Vdi nbihig ngdi chiia thuin thd phat, khi xua thudng khdng cd trdng da (vl xuit phit tir tam tir bi). Ngoai cic dd thd trong dien thinh, cdn c6 su xuit hien ciia hai tupng ngua g6 thu[r]
(1)llENJfiUC
SLf KET HOP HAI HOA
KIEN TRUC DAN GIAN
VA KIEN TRUC PHAT GIAO
DANG THI PHONO LAND
ugc x^p vao mOt nhihig ng6i chda khai ddu cho ki^u chiia tidn phat hau (1) chiia Thay la mot hop th^ kie'n true ciia hai dang chiia va den Vdi mOt s6 chiia ciing dang tiln phat hau nhu Keo (Thai Blnh) Btfi Khe, Tram Gian (Ha Tay) thi ye'u t6 d6n duoc the' hien ro cf mot so' phan kie'n tnic nhu nghi mOn, ta hiiu vu, hau cung Rieng a chua Thay, chi CO hau cung mang dac trung ciia den nhung tinh cha't bieu hien mot so' yeu to' nhugac trS'ng cay co, hien vat vh nghe thuat bai tri 66 thd
Trong m6t kh6ng gian kie'n triic Phat giao vira trang nghiem c6 kinh vira tinh mjch Iai gdn giii v6i ddi, chua Thay la su ket hop ciia hai khoi kie'n true thcJ phat va thcf m6t ket ca'u mat bang tiln c6ng (noi thcr phat) va hau nhat (noi th6 ihanh), nam mpt chQ quoc, tao bdl su ke't no'i cua hai day hanh lang va nha hau Day cung la mOt dang mat bang it gap kien true chua ci^ Viet Nam bdi net nhan ciia tao
Chua Tliiir \i mOt ngii chua n£l tl^ng cua vung QuCc Oai (Hi lil wtc oay, Ha Noi hien nay), gSnvtlvlsirUiliiiiiLyTiK Bao Nanh, nguiii ct cOng triiyin Di Phil giio, xiy dung chua, chia binh, day nghi' rii cho nguiil dinnoidiy.Radiltirthtl Ly, ngii chua i i mil I l i chi quan trgng minh chirng cho sd phuc ciia Phil giio TK XVil, l i e hiii i i su giao hia gida giio ly niy vdi tin ngding din gian cia ngddi V i i l Mii glao hia iy dddc thi hiin mil cich sing tan qua qdin the hiin trdc cda chda v i hadg didg qdadh ddi Sii son vdi nhdng hiiu Wddg kiin trdc die Oio
S5 3 | I J |
(2)VAN H h A NGHI: T H U A T T K O M C
hinh ki^u chii nha't n^m d t6a diftn thdnh chiia Thky, tao su phong phii cho \6 hop cic don nguyen kitfn iriSc trfin mOt mat bang tdng ih^ dang nOi cOng ngoai qu6c ph6 bitfn b cfic chCia TK XVll Ti^n dudng, thupng di§n kft ntfi vdi bdi gian 6'ng mutfng dua trtn btfn h^ng cijt va hai hang lan can, trSn song tifin, khdng c6 ludng bao xung quanh, tao khdng gian md, gdn gui, noi giao hda cda hai ki^u anh sing tu nhien va nhan lao cho khu thd phat Khoang san gifla ti^n dudng vk thuong dlfin Ik nai dua dnh sdng lit nhien vao chua noi bay cay canh, tao su hai hda giiJa thien nhien vdi kieTn tnic Hinh thiic phai chang la goi y cho ki^u gi^ng trdi nhOng kieh triic mai bang hinh chS lam sau d chaa Kim Lien va Tay Phuong?
