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dd duyc Hfli ddng Nghidm thu Nhd nudc cdc CTXD luu y "Mflt sd cflng trinh giao thflng thudng dupc phdn chia thdnh nhilu gfli thiu vd nhilu nhd thiu tham gia k l cd mdt sd nhd th[r]
(1)QUAN L t C H A T LLTONG C O N G T R I N H f g g t t
BAD CAO DANH GIA TONG QUAN VE CONG TAC TANG COdNG QUAN LY CHAT LlTONG CONG TRiNH
XAY DUNG GIAO THONG
TRANQUOCVieT Cyc trwdng Cgc QLXD &CLCTGT
1 Thifc te hoa! dong vd nhfing van de ton tal cua cdc chu the true tiep tham gia hoat dong quan ly chat luang Gdng trinh xay dung
Phan tich, ddnh gid thuc t l hogt ddng vd nhung vin d l c6n ton tgi, dnh hudng din cflng tdc qudn [y chat luang cflng trinh cua cac chu the tham gia vdo du an cdc budc chuan bj diu tu du dn (lap du dn, ldp nhidm vy de cuang ), thilt k l cong trinh, thi cong va nghiem thu dua cflng trinh vdo su dyng
1.1 Chu flau tu (dai dien la cdc Ban QLDA)
Theo quy djnh tgi Nghi djnh sd 209/2004/ND-CP ngdy 16/12/2004 cua Chinh phu, cong tdc quan ly, gidm sdt chit lupng thi cflng xdy dung cflng trinh la trdch nhiem cua Chu dau tu Hien cdc Ban QLDA khflng td chue rieng dpi ngu giam sdt vd quan ly ehit luo'ng du dn, md td ChUc thdnh cdc phong quan ly ehung du dn Do vdy hiu hit cdc Chu dau tu khflng thye hidn phuang thuc ty quan ly du an md cdc Ban QLDA thue to chue Tu vin gidm sdt la phd biln Tu van gidm sdt Id nhd thiu tu van, cae quy djnh v l quan ly chit lup'ng chu yeu quy djnh cho Chu d i u tu (Ban QLDA) chju trdch nhidm quan 1;^ chit lupng cflng trinh xdy dyng; Chua c6 van ban quy djnh cy t h l trdch nhidm cho Tu
vin gidm sdt (Bfl GTVT dang dp dyng Quy chi TVGS theo Quyet dinh sd 22/2008/QO-BGTVT ngdy 20/10/2008 cua Bfl GTVT v l TVGS thi cflng xdy dung cflng trinh ngdnh GTVT), vide xdc djnh trdch nhidm cua Tu vin gidm sdt dupc thflng qua Hp'p ddng giua Ban QLDA vd td ehue Tu vdn
Trong dfl, ndng lyc eua mpt sd Chu diu tu (Ban QLDA) cfln han ehl, chua c6 ky nang vd tinh chuyen nghidp nen khflng dap ung dupc ydu cau dupc giao Idm chu ddu tu cdc du dn cfl quy mo Idn, CO ydu clu ky thuat cao, da giao toan bp cong tdc quan Iy chit lupng cho tu vin giam sat, ma Td ehuc TVGS hien tai lai edn nhilu tdn tgi edn phai chin chinh, hpp ddng gii>a cdc ben lai khflng quy djnh ro rang Chinh vi vay ma nhieu trudng hpp trdn cflng trinh xiy hu hong, tai ngn hodc su ed, cdn bfl cua Ban QLDA khong nam dupc trinh tu thi cflng va dd d l xay su vide ddng tile (vi qua tin tudng d Tu vin GS)
1.2 Tirv^n xay dung
* Tu vin thiet k l : Trong bude Igp du dn, ldp hd so thilt k l vd gidm sat tac gia xdy dyng: Ngoai mflt sd it cac doanh nghipp Tu v i n Idn cfl truyin thdng, b l day kinh nghiem, cfln Igi la cdc doanh nghigp tu vin nho ie mdi hinh nhung nam gin ddy, cfln ylu v l ndng luc
Hidn thilu cdc tu van chit lupng cao d tim vT mo vide d l xudt cdc chu truang diu tu xdy dyng, quy hogch, ldp dy dn, de xuit cae giai phdp ky thudt cflng nghp chinh xdc, hp'p ly, kha thi; Trong nhilu trudng hpp dd de xay cdc sai sflt, phai dieu chinh cho qud trinh xdy dyng gay tdn kem, lang phi, dnh hudng Idn din chit lupng cong trinh
