien Trung thii hieu di Hgc chinh kinh truyen
Dao irong stf ton Tfl tfl try, tam quan den Khue Van Cac bai dudng ddu duge hinh tu thie't kd gin chat vdi tu tudng Nho giao vl cung vdi nhflng van bia hga tier trang trf lao ndn mdt chinh the trgn ven Tren gd ndc Dai Trung mdn cd hlnh nam rugu cudn thu vl ludng chep chau hai ben kdt hop vdi hoa la each dieu tao nen su mem mai, tinh te' Chit lieu trang trf kien true dugc gin gdm mau ket hgp vdi ky thuat khlc cham bang d e yS'u td net, mang, khdi chic khde, song khdng kem phln sinh ddng Ndi den irang tri d Van Mieu - Qudc Tfl Giam ihudng khdng thd bd qua hga liet hoa sen irang trf iren van bia ed b day, dd la mdt kidu thflc irang trf linh id giau yeu id van hda nghe thuat Sen -bidu tugng cua linh thin Phat gilo - la loli hoa mang nhflng phim chat cao cua nha Phat song he thdng kid'n true vl trang trf kidn irflc d Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Gilm, sen lai thd' hidn duge rd net tinh than Nho hoc Dac bidt nhung mang cham khlc hlnh hoa sen tren trln bia vdi sy thay ddi each dieu vd kidu dang, bd eye da thd hidn net tinh te cua ngudi xua mudn gfli glm y tudng vd nhung phim chit
(2)THdMB TIM VAN Hf^A MrSHI^ THI I A T
sach, linh khidt luu gifl buong thom ci!ia loli hoa qui? Phai chang day chfnh 11 d c h so sinh In nglm vd phim chl'l cilia d c blc hidn nhln dugc ghi danh lai Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Gilm
Vd chl'l lieu kidn true co ban mang tinh chl'l cd kfnh, bdn chic Khdng gian kidn trfle ndi tu Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Gilm dugc ngan d c h vdi vudn Gilm vl khdng gian bdn ngoli bing tudng gach vd; gdm ldp khdng gian, mdi ldp dugc gidi ban bdi ele tudng gach vl cd d c cfla thdng nhau, mdt cij:a chfnh gifla vl hai cfla phu hai bdn vdi clc kidn true chfl thd 11: cdng Van Midu, cdng Dai IVung, Khud Vln Clc, c6ng Dai Thlnh, khu didn thd, cdng Thii Hoc vl kdt Ihflc II khu Thii Hgc Phfa trudc Van Midu mdn 11 tfl try (nghi mdn) vl hai llm bia m l hai bdn, dd II mdc ranh gidi chidu ngang phfa trudc mat cdng Xua du cdng hlu hay khanh ludng, du vong lgng hay ngua xe hd di qua Van Midu ddu phai xudng di bd ft nhl'l tfl llm bia ma ben nly sang tdi llm bia m l ben mdi lai dugc Idn xe len ngya
Dac biet, tfl try trudc Van Midu mdn dugc xay bing gach, hai try gifla dugc xly cao hon, tren cd hlnh nghe chlu Hai tru ngoli dip ndi chim phugng xde d n h chip dudi Trdn tfl try cd dip ddi cau ddi chfl Hln Van Midu mdn 11 cdng lam quan phfa ngoli, cdng ed ba cfla, cfla gifla cao lo vl xay ting Ting trdn cd ba chfl (Van Midu mdn), kidu ding kidn trfle Van Midu mdn mang
nhidu ndt ddc dio, nhin bdn ngoai tam quan II kidn trfle rieng biet Phia u-udc cdng lam quan II ddi rdng dl d e h didu thdi Ld, ben irong II ddi rdng dl thdi Nguydn Hai mat cdng tam quan phia ngoli cd hai clu ddi (khdng ro nien dai)