Dua tren bd vi ki^u gid chieng cho ph6p nang cao bd mai, vdi hinh ihiic b^y gia (2) d^ md rdng khdng gian, ludng bao la he thdng cita biic ban, trd d cita tiSin song lien, k^t hop vdi nhihig van nong cham thung nhi6u hoa tiS't, tao cho dien phat mdt khdng gian tmh mich ma rdng md, ddy linh til bi, gdn ddi Kfil hop vdi nghe thuat bai trf tupng, dd thd phat thdng thoang b tiin dudng, ddn dap d thupng dien, anh sang md ao cho ngudi cam nhan ro net triet 1^ sac khdng, vd thudng, su giai thoit, hudng ve cdi niet ban ciia dao Phat Dupc xiy dung tren n^n ciJa kien triic thdi Ly, dien thinh duoc coi la mdt hau cung cd trudc nhtft sd nhihig hau cung d cdc ngdi chua dang tiin phat hau thinh ctia Viet Nam TK XVII (3) Dien c6 mat bang g ^ vudng, tren mdt n^n cao hon dien phat 0,96m, ngudng cCra cao, md cic cita hep, bao ba mat la cita biic ban, mii Ipp ngdi mui hai Trong mdt khdng gian hep, tdi, th^p, kien triic ndi that ft cd trang trf, he thdng cdt ldn tuong phan vdi mat ngoai kien triic, tai cd trang trf dai cinh sen cdng phu tren cic ngudng, cham ldng, cham bong td hpp rdng, phupng, lan, hoa tren cac vin nong, cinh sen, hoa d di^m mii da bitfn noi day mdt khdng gian linh thieng, ky bi Trong dien, cd nhieu dd thd dam tmh din nhu ngai Ihd, bai vi, kham thd chSp kieh, long Yeu td d^n b chiia Thay cdn bi^u hien qua su xuit hien cua gie
trdng, dat ddi xihig vdi gac chudng chiia thi phat Gac trdng chCia Thiy vdi chific trdng di Idn, loai trdng chl cd d dang chiia lien phat hfi thinh Trdng da chiia Thiy la loai trdng ldn ngudi xua thudng goi la trdng sJfm, vdn c6 J nghTa ve viec c&u phdn thirc th^ hien qua viec ngudi dan thudng dCing nd d^ md man cac h[i6\ ciu mua Din din, nhiing trdng trd trdng hdi iam nio mic ldng ngudi ddng thdi cQng la ldi c&u phiic tdi mudn nha Vdi nbihig ngdi chiia thuin thd phat, xua thudng khdng cd trdng da (vl xuit phit tir tam tir bi)
Ngoai cic dd thd dien thinh, cdn c6 su xuit hien ciia hai tupng ngua g6 thudng tMyb din: ngua hdng va ngua bach d tda tien dudng va thupng dien Mdt loai cSy thieng quan niem dan gian mang tinh chit bieu trung cua din, mdt hinh anh khdng the thieu nhac din chiia Thiy, la cay gao dupc xem nhu mdt uuc ndi giita trdi va dit, gin vdi kien tnic den r^t ro Dupc xay dung mdt v&ng ban son dia cd dac trung cua nen van hda ndng nghiep tii liu ddi, chiia Thay la not bieu hien cho su hoa bcqi CLia Phit giio vdi nhQng tfn ngudng ban dia, irong dd, ndi bit nhit li tin ngudng ndng nghiep ciu mua vi tfn ngudng thd da, niii, td nghe lii ca dupc in dudi nhung hinh tupng kien tnlc FhSl giio QiLia n ^ dudi chin niii Sai Son, ngpn niii tdn nha't vimg Qudc Oai, phfa tn«ic mat la hd Long Trl cimg he thuc vit, hang done di da dang bao quanh Dupc bao hoc bdi) nudc, chiia Thay b irong mdt khdng gia tinh mich, cd kfnh linh thieng nhung dupm miu thetuc Tdng the kien tnic iy nl hien rd $ nghia Idn lao m i dao P h ^ hudng tdi: su hda hpp gi0a ddi va dao, | nhien va ngudi Ngay ban w ngudi cua Tir Dao Hanh cung nhu du^ hanh cua dng cung li til ddi dfn dao tilr^ ham mud'n, han thb, i n oin c i nhin man ddi da dua dng d^n vdi dudng tu hinti ngd, giai thoit, phd dd chiing sinh
Lich sit ngdi chita dupc khdi thuy tit'bai Thinh Hda, noi ngii tu tap, thoat xic d^ W phit trien thinh mdt ngdi chua be the dudi ct$n mii l i noi giang dao va din trd mdt ttung
