Mac va Angghen da chi ra rdng, trong viec nhdn thiic va giai quyet quan he chfnh tri vdi kinh te, ben canh viec y thiic tdi vi tri va lgi feh cua giai cdp cdm quyen thi yeu cdu ca ba[r]
(1)NGHIEN Ciru CHU NGHTA MAC - LENIN VA Tl/Tl/ONG HO CHl' MINH
QUAN NIEM CUA MAC - ANGGHEN VE VAI TRO CUA CHINH TRj DOI V6l
SU PHAT TRIEN KINH TE
PGS, TS VU VAN PHtJC<'>
1 Quan niem chung ve moi quan he
giura kinh te v^ chfnh trj
Mdi quan he giiia kinh te vd chinh tri Id mdi quan he ea bdn nhdt, trgng ye'u nhdt, baa trum vd chi phdi ede quan he khde trang ddi sdng xd hgi, C.Mac da chi r5: "Phuang thiic san xuat ddi sdng vat chat quyet dinh cac qua trinh sinh hoat xa hgi, chinh tri va tinh th^n ndi chung Khong phai y thirc cua ngudi quyet dinh tdn tai xa hgi cua hg; trai lai ton tai cua hg quyet dinh y thirc cua hg"'" Co sd tang xa hgi bao gid ciing la nhan to' ca ban quyet dinh kie'n true thugng tang, ca sd tang thay ddi thi sdm hay mugn su thay ddi kie'n true thugng tang cung se dign Ong viet: "Co sd kinh te thay ddi thi toan bg kien thiic thugng tang so cung hi dao Ign it nhieu nhanh chdng"'^* Su bien doi cua co sd tang dan de'n sir bie'n ddi cua kie'n true thugng tang la ca mgt qua trinh het sii;c phiic tap Nguyen nhan cua qua trinh dd,
(•) Ph6 truang Ban Tuyfin giao Trung uong
xet cho Cling la su phat trien ciia lire lugng san xuat
(2)vdi su van ddng ciia cac quy luat kinh te khach quan dd, cdn nguge lai thi nd se la trd luc, gay tac hai cho su phat trien cua san xuat va xa hdi
Mdi quan he giQa kinh leva ehinh tri Id mdi quan he xuyen sudt lieh sic phdt trien ciia xd hgi eo giai edp, no quy dinh sU van dgng, bien ddi cua ede xd hgi
Theo cac nha kinh dien macxit su chuyen bien trang thai xa hdi tir xa hdi sang xa hdi khac deu quan he kinh te -chinh tri quyet dinh Sy thay ddi dd cd nguyen nhan sau xa la X\l su phat trien cua lyc lugng san xuat, dan tdi su thay ddi quan he san xuat va toan bd he thdng cac quan he xa hdi Mac nhan manh: 'Trong sy san xuat xa hdi ddi sdng cua minh, ngudi cd nhiing quan he nhat dinh, tat yeu, khdng tiiy thudc vao y mudn cua hg - tiic nhirng quan he san xuat, nhiing quan he phii hgp vdi trinh phat trien nhat dinh ciia cac lyc lugng san xuat vat chat cua hg Toan bd nhirng quan he san xuat a'y hgp thanh ca ca'u kinh te cua xa hdi, tiic la cai CO sd hien thyc tren dd dyng len mdt kien true thugng t^ng phap ly va chfnh tri va nhCmg hinh thai y thiic xa hdi nhat dinh tuong ling vdi co sd hi6n thyc dd"'^' Nhu vay, he thdng cac quan he xa hdi, quan he san xuat la bd phan ca'u quan trgng nhat va sy van ddng ciia mdi quan he kinh te - chfnh tri da ddng vai trd quye't dinh viec tao tfnh chat dac thu cua toan bd he thdng dd timg diiu kien Iich sir cu the Mac da nhan dinh: "Tdng hgp lai thi nhirng quan he san xuat hgp thanh cai ma ngudi ta ggi la nhung quan he xa hdi, la xa hdi, va han nira hgp mdt xa hdi d vao mdt giai doan phat trien lieh sit
nha't dinh, mdt xa hdi cd tfnh chat ddc dao rieng biet Xa hdi co dgi, xa hdi phong kie'n, xa hdi tusdn deu la nhiing tdng the quan he san xua't nhu vay, mdi tdng the dd ddng thdi lai dai bieu cho mdt giai doan phat trien dac thu Iich su nhan loai"*"** Nhu vay, quan he san xuat vdi tu each la ca sd kinh t^ cd anh hudng quyet dinh tdi sy bie'n ddi cua chfnh tri
