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Gia tri su dung ay co the it hoac nhieu, cd the la vd cung va chi dugc do ludng (cd thi la true tiep, cd the la gian tilp) sau khi tac pham dd hien dien tten cac phuong tien truyen th[r]
(1)THU'C TitN - KINH NGH1|M
Gia tri sA dung cua tac pliam bao clii • ThS NGUYiN T H I H A N G I HQC vien Bao chi va TuySn fmjS
Tac Phim bao chi (TPBC) li san phim ta cua nha bao, liy hien ttiuc khach qum lani doi«
I ftftnrr,-.ao lap q i » niem sftng, anh hutag d&i w S t dinh di den hWi dong, nhimg p a m su dn, nguoc va nhihig yiu tft chi phfti gia tti sii dung cua TPBC
1 Quan niem vl gii tri sft dung cua tac pham bao chi
Trong hoc fliuyit Gia tti, ban ve hang hfta, C Mac da chi ling, Mng *<)o K smp'Mm aia too <Bng no CO the thda man nhiing nhu cdu nhdt dinh ndo aia ngudi thdng qua tt-ao Si, mua bdn"
Dua ttieo quan diim ciia C Mac, eft flie khang dinh, tic phim bio chi Id mot loai hang hda, bfti no duoc lam di lao ttianh mot san phim bio chi (mot tobao, mot chuang tiinh phat flianh, mpt chuong ttinh ttuyin Unh, mgt ttang bio mang dien te ) de "ban" cho nguoi eft nhu ciu "mua" va sir dung flieo muc dich rieng cua mtah Tic phim bao chi (hay mot san pham bao chi) cOng phai chiu su chi phfti cua quy luat cung ciu, quy luat canh ttOTh ttong qui ttinh san xuit vi luu tilftng , ,
Tuy nhien, viec mua ban ft day khftng giong vfti bat cii viec mua - ban nao tten ttiuong ttuong, bfti san phim bao chi tay la vat chit (la giiy muc, la phuong tien ky fliuat ttiu - phat, eft htah khfti, CO ttii ttch, ttong luong ) nhung ngufti "ban" san phim bio chi khftng "ban" cai phin vat chit iy, ma la "bin" ttiftng tin nim ttong cai "vft vat chit" iy va ngufti "mua" cilng khftng "mua" cii phin vat ehit ay ma la "mua" fliftng tin di flifta man nhu cau cua minh
Chinh vi vay, sin phim bio chi nfti chung, tic
phim bio chi nfti rieng, la loai hdng hda die Ust.-hdng hda thude tinh thdn, mang ban chat xa hoi, b ^ (1) cMl lieu tao hang hfta niy la thong tin MA quan cd that, (2) muc dich lam hang hoa la J ddng vao nhgn thirc cua ngvtfti, nham ihay ^ MnAvi cuahp flieo chiiu huong tiin bo; (3)«>"»!i% hang hfta la thdng tin vd chinh thong tin tgo ra^- ludn xd hdi vd phdn bien xd hoi; (4) gid bdn ™ ' % -hfta mang tinh chdt phuc vu xd hoi, khftng ttiay® ttieo su len xuftng ttiit fliuong cua flii tiuong gii ci fliam chi, nguoi nh|n san phim khftng cin tta hen; (5) Ddi ngU lam hang hfta cin eft ttinh cao w ndng khiiu Idm nghi ^ A
Nhu vay, tic phim bao chi "khi da mang hinh M Id hdng hda tM deu cd hai thuoc tinh or ban la gid^ Sli dttng vd gid tii"."' ^
Hiiu flieo ngHa chung nhat, "Gi<i tii la ca lam ttm mdt vdt cd ich lai cd y nghia Id ddng quyvimotHVi ndodo;vi."Gidttisitdung:cdngdgngciavgtphm cd the thod man mgt nhu ciu sin xudt hay tieu <^^
ndo dd cda ngudi" ^'^ •Cw tr\ ciia tac phim bao chi, flieo quan mpm »
Chung tfti, ttiupc tinh "tu nhien" cua tac phim bao « tuclaftdngfin Chi c6 npi dung fliftng tin mfti Itaii* tic phim bao chi eft y nghia, eft ich, eft gii tti doii* cftng chiing xa hpi Benjamm Frankhn - ngufti lanl
(2)THU'C TI^N - KINH NGHIEM
