Phuong taiic dio tgo fteo tin cfa 14 mpt sing Bin; ttong phuong taue ti chuc dgy eug ngudi My, hmingi ' tool phpc vp eho muc dich eug nin gido dpc My, Vde, cudi the ky XDC, d My sd lu[r]
(1)THI/C TlfeN - KINH NGHIEM
Day hgc theo tin chi va vai txt cua ngirdi day; V ngirdi hgc bting day-hoc theo tin chi
• ThS NGUYtN THj KHUY_
Hgc ViSn Bao chi va TuySn frujJ
Bii viit tfl, ttung lim to lich sii, bin chit cua tin chi nhitag dgc didm chmh ciia phuong fluic did" no fteo tin cta, ^ t o g lpi Uie cda phucmg t u c dao too ndy so vdi phuong ttiuc dao I Z y ^ vai oocuanguoidgyvanguoi hoc ttong dayhoetiieophuongflulc dao tao flieo tin chidViptNgm^ dgy tpc taeo tin ch i^t faeu qua cm nhieu yeu to qugn ttong, nhu: doi ngu can bd, g t ^ t g ^ n cp so vat chat phuc vugimg day vi hpc tap, he flidng giio trtah, tii Kpu hoc tip cda c o S ^
Dio tgo taeo tin cfa la mdt phuong taue dio tgo dupc sing tgo d My, viec su dung phuong taire dio too niy da dua lai nhiing tainh qud tich cue cho he taing dio too eua My vi ntaeu nudc phuong Tiy d nudc a, to kfa htoh taanh he taong dio tao dai hpc, eao ding dupc ttiin khai taeo phuong ftiic tata chi Su tin tgi Idu dii cua phuang taue ddo tgo ndy ttong nin gido due Viet Ngm da dua nd ttd flianh "phuong taue ddo tgo ttuyin taing" Tm cta Id mpt phuong taue ddo tgo to ca ntaiu uu tai so vol phuong taue ddo tm ttuyin tadng (3 Viet Nam, phuong taue dio too taeo tai eW duoc ip dmg iin diu hen tgi Dgi hpc Bich Hioa tainh phd Hi CM Mfah nam hpc 1993-1994 Din nay, hiu hit cic ttudng dai hpc chu dpng ip dung phuong taiic dio too tita ttin Tuy taiita, tata ttidn chua B, chua ed nhimg buoc di phd hpp vi taiit li chua ludng Oude duoc nhmig Hid Uian cd tai niy stab ttong qui tttah dp dung cho nta kit qua ciia viec dp dung niy taudng khong taeo mong muon; rtt cupe li c3ng vita ndy ttiuong ket taue da dmg, v4 Hii dupc hai qum diim ve dao tgo taeo phuong thuc ta, chi, cm tai ldi taudng f; ' * ° 'P =•("& l^Mg phli hpp vdi hom cinh cua Met Nam", hoic taue fata taeo kliu btoh cu nrou mdi chua taue sv phit huy hit dupc nhung m tai ciia
phuong taiic day hpc niy Hpe vita Bdo cfa vi Tiiyfc ttuyen li co so dio tgo sir dpng phuong taue ddo lgo tin cM sau hon so vdi cdc co sd dao tgo khdc chinj taue bat diu hi khda 35 nam hpc 2015 - 2016, hij fliong dio tao fteo tin cM mdi dupc su dmg mpt tich ddng bp, bii bin Tuy nfata, qui ttinh tape Uta COAB cho taayrd cung edn nhiiu lung oing, bit dp ^ ™
1 Lich sir ciia gidr tin chi
Phuong taiic dio tgo fteo tin cfa 14 mpt sing Bin; ttong phuong taue ti chuc dgy eug ngudi My, hmingi ' tool phpc vp eho muc dich eug nin gido dpc My, Vde, cudi the ky XDC, d My sd lupng hpc stoh phi taing ttung hpc dang ky vao hpc dai hpc ngdy edng tdng, ^ ip Ivc khdng nhd cho qui tttah xdt fayin cua cie ttitdng dgi hpc Hp tadng fln cfa', dupc fliiit ki di gta Igi vd gidi taieh mdt eich todng minh nang Ivc hpc tgp cda hpc sinh phi ftdng ttung hpe, giiip cic chuy* vien Oong cic phdng dio tgo eug cic ttudng dgi hpc cd can cu tin cay di tayin chpn dupc nhimg sinh viifi cd chdt lupng theo nhimg ehuin mvc mi ttudng ^ -hpc cua mfah de Tu ngudn gdc dd hp taing tin chj din dm taam nhgp vio eic ttuong dgi hpc Iiic dau oU de gfa lgi diem sd cua eic mdn hpc lva chpn sau dd, : dp Iuc cua cic nhi tii tto, edc td ehuc rir ftipn yen oiu phii lim ro hay luong hdg ning lpc chuyta mdn
