PHƢƠNG TRÌNH, HỆ PHƢƠNG TRÌNH, BẤT PHƢƠNG TRÌNH MŨ VÀ LÔGARÍT I.Phương trình, bất phương trình mũ : 1/ Đƣa về cùng một cơ số hoặc hai cơ số: 1/ 2... DOÃN XUÂN HUY-THPT Ân Thi-Hưng Yên.[r]
(1)DOÃN XUÂN HUY-THPT Ân Thi-Hưng Yên PHƢƠNG TRÌNH, HỆ PHƢƠNG TRÌNH, BẤT PHƢƠNG TRÌNH MŨ VÀ LÔGARÍT I.Phương trình, bất phương trình mũ : 1/ Đƣa cùng số hai số: 1/ x x 8 13 x 4 ;2/ x 1 3 x 2 x 1 x 1 3 x 3 3 x 4 750;3/ x x 1 x 500 (5.21/ x ) x3 x 3; log0,2 x 1 x (2; 1) (1; ) x 1 x 5/ x x1 x2 x x1 x2 x.91 x.21 9/ 21/ 91 x log / (21/ 91) 4/( 2) x 1 ( 2) x 1 6/ x x 256;7 / x.5x 0,01;8/ x 3x 216;9/(3 3 ) x (1/81)2 x3 ;10/ x.3x1.5x2 12 11/ x 4 5 x 2 ;12/8 x x2 2 x 36.3 ;13/1 x2 x 1/ x 1 25;14/ 1/(3 x 1) 2 ;15/( 10 3) x 3 x 1 ( 10 3) x 1 x 3 2/ Đặt ẩn phụ: 1/(7 3) x 3(2 3) x 0(t 3/ t 0);2/(3 5) x x (3 5) x x 212 x x 2 (t 1/ t 0);3/ 23 x 6.2 x 1/ 23( x1) 12/ x 1(t x 21 x );4/ 32 x 8.3x ( chia vế cho 32 x ); 5/ x x 2 5.2 x1 x 2 / 27 x 6.64 x 6.36 x 11.48 x ;8/ 22 x x 2 x 1 2 1 9.2x x x4 0 24 x1;9/( ) x ( ) x 10 2 9.9 0;6/ 432cosx 7.41cosx ; 72 x 2.3x x2 2t x 1 x 10 / 6.(0,7) 7;11/ ;12 / 3. x x x 100 2 t 1 3 3 13/ 9sin x 9cos x 10;14/ 22 x x4 22 x2 0;15/ 22 x 3 x 6 15.2 x 1 x 12 x 3 5 2x ;16/ x 3x2 3x 17 / 25x 10x 22 x1;18/ x 2.6 x 3.9 x ;19/ 4.3x 9.2 x 5.6 x / 2;20/125 x 50x 23 x1 3/ Sử dụng tính đơn điệu hàm số: 1/ 2x 3x / ;2/ x1 3x1 x 1;3/(2,5) x (0,4)1/ x 2,9;4/ Lop12.net x 4 2 x 4 13;5/ x x (2) DOÃN XUÂN HUY-THPT Ân Thi-Hưng Yên 6/ 2x1 x x ( x 1)2 ;7 / 3 x x2 x 14;8/ 3x 6 x10 x2 x 6;9/ 3x 5x x 10/ 32 x3 (3x 10).3x2 x 0;11/ 3.25x1 (3x 7).5x1 x 0;12/ x2 (3 x ) x x1 2 32 x x 13/ 2 x 6;14/ ;15/ 0 4x 2 y 16/ 4sin ( x ) 4cos ( x ) 8 x2 12 x 1/ 2(3/ 4);17 / 4sinx 21sinx cos( xy) 0( k ;0) x x x x x x 1 x 1 2x x 1 x x 2 18/ sin2 x.2cos x 0,5.sin2 x cos x sin2 x 2sin2 x 212 sin x sin2 x 0;0,5 19/(2 2) sin2 x (2 2) cos x (2 2) (1 / 2) cos x cos x (cos2 x 0);20/ 1 x x2 2 12 x x2 ( x 2) / x 4/ Một số dạng khác: 1/ x 3 x 4x x 5 42 x 3 x (4 x 3 x 1)(4 x x 5 x 1 1) 0;2/( x2 x 1) x1 3/ 5.32 x1 7.3x1 6.3x x1 5.32 x1 7.3x1 3x1 0;4/( x x2 ) x 5 x 1 5/ 4x 1.32 x 4.3x 4.32 x 4.3x (2.3x 1) 0(*) BPT vô nghiệm vì x = KTM (*) 6/ 4x x 21 x 2( x1) 1;7 / x2 x1 2 x 3 x2.2 x 3 x1;8/ x2.3x1 x(3x x ) 2(2 x 3x1) 9/ x2 3x 3x.