Nhieu td chue tu van dfli hoi buc bdch cua eong viee ma hinh thdnh, chua efl nhung djnh hudng, chiln lupc phdt tnIn ro rdt Cdc Cong ty tu van xudt hipn trdn lan, da bat diu co hidn lup'ng mot sd doanh nghiep tu vin v l viflc thye hidn dich vy theo kilu mfli gidi hodc thue muon, thilu thuc lyc gdy hidn tupng canh tranh khflng lanh manh hogt dpng tu vdn
Chinh VI vdy qua trinh ldp dy an, thilt k l cflng trinh cfln cfl nhieu thilu sot:
- Trong qud trinh lap dy an: Khi dua quy mo du dn, tu vin cfln Id thupc qua nhilu vao y chi cua cdc ca quan quan ly Nhdt la cdc dy dn di qua cdc d|a phuong, cdc tu van deu lap theo d l nghi cua dia phuang (quy mfl, hudng tuyin ) ma khflng ehu dpng theo de xuit cua minh, din din Igp thilt ke ky thugt phai dilu chinh Igi thilt ke ca sd
- Trong budc thilt k l kj thudt (thilt k l ban ve thi cflng): Cflng
(2)# # # # # Q U A N L t C H A T LUO'NG C O N G T R I N H
tdc khao sdt dilu tra dja chit, thuy vdn khflng ehinh xdc (trong cflng tdc hiu hit Igi khflng dup'c Ban QLDA nghidm thu tgi hidn trudng md chi nghidm thu trdn hd sa) Cdc giai phdp thilt k l dua d mflt sd du dn khflng phO hp'p, cdc cflng trinh dang thi cflng dang dd phdi thay ddi gidi phdp ky thudt, phdi tgm dung d l dilu ehinh thilt k l hodc thilt k l bd sung.,,
Cdc bilu hidn v l chit lupng cflng trinh thi cflng xong dua vdo su dyng dd xay hidn tupng nut, ICin, syt trupt, phd hflng nude ngim nhuedcdudn ndu trdn Khflng t h l nfli ehi sai sflt eua dan vj thi cflng md cfln Id sai sflt cua thilt k l gdy
Han nua hidn nhu c l u diu tu kit clu ting giao thflng Idn, cdc td chue tu vin thuflc Bfl GTVT khflng phat trien thdm, vin chi Id cac dan v\ trudc ddy, nhieu dan vi ehua diu tu phdt triln v l chieu sdu, Trong dfl nhilu td chue tu vin tu nhan dup'c thdnh ldp nhung nang luc cfln hgn ehl, thieu thilt bj khao sat, phflng thi nghidm, thilu chuydn gia gioi chua thuc hipn dupe d c dy dn Idn, ky thugt phuc tap Do vdy nhilu ndm qua, cflng tdc tu vin d d c cflng trinh chu ylu dang su dyng d hinh thuc ehpn (chi dinh thiu), chua dp dyng dup'c vide tuyin ehpn theo hinh thUc diu thiu Dilu ndy cung Id mOt ylu td lidn quan trye tilp din chit lup'ng thilt k l , thdm chi cdc dy dn su dyng vdn ODA hiu nhu tu vin nudc ehua dup'c ehpn * Tu vin thim tra: Cflng tde thim tra dd an thiet ke vua qua cung chua thye hidn dupc ydu d u ddp Ung v l chit lup'ng Chua cfl eae td chue chuydn v l Tu v i n tham tra md chu y l u vin dua vdo cdc td chdc cOa cdc HOi, Trudng Npi dung thim tra chi
mdi ndng v l phdn bidn, chua ddp ung ydu d u ddm bdo su tdi uu cua phuang dn thilt k l v l kinh t l - k? thudt
Nhu vdy thdi gian qua, hd sa thilt k l d mdt sd du dn dd cfl nh&ng tdn tgi md lidn quan trye tilp din tudi thp cflng trinh nhu sau:
+ H so trinh duydt thudng khflng dup'c rd sodt kilm tra k9 tu khdu khdo sdt tu khdo sdt luu lup'ng phuang tidn din khdo sdt v l sd lidu dja hinh, dja chit, thuy vdn vdy vide thilt k l tuyin, VI tri d u chua phCi hpp, ddc bidt Id ddi vdi khu vuc miin nCii Khi khai thde dd xuit hidn hflng sgt trupl ta Iuy; Hong n l n mdt dudng nude ngim; Hong mdt dudng tinh chilu ddy kit d u dudng khflng tuong ung vdi luu lupng xe vd xe cfl tai trgng ndng