Ly In$n clijnh bri A 'Dnny^n tfaAng
(2)ai
«ti
THI/C TIEN-KINH NGHIfM
vi H ning nghe ngU^) cua sinh vita vi Mta qua dao lgo cda ttudng dgi hpc, he taing tin cfa dupc md ldng ta lit ci cic mdn hpc taupe cde khdi Kin ftue khic ttong chuong ttinh dgi hpc vi ttd tainh mdt phuong taiic dil) lgo (ihfah Unic, Uigy tad cho phuong ftuc dio tgo ttuyta ftdng mi nhung tai hd cha 3ng cua ngudi My mang din hi chau Au
Cic nhi ngUta cuu khdc dua cac qum diim khic vi phuong ftiic dio tao taeo ttn cfa Dfag cfai y, nha ngfata euu giio due ngudi My Jesiea M.Shedd (2003) cho iing, he ftdng dao tgo taeo tin cU d My cd ngudn gic hi ba nguyta nhan Thir nhal nhu cm cm phii xu U sv da dmg vi su gia ting vi si lupng hpc sinh ttimg hpc phd tadng gfa danh vdo hpc d cfc ttirong dgi hpc ttpng kfa vin tti nhimg tita chum ve hpc ftugt Thie hai ddng co ftay ddi xuit phit Irong npi bp he taing giio due dai hoc My, tape sv muon cd mpt cupc cdl cich vi giio (iuc dgi hp(: vdi nhimg chuong ttinh dai hpc "mo", chua dung nhifag mto hpc mi xa hpi cin, cd dp "mim dta" nliit dinh di ngudi hpc cd fte chpn nhifag chuyto nginh phii hpp, nhifag mta hpc hptady cdn taiit di phpe vu cho phdt taiii nghe nghiSp tong ttrong lai, mpt Hiu chuong ttinh khic vicobdn voi chuongttinh dio tao ttuyin ttiing vdi nhung * diem "ddng" vi "kho cung" duvc mang din rir chiu Au Oong ngudi hpc vao ttudng vdrattudng ding logt, Itatag cd bitki sv lva chon nio khic vi chuyto nganh vi vecicm8nhpc 2W6a apluctanhimgliehucvici nhin ta bta ngodi ttudng dgi hpc: chinh phu, eic nhd toi IIP, cfc nhi su dpng nguin hic sinh vito tdt ngWep, v.v budc eic ttirdng dgi hpe phii cd nhifag don vi chit lupng dgy - hpc tadng minh hon, ca ttich nWtai hon, dl ludng hnn vd phd hpp vdi yto ciu cua tape tien ban
Theo tadi gim Oi lue tin cfa khdi diu duoc Uiiit ke dS ehuin hda nhifag taude nang hoc lap cila hpc sfah phd tadng ttung hpe, dip ung sd iupng hpc sinh ttung hpc phd taang gta danh vdo hoc dai hpc ngiy cing Sng, dta nd da dupc phdt ttiin va ttd tadnh mdt hp Adng ddo tgo, mpt ftude ttiin tata ttong gido (tac dgi hpe d My
Vita dp dung he taing ddo too taeo fln cfa phdn inh qum ditai liy ngirdi hpc lim Omg tam, ngudi hpc •Id ngudi tiep nhgn Hin ftuc nhung ding tadi citag li ngudi chu dpng tgo Hin ftuc, hudng tdi dip ung nhfing nhu ciu cua tin ttuong lao dpng ngoii xa hdi
Nd cho phep hp chpn ttong si nhung mdn hoc duoc flnet ke ttong chuong ttfah, nfaiu ttong sd nhiing mdn hpc dd CO fte fliay fti dupc vdi nhm vd huu ich nhu Den day, ngudi to cd fti dgt ciu hdi: 'Tai phuong taiic dio tao fteo tin cfa lgi ed sdc hip din mgnh me nhu viy?" Tri ldi cgu hdi niy, ttirdc hit chung to hay cung di flm bin chdt cua nd; dd li, 'Tm cfa la gi?"