Tfl cdng chinh Van Midu mdn, vlo khdng gian thfl nhll ggi II khu nhlp dao, theo dudng thing tdi cdng thfl hai II Dai Trung mdn Ngang hIng vdi Dai Trung mdn bdn trai cd
Thlnh Dflc mdn, ben phai cd Kidn trfle
Dal Tli mdn Bflc tudng ngang ndi ba cfla vuon dli hai bdn tdi tin tudng vay dgc bdn ngoai Hai bdn ta hun ciia ca khu Van Midu, cflng vdi ludng ngang noi Van Midu mdn tao thlnh mdt khu hlnh vudng cd tudng khdp kin Cfla Dai Trung mdn dugc llm theo kidu gian, xay tren ndn gach cao, cd mli lop ngdi mui hIi, cd hai hIng cdl hidn trudc vl sau, b giiia II hIng cdt chdng nde Gian gifla cdng ireo mdt llm bidn nhd dd chfl son then Dai Trung mdn
Con dudng thing tfl Van Midu mdn tdi Dai Trung mdn vuon dli thing tidp tdi Khud Van Clc 11 mdt tlu vudng tim mli, bao gdm bdn mai thugng vl bdn mli ha, cao gin chin thudc Glc dyng trdn mdt ndn vudng cao can xflng cd lit gach Bit Trlng, mdi bd cd chidu dli 116,8 mdt Di budc Idn dugc ndn vudng nly phai di qua ba bac Ihang d l Kidu ding kidn true Khue van Cac rlt bli hda vl ddc dio Ting dudi 114 tru vudng, mdi canh cfla try cd chidu dli met vl trdn clc mat iru ddu cd cham trd clc hoa van may, 11 each dieu rll linh xao Ting trdn, kidn trfle gd son son thdp vlng trfl mli Igp vl nhflng phln trang tri gdc mli hoac trdn bd ndc la bkag chit lidu dlt nung hoac vdi d t ed dd bdn cao vdi ele mdtip hoa 11 elch didu Trdn bd ndc cd ddi rdng chlu cham khlc vdi clc dudng net manh nhd, elch didu cao, kdl hgp vdi hoa van may ludi lua dim ndt phong d c h trang trf thdi Ld Sin gd cd chua khoang trdng dd ble thang
m§t gdc khu nhd Thdi Hgc Anh Minh Binh
(3)len gac Bdn canh san ed didm gd cham trd hoa Ii, may trdi mdt d c h tinh vi Bdn gdc sin ed lan can tidn cung bing gd Bdn mat tudng bit van gd, mdi mlt ddu lam mdt cfla trdn ed nhflng gd chdng toa bdn phfa Cfla va nhflng gd chdng tucmg trung cho Khue vl nhflng tia sing eua Md trdn sit mai phia cfla ngoli vlo treo mdt bidn son son thidp vang chfl Khui Vdn Cdc
Gac Khud Van, glc nhd, kidn trfle gian dj nhung tao nha vl him chih van hda sau sic Theo Kinh djch nhuflg eon sd Id (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) thudc vd duong, bidu hidn sy sinh sdi nd vl phal bidn, Khud Van Clc cd mli II bit quIi, cd them ndc d tren 11 s6 cflu trfl, sd cue duong Theo quan niem xua, gidng Thien quang hlnh vudng tugng trung cho mat dlt, cfla sd hlnh trdn cfla glc Khue van tugng trung eho b^u trdi, cd ^ ndi noi day 11 noi tip trung mgi tinh hoa cfla trdi dlt, ed $ ludng dd cao trung tam gilo due van hda Nho hgc Vidt Nam (1) Dd la sy kdl hgp chinh ehu eua trdi vl dl't, eua vudng va trdn quy luat bli hda am -duong Ngoai ra, Idp kidn tnic nly cdn cd cfla Bi van vl cfla Sflc van Cfla Bf van kdt thuc duflng lit gach nho chay tfl ei^a Thlnh Dflc tidn trai, Bf van dugc hidu nghia 11 trang sflc ndn ve dep - van chuong trau chudi sang sua Cfla Sflc van kdt thflc dudng lit gach nhd chay tfl c&i Dal Tai ben phai Sue Van dugc hidu nghTa la van chuong him sue phong phfl, cd kha nang audi dudng ve dep cua llm hdn Hai cfla nly
