Khi de cap den sU phe phan tdn giac cua phai Heghen tre C.Mac da khang dinh; "Tdan bd sU phe phan triet hpc d Diic, tii Stdrauxd den Stieend, deu be trdn trong viec phe phan ton [r]
(1)14 Nghien cuu Ton giao So7 & - 2009
NHIN LAI OUAN NIEM CUA C.MAC VE TON GIAO TRONG GOP PHAN PHE PHAN TRIET HOC PHAP QUYEN CUA
HEGHEN - Ldi NOI DAU
M ac dii Gop phdn phe phdn triet hoc
phdp quyen cua Heghen - Ldi noi ddu dUdc viet dUdi dang ldi md ddu chd
tac pham Idn Gop phdn phe phdn triet
hoc phdp quyen Heghen, nhUng nhUng
van de ma C.Mae de cap va giai quyet treng dd da lam che nd xiing dang la mdt tac pham dec lap Quan niem cua C.Mac ve tdn giae ndi chung da dUdc rat nhieu tac gia nghien ciiu va luan giai d nbUng gdc dp khac Treng bai viet nay, chiing tdi cbi cd' gang xem xet nhiing tU tudng ciia dng ve tdn giae dUdc trinh bay treng tac pham nham gdp p h i n lam rd them y nghia cua nd ddi vdi viec nhan tbdc va giai quyet van de tdn giae d nUdc ta hien
TrUdc bet, tac pham Gop phdn phe
phdn triet hoc phdp quyen cda Heghen -Ldi noi ddu dUdc viet vad thdi ki ma
C.Mac den Pari de ciing vdi Rugid xuat ban tap cbi Bien nien Phdp-Diic Day la bai viet danh dau sii chuyen bien hdan tdan cila C.Mac tii chu nghia dan chii each mang sang chu nghia cdng san Vdi budc chuyen bien dng da doan tuyet vdi chii nghia tam, khac phuc diidc nhiing quan niem tam ciia phai Heghen tre chd rang ban than sU phe phan la ddng lUc phat trien ciia lich sii
Xuat phat tii sii phe phan quan niem ve tdn giad cila phai Heghen tre ciing nhU cua L.Phdidbac, ciing vdi viec di sau vac
DO THI KIM HOA'*' boat ddng thiic tien va nghien ciiu hien thiic, C.Mae da viet Gop phdn phe phdn
triet hoc phdp quyen cua Heghen - Ldi noi ddu, treng dd dng neu ro ba van de chinh,
dd la; van de tdn giao, van de hien thiic ciia nUdc Diic va dudng lam each mang hien thiic Diic
De lam rd quan niem cua C.Mac ve tdn giae tac pham nay, c i n phai hieu viec phe phan tdn giac cua phai Heghen tre va cua L.Phcidbae
Khi de cap den sU phe phan tdn giac cua phai Heghen tre C.Mac da khang dinh; "Tdan bd sU phe phan triet hpc d Diic, tii Stdrauxd den Stieend, deu be trdn trong viec phe phan ton gido"^^\ Vdi he, ta't ca dupe quy ve tien de la tdn giao, tii nhUng quan niem thd'ng tri nhU quan niem dao diic, chfnh tri, phap luat den ca y thiic, ngUdi ciing deu dUdc quy ve y thiic tdn giac va ecn ngUdi tdn giad - ndi chung, nghia la lay sii thd'ng tri ve ten giao lam tien de che sU van ddng lich sii hien thiic Theo dd, dang le c i n phai phe phan cai hien thiic Diic liic dd thi bp lai di phe phan tdn giao Trong quan diem ciia Bruno Baud - mdt ngUdi ban cu cua C.Mac, lanh tu cua phai Heghen tre - viec giai phdng n h a n dan Chau Au va b a t cii * NCV.,'Vien Tnei hpc, Vien khoa hpc Xa h6i Viet Nam
(2)D6 Thi Kim Hoa Nhin lai quan niem ciia C Mdc 15
