De phat trien va sir dung cd hieu qua cac ngudn vdn dau tu xay du ket cau ha tang, ben canh cac chinh sach ve phat trien eac loai hinh va ITnh vuc boat ddng, Trung Qude rat chii trgn[r]
(1)CUA MOT SO NI/AC DONG BAC A VA ASEAN
Jrong xu the hdi nhap kinh te qude te va each mang khoa hgc - cdng nghe dien manh me, sir di chuyen cac ngudn luc giira cae qudc gia cang ed y nghTa cue ky quan trgng ddi vdi su phat trien kinh te eiia mgi qude gia, dac biet ddi vdi d mot nude dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam Mot nhiing ngudn lire Idn tham gia vao qua trinh di chuyen la huy ddng vdn de hinh mdi nen kinh te mot khu vuc mdi de xay dung ket cau tang thi qua trinh cdng nghiep boa, hien dai boa Thuc te cho thay, qudc gia nao huy ddng dugc nhieu ngudn vdn qude te va su dung cd hieu qua thi cd nhieu eo hdi tang trudng kinh te hon, qua dd riit ngan khoang each tut hau so vdi cac nude phat trien
Vdn dau tu cho xay dung ket cau tang thi ed dac diem vdi quy md Idn, thdi gian thu hdi vdn rat dai, cd rui ro cao thuge vao tinh chat cua mdi trudng va ca hdi dau tu ciing nhu phuang thuc va ehinh sach huy ddng va sir dung vdn, ddng thdi dugc danh gia hieu qua phai nhin tren gdc kinh te - xa hdi tdng hgp va rat dai ban Chinh vi vay, huy dgng vdn de xay dung ket cau tang thi phai can cir vao dac diem va chu the ciia cac ngudn cho phii hgp vdi ITnh vuc dau tu
IRAN THANH CUtING*
Vdi tdc phat trien kinh te va tdc dd thi hoa nhanh nhiing thap ky vira qua, cac qudc gia phat trien va dang phat trien d Chau A deu rat can vdn de xay dung ket cau tang thi Dac biet ddi vdi cac nude dang phat trien, nhu cau vdn dau tu phat trien ket cau tang thi thudng vugt qua kha nang tai chinh eiia nha nude De khac phuc sir mat can ddi dd, cac qudc gia da cd bien phap, chinh sach khac va da cd nhiing cdng dang ghi nhan Bai viet phan tich nhiing kinh nghiem huy ddng vdn dau tu xay dung ket cau tang dd thi d mot sd nude Ddng Bac A va ASEAN, tir dd riit mot sd bai hgc cho Viet Nam qua trinh day manh edng nghiep boa, hien dai boa
1 Kinh nghiem cua Han Quoc
Han Qudc la mot qudc gia da ed qua trinh phat trien cdng nghiep boa va hien dai boa rat cdng khu vuc Ddng Bac A Trong ITnh vuc xay dung ket cau tang, Han Qudc ciing dat dugc nhieu tuu rat dang hgc tap De ed the huy ddng dii ngudn vdn de tien hanh xay dung ca sd ke cau tang nhanh chdng dap irng ddi hdi ciia mot nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh, Han Qudc da thuc hien mot sd bien phap chu yeu sau:
a Tich cit-c, chu dong thu hut von nuac ngoai de tri mii:c dau tu cao cho phat trien kinh te, dac biet la dau tu xay dimg kit cau hg
' Thac sT, Ban T6 chuc Thanh uy Ha Noi
(2)tdng thi
Theo bao cao phat trien the gidi cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) nam 2005, tir nam
1959, Han Qudc da ehinh thirc vay ng nude ngoai de dau tu phat trien kinh te nude, va vay ng nude ngoai tang dan qua cac nam Den nam 1962, vdn vay da chiem tren 80% tdng von dfiu tu Mac dii nliimg nam tiep sau, ngudn vdn vay cd giam song vSn chilm khoang 1/2 tdng vdn dau tu nude va chii yeu dugc tap trung vao ITnh vuc xay dung kit cdu tSng thj, day la mot hien tugng hilm thay tren the gidi Tuy nhien, nham sir dung cd hieu qua ngudn vdn vay tir nude ngoai d l xay dung ket cau tang thi, Chinh phu Han Qudc da lap mot bd may quan ly vdn nhap ngoai Nhiem vu cua bg may la khdng ehl, quan ly