+ Cflng tdc thilt k l chua dupc nghien cuu ky vd sau dan din thilt ke ehpn giai phdp ehua phu hp'p vdi dja hinh, dja chit, thuy van d eae dy dn qua vung dit ylu, nui eao; Chua xdt ky d i n ede ylu td kinh t l - ky thudt d l cflng trinh efl hidu qua nhit, gid thip nhlt
* Tu vin gidm sdt: Ddy Id khdu quan trpng hogt dflng quan ly chit lupng, chit lup'ng eong trinh efl dup'c bdo dam phy thuflc nhilu vdo ddi ngQ TVGS Tu' vin gidm sdt thay mdt Chu d i u tu (Ban QLDA) d l gidm sdt thi cflng; Chip nhdn khdi lupng, chit lupng cQa nhd thiu thi cflng;Cchlp thudn bidn phdp thi cflng d l nhd thiu thye hiln; Thay mdt chu d i u tu d l xuit quylt djnh vide xu ly ky thudt d hidn trudng Do vgy, d nhung du dn cfl chit lup'ng cao, thi cflng an todn Id nhUng dy dn tu vin gidm sdt da Idm dCing chdc trdch cua minh vd ngup'c Igi
- Ddnh gid v l luc lup'ng TVGS: Luc lu(?ng TVGS dflng v l s6 lupng nhung cfln thilu nhilu chuydn gia gifli Nguydn nhdn chO y l u ndng luc cua d c k9 sir tu vin gidm sdt vd ehl dO chinh sdch cua Nhd nudc ddi vdi cflng tde TVGS chua dupc coi trpng, chua cfl CO ehl thu hut vd ehl dO ddl ngd phil hp'p vdi trdeh nhidm vd quyin hgn cua TVGS; Chua cfl bidn phdp qudn ly ehung chi hdnh nghi tu vin gidm sdt, kilm sodt ndng lyc hdnh nghi vd dgo due nghi nghidp eua ddi ngO tu vin gidm sdt
Hogt dflng gidm sdt chit lup'ng cua tu vin dup-c thye hidn chua diy du, TVGS chira thye hidn nghidm tue chue trdch, nhidm vy eua minh, khflng kilm sodt dup'c ehIt luang cflng trinh qua trinh thi cflng cua nha thiu; Khflng bdm sdt hien trudng d l kjp thdi xu ly cdc phdt sinh bit hp-p ly, ehua kien quylt xu ly cdc vi phgm ve chit lup'ng qud trinh thue hipn dy an
Ddl vdi eac dy an su dyng cdc nhd thiu TVGS nudc ngodi (di; dn vdn ODA, mflt sd dy dn vdn nudc su dyng TVGS nutS^c ngodi), s6 lup'ng cdc ky su TVGS ngudi nudc ngoai ehilm ty Id rit thip (khodng 10%), chu ylu id cdc chue danh Trudng TVGS, cdn Igi cdc giam sdt vien Id TVGS Vi$t Nam Chit lup'ng gidm s^l cfing trinh xdy dung chu ylu dya vdo ky su TVGS nudc
Trong dfl hipn cflng tde quan ly t u v i n nudc cfln nhilu bit cap, tu td ehi>c bO mdy qudn ly den td ehdc Tu vin gidm sdt Cac td ehuc Tu vin thilt k l hipn cd chue nang Idm TVGS nhung hiu nhu edc tfi chdc thilt k l it tham gia gidm sSJ xdy dyng Lyc luong TVGS hi^n chu y l u dya vao edc Trung tdm TVGS eua Vign, Truflng,
(3)Q U A N LV C H A T LL^Q-NG C O N G TRiNH gggg
cua cdc Cue, Khu Quan ly hode cae td chdc tu nhdn
Can bfl giam sdt vien hau hit Id thye hidn theo thdi vy, dupc ede td ehuc Tu vin tuyin ehpn thye hien theo hp'p ddng Vipc quan !y ddo tgo can bp tu vin chua thdng nhlt, t h l hien d ngdnh nghi, dfl tudi, ea quan d p ehung chi
Td ehue TVGS thuc hidn gidm sat xay dung thflng qua hp'p ddng vdi Chu dau tu (Ban QLDA), vipc ky kit hpp ddng eung nhu gidm sdt cua Ban QLDA chua duyc chu trpng, khong nam vung chue danh cua tung GS vidn dy dn (Cfl phy iye Thye trgng v l cflng tdc TVGS va edc giai phdp nham ndng eao cflng tde Quan ly chit lupng cflng trinh giao thflng kem theo)