nhan dan nao khac ve mat xa hdi, trUdc bet la cd y nghia thil tieu tdn giao cua nhan dan dd'^' Dd la met quan diem sai lim Chinh C.Mac da k b i n g dinh giai phdng ngUdi khdng phai la viec thu tieu tdn giae Ong da chiing minh chd chiing ta thay rang, ngudn gdc cua ach ap biic xa hdi khdng phai la tdn giae hay lUc lUdng tinh t h i n nao khac, ma la nbUng dieu kien vat chat nha't dinh Tren thiic te, nbUng phe phan ciia phai Heghen tre khdng giai quyet dUdc cai hoan canh vat chat cua chinh ban than hp va cua ca dan tdc Ddc dp
Ben canh sU phe phan viec dem ddi lap triet hpc vdi thiic tien, phe phan tdn giae ma khdng di sau vae phe phan hien thiic DUc ciia phai Heghen tre, C.Mac ciing khdng thoa mdn vdi viec phe phan tdn giao ciia L.Phoidbac Sii phe phan tdn giae cua L.Phoidbac dUdc trinh bay chu yeu treng tac pham Bdn chd't Dao Cd Doc Thee L.Phoidbac, "y thiic cua Chiia la sU tU y tbUc ciia ngUdi, nhan thUc cila Chua la sU tu nhan thiic ciia ccn ngUdi" va "cai gpi la ban chat than khdng phai la cai gi khac ngdai ban chat cdn ngUdi da dUdc nhad nan, dUdc khach quan hda va dUdc chiet tach tii cen ngUdi cu the, cen ngUdi bien thiic"'" NhU vay, Chiia la san pham ciia Cdn ngudi, cen ngUdi tad Chiia thee binh anh ciia minh chii khdng phai Chiia tad cdn ngUdi NhUng phe phan tdn giad ciia L.Phdidbac dUdc cac nha triet bee thude phai Heghen tre rat iing hd Ddi vdi C.Mac, tac p h i m dd cung dUdc dng chad ddn mdt each nhiet Treng tac pham
Lutvich Phoidhdc vd sii cdo chung cua triet hoc cd dien Diic, Ph.Angghen \ae't: "Cd the
thay C.Mac da ddn chae quan diem mdi mot each nhiet liet nhU the nae, va quan diem mdi dd da anh hudng manh me den C.Mac nhu the nae, mac dau C.Mac van cd nhUng y kien bae lUu cd tinh chat phe
phan"'" NbUng phe phan cua L.Phoidbac rd rang cd anh hudng khdng nhd ddi vdi C.Mac Tuy nhien, C.Mac chUa he tiep thu sU phe phan dd met each vd dieu kien Ong ddng y ve mat nguyen li vdi L.Phdidbic la phe phan tdn giae, nhUng khdng phai chi diing lai d dd, ma phai tien xa bdn - gan lien phe phan tdn giae vdi phe phan cbinb tri Hdn nUa, phe phan dd khdng phai la xda bd hdan tdan tdn giad cu va thay the nd bang mdt leai tdn giao mdi - tdn giao khdng cd ThUdng De, thU tdn giae ma "ngUdi la t h i n ddi vdi ngUdi" - Tdn giad tinb yeu nbu quan niem cua L.Phdidbac
C i n phai ndi them la, ta't ca nbUng luan giai cua C.Mac ve tdn giae tac pham Gop phdn phe phdn triet hoc phdp
quyen cua Heghen - Ldi noi ddu deu xuat
phat t\i sii phe phan tdn giae ciia L.Phoidbac va phai Heghen tre C.Mac viet: "Can cii vao sU phe phan chdng tdn giae la;" cau cho thay nhUng cau sau dau ";" la nhUng tU tUdng cila nhUng ngUdi phe phan chdng tdn giao; "cen ngUdi sang tad tdn giao, cbU tdn giae khdng sang tae ngUdi Cu the la; tdn giae la sU tU y thUc va sU tU cam giac cua cen ngUdi chUa tim dUdc ban than minh hoac lai de mat ban than minh met l i n nUa" Dean chinh la tU tudng ciia L.Phdidbac Cd the ndi day la met sU "ke thiia", nhien, nhUng cau tiep thee lai chd thay mdt sU toan cua C.Mac del vdi qua khU, vdi phai Heghen tre va vdi L.Phoidbac, mdt sii phat trien bean thien nhd nhUng nghien ciiu hien thiic; "NhUng cen ngUdi khdng phai la mdt sinh vat triiu tUdng, an nau dau dd ngdai the' gidi Con ngUdi cbinb la
2 Xem: Phong HiSn C.Mdc thdi tre vd chii nglila C.Mdc Nxb Khoa hoe Ha Npi tr 182