LBanchitvaloithicua phiitnig thih: dao tao theo tin chi
Tfa cfa li dai lupng dung di khii lupng kiin tave, kl ning cda mdt mdn hpc ma ngudi hpc cin phta tich My ttong mpt khoing tadi gim nhit duta tadng qua cic hmh ftuc: (1) hpc tgp ndn Idp; (2) lipc tip ttong phdng flu ngUpm, ftuc tap hogc ldm cdc phin vita khic (cd su hudng din cua giio vita); vi (3) tv hpc ngoii Idp nhv dpc sich, ngfata cvu, giii quyet vin de hoac chuin bj bdi v.v Tm eta cdn duoc fata Id khdi Ivong lao ddng cua ngudi hpc ttong mdt khomg ftdi gim nhit djnh ttong nhiing diiukitahpc tap tita chuan
Truic hit, frong phuong taue dio tgo fteo ttn cfa,
tv hpc, ta ngfata cuu ciig sfah vita dupc cm tipng vd tinh vio ndi dmg, tadi Ivpng eug ehuong ttinh Bay li phuong taue dua gido dpc dgi hpe vi vdi dung nghia cua no: ngudi hpc to hpc, 01 ngtato euu, gidm sv nhdi nhdt Kta taiic eua ngudi day Do dd, phdt huy dupc tinh chu dpng, sing tgo ciig ngudi hpc
_ Hai la, phuong taue dio lgo taeo tin cfa Uta qum dta dp mem dta vi Itah hogt cua chuong ttinh Chuong ttfah dupc fliiit ki taeo phuong taue dio too tin cfa bao gdm mpt he taing nhiing man hpc taupe khdi Hta taiic chmg, nhung mdn hpe taupe khii Hin ftuc chuyta ngdnh, nhung mdn hpe tauta khii Hin taue cgn chuyta nginh Mdi khii Hin taue diu cd si luong nhung mdn hpc Ion hon si luong cac man hpe hay sd lupng tin cfa dupc yta ciu; smh vita cd tai taam khio gido vita hogc cd vin hpc tap di ehpn nhung mdn hoc phu hpp vdi mmh, di iiodn tadnh nhung yta cau cho mdt vm bdng vi di phue vu cho nghe ngfaep toong Iai eua mfah
Ba Id chfah dde diim "tich luy tin cfa" ttong
phuong taue dio too fteo tin cfa mmg lai Smh vita dupc eip bing kfa da tich IQy dupc diy du A lupng tin cfa ttudng dgi hpc quy duta; vay, ho cd tai
(3)THirc T|£N - KINH NGHIEM
hom thinh nhiing dieu Hta de dvpc cdp bing tay taeo nang vi ngudn fac cua ei nhin vi tadi gian, tai ehinh vi sue khije
Bon Id, phuong taiic dio too fteo tin cta phm anh duoc nhung mdi quan tam vi nhimg yeu ciu cua ngudi hpe nhu Id nhitag ngudi su dung Hin taun vd nhu cdu eua cdc nhi su dung lao ddng ttong cdc ti ehuc kinh doanh vi td chiic nhi nvdc
iVam /d, nhu da di cap d ttta, phuongtaiicdiotgo taeo tin eta' hau nhu da ttd tainh phi biinonfaiu nudc ttdn tae gidi Chuyta sang phuong taire dio tap taeo tinetasetaoduoesvhta ftdng giua cic co sd dao tgo dgi hpc frong vd ngodi nude Mpt kfa su hen taong dupe md rpng, nfaiu frudng dgt hpc cdng nhm chit Iuong dio tgo eua nhau, ngudi hpc co tai de ddng di chuyen to ttudng dai hpc niy smg hpc d ttudng dgi hpc Hg (ke ci frong vi ngoii nudc) mi khdng gap khd khan frong viee chuyin dii tin cta Kit qui li, ip dmg phvong taue dio tgo fteo tin cfa se khuyin Hiich sp di chuyta cua sinh vita, md rong su ta chpn hpc tgp Clia hp, lim fing dp minh bgch ciia he taing giio due vi giiip cho vipe so sinh giua cic he taing giao dpc dgi hpe ttdn tai gidi dupc di dmg hon