* Tu vin kilm dinh: Hogt dflng kilm djnh chit lup'ng ehua mang tinh chuydn nghiep, sd lup'ng ede td chue kilm djnh cfl kinh nghidm chua nhilu, dac biet la thilu can bfl kiem djnh ehuyen nghipp; Chua cfl quy trinh kilm ^nh, ca sd ddo tgo vd quy djnh vd ndng lyc cua kilm djnh vien Cfl the nfli ITnh vyc ndy cfln nhilu bit d p chua dap ung dupe yeu d u thuc t l vd d n dupc hodn thipn mpt cdch efl hp thdng thdi gian tdi
Cflng nghd xay dung da efl nhieu tiln bfl vupl bdc, nhien hoat dflng thi nghiem chua dup'c sy quan tam diu tu cfl chilu sdu Cflng tdc thi nghiem mdi ehi tgp trung vdo eae ehi tieu ea ly cua dit va vgt lidu xdy dyng, chua cfl nhilu phflng thi nghidm cfl the thye hidn duyc cdc phdp thu vdi cdc vat lipu xdy dung ddc thCi
Cac td chue kilm djnh chua quan tam din sy thda nhan l l n khu vyc vd tren t h l gidi, chua tgo duac sy lien kit thflng tin kit ndi giua edc td ehdc tham gia hoat d$ng xay dyng
* Gidm sat tde gia cua Tu vin thilt k l : IVldi chi thye hidn d dy dn Tu vin nude thilt k l , nhung nhin ehung vide gidm sdt tde gia cua Tu vin thilt k l eOng ehua nghidm tiic, trdch nhidm v l san phim thilt k l ehua cao, chua chju trdeh nhidm din ciing ddi vdi sdn phim thilt k l cua minh
Cfln ddi vdi ede dy dn su dyng vdn ODA: Tu vin thilt ke eua edc dy dn su dyng vdn ODA chu ylu ede td chue tu vin nudc ngodi thye hidn Thye t l d giai dogn thi cflng xdy dyng, vide gidm sdt tdc gia d hiu hit cdc dy dn ODA khflng dupc thye hidn, dnh hudng din cflng tdc quan ly chit lupng cflng trinh
1.3 Qud trinh Ihl c6ng xdy dung
Cfl t h l khdng dmh chit lup'ng cflng trinh duac bao dam la su td ehue thi cflng tudn thu quy trinh thi cflng cua cdc nha thiu va sy giam sat ehat ehe eua Chu diu tu (Ban QLDA), Tu vin gidm sdt Nhieu cflng trinh Nganh dgt Cup Vang chit luong nhu : Clu Bdi Chdy, c l u Ham Luflng, d u Rgch Midu, d u Pa Ufln, Qude Ifl (Hd Npi - Lgng San), Nhd ga T2 ; Nhieu dy an dat ehIt luyng cao nhu : Dudng cao tdc TP Hd Chi Minh - Trung Luang, Dogn Cin Tha - Nam Can eua QLI.elu VTnh Tuy
Tuy nhidn d mflt sd dy an vin cfln xay hu hflng nhu da ndu d trdn Qua kiem tra, kilm djnh thiy nguyen nhdn chinh vin Id sy khflng tudn thu thi cflng cua cdc nhd thiu, t h l hien d mgt sd trudng hp'p cy t h l nhu sau:
- Hidn tupng lun diy md d u : Do eau nim d vi tri nln dit ylu nhung nhd thau da thi cflng md trude dap nen dudng diu
clu, trdi vdl quy trinh thi eflng (Clu Tam Trinh tai dy dn d u Thanh Tri, d u Km79 tuyin Nam sflng Hdu)
Hidn tuyng lun syt nln dudng: Do vide thi cflng ddp nln dudng khflng tudn thu trinh ty ddp nln
Dde bidt Id hong Idp mdt dudng vd dfl bdng phIng khflng ddm bao: Do vide su dyng vdt lidu vd thi cflng khflng tudn thu Chi din ky thudt dd duyc quy djnh Su dyng vdt lidu Idm mflng dd d p phdi chua diing, ehi sd deo cao, thi eflng dfl chdt chua dam bao; • Su dung may san de thi eflng Idp mflng tren (base) khflng dting theo quy dmh (quy djnh phai su dyng mdy rai) Ldp be tflng nhua: Su' dung nhua, d p phdi hgt chua dung; Thi cflng dfl chat chua bao dam, nhipt dfl be tflng nhua thap; Vipc kiem tra ede phan d p phdi chua ky (vi du nhu phin bflt da thieu hon hyp BTN); Dde bipt Id tham BTN Idp nhua tham va dinh bam chua du thdi gian (nhieu du an nha thiu mdi tudi nhua da eho tham ngay, Quy trinh quy dinh sau tu 24 den 48 gid)