nghiem ngat va linh boat ITnh vuc xay dung kit cau tang dd thi, vira ed ehinh sach va quy hoach d tim vT md, vira cd sir giam sat va kinh doanh d tam vi md Cu the, Chinh phu lap Vien Quy hoach cac xi nghiep kinh tl, vien ed quyIn luc rat Idn, la CO quan cao nhat vach ke hoach nhap vdn va phan bd vdn cho cac chuang trinh xay dung kit ciu ba tang Bd Tai chinh, Ngan hang trung uang, Ngan hang ngoai hdi va cac nganh hQu quan khac ed nhiem vu thuc hien chu truang ehinh sach cua vien Vien da tap hgp dugc ddi ngii chuyen gia kinh t l va chuyen gia hanh chinh gidi de phdi hgp dilu boa chinh sach xay dung kit ciu tang thi khoa hgc va ed tinh kha thi
Khi vay vdn nude ngoai d l xay dung ket cau tang dd thj, Chinh phii da cd mue tieu quy hoach va sach luge chir khdng tien
Quan ly von kit hgp cac muc tieu ngan -trung - dai ban Thuc hien nguyen tac kinh
doanh can ddi vdn nude va nude ngoai Dac biet, Chinh phu quan ly chat cac phuang hudng, du an dlu tu xay dung ket cau tang sir dung vdn nude ngoai Co gang dau tu vao noi thoa dang nhat de phat huy hieu qua kinh te
b Chinh phu Han Quoc rat coi viec tranh thii nguon von tit nhieu chu the de phat trien ket can tdng
Hudng chii ylu ca chinh phii va doanh nghiep la vay ng nude ngoai de mua sam thilt bi ky thuat phat triln doanh nghiep nude Theo thdng ke tir nam 1962
-1983, cac khoan vay tai chinh cua Chinh phu cho xay dung kit eSu tang len tdi 12,4 ty USD Din nam 1999, Han Qudc ng nuac ngoai 129,8 ty USD, dirng thir nam Chau A va thu thi gidi v l vay ng nude ngoai '" Tuy nhien, Han Qudc khdng bi sa lay nhu mot sd nude ma da dat rat nhilu cong v l sir dung vdn vay Hien nay, ngudn von vay dl phat triln kit ciu tang ciia Han Qudc da phat huy hieu qua kinh t l - xa hoi tich cue, dugc danh gia cao Tinh hinh da cung cd them chiln luge vay ng nude ngoai dl thiic d4y phat triln kinh te cua Han Qudc dugc tilp tue thuc hien
c Huang thu hut von dau tu xay dung ket cau lig tdng tie cac nuac cong nghiep phat trien
van dl xay dung kit edu tang dac
''' A''M liu&ng cliuy&n dicli cac tuong von chi nil tren itie gidi nam 2004 va triSn vong 2005, Thong tin kinh te - xa hoi thang 4/2005, tr.32 ^ ;
(3)diem quy md vdn rat Idn, quay vdng cham va lai suat xac dinh khd va thip Vi vay, hudng uu tien ciia Han Qude nham vao eac nude cdng nghiep phat triln cd tiem lire kinh te va cac td chirc tai chinh qudc te nhu WB, IMF Ve ddi tac, Han Qudc eoi trgng cac nude cdng nghiep phat trien nhu My, Nhat va mot sd nude Tay Au Muc tieu cua Han Quoc ngoai phat trien cdng nghiep, xue tien khai thac ky thuat, nang cao nang lire nhan va khai thac ky thuat mdi tien tien Ben canh do, dau tu cd he thdng quy hoach vT md de xay dung ket cau tang dd thi Ddi vdi cac td chirc tai chinh qudc te, Han Qudc linh boat sir dung vdn ODA va eac vdn ddng FDI cho eac du an chuang trinh cu the, cd tinh toan rat ky ludng Den nam 1980, Nhat Ban chiem 55% lugng vdn dau tu vao Han Qudc; My 24,3% dd gan mot niia sd vdn dugc dau tu xay dung ket cau tang
c Tao moi truang thuan lai vd co luat dau tu vai nhung quy dinh tru dai de thu hut von vao phat trien ket cau tdng