3 Vai tro cua nguM day, ngirdi hpc day vd hpc theo tm cfa
Xet vi phvong phip dgy hpc, khdng cd phuang phip dgy hpc danh litag cho day hpc ftec tin cfa Tuy nhita, so vol phuong taue day hpc ttuyin taing, day hpc taeo tin cfa ca nhung yta ciu mdi vi vai tto eiig ngudi day ttong qua ttinh dgy vi hpe
Nhu ttdn di di cap, phuong taue ddo too fteo tin chi li phvong ftuc dgt dgy - hpc d dgi hpc vio dung vdi bin chit cua nd: na dgt ngudi hpc vio vi fri ttung tim eua qui tttah dgy - hpc, tgo eho hp ftdi quen ttr hpc, or khim phd Hin taue, cd H nang giii quyit vin dd to chii ddng tadi gim hom tainh mdt mdn hpe, mpt chuong tiinh cu nhan hay taac sT Nd khic phpe dvpc viec hpc lech, hpc til, ddn din quay edp ttong Hem Oa vi Oong cde ki flii Hon niia, ttong phuong taue dm toll taeo tfa chi, hiu nhu bit H mdn hpc nio cmg bao gdm h nhit hai ttong ba htoh ftuc td chuc day - hpc: gimg bdi cua giio vito, taue tap, taue hdnh eug smh vita dvdi sv hudng din cua giio vien, vd to hpc, ta ngfata euu eua stoh vita Trcng cdc Unh taue ta ehuc day hoc niy, nghe gimg, ftuc hdnh ftuc top
vd tv hpc ca mdi hta he hiiu CO vdi nhau, hd trp cho'.-nhau giup ngudi hpc nam kiin ftiic vi tao kiin talie rapt cich Uta qui ban Ngudi hpc se ftiy kha hi^ hogc khdng Uta bii giang cua giio vita niu hp khfii^ dpc ttude nhimg npi dung dvpc giao Or hpc, tv nghi^ Cliu a nhi Ngupc lgi, ngudi hpc se khong tai sdng tjo neu khdng biit dupc fri ftuc cua mdn hpc tSa dope ngtata euu dta ddu, cho nio cdn bd ngd Se khdng c6 phuong phip dgy - hpc fteo tin cfa niu khdng xde (^tl^ lgi vai trd eua ngudi dgy vd ngudi hpc ,;0
i^ai tro nguii day *.*> Trong phirong ftuc ddo tgo fruyin tadng nguin
day cd mpt sd vta oa, ttong hta vai tio ndi bgt nhl^ li ngvdi biit mpi tii ftiic vi mdn hpe lita quaa isfc "ngudi quyet dinh mpi hogt dpng day - hpe ttong IdJ hpc" Trong vai frd tini nhit, ngvdi day dvpc ma nhv li ngudn kiin ftirc nhit vi ngudi hpc chi cin tiip thu dupc ngudn Hin taue niy tii ngvdi % li du Trong vta ttd ftii hta, ngvdi dgy dupe xemtt-u li ngxemtt-udi cd toin qxemtt-uyin qxemtt-uyit djnh dgy cii gi (n^ dmg) vi day nhv tai ndo (phvong phdp); ngudi hpe dupc xem Id nhimg "con efaen" ngom dgo, nghe giing bii, gU chdp vd hpc taupe nhiing gi dupc dg, khong dupc phepcmfliiepvdo nhung cdng vipc cSa ngvdi dgy