(3)tam Phit giao ldn ciaa viing Qudc Oai Day cung la budc dudng Phit giao hda vio ddi sdng the luc Nuong theo the mii, hda cUng canh quan, tin dung phong thuy, khai thic ve dep cua kien tnic truyen thd'ng la nhiing thinh cdng ciia nghe thuat kien tnic chtia Thay Quay mat vi hudng nam, dua mii, dm sdng, chtla Thiy da khai thae dupc nhiing uu the theo quan niem phong thiiy Song hinh tupng tdng the kien tnic chiia Thay la hinh tupng rdng Chiia vdi cic ldp kien tnic trai dii bd cue ndi tien cdng, hau nhit, ngoai qudc, tao ten hinh tupng trin rdng Minh rdng la quin th^ mii Ham Rdng, Sai Son, dudi l i ngon Long Diu dm vdng phfa trudc Ham tren cua rdng la bd di't Him Rdng, phia trade tien dudng Bd ben hd li him dudi cua rdng Dai dit chay vdng sang hai ben chiia la chin rdng Hai gieng hai ben chi^a li mit rdng Hai ciu Nhit - Nguyet Tien la rang rdng Hai cay gao moc dang ddi hai ben tren bd dit Ham Rdng la riu rdng Gac chudng va gie trd'ng dupc diy sau hiu cung, ning cao hai ting mai tdng th^ chiia, la hai lai rdng Thuy dinh ndi ten giua ao rdng (Long Tri) la vien ngpc mieng rdng Theo quan mSm Phit giao, rdng la mdt bieu tupng thieng, cd 3? nghta nhu mdt linh vat chuyen chd giao ly dao Phit Tiiy khdng phai la bieu tupng gdc, nhung hinh tupng rong dupc sir dung nhieu cac
Nhdt Hen Kieu Anh frong boi eda VQ Phong
M V T H U A T - K | g N T R i : i C
mdtip mang ^ nghia thieng kien tnic vi dieu khic Phit giio nudc ta
Viec lien ket cac phin kien tnic de tao ten mdt bieu tupng mang y nghia linh thieng li mdt sing tao nghe thuit kien tnic chiia Thiy Khdng chi tao ten mdt tdng the hoin chinh dep ve tao hinh, ket ciu, nhin manh su hda hop ciia tu nhien vdi nhan tao ma b diy cdn in chiia nhiing gii tri tu tudng, van hda Gat bd nhiing ldp y nghia Phit giao hinh tupng rdng, cd the thiy, thuc chit ^ nghia hinh tupng phong thiiy theo din gian vin Ii phan anh tin ngudng ciu mua cua cu din ndng nghiep (rdng hdt nudc lim mua) Gin vdi yeu id nudc ciia viing ddng chiem trung Qudc Oai cdn cd nhiing kien tnic, nhiing san phim nghe thuat cung nhu tfn ngudng mang dac tnmg van hda viing Dd chfnh la ngdi thiiy dinh mdt san khiu miia rdi nudc cd nhit cdn tdn tai b nudc ta tuong truyen la Phdng Khic Khoan xiy dung tit TK XVII nhung kien tnic hien cdn la ciia TK XIX C6ng vdi thiiy dinh, viing Qudc Oai ciing la cai ndi ciia nghe thuat rdi nudc dieu khien bang diy keo dac sic Dd chfnh la mdt dac san nghe thuat mang da'u in van hda Ma nudc vdi nhung hinh tupng nghe thuat rdi dupe tao hinh, van hanh, dieu khien theo cic tfch trd dim sic thii van hda ndng nghiep Nhan vit Tit Dao Hanh mdt lin nua lai hien len nhung vdi hinh tupng cua mdt vj hoang td nghe, ngudi cd cdng sang lip va truyen nghe cho mdt sd ling thudc dit Qudc Oai Trong dd, ndi tieng vi deh vin bao Iuu duoc nghe truyen thdng la rdi lang Phii Da hay cdn goi la rdi lang Ra Chfnh bdi vay mi hang nam, ba hdi, Phu Da phai cd trach nhiem mang rdi ciia ling sang trinh dien d ihiiy dinh de hiu Tit Dao Hanh Ngay dang ket ciu dieu khien bing diy ddc dao ciia tupng kham d hiu cung chiia Thiy ciing la md phong hoat ddng cua nhflng rdi nudc Bdn canh dd
(4)VAN H(^A NfiHI^ T H U A T I B O N C lltf»C
dudi hinh thiic cua mdt kie'n tnic Phat giao vdi bd'n mii hai ting, tim dao cong viit, dupc bao bdi nhung biic ludng trd cita dac rdng ndi giOa mil hd Long Tri thi ngdi thuy dinh lai mang mdt bieu tupng diy y nghTa cua Phat giio - hoa sen tren mat nudc