3 Feuerbach Essence of Christianity
http://www.marxits.org/referenee/archive/reuerbach/ works/essence tr
(3)16 Nghien ciru Ton giao So7(&8- 2009
the gidi ngiidi, la nha nUdc, la xa hdi
Nha nUdc ay, xa hdi ay san sinh tdn giad, tiic the gidi quan Ion ngiirJc, vi ban than chiing la the gidi Idn ngUdc Tdn giad la If luan chung cua the gidi ay, la cUdng yeu bach khca ciia nd, la Idgic dUdi hinh thiic phe cap cua nd Dd dd dau tranh chdng tdn giad la gian tiep dau tranh chd'ng cai the gidi ma lac thii tinh t h i n cua no la ten giae""^' NhUng cau tiep sau dd chfnh la sii phat trien, md rdrg va lam rd hdn nUa quan niem ciia C.Mac trdng viec phe phan tdn giae
Quay trd lai tac pham, tii dau, C.Mac da khang dinh lai mdt lin niia' nhUng quan diem da dUdc xac dinh cua dng C.Mac chi rd chd chung ta thay rang thai dp phe phan cd tinh chat each mang ddi vdi che dp xa hdi dUdng thdi liic dd hdan tdan khdng phai chi la sii bieu bien sii phe phan tdn giad Sii phe phan tdn giad chi nham chdng lai mdt each khdng tnic tiep cai hien thiic ma tdn giae la sU phan anh ve mat tinh t h i n Treng sU nhin nh^n cua C.Mac, viec phe phan tdn giae ddi vdi hien thiic DUc liic dd khdng mang lai mdt y nghia gi nUa, sii phe phan dd da cd tii lau rdi, mpi sii vach t r i n ban chat tieu cUc cua tdn giae da rd rang va den cd the ket thiic dUdc rdi Ong viet: "Ddi vdi nUdc Ddc thi viec phe phan tdn giae, ve thiic chat, da ket thiic va viec phe phan tdn giao la tien de cua mpi sii phe phan khac", "De dd, nhiem vu cua lich sU - sau cai chan li cua the gidi ben mat di - la xac lap cai chan li ciia the gidi ben Sau cai hinh tUdng t h i n cua sii tii tha hda ciia Cdn ngUdi da hi bdc t r i n thi nhiem vu cap thiet cua cai triet hpc dang phuc vu lich sii la bdc t r i n sii tii tha hda treng nhUng hinh tUdng khdng than ciia nd Nhu vay, phe phan thUdng gidi bien phe phan coi tran, phe phan tdn giae bien phe phan phap quyen, phe phan t h i n hpc bien phe phan chinh
tri"'^' Dieu che thay rd sii diit bd ciia C.Mac ddi vdi phai Heghen tre Dd chfnh la met sU phe phan del vdi sii phe phan cua phai Heghen tre ciing nhU ciia L.Phoidbic
Thed C.Mac, khdng can phai phe phan ten giao nUa, viec lam dd se khdng giai quyet dUdc tinh canh cua bien tbiic liic dd; van de la d chd can quay trd lai vdi hien thiic, xem xet hien thiic va phe phan chfnh cai hien thUc dang nhan chim ngUdi xudng cudc sd'ng khd lam than, la di tim ldi giai dap che cai hien thiic ay NhUng tu tudng sau sac dd ciia C.Mac -chuyen sii phe phan tdn giae tren thUdng gidi sU phe phan chinh tri va phap quyen dUdi coi t r i n , gan lien sU phe phan vdi cudc dau t r a n h thiic tien ciia giai cap cdng nhan, giai phdng cen ngUdi - da the hien re quan niem vat ve lich sii cua dng
C.Mac da vach rd ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia tdn giae Ong viet: "Sii ngheo nan ciia tdn giae viia la hieu hien cila sU ngheo nan
hien thiic, vda la sii phdn khdng chd'ng sU