Trong phuong ftilc dio tgo fteo tin cfa, hai vai lid da nta d ttdn d mdt miic dp nao dd vln dupc M, Tuy nfata, ngudi dgy phii dim nUtai tatai It nhit ba VM tto niia; dd li: ci vin eho qud ttinh hpc tip; nguM taam gia vio qui ttinh hpc tip; vi ngudi hpc vd nS ngUta cdu
Vdi to cdeh li ci vin cho qui ttinh hpc tjp, kM gidng bii cimg nhu Hii hudng din taio luin, ngudi dgy phii chpn nhitag vin di cit loi, qum ttong di giing mi niu khdng cd ngudi day flii ngudi hpo kh$ CO fte luta hdi dupc, laodiiuHtacho ngudi hpe fli;, fliu vd kham phd tiip Min taue Li ci vin eho qil('t tiinh hpc tgp, ngudi dgy se: ^ i^
Truic hit, giiip cho chinh nunh hiiu dupe ngttdi hpc: fata dupc nhimg gi hp cdn ttong qui tttah hpe -tip vi nhung gi hp cd fti rir lim dupc di cd fti chnyL gim nhimg nUtai vu niy cho hp tadng qua hudng dfc vi gidm sit;
(4)THirc TIEN-KINH NGHIEM
ehu dpng vi sing tao, vi nhfing nguon luc cua chfah hp de hpc tdt mdn hpc;
Ba Id, hudng sv taam gia tich eve eua ngudi hpc
vdo nhung muc tita tavc ti nhit cua giio due Uta dii: hpc gau vtii hinh
Trong vai ttd cua ngvdi fliam gia vio qui ttinh dgy - hpc, ngudi day hogt dpng nhu li mpt flianh vita fliam gig vio qui ttfah hpc tip d nta Idp vdi cic nhdm ngu-di hpc Vngu-di to eich vva li eo van vua li ngungu-di taam gia vio (]ui ttfah hpc lip ngudi dgy cdn cd taem mpt vai ttd bd sung nfia; Ii nguin ttiam khio cho ngudi hpc, giup hp ftdo gd nhfing khd khan ttong qud tttoh hpc tap vd ngfata ciiu
Trong vta ttd Id ngudi hpc vi ngudi ngfata cvu, vdi to cfch Id mdt ttianh vita taam gia vdo cfc boat dtag hpc tap d ttta lop, ngvdi dgy, d mpt miic dp ndo dd, ed dieu Hta ttd Igi vi tti cua ngudi hpc, taiu vi cUa se nhvng khd khan vi ttach nUtai hpc tip voi hp Co tape Uta dupc vta ttu cua ngvdi hpc fti ngvdi dgy mdi cd tae phat huy dupc vai ttd tieh cue eua ngudi hpe, Ipa chpn dupc phuong phip vi tad fcuat gimg dgy phu hpp Vdi to cdch Id nhi ngUta cuu, ngudi dgy cd tad ddng gdp nang vi Hin ftuc cua mfah vio vi^ Um Uta bm bit cua qui oinh day - hpc ndi Chung, bdn chit^ciia qua ttinh hpc mpt man hpc nai ritag nhfing yeu td tim U - xa hdi inh hudng din qui oinh dgy - hpc mdn hpc dd Ngoii ra, tadng qug ngUta cuu, ngudi hpc se ^ ftuc dupc ting dgy - hpc li mpt nUtai Vjl cd qum hd nhin qui vdi - mdt nfatai vu mi ci ngudi day vd ngudi hpe diu cd Oich nhitai tham
m, ttong dd hpc cd vai tto ttung tam, dgy cd vai ttd