Mdi quan he giua kinh te'va chinh tri Id mdi quan he bien ehung Mdt mat, chinh tri
phu thudc vao kinh te, sy chuyen bien ve chfnh tri gan lien vdi sy chuyen bien ve che' do kinh te Theo Mac "chfnh tri tiic la kinh te' dugc cd dgng lai" Kinh te' manh mdi dam bao cho nen chfnh tri 6n dinh Mat khac, chfnh tri tac ddng manh me trd lai dd'i vdi kinh te' va cd dia vi hang dau tfnh giai ca'p, tfnh dang ciia cac hoat ddng kinh te' cac che' xa hdi cd giai cap Mdi quan he bien chirng giiia kinh te' va chfnh tri cdn the hien d ehd: chiing cd the phii hgp vdi hoac ciing cd the mau thuan vdi nhau Ne'u sy thdng nhat, phu hgp giiJa chiing tao nen sy dn dinh va phat trien xa hdi thi sy khdng phu hgp giira chiing tao nen sy bat dn dinh, sy tri tre, tham chf cdn la sy rdi loan xa hdi C.Mac va Ph Angghen khdng dua mdt cai nhin sieu hinh hoac tuyet ddi hoa mdt hai yeu td cua mdi quan he nay, ma nd cd tfnh bien chiing sau sic va cd tac ddng Wong hd, thiic diy cung phat trien
2 Vai tro cua chinh tri ddi vdi su phat trien kinh te
Trudc het, vai trd ciia chfnh tri ddi vdi sy
phat trien kinh te dugc the hien qua mdi quan he giua kien triic thugng tang vdi co sd tSng
(3)Vai trd cua kien thu'c thugng tdng ddi vdi ca sd tdng ndi chung cd tac ddng hai mat ciia nd Neu kie'n tnic thugng tdng cd tac ddng thuan chieu ciing vdi sy van ddng ciia nhimg quy luat kinh te' khach quan, thi kie'n true thugng tdng se cd anh hudng va vai trd tfch eye viec thiic ddy sy phat tri^n cang nhanh cua keft cdu kinh te' - xa hdi va ngugc lai
Cac nha kinh dien chu nghia Mac - Lenin da phdn tfch v^ vai trd cua chinh tri dd'i vdi sy phat tri^n kinh te' nhu sau: Tac ddng cua quyen lyc nha nudc ddi vdi sy phat tri^n kinh te' cd th^ cd ba loai Nd cd th^ tac ddng cung hudng - dy sy phat tri^n dien nhanh han; nd cd th^ tac ddng ngugc lai sy phat tri^n kinh t^ - dy thi hien d mdi dan tdc ldn, nd se tan vd sau mgt thdi gian nhdt dinh, hoac la cd the can trd sy phat tri^n kinh t^ d nhiing hudng nao dd va thiic ddy d nhiing hudng khac Trudng hgp ddn d€^n mdt hai trudng hgp neu tren Tuy nhien, rd rang la trudng hgp thir hai va thii ba, quyen lyc chfnh tri cd th^ gay tac hai ldn cho sy phat trien kinh t^ va cd the gay sy lang phi to ldn ve siic lyc va vat chat Angghen da phan tfch rd vai trd va anh hudng ciia nha nudc thdng qua hinh tugng cua bao luc nhu sau: sau bao lyc chfnh tri da trd ddc lap ddi vdi xa hdi, sau da tir day td trd ngudi chii rdi, thi nd cd the tac ddng theo hai chieu hudng Hoac nd tac ddng theo hai y nghia va chi^u hudng ciia sy phat trien kinh te' cd tinh quy luat Nhu the' giiia bao lyc chfnh tri va sy phat trie'n kinh te' khdng cd sy xung dot nao va sy phat trien kinh te' dugc ddy manh han Hoac nd chdng lai sy phat trien kinh te va dd trir mdt vai ngoai le ra, thudng thudng nd chiu sire ep cua sy phat trien kinh te
Trong mdi quan he giiia kinh te' va chfnh tri, vai trd quyet dinh thudc ve cac quan he kinh te nhu da trinh bay d tren Tuy nhien, chinh tri cung cd tfnh ddc lap tuang ddi mdi quan he vdi kinh te Tfnh ddc lap tuong ddi dd bieu hien thdng qua tac ddng trd lai cua chfnh tri ddi vdi kinh te "Tat ca cac chfnh phu, ca nhiing chfnh phii chuyen che nhdt cd the day nhanh hoac lam cham sy phat trien kinh te' cung vdi nhiing he qua ve chfnh tri va phap luat bat ngudn tir sy phat trien kinh te' ay, song nit cue hg vdn phai tuan theo sy phat trien ay"*'''