nghee nan hien thiic ay Tdn giao la tieng thd dai ciia chung sinh bi ap bUc" Tdn giae ddi de ngUdi bi sdng trdng canh ap biic, khdn khd, bat liic cudc dau t r a n h chd'ng bpn bdc lot, ban than ngUdi khdng tim dUdc ldi tbcat ciia sii khdn cung ay, hp hi vpng vad mdt the gidi td't dep, dat niem tin vao met lUc lUdng sieu nhien d i y "quyen nang va siic manh" cd the giiip he thoat khdi mpi ndi thd'ng khd t r i n the Treng dieu kien nhU vay, tdn giao ddi vdi tu each "la trai tim cua the gidi khdng cd trai tim, cung gidng nhu nd la t m h t h i n cua trat tU khdng cd tinh than Tdn giao la thude
phien ciia nhan dan"'^' Tdn giae la cai
"ciiu c a n h " ve m a t t i n h t h a n c h e
(4)D6 Thi Kim Hoa Nhin lai quan niem cua C Mdc 17
ngudi luc dd, nd xoa diu ndi d a u bi ap biic ciia hp, a n lii bp trUdc nhUng m a t m a t d a u thUdng, n h U n g t h i e u b u t cua ddi Sd'ng h i e n thiic Tdn giae trd t h a n h "thud'c phien ciia n h a n dan"
'Thud'c phien" t h e e y hoc, dd la mdt loai thud'c d u n g de giam dau, sd d u n g nd ngUdi se cd mdt cam giac khdai lac, lang lang, m e t cam giac "len tien", quen di bien thiic; dac biet n e u da diing rdi thi ludn Cd cd che t a n g lieu va ludn phai p h u thude vad thud'c O day, C.Mac d u n g tU "tdn giae la thud'c phien cua n h a n dan" thee nghia tdn giao la lieu thud'c giam dau, nd ru ngii che nbUng cen ngUdi khdng cd ldi theat, lam chd cdn ngUdi ludn sd'ng trdng t r a n g thai "nila tinb n d a md" quen di nhUng ndi dau, chd'ng dd lai nhUng khdn cung ciia thiic tai Tdm lai, vdi t i n h each thud'c phien, tdn giao lam che cen ngUdi quen di cai thiic tai ciia minh, k h d n g m e t chiit p h a n k h a n g chd'ng lai cai d a n g de n e n ban t h a n minh
Chiing ta k h d n g n e n d a n h gia viec che tdn giao la thud'c phien la cd y tieu ciic, hoac cd n g h i a phi b a n g tdn giao P h a i chang, cd t h e hieu l u a n diem "Tdn giae la thud'c p h i e n " vdi n g h i a gid'ng nhU thud'c phien, tdn giao b a m chUa t r o n g nd ca m a t tich ciic l i n m a t tieu cUc? Va xda bd tdn giao la xda bd m a t tieu cUc cila nd
T h e m nUa, ciing k h d n g n e n ddn gian hda heac xda n h d a nhU each d a t van de cila Sergio Vuscevic Rujo - giae sU t r i e t hoc ngUdi Chile: "Chd m a i den t h e ki XIX, tii thud'c p h i e n v i n chUa cd y n g h i a nhU n a y (ma tuy); nd la mdt thU thuoc thdng thUdng diing de giam d a u ma cac t b i y thud'c v i n ke ddn", dd vay ma cau ndi "cua C.Mac thdi ay k h d n g m a n g b a t ki bdng d a n g len a n nad"'"" T h e e each hieu ciia Sergio Vuscovic Rujo, C.Mac chi vi tdn guio nhU m e t lieu thud'c giam d a u t h d n g thUdng! C a n p h a i tha'y r i n g , vad nbOng n a m d i u t b e ' k i XIX vice b u t thud'c