Mdi trudng thu hiit dau tu Han Qudc dugc coi trgng tren ba phuang dien Thu nhat la ve ehinh tri, vdi phuang cham dn dinh chinh tri va dn dinh ehinh sach Co che van hanh ciia Han Qudc la ket hgp "Chinh phii Cling, thi trudng mem" Trong xay dung ket cau tang, Chinh phu can phai eudng che va chi dao boat dgng cua tdng the thi trudng, quan ly ed hieu qua eac chuang trinh, du an ket cau ba tang, lam cho thi trudng chuyen dich theo muc tieu du dinh cua Chinh phii Dac biet ddi xir binh dang vdi eac doanh nghiep va ngoai nude thue hien nhiem vu san xuat kinh doanh
trong ITnh vuc xay dung ket cau tang Thir hai ve phap luat, Han Qudc chii trgng xay dung he thdng phap luat ddng bd ve dau tu nude ngoai, quyen lgi cua nha dau tu dugc phap luat bao hd dam bao lgi nhuan d muc thoa dang Khi cd nbti'ng du an ket cau tang trgng diem can huy ddng vdn Idn, Chinh phii sua ddi luat dau tu vdi mue dich md rgng ban pham vi dau tu va cho nha dau tu quyen lgi uu dai ban, nhu: Giam thieu thii tuc dau tu, thay the che cap phep bang che thdng bao va dang ky dau tu, thuc hien co che mot cua, lap khu dau tu nude ngoai vdi quy che uu dai rieng Ve kinh te, Chinh phu Han Qude ngoai uu tien xay dung ket cau tang ddng bd edn tap trung nang cao chat lugng nguyen vat lieu, phat trien thi trudng, dn dinh tien te, gia ca
Tdm lai, bang bien phap va ehinh sach thiet thue, cu the ed hieu qua cao ba thap ky, Han Qudc da xay dung ket cau tang ndi chung va ket cau tang dd thi hien dai Hieu qua kinh te - xa hdi ciia cac chuang trinh rat Idn, gdp phan dua kinh te Han Qude trd qudc gia cdng nghiep mdi d Chau A
2 Kinh nghiem ciia Trung Quoc
La mot qudc gia cdng thu hiit cac ngudn vdn dau tu de xay dung ket cau tang dd thi phuc vu cho qua trinh hien dai boa nen kinh te Tir thap ky 80 trd lai day, Trung Qudc ludn dung danh sach 10 nude dang phat trien, dung dau the gidi ve thu hut ngudn vdn nude ngoai de phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, dd dac biet cdng xay dung ket cau tang dd thi Trong 10 nam trd lai day, ngudn vdn nude ngoai
(4)Trung Qudc tiep nhan trung binh 60 ty USD mdi nam Ngudn vdn phan Idn phuc vu cho xay dung ket cau tang Tuy nhien, dl cd dugc he thdng ket cau tang dd thi nhu hien nay, Trung Qudc cd nhirng each lam dien hinh de huy ddng va sir dung cd hieu qua ngudn vdn Cd the thay qua nhii-ng kinh nghiem quy bau sau day:
a Bay manh phat trien cac loai hinh doanh nghiep tir von dau tu nuac ngoai
Chinh phii Trung Qude xac dinh viec xay dung ket cau tang phai thdng qua cac doanh nghiep, dac biet la cac doanh nghiep Idn, mdi dd du nang lire Trong dd, cac doanh nghiep nude khd khan ve vdn Vi vay, dinh hudng phat trien chinh phai tap trung vao cae doanh nghiep su dung vdn nude ngoai van de tap trung vao cac loai binh chu yeu sau day:
Thu nhat, vdn vay cua nude ngoai, chu
yeu thdng qua cac khau vay cua chinh phu nude ngoai va cac td chuc tai chinh tien te qude te WB, IMF Ddng thdi, su dung cac khau vay tir ngudn tin dung ciia ngan hang nude ngoai, tir ngan hang thuang mai qudc te va huy ddng thdng qua phat hanh cd phieu va trai phieu
Thu hai tien vdn thuang nhan nude