Thd hai, vai trd ciia chfnh tri dd'i vdi sy phat trien kinh te' cdn the hien mdi quan he giiia quyen lyc chfnh tri va lgi ich kinh te
(4)tu each la nha vdt bien chiing, Mac khdng bao gid quan niem mdi quan he giiia lgi feh kinh te' va quyen lyc chfnh tri la mdi quan he mdt chieu Hai nhdn td lgi ich kinh te' va quyen lyc chinh tri ludn ludn tac ddng qua lai ldn Mac chi rd rang, quyen lyc chfnh tri cd the tac ddng tdi kinh te' theo ba each thiic: thiic ddy manh me sy phat trien kinh te; thiic day d mat nay, kim ham d mat khac; kim ham sy phat trien kinh te Ong ke't luan: sy van ddng cua kinh te chiu anh hudng mdt ben la sy van ddng ciia quyen lyc nha nudc, cdn mdt ben la cua lyc lugng ddi lap sinh ddng thdi vdi quyen lyc dy Chfnh vi vay, chfnh tri vdn de quyen lyc chfnh tri (bieu hien tap trung d quyen lyc nha nudc) la mdt muc tieu trgng tam tryc tiep ma giai cdp nao, nhdm xa hdi nao ciing mudn ndm va chi phdi Vi nam dugc quyen lyc chfnh tri la ndm dugc cdng cy CO ban, trgng yeu de giai quye't quan he lgi feh vdi cac giai cdp khac, nhdm xa hdi khac theo hudng cd Igi cho giai cdp minh, nhdm xa hdi minh Do dd tac ddng cua chfnh tri dd'i vdi kinh te' the hien d sy tac ddng cua quyen lyc chfnh tri dd'i vdi kinh te
Thd ba, vai trd cua chfnh tri dd'i vdi sy
phat trie'n kinh te' the hien qua vai trd lanh dao cua dang chfnh tri dd'i vdi ddi sdng xa hdi
Khi phan tfch, nhan xet danh gia ve he qua ciia cudc ddu tranh giai cap xa hdi, cac nha kinh dien macxit da di den ket luan rdng: cudc ddu tranh giai cdp dy nhdt dinh se ddn den viec hinh cac dang chfnh tri va cac dang chfnh tri dd se ddng vai trd quan trgng ddi sdng xa hdi Dang chfnh tri la td chiic cd muc dfch chfnh tri rd rang, cd td chirc chat che, tap hgp ldi cudn qudn chiing ciing hanh ddng
chung de dat muc dich de Mac da chi rdng, xa hdi cd giai cd'p, giai cdp nao gianh dugc quyen lyc chfnh tri se trd giai cdp thdng tri va thyc hien vai trd lanh dao xa hdi Mac va Angghen da chi rdng, trong viec nhdn thiic va giai quyet quan he chfnh tri vdi kinh te, ben canh viec y thiic tdi vi tri va lgi feh cua giai cdp cdm quyen thi yeu cdu ca ban, nen tang trudc het ma dang chinh tri cdm quyen phai hudng tdi la: quan he va sy tac ddng ciia chfnh tri ddi vdi kinh te', phai vi myc tieu phat trien siic san xuat, phat trien xa hdi, tao nhiing dieu kien vat ehdt cua mdt xa hdi mdi Ddi vdi
ddng chinh tri tidn bg la dai dien cho lgi ich
cua toan the nhdn dan lao ddng thi chu truang, dudng Idi chfnh sach phat triln dat nudc ciia nd phii hgp vdi quy ludt phat trien chung cua xa hdi, nen vai trd thiic ddy xa hdi tie'n len la vd cung to ldn Ddi vdi ddng
chinh tri phdn tidn bg thi vai trd cua no ddi vdi xd hgi chi Id su kim hdm
Do dd, dudng ldi, chu truang, chfnh sach, cdc bien phap chfnh tri cua dang cdm quyen cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng phat trien kinh te' Nhu Lenin da phan tich: 'Trong mdt nudc tilu ndng trao ddi sy phat trien ciia kinh te' nhd la mdt sy phat trien tieu tu san, mdt sy phat trien len chu nghTa tu ban neu tim each ngan cdm, triet de chan diing mgi sy phat trien ciia trao ddi tu nhan tiic la cua chu nghTa tu ban, mdt sy phat trien khdng the tranh dugc cd hang trieu ngudi san xudt nhd Chfnh sach dy la mdt sy dai dot va ty sat dd'i vdi mdt dang nao mudn ap dung nd Dai dot, vi \6 phuang dien kinh te, chfnh sach dy la khdng the nao thuc hien dugc; ty sat, vi nhiing dang nao dinh thi hanh mdt chinh sach nhu the, nhdt dinh se bi pha san"<*'