phien da dien r a r a m re t r e n g n b u n g leu h u t , va n a m 1875, d My ngUdi ta da phai b a n bd sac l e n h S a n Francisco California cam hiit thud'c phien t r e n g nhiing leu thud'c phien"" Vay, thud'c phien d a u chi la lieu thuoc giam d a u t h d n g t h u d n g va neu cbi la "lieu thude giam d a u thdng t h u d n g " thi vi sad nd lai bi cam? NbUng hieu biet k h d a hpc cho thay thude p h i e n - n e u sii d u n g chUng miic va trUdng hdp cu the - se cd tac d u n g tich ciic n h a t dinh; nbUng vUdt qua ngUdng, nd se cd tac d u n g ngUdc lai C.Mac la mdt n h a vat, vd t h i n , ddng thdi la mdt n h a h e a t ddng chfnh tri, dng da r a t k h a c h q u a n t r e n g d a n h gia ve vai trd ciia tdn giae: tdn giae dUdc d u n g de Xda diu, de cho ngUdi cd mdt siic sdng, mdt t i n b t h a n cai cudc sdng khd thi nd cd vai trd tich ciic; NbUng nd bi nhUng the lUc p h a n ddng ldi d u n g de ru ngu, lam m a t y cbi dau t r a n h cila n h a n d a n chdng lai xa bdi day bat cdng, k h d thi nd cd vai trd tieu cUc
Trd lai vdi van de ngudn gdc cua tdn giae, neu ndi tdn giao ddi chi la c h u n g sinh bi ap bUc bdc lot thi Idgic tiep thed la, h e t ap bUc bdc let, tdn giao se k h d n g cdn tdn tai nUa NhUng k h d n g b a n la n h u vay Ngoai ngudn gdc xa bdi, tdn giae r a ddi cdn dd nhUng ngudn gd'c k h a c nUa, dd la n g u d n gdc n h a n thUc va ngudn gdc t a m li Ve m a t n h a n thiic, cai de cen ngUdi n h a n thUc la vd b a n , chinh k h o a n g "tiem can" gan den cai vd b a n la k h d a n g trd'ng chd tdn giao tdn tai Ve m a t t a m li, t r e n g cudc sd'ng h a n g ngay, ngUdi k h d n g t r a n h khdi ddi luc bi rdi vao
8 Sergio Vuseovie Rujo Tdn gido thuoc phien cim nhdn ddn vd sir phdn khdng chong lai khon cuiifi thirc ten - cdc quan diem ciia C.Mdc vd I.eiiin Tap ehi Nghien ciru Idn gido sd 2000 Ir 14
9 Nguon hltp://vi.wikipedia.org/wikiAniu%El%BB%91c phi
(5)18 Nghien curu Ton giao So & - 2009
trang thai tam If tieu ciic (tinh cam dau buon mat ngUdi than, ndi cd ddn v.v ) hay cd nhUng trang thai tam li ti'ch cUc (sU kfnh trpng, sii hai Idng, niein sung sUdng,v.v ) Treng nhUng trang thai tam If vui budn dd, hp mud'n tim den chd cd dUdc mdt sii giai phdng ve mat tinh t h i n , va dd la manh da't chd tdn giad hien hUu va nd
Trdng tac pham cua minh, C.Mac cung khdng ndi la tdn giad khdng cd ngudn gdc nhan thUc va ngudn gdc tam H Ve phUdng dien lich sil, van de la hien thiic Diic luc dd lam chd C.Mac chi de cap den ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia tdn giad Vi rang, "chinh Nha nUdc Diic Cd Dd'c giad, tdn giad lai lam "viec ndi trd", cung nhU "viec ndi trd" la tdn giad Trdng Nha nUdc Diic Cd Dd'c giad, sii tbdng tri ciia tdn giae la tdn giao ciia sU thdng tri"""' Cen ngUdi treng hien thiic Diic liic dd dang sd'ng treng ae tUdng dd Chinh phii Diic da ldi dung tdn giad de ru ngii hp NgUdi dan Diic liic dd dang say mem treng tdn giao, hp thu ddng va phd mac cho bean canh Ngay ca ban than bi thd'ng tri, bi de nen, bi chiem bUu, hp van budc phai tin rang dd la an hue ciia trdi ban chd Tdn giad da trd cdng cu cila Chinh phii DUc diing de ngan chan nhUng phan khang cua nhan dan, ddng thdi can trd nhUng bien ddi xa bdi cd the lam lat dd dia vi thd'ng tri ciia bp De b'ae ve quyen ldi ich ki cila minh, giai cap thdng tri da cd' tinh kim ham sii phat trien cua nUde Diic, he diing tdn giae de trdi chat cen ngUdi vao cai trat tu ay, cai trat tii ma C.Mac khang dinh "nhat dinh phai danh!"""