ngoai true tiep dau tu Day la diem manh cua Trung Qude vi thuang nhan nude ngoai gdc Hoa la lire lugng manh tren the gidi nhirng nam thdi ky cai each md cua deu chu ddng tich cue dau tu ve que huang
Thir ba, vdn dau tu khac chu yeu la vdn
dau tu thue mudn qudc te, mau dich den bii Tat ca cae each huy dgng vdn tren ed khac v l each thirc dau tu, phuang thuc
phan phdi va ganh chiu riii ro, phuang thiic thu hdi vdn nhung diu ed dilm chung la: Dugc lap theo dilu kien va trinh tu ciia phap luat Trung Qudc va dIu cd tu each phap nhan cua xi nghiep Trung Qudc Doc lap ganh chiu trach nhiem dan sir, khong phan biet ngudn gdc vdn Vdi each lam nhu tren, cac doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tu nude ngoai d Trung Qudc tang len nhanh chong, dac biet hudng vao dau tu xay dung ket cau tang thi d cac phd Idn: Tham Quyen, Thugng Hai va cac khu cdng nghiep mdi Theo Bao cao phat trien eiia Ngan hang The gidi, den nam 2005 da cd 202.300 doanh nghiep ed vdn dau tu nude ngoai tai Trung Qude, dd 96.200 doanh nghiep lien doanh, lien ket dau tu vao ITnh vuc xay dung ket cau tang dd thi, thu hut tren 23 trieu lao ddng true tiep, chiem khoang 10% lao dgng cd viec lam ca nude
Nhirng nam gan day, Trung Qudc dang chii trgng ban den loai hinh phat trien doanh nghiep qua thi trudng chirng khoan vdi cac bien phap cu the la tang eudng phat hanh trai phieu qudc te Hien 90% lugng phat hanh trai phieu ciia Trung Qudc vdi mire lai suat cd dinh tap trung d cac thi trudng Tdkyd, Hong Kong Ddng thdi tien hanh phat hanh trai phieu vao thi trudng Chau Au, phat hanh trai phieu bang USD va Yen Nhat Ddng thdi, tich cue khai thac vdn xay dung kit cau tang thdng qua kinh doanh dau tu chirng khoan Tiep can thi trudng tien te qudc t l &h phat hanh trai phieu qudc tl Mat khac, tirng bude md rgng phat hanh cd philu B (ed philu phat hanh d Thugng Hai va bang HKD d Tham Quyen danh cho nha d k
(5)tu nude ngoai) D l hoan thien thi trudng chimg khoan Chinh phii da ban hanh Luat chung khoan nude CHND Trung Hoa, va hudng den hoan thien he thdng phap luat cho giao dich chirng khoan
Ddi vdi su dung ngudn vdn di vay, Trung Qudc chu truang can cu vao nhu cau phat trien kinh te tirng thdi ky va tinh hinh thu -chi qudc te, kha nang ddng bd va kha nang trang trai ng nan Vdi each lam nhu vay cho phep Chinh phii Trung Qudc chu ddng ban viec su dung ngudn vdn vay de thuc hien cdng cugc cdng nghiep boa dat nude
Dieu dang chii y khdng chi dirng lai d dau tu nude, qua trinh xay dung toan dien xa hdi kha gia, Trung Qudc chii truang "ket hgp giira viec thu vao va di ngoai" nang cao toan dien trinh md ciia kinh te ddi ngoai De thuc hien chu truang nay, Trung Qudc ap dung chinh sach "da nguyen hoa thi, trudng" de cai thien ket cau sir dung nguon vdn Trong dd, md rgng ITnh vuc hoan thien ket cau tang d khu vuc mien Trung va mien Tay Hai khu vuc can huy dgng ngudn vdn rat Idn, Chinh phu Trung Qudc cho phep thuang gia nude ngoai dau tu bang phuang thuc BOT, chuyen nhugng quyen kinh doanh ket cau tang va cac hang muc huy dgng vdn
b Doi mai chinh sack nhdm tao lap moi truang kinh doanh cho cac doanh nghiep trong xay dung kit can hg tdng