dao cua Pennsylvania Gazette nam 1729 - da timg khing dinh: " Khong co bdi viet ndo co the duac goi
Id tot, Id viet gioi that su neu khong the hien bdt ky xu huong ndo co lai cho doc gid, hodc khong cdi then dao due hay Iden thuc cho doc gid" *•"
* Gid tri su- dung cua tac phim bao chi: chiing toi nghien cuu duoi cac goc dp sau:
- Thu nhdt, xem xet gia tri su dung cua tac pham bao chi theo moi guan he bien chimg giUa tdc phdm
bdo chi- cong chiing, hai bin nhan t l cua tmyen
thong Cong chiing la nguoi su dung va hudng thii thong tin tii tac pham bao chi
Hieu tiieo each Idiac, gia tri su dung cua tac phim bao chi phu thuoc vdo nguai su dung bdo chi, vao su
guan tdm aia ho doi vai thong tin co tdc phdm bdo chivd mirc img dung thong tin tdc phdm bdo chi vdo dai song hdng ngdy Chinh vi vay, gia tri
stt dung cua tac pham bao chi mang tinh xa hgi - Thu hai, xem xet gia tri sir dung cua tac pham bao chi duai goc mot chu trinh tmyen thong: su Men +
phdn img aia cd nhdn, xd hoi = ket qud (du luan xd hoi vd hdnh vixa hoi):
M6i tac phim bao chi la mot "gigt thong tin" "bien ca thong tin" hien Nha bao - nguod tao "gipt thong tin" iy co "quyen hanh" rat lon, la quyet dmh dua thong tin ^ m6i giay, moi phiit, de "gigt
thong tin " ay tra thdnh ca sa cho cong chimg nhdn thuc, tranh ludn, to thdi vd quyet dinh Neu nha bao
"bit thucmg" dua s6 lugng lon tin bai v6 mgt vin dl ^ do, thi vin de iy se tiiu hut su chu y va su tranh luan cua dong dao cong chiing Co nghia la, tac phim bao chi da dinh hudng cho cong chiing "nen nghive cat
gi" ttong dilu kien co vo van tiiong tin ma lai tiiieu
thai gian
- Thie ba, xem xet gia tri su dung ciia tac pham bao chi duai goc muc dich aia cong chung su dung
thong tin tu tac phim bao chi dai sing hang
(Cong chiing dgc - nghe - xem tac phim bao chi de lam g.?) Cong chiing bo tien dl dugc doc nghe -xem tac phim bao chi hay tac phim hoan toan chi vdi muc dich rdt cd nhdn la lua chpn dugc nhung thong tin quan ttpng, co ich dli vdi ban than ho, hoac lien quan den quyln lgi vat chit, hoac quyen lgi tmh tiiin ttong cupc sing hing cua hg, hoac chi vi muln tiioa man tri to md, hoac d% ling dugc cam xiic
tinh nhan van ciia moi ngudi mudn "dong cam, se chia" vdi xa hgi; hoac chi dan gian la tim din nhiing cai ten nha bao ma hp nguong mg va yeu thich Cdn ttong mgt xa hgi cd giai cip, giai cdp thong
tn su dung tdc phdm bdo chi nhu mot vd chinh tri vai muc dich qudn ly vd dieu hdnh xd hgi
Nhu vay, chiing toi cho ring, gid tri sic dung dia
tdc phdm bdo chi Id nhirng lai ich thuc te aia tdc phdm bdo chi ddi vai nguoi su dung tdc phdm dy; Id mice tdc dong, hodc mirc dnh huang cua tdc phdm bdo chi tai thdi vd hdnh vi cua nguai su dung tdc phdm bdo chitrongxd hoi
Gia tri su dung ay co the it hoac nhieu, cd the la vd cung va chi dugc ludng (cd thi la true tiep, cd the la gian tilp) sau tac pham dd hien dien tten cac phuong tien truyen thdng dai chiing, duac cdng chiing tilp nhan qua viec dpc - nghe - xem - phan hoi
2 Thang ^ tri sur dung cua tac phim bao chi
Cd thi cd rit nhilu each gia tn su dung ciia tac phim bao chi Theo quan niem cua chimg toi, diang do gia tri su dung ciia tac pham bao chi gdm tieu chi sau:
(1) Tin suit tilp can tac pham bao chi cua cdng chiing (miic dp tilp can; each thiic ttep can; thdi gian tiep can);
(2) Muc dich tilp nhan tac phim bao chi cua cdng chiing;
(3) Danh gia cua cdng chiing ve chat lugng tac pham bao chi (miic dp hai long);
(4) Nhu cau tiiuc tl va tiii hilu tiidng tm cua cdng chiing (mong mudn)
Cd the gia tri six dung cua tac pham bao chi theo tinh chit ("ndng" hay "ngugi") cua thdng diep ma tac ph§m bao chi chuyen tai; theo ddi tupng cdng chiing cin tac dpng; theo thdi gian tac ddng; theo pham vi tac ddng; theo chien dich tuyen ttuyen
3 Bilu hi^n v^ gia tri su diuig cua tac pham bao ctu
3.1 Tdc phdm bdo chi lam thod mdn nhu cau hudng thli thong tin cua cong chiing (biet thong tin vd m& mang Iden thut)
(3)THU'C T l i N - KINH NGHIEM
fliong dai chung nhu hien nay, cftng chung gan nhu hi "bfti fliuc" vi ttiftng tin Trong mpt ban tin flifti svr 30 phit hen ttviyin htah liic 19 gift hSng eft khoang 10 -15 cii tin, co it nhit bai phftng sir-taiheu Neu hfti mpt khan gia xem tiuyin hinh nho dupc bao nhieu fliong tin ttong mptban tin ttidi su llic 19 gift, ttii cau Ira loi la CO khoang - ttiftng tin hp cftn nhft dupc Dieu eft nglua la, hp chi lira chon tic phim bio chi nao CO npi dung ttiftng tin flifti sir "nftng", hoac gin giii vfti quyin lgi cua mtah, hpp vfti "gu" nhan ttiiic, kiin ttiuc va fllim my cua mtah, phil hpp vfti nhu ciu va muc dich sir dung ttiong tin cvia mtah Nhu vay, gia Iri sir dung cua tic phim bio chi la da dua fliong diep den cho cong chirng bio ehl, lam ttioa man nhu ciu ttiftng tin noi chung va fliftng hn ttieo sft ttiich ciia timg ci nhan, cua ting nhftm ngufti, ciia toan flii cpng dftng xa hpi
Do vay, cac nha bao hien din din da chil y hon din "nhu ciu hudng thu thdng tin", fliam chi nhu can huftng fliu ttiftng tin "mang tinh chuyen bief cua cong chiing vidacftginglamra nhiiu tic phim bio chi eft gia tti dii vfti ngufti su dung bao chi
Xu huftng tiiong lai, cftng chung bao chi se la
"nguai quyit dinh " npi dung ttiftng tin cua to bio,
chuong trinh ttuyin hinh, phat ttianh, bao mang dien tu, fliay vi tft bao, chuong tiinh tmyen htah, phit flianh, bao mang dien tii quyit dinh fliftng tin nhiing npi dung gi mtah eft ttong tay nhu hien
5.2 Tdc phdm bdo chi tgo lap quan niem song cho tiing ngirdi, cho cgng dong, xahgi
Khi tiep nhan ttiong tin, mfti nguoi CO each suy nghi va htoh dpng khac Co nguoi suy ngU va htoh dong theo niim tm va gii tti ciia neng hp (huong npi), ciing CO nguoi suy nghi va htoh dftng theo xu ttie hpi nhap quftc ti ciia xa hpi (huftng ngoai) Chtah vi vjy, til viec nhan ttiiic, fliu nap kiin ttiiic ttong cac tic phim bao chi, cftng chimg se lua chpn mpt "lii song phii hpp" vfti chtah minh Nhiiu tic phim bap chi theo mpt chu di, xuit hien lien tiip mpt flifti gian, se ttuyen cam himg cho cftng chung, se lam htoh tiiinh nhiing mfti quan tam rieng, mpt flifti quen mfti, mpt each quan niem sftng ft tiing ngufti, hmg nhftm ngufti
Nhu vay, mfti tic phim bao chi da gito tiep Itoi tang cuong bto chit ci nhan ciia mfti nguoi, cua tap flii, "Ifti keo" ngufti fliam gia vao boat dpng cvia cac tft chile, cftng dftng xa hpi
Vi du: til CO hitemet, nguoi co flie "