(12 x) x3 x 19 x 12;10/ x x ( x x).2 x x.2 x1 x 11/ x 3x2 x x.3x x 3x x 2.3x ;12/( x 1/ 2) x 13/( x2 x) x 15/1/(3 x 1 18/ n x 22/ 72 x 10 (4 x) x 10 ( x 10; 1;4);14/( x 2) x 1) 1/(1 );16/( x 1) n1 x 1 x x2 2 x 2 x x 1 ( x 1/ 2)1 x ( x 2)11x20 ( x 1;2;3;4;5) x ;17 /( x x 1) 2 x 3 x 1 ( x x 1) x 2 x 5 n x 1( x n; n 1);19/ 3x cosx;20/ x x 5( x5 t );21/ 75 57 x log7 / (log5 7) n 2 x 1 x x nx n(n 0) x II Phương trình, bất phương trình lôgarít: 1/ Đƣa số: 1/ log5 x log25 x log0,2 3;2/ 0,5lg (5x 4) lg x lg 0,18;3/ log2 x log3 x log4 x log20 x 4/ lg ( x 6) 0,5lg (2 x 3) lg 25;5/ log5 ( x 1) log1/ 5 log5 ( x 2) 2log1/ 25 ( x 2) Lop12.net (3) DOÃN XUÂN HUY-THPT Ân Thi-Hưng Yên x3 3 3 /(log x).log3 log3 log x x 1; ;7 / log ( x 2) log (4 x) log ( x 6) x 4 8/ log2 ( x 3) log0,5 2log0,25 ( x 1) log2 ( x 1)( 2)9/ log0,5 (1 x / 2) log2 x / 0(1) 10/ 2log2 ( x x) log0,5 ( x x) 3;11/ log tanx log cosx /(2cosx sinx) 12/ log5 x log5 ( x 6) log5 ( x 2);13/ log5 x log25 x log0,2 3;14/ lg ( x x 3) lg ( x 3) /( x 1) 0;15/ 0,5.lg (5 x 4) lg x lg 0,18;16/ log2 ( x x 1).log3 ( x x 1) log6 ( x x 1) 17 / log1/ ( x2 x 8) 2log5 ( x 4) 0;18/ log2 ( x 3) log2 ( x 1) 19/ 2log8 ( x 2) log1/ ( x 3) 2/ 3;20/ log0,5 x log3 x 1( log3 x(1 log2 3) x 3log2 / 3 ) 20/ log2 x log3 x log5 x log x.log3 x.log5 x;21/ log5 3x 4.log x 1;22/ log ( x 2).log (2 x ) 23/ log( x3) 2log0,25 (4 x) / log2 ( x 3) 1( x 3); log2 x.log3 x log3 x.log2 3x 0(0 x / 6; x 1) 2/ Đặt ẩn phụ: 1/1/(4 lg x) 2/(2 lg x) 1;2/ log0,04 x log0,2 x 1;3/ 3log x16 4log16 x 2log2 x 4/ log x2 16 log2 x 64 3;5/ lg(lg x) lg(lg x3 2) 0;6/ log (4 x1 4).log (4 x 1) log1/ 1/8 / log(32 x ) (2 x2 x 9) log(3 x ) (4 x 12 x 9) 0;8/ log4 (log2 x) log2 (log4 x) 2( x 4t t 1) 9/ log2 x (2/ x).log22 x log24 x 1( (t 1)(t 2t t 2t 1) 0);10/ log x (125x).log 25 x 1(5 &1/ 625) 11/ log x log3 x log x log3 x 1/ 2;12/ log (4 x 1) log (22 x3 6) x;13/ log x (5 x).log5 x 2 8x 2x 1 2x 14 / 2log 1 log log t t 1: t log x 3/ 2 2x 2 2x 1 (2 x 1) 15/ logsin xcosx sinx.log sinxcosxcosx 1/ 4;16/ log x 2.log x /16 log x / 64 2;17 / log5 x (5/ x) log5 x 18/ log2 x 10log2 x 0;19/ lg(6.5x 25.20 