Trong qua trinh thuc hien phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, Trung Qudc ludn kien tri nguyen tac lay ehl cdng hiru lam chu the, day manh phat triln kinh t l phi cdng huu Vi vay, kinh t l qudc hiru phai khdng ngirng
phat trien Idn manh cac nganh nghe "Nhirng du an xay dung ket cau tang vdi quy md cd hieu qua xa hdi tuong ddi Idn ma trudc mat vdn phi qudc hGu chua dii sue hoac khdng mudn dau tu vao, bao gdm cdng trinh tri ly song Idn, cdng trinh gay rirng phdng hg trgng diem, cdng trinh cdng ieh trgng diem va xay dung ket cau tang dd thi" Ngoai nhirng ITnh vuc tren, kinh te phi qudc hiru cd the tham gia vao qua trinh xay dung ket cau tang Nhirng nam gan day Trung Qudc uu tien cho cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia Idn, su dung cdng nghe hien dai
De phat trien va sir dung cd hieu qua cac ngudn vdn dau tu xay du ket cau tang, ben canh cac chinh sach ve phat trien eac loai hinh va ITnh vuc boat ddng, Trung Qude rat chii trgng den viec bd sung va hoan thien chinh sach tao lap mdi trudng kinh doanh cho cac doanh nghiep boat dgng ITnh vuc Ndi dung cua ehinh sach hudng vao viec tao ca hdi va ddng lire de cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh cd hieu qua Bao gdm chinh sach uu tien dau tu, hoan thien phap luat va cai each chinh sach tai chinh gia ca, tao lap ket cau tang ddng bd, cu the la:
- Ap dung chinh sach mot nude, d cung mot thdi diem nhung mdi trudng dau tu cd su khac biet Idn Nhirng nam 1980 hudng vao cac phd duyen hai Tir nam 1990 hudng vao cac phd ven song, ven bien gidi va ndi dia Hien hudng vao phat trien mien Tay Trong dd bien phap chinh xay dung ket cau tang va md rgng quyen quyet dinh viec ndi Idng dau tu cho chinh quyen dia phuang
- Cho phep lap khu kinh te dac biet,
(6)Chinh phii de chinh sach nang dd, hd trg ddi vdi cac tinh can uu tien khuyin khich, hudng dan cac nha dau tu vao dia ban va
ITnh vuc uu tien
- Day manh xay dung va cai tao ket cau tang, cac tuyen dudng bd, dudng sat, san bay, ben cang Theo thdng ke: Trong sd 734,9 ty USD dugc dau tu vao tai san cd dinh giai doan 1990 - 1995 la dau tu vao ket cau tang Giai doan 1997 - 2000, Trung Qude huy ddng 1000 ty Nhan dan te vao hoan thien ket cau tang ca nude
- Gia tang mot each thich dang ngudn vdn tin dung nude, cac khoan vay chinh phu nude ngoai va eac khoan vay uu dai cua eac td chire tai chinh - tien te qudc te de chu yeu sir dung vao xay dung cac cdng trinh ket cau tang, cdng trinh bao ve mdi trudng trgng diem d cae tinh mien Trung va mien Tay
Ve phia thuc hien, khd khan nhat xay dung ket cau tang thi la ngudn vdn de giai quyet mat bang d cac phd Chinh phii Trung Qudc thuc thi bien phap tich cue Dua vao quy hoach tdng the de xac dinh ddi vdi nhiing chii the dugc lgi the quy hoach, theo vi tri xac djnh muc dugc hudng lgi va phai chiu chi phi cho nhiing chu the phai di ddi Nhd dd giai quyet dugc mot phan co ban ngudn vdn den bii la van de khd khan nhat ma cac nude qua trinh xay dung ket cau tang dd thi gap phai
3 Kinh nghiem ciia mot so nu-dc
ASEAN
cac nude khu vuc Ddng Nam A da dac biet quan tam den chinh sach huy ddng
vdn dl phat trien kit c^u tang thi qua trinh cdng nghiep boa va da dat dugc nhirng cdng nhat dinh