fliiy flii gifti "ttong Iftng bto tay" ehi vfti mpt dft nhip chuftt Cong ngh6 phat ttiin da tao m§t "1 song cftng ngh?", mang xu huong xa hoi, nhu: am bto qua mjng, hpc tip tten mang, viit luu biit tifi mang, tin giu tten mang, ngftn ngir @ stah tu m p y thn dfti tic lam to t e n mang, npp ttiui qua niaiig,» flnh qua mang, lira dao qua mang Nhiiu tie pham « chi da phan anh vi "ldi sftng cftng nghe" rit mfti^: vol tit ca nhirng mat tich cue va tieu cue cia n6.i
3.3 Cong chiing quyil ^nhva hdnh dgngth^ kinh nghiim hoac theo y ttrdng ma ldc phdm Mo til
dgt ^
Tac phim bao chi huftng toi muc dich la cung ca^ tti thllc mfti, kmh nghiem, hi vin, nhSm gpi y oho ngufti tiip nhan tilftng tin mpt y ttiftng, mpt quyit dMii mpt ki hoach htoh dpng nao dft Co tac phim bao * Itoi ngufti til phai aia tta, suy nghi khftng diit ve vfa de mi bai bao dat Cft tac phimbao chi nhu mpt cay gay Cliu sinh, giip ngufti ta eft tiii tir tay khftng ttft Ifc gito CO, hoac giup ngufti ta lam lai cupc dcri Co tic phim bio chi du rit nhft be nhu miu tin v5n vai chuc chii ciing eft tiii khuiy dpng du luan xa hpi tien ca nuftc, hoac lan rpng ca flie gioi
Cilng eft tac phim bao chi di sau phto tich tiiuc ttang, chi nguyen nhto sau xa cua nhiing vu viec xay ra, giilp ngufti tiip nhto tilftng tin hiiu dupc cm nguyen cua nhiing kit qua hien tai: diiu lam t5i tinh ngp; diiu Itoi tfti bvic xiic; diiu lam Iffi fliem nghi luc, fliem yeu cupc sftng; vi viec Iji xay va cin giiii quyit viec dft nhu flii nao; kinh nghiem cua ngufti nay, dia phuong se giup t6i ttong cftng viec lanh dao, quto ly hoac ttong boat dOng thuftng ngiy, ttong lam an kmh te
Nhu vay, tac phim bao chi tac dpng din toan xa hpi, Ifti keo ngufti vao dong chay khftng ngimg cia cac hoat dpng xa hpi, bupc ngufti khftng flie ttift 0, hoac "tiiu mtah ttong vft oc", ma p M nhin tiiilc va htoh dftng Su ttiay dfti nhto fliiic, Iftl sftng va hanh dpng cila mfti ngufti ttpng xa hpi tiieo chiiu huftng ttch cue, chic chin se gop phin fliilc diy xa hpi phat ttien
3.4 Tie phdm bio chi tgo gii tri si dtog "ngie^c"
(4)THU'C TIEN - KINH NGHIEM
Cung mdt tac phim bao chi, neu dugc cdng chiing tiep nhan va phan iing bing tam ly tich cue, se tao mdt ket qua tich cue va nguac lai, neu cong chiing phan ling bang tam ly tieu cue, se tao mpt ket qua tieu cue Cling cd nhung tac phim bao cW tao ket qua kep: vua tich cue, vira tieu cue
Neu ngudi lam tac pham bao chi khdng can trgng each tilp can vin dl hoac khong xu ly cac chi tiet tdt, rat cd the se tao mdt tac pham bao chi cd gia tri su dung "ngupc" lai dieu ma minh mong mudn Nhiing nam qua, d nudc ta cung da cd khdng it nhung tac pham bao chi nhu vay
Vidu: Tac pham bao chi "(5 nguai bi thdm sdt cdn biit thi/' tai Binh Phudc, dang tten Vnexpress.net
ngay 7.7.2015, ngay hdm sau da nhan dugc 678 y kiln ban dgc Da so dgc gia cam thay kinh hoang vi "tdi pham cang da man", tir dd hp se nit cho minh bai hpc ve each ling xu ttong cupc sdng Tuy nhien, tac phim bao chi da md ta qua chi tiet ve ke hoach gilt ngudi, cuap ciia mdt each tan dgc, vd hinh tmng lai "gpi md" cho nhiing ke xau bat chudc, hpc theo 6.B di lam hai ngudi khac