hp frp, vi mpc tita hpc t|p cU phdi Kim bd qui timh dgy-hpc
Vai Iro ctia ngudi hoc
Trong phuong taucdiotaotaeotincU, ngudi hpc phii dupc too dita Hta di tape su ttd ttianh ngudi dim phin tich cvc vi cd fata qui: vdi chinh mtah oong qui tttah hpc lip, vdi muc tita hpc tgp, vdi cdc tainh vita ttong nhdm, ttong Idp hpc, vd vdi ngvdi dgy
Stoh vita dgi hpe ttong xa hdi fata dgi khdng cfa Id nhvng ngvdi tau nhin Hin taue liiu ddng to giao vito vd tii sfch yd mi diiu qum frpng li hp phai Id nhttng ngudi biit cdch hpc nhu fti ndo Nhiiu cdng tttah ngfata euu vi tam li hpc dgi hpe cho fliiy ring sinh vita cd nhfing nhu cdu, dpng eo hpe tgp, vd nhfing
chd dpi khde vi nginh hpe, mdt mdn hpc, vi ttong qui ttinh hpc hp ftudng xuyen diiu chinh ki hogeh hpc tap cda hp cho phu hpp vdi nhung muc tieu cua mdn hpe Kiin ftuc ftudng dupc xde djnh igi kfa smh vita khim phi nfaiu hon vi nd vi ttong kfa xiy dtaig ke hogeh hpc tap cho ritag mfah, sfah vita cd tae nhgn rang cic cUin lupc hpc tip ttvde dd cua hp ca fte khang cdn phu hpp nua va cd fti W ftay fti bang cde cfata Ivpc hoe tip moi phu hpp ban C?ui tttah dieu chinh niy dupc gpi Ii qui ttinh ddm phin vdi chinh mtah ttong qui oinh hpc tap di dat dupc nhung muc tita mi mdn hpc di Hon nfia, hoc khdng hoin Oiin li mpt hogt ddng cd nhm; nd xiy ttong mdt mdi ttiidng vin hda xi hpi nhit djnh ttong da sv riiong tic gifia nhfing ngvdi hpc voi cd vai ttd bet siic qum ttpng ttong ftn nhdn vi lgo Hin taue Xem hpc nhu li rapt vin di ei nhm flii khdng khie ndo xem qui ttmh niy xiy Oong chm khdng, vi cd Ie cfch nhta khdng phu hpp vdi tai gidi Mn dgi, mdt tae gidi dd hpi nhgp vd todn ciu hda dmg li xu tae tdt yta Thpc ti niy yta ciu ngudi hpe phii CO ftem mot vgi tto nOg; dd li, vai ttd cua ngudi cung dim phin ttong nhdm va ttong lap hpe
Vi day - hpc taeo ttudng Idp taudng Id mpt qud tttoh cdng sfah, cho nta ngodi nhfing vta ttd da ki ttta ngudi hpc ttong phuang taiic dio tgo taeo tin cfa cdn lihii dim nfaem ftem mpt vai od qum frpng nua; dd Id, ngudi taam gig vdo mdi oudng edng tde day - hpc Trong vai frd niy ngudi hoc dupc xem nhv Id mpt tadnh phm hop phap nong qud oinh dgy - hpc Hp hoat ddng vua nhu 14 nhung edng su vdi ngudi dgy tiong vita xic djnh npi dmg vi phuong phdp gimg day vug nhu Id ngudi cung cdp tadng tin phin hii vi bm tam mtah nhu li nhung nguai hpc (tttah dp kha khin tauin lpi nhu eiu, ehd dpi, mong mudn vi mdn hpc, v.v.) eho ngudi dgy di ngudi day cd tai diiu cfanh ndi dmg, phvong phip vi ftu tauat giing dgy phu hpp, tdng fata ([ui dgy - hpc