Hai chie'c ciu Nhat - NguyCt TiCn kCl ndi chiia vdi ling xdm cimg he thdng chtia hang tren dinh niii Sii Son phi'u ben trii vi d^n Tam Phii phfa ben phai Dd dupc xem ii nhO'ng hinh itih lao net rieng biei cho chtia Thay Lin diu lien hinh anh quen thudc ciia nhu'ng chide ciu ngoi kie'u Ihupng gia kidu bic qua cac kcnh, rach d cac lang que Vidt Nam lai hidn Idn diy sang tao mdt khdng gian kie'n tnic Phat giao Dd cung la mdt hinh anh dep de y nghta cua su bao dung, chip nhan nhidu tdn giao tin ngudng (rong quan nidm Phit giao Trong ke't ciu gian d'ng mudng ndi tidn dudng va thupng dien a chua Thay la cdn gap mdt kd't ciu dac biel dupc thd hien d len goi, nhi ciu Kh6ng don thuin chi la dang ciu cd mil nhu d Nhat - Nguyet Tidn, tda nha ciu chay doc vdi each thiic tao tac dac bidt, hai bdn la vach ngan bang gd tao thanh ciu, chia bd'n ling trang iri day dac hoa van may, ciic, rdng, iren ciing la lan can cd bd tru hinh chin song lidn Kd't ciu khid'n ta lidn ludng tda nha gidng nhu mdi chide ciu kd't ndi lidn dudng rdng ihoang vdi ihuong didn mdt khdng gian Phai giao Iinh ihidng Nhung irong tdng thd kien inic chtia Thay, nd lai cd J nghta irid'i ly sau sic Dd la chide ciu ciia tam cua giac, din chiing sinh tie'p can vdi phat va bd tat dua ngudi rdi khdi bd'n md dd vd Ihd gidi phat; chide ciu ndi thd gidi trin tuc ciia ngudi vdi the gidi ihanh linh ciia nha phat (4) Nhi ciu cung da xuit hidn d chiia Biit Thip (Bic Ninh) hay chiia Tram Gian (Ha Ndi) luy nhidn khdng cd hanh lang vdi nghd thuat cham khic didu luydn diy y nghta nhu d nha ciu chiia Thay
Ngoai ra, kidn tnic dldn thinh chiia Thiy vi he thdng hang ddng trdn niii Sai Son ciing nhiing truyen thuydt dupc luu truydn dan gian cung phan inh rd net tfn ngudng thd da, mil noi diy Dien dupc xay tren mdt cip nen cao nha't chua ldi len phfa trudc va
phfa sau la nhiing bac d i nhd ddc Xung quanh didn thinh dupc xe'p d i hdc Id nhd, trdng xen lin nhidu loai cay nhu ciy dai tre, inic goj len hinh anh cua mdt ngdi chiia tren dinh mii(5) Ngay hinh tupng thinh Tit Dao Hanh cdng a'n giiu bdng ding ciia thin nui Niii Sai Son cung dupc xem li ngpn mil chd ldn nhit tit ca cac ngpn nui khae ddu phai chiu vd, nhir su hdi tu sinh luc vi vdi chda Thay Trong ngiy hdi chda, mac dii chi la chua cua hai lang Tliuy Khd va Da Phiic nhung bao gid cung phai cd du kidu ciia bdn lang (tii phuong) Thuy Khe, Khanh Tin, Da Phdc va Sai Khe chiu vd vol kidu Ihinh (6) Hien nay, dien ihanh va dldn phat chua Thay vin cdn luu diu in cua tih ngudng thd di Trong didn thinh, hidn cdn thit mdt tang da phfa sau tupng vua Ly Thinh Tdng, tuong iruydn la hdn d i Tir Dao Hanh da cho trin yem xiy dung chua Ngay Idi vao didn phat, tit phfa hau cung, hidn cdn mdt phien da, theo quan niem dan gian dd la noi tfch tu duoc sinh khf cua trdi dit vi \ay ngudi vao chtia thudng bo ddp d ben ngoai dd mong ddn nhin dupc sinh khf idt lanh dd
Nhu viy, cd the thiy, bing sit kheo Ido h&a minh vdi nhiing Idp tin ngudng, van hda ban dia Phat giao giai doan phuc trd lai ~^ XVII iren vung Qudc Oai, H i Ndi, da ba ben chic ddi sd'ng tinh ihin ciia i din noi diy Vita siu sic, nhin ban via dung, gin ddi, Phit giao da cho chdng tai bai hpc vd nhin ban, bidu hidn qua ngh^ xiy dung nhiJng bieu tupng kidn Trong dd bii hpc Idn nhi't la hudng ^ tdi su hai hda giira ddi va dao, giQa tu nhq ngudi •
D: I.DangTtij nong Lan Nghe thudt kien u-ue^ khde chda Thdy lu^n dn tiCn sT van ti6a h^c, ~
2.5 Nguyen Van Ti^n, Chua Thdy (Thien P Nxb Khoa lipc Xa hdi, Hil Nfli 2004
3, Ptiam TTii Thu Huong Nhiing ngdi chit phdt hdu thdnh & vUng chdu thd Bdc Bo luan iiu
van h(Sa hpc 2004 ^ 4 Cue Di 'iiin van h&a Mpi dadng tiep can i
vdn hda, Nxb Hd Ndi 2005