4 Nhumg yeu t l cM phii gia tri su dung cua tac
phim bao chi
Chiing tdi chi dua mgt so ylu td (mang tinh khai quat) nhu sau:
- Thi che chinh tri: EJudng ldi, chinh sach, luat phap se dinh hudng ngi dung tuyen tmyen ciia ca quan bao chi va mdi tac phkn bao chi phai chiu su chi phdi dd vi lgi ich cua qudc gia, dan tgc
- Tu bdo chi: Nha bao nim vimg Luat Bao chi va cac bp luat khac, nhan tiiuc dugc quy luat van ddng khach quan cua dat nudc tiln trinh lich su, hilu rd minh lam tac phim bao chi cho ai, nhim muc dich gi, tiii se "cam tiiiy" tu do, tiioai mai hanh nghi, se sang tao dugc nhiing tac ph&n bao chi cd gia tri va nguge lai
-Kinh ti- Tdi chinh: NIU co quan bao chi bi phu
tiiudc vl tai chinh vao mgt td chiic hay cdng ^ tii nhan, ca nhan nao dd, tiii ndi dxmg chuang tiinh hoac ngi dung tac p h ^ bao chi rit da bi chi phii tiieo yeu cau cuahg
- Truyen thSng (lich su - vdn hoa xd hgi) Nha bao khong nim viing nhiing kiln tiiiic ve tmyln thdng lich sir, van boa, tam ly, ngdn ngii, phong tuc, t ^ quan
ciia dan tdc thi se cho ddi nhirng tac pham ngheo thdng tin hoac lam meo md ban sac dan tdc minh
- Khoa hgc l^ thudt, cdng nghe Hen tien giup nha bao lam tac pham bao chi "nhanh va nhan" han trudc Chi cin mdt chck chupt la da cd hang niii thdng tin Nhd may flycam cd the quay can canh su vat tu tren cao, bat ke dem
- Khodng cdch dia ly • Su kien xay d noi qua xa xdi, khong dugc biet den hoac thdng tin khdng cdn ndng Mat khac, lira chpn uu tien cua cdng chiing thudng la nhung tac phim bao chi cd ndi dung thdng tin "gin nhit ve mat dia ly" ddi vdi hp
- Su tdc dong tif ben ngodi (anh hudng tu cac mdi quan he xa hpi vdi nudc ngoai, sir du nhap cua cac nln van hoa khac ): Neu qua tiinh tiep thu cac nen van hoa Idiac ma khdng cd su chgn Ipc ky cang tiii rit dl din din tam ly qua chudng "ngoai" ma quen mat ban sic cua dan tdc minh Hoac, nha bao "qua bao tiiii", khdng tiep thu cd chpn Ipc tinh hoa van hda tiie gidi ma bai xich tit ca nhiing gi din tir "nudc ngoai", ciing din din su ngheo nan hoac lac hau ve tri thiic, thilu tim nhin "Uen van hda" bii canh toan cau hda hien
- Bdn linh nhd bdo: Cd ban Hnh chinh tri, cd long yeu nghi tiii nha bao mdi c6 "siic chiln dau" de di tim cdng ly, bao ve su that, bao ve quyen lpi chinh dang cho qudc gia, dan tdc va nhan dan lao ddng
Tdm lai, tac phim bao chi nha bao sang tao tren ca sd hien thuc khach quan da, dang va se xay ra, nhim thoa man nhu ciu nhan tiiiic thdng tin va giai tri ciia ngudi ttong mdt didi diem nao day Tac pham bao chi vira mang tinh chat khai quat cua mgt giai doan lich sir hoac cua mdt thdi dai, vira mang tinh chat cu thi cua mdt thdi dilm, mgt khoanh khac Chinh vi vay, gia tri sir dung cua tac pham bao chi ciing mang tinh lich su.n
(1) Mitchell Stephens, Hem cd tin nic Tuang lai cua bao chi (Duong HiSu, Kim Phirong, Hi6u Tning dich tir nguyen ban: Mitchell Stephens, Byond News: Thejulure of Journalism, Copyriht (c) 2014 Columbia University Press), Nxb Tre, 2015, tr 196
(2) ThS Nguyin Thi HSng Thu, Tac phdm bao chi, De tai khoa hoc cip co s6, Hoc vien BC&TT, H; 2015,4, tr 37 _
(3) Vien Ngon ngu hoc, Tir diSn Tieng Het, NXB Da Ning, 1995,2, tr 48