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vdi gac Khud Van din ldi Thien Quang va hai vudn bia tidn si tao ndn mdt Ihd thflc ^ t r l c khdp kin• P i i e n Quang tinh (gidng soi Inh sing blu irai c6n dugc ggi II Van Tri (ao van) Thidn H^^ nghTa 11 Inh sing blu trdi Gidng hlnh ^ B p , quanh bd ddu xay hang lan can ldi dd W^^ lung Ngudi xua mudn gfli glm quan niem gidng hinh vudng tugng trung cho dlt, cfla ti6n gac Khue Van tugng trung cho trdi II sy fcdtfhgp holn hao linh hoa cua d trdi vl dlt 82 dun bia tidn si dung d hai ben phai trai ciia gidng Thien Quang mdi bdn 41 llm dyng hang ngang, mat bia ddu quay vd phfa
T U L i ^ U T R n N n M i f r t r
gidng Ca hai bdn, gifla mdi vudn bia xay mdt Ida dinh vudng, mat bd trdng ndn cao, gifla ndn ed bd, cfla ddu trdng thing xudng gidng Day II hai tda dinh thd bia
Trong s6 d e bia dl tai Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Gilm, ngudi la phan Iheo d e nhdm trang trf trin bia vdi ele phong elch khac nhau: 'Tfl 1484-1536, 14 bia ed kfch thudc bia nhd, u-ln bia khlc hinh hoa 11, mly, trang, rfla diu nging cao, ding md chim, khdi trdn chii chudt 25 bia tfl 1653 trln bia cd hlnh rdng chlu mat nguyet, rfla ed rut, diu hoi chflc, mil bet, sdng mui nlng cao 43 bia 1714-1780 dieu khle cham khle sinh ddng Rua dl cd ngln, mai vdng Idn, ed gd sdng lung cham hlnh d n h " (2) Rieng van bia nam 1602 cd ttang tri didm Iran bia vdi hlnh phugng chlu mat nguyet, lao didm phi d c h cho he thdng trang tri bia da lai khu Van Midu Ngoai be thdng trang trf vl nhflng ldp kidn Irflc ndi ty Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Gilm, ve dep cua Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Giam cdn duge tdn thdm bdi he thdng tugng iron; luy ididng nhidu nhung nhflng tic phim dae la chan dung thay Chu Van An, vi vua Ly Thanh Tdng, LJ Nhan Tdng, Le Thlnh Tdng lai khu Thii Hgc da thd hidn net ddc dao cua nghd thuat dieu khle, trang trf d Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Gilm ndi rieng
Nhin chung, ydu td nghe thuat irong he thdng trang trf - kidn trfle Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Giam II ngudn vdn cd phong phfl, vd tan khoi ngudn sang tao eho nhiing dam me nghe thuat truydn thdng dan tdc Cd thd ndi Van Midu - Qudc Tfl Giam la noi chfla dyng nhimg gia tri van hda ddc dio, noi ghi danh clc bac hidn tli dlt Viet, noi ngan ddi luu gifl ven nguydn nguydn cfla mdt qudc gia giau iruydn thdng van hda II nidm ty hlo cfla dan ldc Viet Nam si
D.T.TA
1 Nguyfin Quang L6c Pham Thiiy Hang Vdn
Mieu-Qu^c Td Gidm, Thdng Long • Hd Ndi, Nxb Ha Ndi,
2009.tr.2I,
2 Trfch 16i d5n in tren bang gidi thifiu bia ti^n sT tai van Mifu