x ) x lg 25;20/ 2(lg 1) lg(5 x 1) lg(51 21/ log1/ x 5/ log x 3;22/ log x 2.log2 x 2.log2 x 1;23/ log x 2.log x /16 1/(log2 x 6) x 5) 24/ log32 x 4log3 x 2log3 x 3;25/ log1/2 x 4log x 2(4 log16 x ) 26/ log2 (2 x 1).log1/ (2 x1 2) 2;27 / log22 x log1/ x 5(log4 x 3) 28/ log x (2 x) log x (2 x3 );29/ 2log5 x log x (1/ 5);30/ 4log2 x xlog2 2.3log2 x ( xlog2 6log2 x ) Lop12.net (4) DOÃN XUÂN HUY-THPT Ân Thi-Hưng Yên 3/ Phƣơng pháp mũ hóa, lôgarít hóa: log5 xlog4 x2 23(log4 x1) ;2/ x(lg x5) / 105lg x ;3/ x6 5log1/ x 11 11 ;4/ xlg x lg x3 3 2/ ( x 1) 1 ( x 1) 1 5/ log1/ log4 ( x 5) 0;6/ log x log9 (3x 9) 1;7 / log2 x ( x x 6) 1;8/ log(3 x x2 ) (3 x) 9/ x2log2 xlog2 x 1/ x;10/ xlog2 x4 32;11/ xlg 14 / log1/ 2log3 x 3lg x 1 1000;12/ 6log6 x xlog6 x 12;13/ log x log (4 x 6) x 1 x2 x2 x 1 3x 0;15/ log 2log1/ log1/ 2log3 ;16 / log x6 log 0;17 / log x 1 x 1 x2 x2 x x 18/ log2 log3 (log4 x) 0;19/ log2log2 x log3log3 x( t x 22 33 t log3/ (log3 2)) t t 2log3log3 20/ log2log3 x log3log2 x log3log3 x log2log3 x log3 (log3 x / log x) log3log3 x log log3 21/ log2log x log3log x log2log3 x log3log2 x log3 (2t log 3) t x 22/ log2log3log4 x log4log3log2 x( x 4) log3log2 x (log3log x)2 log32t log3 (2t )(t 1) 1 log3 48 4log3 log3 48 log3t log3 48 x 24/ 2.x0,5log2 x 21,5log2 x ;25/ log2 x log0,25 ( x 3) x 4 ; 23/ log x ( x x 1) ( x 4)log2 log ( x / x 3) 4/ Sử dụng tính đơn điệu hàm số: 1/ x lg( x2 x 6) lg( x 2) x lg( x 3) x 4;2/ log3 ( x 1) log5 (2 x 1) x 3/( x 2)log32 ( x 1) 4( x 1)log3 ( x 1) 16 0(log3 ( x 1) 4;4/( x 2) x 80/81;2) t 4/ log2 (1 x ) log3 x( t 2t t 2);5/ xlog2 x 2.3log2 x xlog2 (log x t 9t 12t 3t ) 6/ 3log3 (1 x x ) 2log2 x ( x 26t 8t 4t 9t t 2);7 / 2log5 ( x3) x log5 ( x 3) log x t 2t 5t x 2;8/ log2 x 3log6 x log6 x x 3log6 x 2log6 x 6t 3t 2t t 1 x 1/ 9/ 3log2 x x2 1;10/ 22 x1 232 x 8/ log3 (4 x2 x 4)(VP VT , x 1/ 2) t t 11/ log7 x log3 ( x 2)(log7 x t t log3 ( 2) 3t f (2) f (t ) ( / 3)t 2.