Chinh tii sii phan tich ngudn gdc xa hdi dd cila tdn giad, C.Mac dat van de xda bd tdn giae, nhUng khdng phai la xda bd bean toan tdn giae ma chi la xda bd cai ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia nd Ong viet; "Xda bd tdn giae, vdi tinh each la xda bd hanh phiic ae tudng cila nhan dan, la yeu c i u
thuc hien hanh phiic thiic sU cila nhan dan Yeu c i u tii bd nhUng ac tudng ve tinh canh cila minh cung la yeu c i u tii be cai tinb canh dang c i n cd ae tudng""'^' Thee dd, rd rang, C.Mac mud'n xda bd cai p h i n tieu ciic cua tdn giad, cai "hanh phiic id tudng" cai lam chd nhan dan bi me heac va danh mat ban chat hien thiic ciia minh, cai vdng hao quang t h i n bae phu len cudc sd'ng khd tran gian ciia cen ngUdi, lam chd ngUdi "cam chiu" chap nhan cai bien thiic dau budn ciia minh va dd dd quen di nhiem vu dau t r a n h de cai tae hien thiic
Xda bd tdn giad la xda bd cai id tudng ve cudc sdng de rdi tU dd xda bd ludn ca cai cudc sd'ng dang c i n cd met ae tudng, thiic chat la xda bd ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia tdn giao Dieu dUdc V.I.Lenin nhan manh dng che rang, "Chii nghia Mac ndi: phai hiet cdch dau tranh chd'ng tdn giao, phai gan lien cudc dau tranh ay vdi thiic tien cu the cua phong trao giai cap nham
tieu diet nguon gdc xd hoi (TG nhan
manh) ciia tdn giao""" Them nUa, C.Mac cung che rang viec phe phan tdn giao cbi la sU vUt bd nhflng bdng hea gia trang diem tren nhflng xieng xich cua nhan dan; rang, van de la d chd phai phe phan the nae de nhan dan vflt bd chi'nh cai xieng xich dd va hai lay nhflng bdng hea that Su phe phan nhU vay, thee C.Mac, khdng phai cai gi khac hdn la sU phe phan cila vu khi, cua lUc lUdng vat chat -^
' ' ' • • ' :•_)' Vdi tu each met nha vat, ludn dflng tren lap trfldng phe phan met each khach quan, cd ke thfla nhflng yeu to' tich ciic, xem xet sfl vat hien tfldng tinh tean ven cua nd chac chan C.Mac hieu rd
10 C.Mae va Ph.Angghen Sdd 1.1 tr.543
11 C.Mae va Ph.Angghen Sdd i.l tr 572 " 12 C.Mac va Ph.Angghen Sdd t.l, tr 570
(6)D6 Thi Kim Hoa Nhin Igi quan niem ciia C Mdc 19
tdn giao la mdt h i n h t h a i y thflc xa hdi phflc t a p , dng k h d n g thd k h d n g n h i n t h a y nhflng m a t ticb ciic cila tdn giae Ben canh k h a n a n g xoa diu ndi d a u t m h t h i n nhd vae " d a n g tdi cae", cai m a C.Mac p h e p h a n V] dng la n h a vd t h i n , thi nhflng triet li tdn giae nhfl tfl bi, hi xa, cflu khd, cflu n a n , t a m Idng b a e d u n g , bac vdi ngu gidi t r e n g dao P h a t , mUdi dieu r a n ciia C h u a t r o n g Kitd giao, v.v lai la nhflng cdng cu gdp p h i n thflc bien dfldc chflc n a n g giad due dad dfle, dieu chinh b a n h vi ciia cen ngfldi, tad Idng tin va tinb hfldng t h i e n t r o n g cen ngfldi Hdn nfla, tinh t h a n tdn giao cdn cd k h a n a n g doan ket d a n tdc, lien k e t xa hdi b a e d a m sfl thd'ng n h a t va t r a t tfl xa bdi C h i n h bdi vay ma tdn giad cen tdn tai r a t lau dai