{Xem liep trang 18)
(5)ddng xay dung quan he qudc te da phuang, song phuang vdi cac td chiic qudc te Dau nam 1946, Ngudi da khang djnh vdi Lien hgp qudc quyen ddc lap ciia dan tgc Viet Nam va "thiet tha yeu cau cac ngai cdng nhan nen ddc lap ay va nhan chiing tdi vao Hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc"*'°' Dieu cd y nghTa nhat la Ngudi tin tudng chac chdn rang viec Viet Nam vao Lien hgp qudc ciing nhu cac td chiic qudc te khac "se cd ich nhieu cho viec giai quyet mdt each nhanh chdng va hda binh cho cac van de d Ddng -Nam A chau hien nay"^"l
The gidi se cdn nhieu ddi thay nhung di san Hd Chi Minh ve giai phdng dan tdc va phat trien dat nudc van ven nguyen gia tri thdi dai
(1) Hd Chi Minh biin nien tieu sir, t.I, NXB Thong tin ly luan, H, 1992, h-.48
(2),(3),(5) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, NXB CTQG, H, 1995, t.I, h-.28,461,35
(4),(10),(ll)Sdd:t.4,h-.152, 157 (6) Sdd: t.7, U.247
(7)Sdd:t.9,tr.l31 (9) Sdd:t.lO,tr 199-200
(8) Le Duan: Dudi Id cd ve vang cua Ddng vi dgc lap, tu vi chu nghia xd hgi tien len gianh nhung thdng lgi mdi, NXB Sy that Ha Ngi, 1976, tr.8
QUAN NIEM CUA MAC - ANGGHEN {Tie'p theo trang 12)
C Mac danh gid cao vai trd tfch eye ciia dang ciia giai cdp vd san ddi vdi sy phat tri^n xa hdi ndi chung vd phat trien kinh te ndi rieng Thic nhdt, theo Mac, dang cua giai cdp vd san lanh dao cudc ddu tranh chinh tri thyc ehdt la lanh dao sy nghiep giai phdng kinh te' Trong Dieu le tam thdi ciia Hdi lien hiep cdng nhdn qudc te' Mac soan thao vie't: " viec giai phdng giai cdp cdng nhan ve mat kinh te' la muc tieu vT dai ma bdt ky phong trao chfnh tri ndo cung deu phai phuc tiing vdi tu cdch la mdt thii doan"'^' Thd hai, Dang ciia giai cdp vd san ludn cd dudng ldi, chfnh sach hgp ly Co sd cua dudng ldi, chfnh sach ddu tranh cua chfnh dang each mang cua giai cdp vd san la lgi ich each mang cua giai cdp vd san, ddng thdi cd tfnh toan mdt each khach quan de'n tdt ca mgi quan he xa hdi Thic ba, sdch luge diing dan cua dang cdng san da thu hiit dugc ddng dao qudn chiing nhan dan tham gia vao qua trinh phdt trien xa hdi nham muc dfch phat trien kinh te' dem lai ddi sdng dm no cho nhan dan
Dya tren quan diim cua chii nghTa Mdc - Lenin ve mdi quan he giiia kinh te' va chinh tri, Hd Chf Minh va Dang ta nhdn thdy rd vai trd to ldn cua chfnh tri phat trien kinh te', da van dung sang tao nhirng quan diem dd vao thyc te' cua Viet Nam Dang ta ludn dat mdi quan he giiia chfnh tri va kinh te' la mdi quan he trgng tam qua trinh phat trien ddt nudc, giii viing 6n dinh chfnh tri de phat trien kinh te', phat trien kinh te' de giii vung dn dinh chinh tri da trd thdnh nguyen tdc qua trinh Dang lanh dao tien trinh each mang nudc ta Di6u dd dugc the hien rd nhdt dudng ldi ddi mdi ciia Dang va thuc tien qua han 25 nam ddi mdi ddt nudc da chiing minh dieu dd
(1),(2),(3) C.Mac va Ph Angghen: Todn tap, t.I3, NXB Chi'nh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2000, tr.l5, 15, 14-15
(4) Sdd, t.6, U.553 (5) Sdd, t.38, tr.488
(6) V.I.LSnin: Todn tdp t.43, NXB Ti^n b6, Matxcava, 1978, tr.266-267