Phat triln kit cAu tAng cua cae nude khu vuc Ddng Nam A dIu ed nhiing net chung la: Nha nude dam bao sir an toan va sir thdng nhat rd rang ve luat phap, md rgng cac dich vu ve ngan hang, tai chinh, tang eudng sir hd trg cua nha nude thong qua chinh sach thue khoa, dau tu ngan sach nha nude, trg cap tai dau tu, tao mat bang dau tu thuan lgi
Malaixia, Dai Loan, Singapo deu danh nhirng khoan dau tu ngan sach nha nude Idn cho phat trien ket cau tang Chinh phu cac nude da cho phep lap eac loai quy ho trg cho phat trien ket cau tang, cd Quy phat trien giao thdng dudng bg, vdi cac ngudn thu tir thue xang dau (20% thue xang dau), phi dudng cao tdc, thue danh vao cac chu sd hiru d td, phi dd xe
Thai Lan bat dau tir thap ky 80 cua the ky XX, Thai Lan dau tu nhieu vdn cho phat trien ket cau tang kinh te - xa hdi noi chung va ket cau tang dd thi ndi rieng, chilm tdi 7,5% GDP (din nam 1990 giam xuong edn 3,5%) GDP)*^\ Tuy vay, thieu quy hoach dai ban va tdng the tir dau, nen he thdng giao thdng thi Thai Lan edn chua that hoan chinh, dudng phd edn chat hep dan den ach tac giao thdng, dac biet la giao thdng d Thu Bang Cdc
Ddi vdi Singapo, tir nhirng nam 60,
'^' Giai ptidp tai cliinh tfiuc day phat triin liinh ti - xa hoi
thanh phd Hd Noi, Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, Ha Noi, 2002,
tr.l83
(7)Nha nude da quan tam diing mire din viec quy hoach dd thj va quan ly dat dai La mot dao qudc ed dien tich hep bang khoang 2/3 dien tich Thu dd Ha Ndi, nen Singapo su dung dat dai cho phat triln kit c^u tang thi rat tiet kiem vdi cae phuang an xay dung tdi uu Trong thdi ky nay, Chinh phu Singapo da thuc hien chinh sach trung thu dat nam dien quy hoach danh cho viec xay dung ket cau tang ky thuat thi va thue hien chinh sach bdi thudng cho chu dat theo gia thi trudng Tir nhirng dudng phd chat hep, xe eg di lai thudng xuyen bi ach tac, chi sau vai thap ky phat trien, Singapo la mot nhiing nude cd ket cau tang thj hien dai bac nhat the gidi Chieu dai dudng bd trai nhira ciia ca nude dat gan 3000 km Mang ludi dudng bd ehu yeu thugc dudng cap I, cap II va dugc tu dgng boa viec dieu khien he thdng tin hieu, den chieu sang, trung binh cir 2km cd mot cau vugt tren khdng hoac dudng ngam xuyen qua dudng Do cd mot he thdng dudng giao thdng thuan tien va hien dai nen giao thdng thi ciia Singapo hau nhu khong bi tac nghen, mac dii mat dan cu va luu lugng xe tham gia giao thdng rat Idn (5000nj/km , va cu ngudi thi cd mot ngudi cd xe d td)^''' Hon nira, cdng dang ghi nhan giao thdng thi d Singapo la da xay dung dugc he thdng van chuyen hanh khach cdng cdng (xe buyt, taxi va he thdng van chuyen nhanh bang dudng ray) hieu qua
'^' Gidi phap tdi chinh thuc day phat trien kinh te Hd Noi, Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, Ha Noi, tr 184
va thuan tien nhat the gidi
Diem chung cua cac nude la sir dung hgp ddng BOT la van ban ky ket giiia co quan nha nude cd tham quyen va nha dau tu de xay dung, khai thac kinh doanh cae cdng trinh ket cau tang mot thdi gian nhat dinh hai ben thoa thuan Khi bet thdi ban, nha dau tu chuyen giao khdng bdi hoan cdng trinh dd cho nha nude Hinh thiic lam giam bdt ganh nang dau tu tir ngan sach nha nude Nha nude khdng phai di vay vdn ma van dam bao phat trien manh ket cau tang dd thi, lam nen tang cho phat trien kinh te Hinh thirc edn