O Viet Nam, cac tdn giao dfldc du n h a p vad kha sdm, ket hdp vdi tin ngfldng ban dia, tad nen bflc t r a n h tdn giao k h a da dang va cho den van cd mdt vai trd quan treng ddi sd'ng tinh t h a n cua mot bd phan dang ke n h a n dan P h a t giae va Kitd giao la bai tdn giae Idn du n h a p tfl ngoai vao da cd nhflng a n h hfldng rdng Idn pham VI ca nfldc Ve cd ban eac tdn giac d Viet Nam cd sfl "chung sd'ng hda binh", cd nhflng ddng gdp khdng nhd vao viec bae ve va xay dflng dat nfldc T r e n g k h a n g chie'n cd rat nhieu t a n g ni, p h a t tii, cac tin dd t h a m gia vae cac td chflc q u i n chung each mang Trong thdi ki xay dflng dat nfldc tien len chu nghia xa hdi, vdi phUdng cham "td't ddi dep dad", cac cdng ddng tdn giad da cd nhflng hdat ddng ticb ciic, ddng gdp vad sfl phat trien d a t nfldc
Hien p h a p nfldc Cdng hda xa bdi chii nghia Viet N a m n a m 1992, tai dieu 70 quy dinh;
"Cdng d a n Viet N a m cd quyen tfl tin ngfldng, tdn giao, t h e o hoac k h d n g
t h e e met tdn giae n a e Cac tdn giao deu b i n h d a n g trflde p h a p luat
Nhflng ndi thd tfl cila cac tin ngfldng tdn giad dfldc p h a p l u a t bad bd
K h d n g dfldc x a m p h a m tfl dd tin ngfldng, tdn giao heac ldi d u n g tin ngfldng, tdn giad de l a m t r a i p h a p l u a t va chfnh s a c h cila N h a nfldc""""
Tuy n h i e n , c h u n g ta ludn phai cd t i n b t h i n c a n h giac vdi nhflng thii d e a n ldi d u n g tdn giao de chd'ng pha, gay rdi gay bad Idan, l a m m a t dn d i n h cbinb tri cila cac p h a n tii va t h e Iflc p h a n ddng di ngfldc lai ldi ich cua d a n tdc ndi chung cua ddng bad cd dad ndi rieng
Tai Dai hdi l i n thfl X, D a n g Cdng s a n Viet N a m k h a n g d i n h q u a n diem: "Chung t a thflc h i e n n h a t q u a n chinh sach tdn t r p n g va b i d d a m quyen tii tin ngiidng thed hoac k h d n g t h e e tdn giae ciia cdng dan, quyen sinh b o a t tdn giao binh thfldng t h e e p h a p luat Doan ket ddng bao theo cac tdn giae k h a c n b a u , ddng bao theo tdn giae va ddng b a e khdng theo tdn giao D a u t r a n h n g a n chan cac h a n h vi ldi d u n g cac van de d a n tdc, tin ngUdng, tdn giad de b o a t ddng trai p h a p luat, kich ddng, cbia re n h a n dan, chia re cac d a n tec, tdn giae, lam phUdng bai den ldi ich c h u n g ciia d a t nUdc""''' N h a n thflc m e t each d u n g d a n , s a u sac nhflng q u a n diem cua C.Mac ve van de ten giao va v a n d u n g mdt each s a n g t a e hoan c a n h cu t h e h i e n la dieu kien can t h i e t de thflc h i e n h i e u q u a cbinh sach tdn giae ciia D a n g va N h a nfldc ta./
14 Din theo: Tdng euc chi'nh tri Mdt sci hieu biet vc Idn gido tdn gido d \'iet Nam Nxb Quan doi Niiiiii dan Ha Npi, 1993 tr.256
http://www.marxits.org/referenee/archive/reuerbach/