(1/ 3)t t log7 x 49 x 0) 12/ x 2 x 2 log ( x x 3) 2 x 2 x log1/ (2 x 2) x log3 (2 x 2) x2 x x x Lop12.net x 3 log3 ( x x 3) (5) DOÃN XUÂN HUY-THPT Ân Thi-Hưng Yên 13/ log2 ( x 5x 1) log3 ( x 5x 7) 2(t x x f (t ) log (t 1) log3 (t 2) f (1) t x (5 5) / (5 5) / x 14/ x 2 x 2 log2 (4 x x 2) log2 2 ( x 2)2 VT VP x 15/ 2log3 cot x log2cosx( t t 1);16/ log2 x log3 ( x 1) log4 ( x 2) log5 ( x 3) f ( x) log2 x log4 ( x 2) f '( x) 1/ x ln 1/( x 2)ln 0x f(x) đồng biến x > Tương tự g ( x) log3 ( x 1) log5 ( x 3) đồng biến x > Suy pt có nghiệm dn x = 16/( x 1)log1/2 x (2 x 5)log1/ x (log2 x 2) ( x 1)log2 x 3 x x log5 ( x x 11)2 log11 ( x x 11)3 17 / 0(t x x 11 0; f (t ) 2log5t 3log11t; 2 x 3x f '(t ) ln(121/125) / t ln5.ln11 0t 0;0 f (1) x 15 x 18/ log 2 ( x x 2) log(2 3) ( x x 3); a 2; t x x log2 a (t 1) log a2 t u a 2u (2a)u (a / 2)u (1/ 2a)u u x 11 19/( x 1)log1/2 x 2( x 3)log1/ x 0;20/ x 8x log (2 x 1) /( x 1) 2( x 1)2 log2 ( x 1)2 log2 (2 x 1) 2(2 x 1) ( x 1)2 x x 0;4 5/ Một số Phƣơng trình, bất phƣơng trình khác: 1/1/ log1/ x 3x 1/ log1/ ( x 1) (0;1/ 2) (1;3/ 2) (5; ) ;2/(2 x 3.2 x ) 2log2 xlog2 ( x6) 1(a 1) 3/ log x ( x 1) lg1,5(0 x VT VP; x VT VP) 4/ log2 ( x2 x2 1) 2log2 x (t t 2)(t 3) 1& t t x 5/ log2 (3.2 x1 1) / x 1( x log2 (2/ 3) x 0);6/( x 1) / log3 (9 3x ) 3 1( MS log 0) / log5 x log x ( x / 3) log5 x(2 log3 x) / log3 x((0; / 5) (1;3));8/1/ log ( x 1) /( x 2) 1/ log ( x 3) III Hệ phương trình, bất phương trình mũ và lôgarít: 23 x1 y 2 3.2 y 3 x 32 x y 77 2 x y 12 23 x y y 1/ x ;2 / ;3/ x ;4 / ; y x 1 x x y y (2 2) 3x xy x Lop12.net (6) DOÃN XUÂN HUY-THPT Ân Thi-Hưng Yên x x 3 log3 4 x y 1 3.42 y 1 2(1) 5(log x y log y x) 26 5 y 4 (1) 3 5/ ;6 / ;7 / x y log 3(2) xy 64 4 y y ( y 3) 8(2) x y 12 (1 2log xy 2)log( x y ) xy xlog8 y y log8 x xlog log y y log x x y 8/ x+y ;9 / ;10 / ;11/ xlog 12 log x y log y y x 3 log x log y x y e x e y (log y log x)( xy 1) log 22 x log x 0(1) x.2 x y 1 y.22 x y 12 / ;13/ ;14 / x y x y 2 x y x y x / 3x x 0(2) ( x 1)lg lg(2 x1 1) lg(7.2 x 12) log1/ ( y x) log (1/ y) x 1 y 15/ ;16 / ;17 / 2 log x ( x 2) x y 25 3log9 (9 x ) log3 y Gợi ý số bài: x 2 x 3 Bài 5: (1) 5 y 3 y y 3 (2) : 4 y y ( y 3) y( y 3) 3 y y 3 x 1;3 Bài 6: (2) x y y log4 3;(1) 412 ylog4 3.42 y1 (3.42 y1 1)2 42 y1 1/ y 0,5log4 (4/ 3); x log4 (9 /8) Bài 14: (1) có nghiệm ( 1; ) Hàm số vế trái (2) dương trên khoảng ( 1; ) nên hệ có nghiệm là khoảng ( 1; ) // Lop12.net (7)