dem lai cho nude chu nha nhieu lgi ieh khac nhu hgc tap dugc cac kinh nghiem quan ly tien tien, tiep nhan dugc cdng nghe hien dai, giai quyet dugc viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng De xay dung cac cdng trinh ket cau tang giao thdng dd thi, Thai Lan, Indonexia, Malaysia, Philippin da tich cue ap dung hinh thirc Nhimg du an dau tu nude ngoai de phat trien ket cau tang thuc hien theo hinh thuc BOT dugc hudng nhieu ehinh sach uu dai ciia nha nude, nliu thdi ban boat ddng kinh doanh dugc keo dai, thue thu nhap dugc giam manh den muc tdi thieu va gan nhu dugc mien hoan toan giai doan boat dgng ban dau ciia du an
3 Goi y bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
Tir nhirng ket qua dang ghi nhan cua mot sd qudc gia Chau A ve huy ddng vdn cho xay dung ket cau tang dd thi qua trinh cdng nghiep boa, hien dai boa, cd the rut nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem sau day:
Mot la, a tat ca cac nude, nha nude ddng
(8)vai trd chu dao khai thac va quan ly vdn dau tu cho phat triln kit c^u tang dd thi, coi day la nhiem vu trgng tam ciia chinh phii Trong dd vdn nha nude la ngudn cung cap chit yeu cho cac du an xay dung ket cau tang thi
Hai Id, su khac ve the che chinh
tri, trinh phat trien kinh te va ehinh sach phan quyen nen cac hinh thuc va bien phap khai thac vdn dau tu phat trien ket cau tang thi da dang, phong phii khdng gidng nhau, nhung deu dugc luat hoa, cd co sd phap ly rd rang
Ba Id, khai thac vdn dau tu phat trien ket
cau tang dd thi phai gan vdi viec quan ly ed hieu qua cac ngudn lire ciia dia phuang va tang ngudn thu cho ngan sach thi Ngudn thu tir dat dd thi la ngudn thu quan trgng cho cac du an phat trien ket cau tang thi tai mot sd nude dang phat trien
Bon la, tu nhan boa va thi trudng boa mot
sd dich vu cdng cdng dang trd xu hudng mdi khai thac vdn dau tu phat trien ket cau tang thi tai mot sd nude nham giam bdt ganh nang cho ngan sach ciia chinh quyen dd thi, de thu hdi vdn mot each hgp ly, nham dap irng nhu cau ciia ngudi sir dung va khai thac tdi da cac ngudn lire tai cae thi
dd ngudn vdn nha nude vln la ehu yeu Nha nude phai ddng vai trd chii dao dinh hudng vT md viec huy ddng va su dung vdn dau tu vao xay dimg kit ck\x tang dd thj
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
l.Tran Kien (1997), Chien luoc huy dong
von vd cdc nguon luc cho su nghiep cong nghiep hod, hien dgi hod dat nuac, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc
gia Ha Noi
2 Su hinh vd phat trien thi truang tai
chinh cua nen kinh te chuyen doi Viet Nam
(1999), Nxb Thing ke
3 Phan Lan Tii (2002), Khai thac vd quan ly
von dau tu phat trien ca sa hg tdng ky thuat thi Viet Nam, Hoc vien Tai ehinh
4 Vii Huy Tir, Quan ly khu vuc cong, Nxb Khoa hoc ky thuat
5 Ho Xuan Phuang - Le Van Ai (Chu bien, 2000), Quan li tdi chinh nhd nuac, Nxb Tai chinh, HaNoi
6 PCS, TS Tran Quang Lam va TS An Nhu Hai (Chu bien) (2007), Kinh te co von dau tu
nuac ngoai a Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri
Quoc gia Ha Noi
-xay dung ket cau tang cd vai trd quan trgng phat trien kinh te - xa hdi d thi, vi vay van de dau tu xay dung kit eiu tang thi di trudc mot bude va phai da dang boa ngudn vdn cho ITnh vuc nay,