- Rai dim clu; Dd sgp, lun syt dd gido xay tai ngn lao dflng: Do khflng tudn thu trinh tu thi cong nhu: Vang chdng khflng dimg quy cdch, sLr dyng cflng nhdn khflng dung trinh lao lap
Cfl t h l noi, vira qua mot sd nha thiu chua quan tdm dung mUc din eflng tde td ehue eflng trudng, bidn phdp thi eflng, hd thdng quan ly chit lupng nfli bO, khong bd tri du edn bfl gidm sdt ndi bfl, thdm chi khodn trdng cho d c dpi thi eflng vd tu vin giam sdt Nhilu dan vj da xay dyng dupc tidu chuin ISO 9001 : 2000
I S6 nam 2012
(4)# # # # # Q U A N LV C H A T LUO'NG C O N G T R I N H
nhung ehi thye hidn d vdn phflng md khflng triln khai td ehuc tgi hidn trudng Chit lupng nhdn luc cua nhd thiu ehua ddp ung ydu d u , thilu cdn bd cfl kinh nghidm quan ly, dde bidt thilu thy tay nghi gidi Nhilu dan vj su dyng lao dflng thdi vy khflng qua ddo tgo d l giam ehi phi, vide huin luydn tgi chd rit sa sdi Ngodi cfln nhilu nguydn nhdn khde (vl dy nhu nhd thiu dd hg gid thiu mflt cdch thilu cdn eif d l cfl eflng trinh ndn dd hg tidu chuin chit luyng sdn phim d l bii dip)
Trong diu tu xdy dyng hidn nay, thye hifln chu truang phdn d p mgnh Bd GTVT dd giao eho nhilu don vj Idm Chu diu tu, Bfl ehl true tilp Idm Chii diu t u cdc dy dn Idn (Vi du ndm 2010 Cye Qudn ly Xdy dyng vd Chit lupng CTGT thim djnh khodng 110 dy dn, dfl Bd ehi Idm Chu diu tu 12 dy dn, ehu ylu thuflc Dudng Hd Chi Minh) Trong dfl, thdnh phan tham gia thi cflng ede eong trinh giao thflng rat da dgng, t u cdc Tdng cflng ty Nha nudc din cdc eflng ty d phin, cflng ty t u nhdn diu tham gia.Lye luyng ehuyen ngdnh giao thflng chi tdp trung thi eflng d nhung cflng trinh Idn vd trpng dilm, cfl ydu clu ky thudt cao nhu dudng cao tde, d u Idn, cfln nhilu dy dn ede lye lupng thi cflng khdc dam nhdn Cdc dy dn vdn Wb, ADB hiu hit Id cdc nhd thiu ngodi ngdnh Giao thflng vd nhd thiu tu nhdn Vi vdy, dfli hoi vide tuyin ehpn nhd thiu thi eflng gidm sdt qud trinh xdy dyng eua cdc Chii diu tu (Ban QLDA) d n phai duye tdng cudng hon nua, thye hidn d cdc khdu:
1 Cdc ChD diu tu phai hgn ehl chia gfli thiu nho, dilu ndy
dd duyc Hfli ddng Nghidm thu Nhd nudc cdc CTXD luu y "Mflt sd cflng trinh giao thflng thudng dupc phdn chia thdnh nhilu gfli thiu vd nhilu nhd thiu tham gia k l cd mdt sd nhd thiu nhd ndng lyc vd kinh nghidm ehua nhilu Thuc t l ndy gdy khd khdn cho cflng tdc qudn ly chit luyng cOa edc Chu diu tu Ban Qudn ly." Ddng thdi phdi kilm tra hd so thiu chdt chd, ddc bidt Id cdc quy djnh tdp Chi din kf thudt, ehi tuyin ehpn nhdng nhd thiu ddp irng dupe edc dilu kidn quy djnh
2 Thudng xuydn kilm tra hd thdng qudn ly chit lupng tgi eflng trudng cua Nhd thiu thi cflng xdy dung; Cdn bfl quan ly chit luyng; Phflng thi nghidm hidn trudng,
3 Kiem tra vd gidm sdt chit lupng vdttu, clu kidn, sdn phim nhd thiu dua vdo xdy Ilp eflng trinh
t , Kilm tra phuong tidn thilt bj eua nhd thiu dua xdy dung cflng trinh
5 Kiem tra vide td chue thi cflng d cflng trudng tu trang thilt bj bao hfl lao ddng din td ehuc td, dpi san xuit, nhd d tgm Khi bao dam mdi chip thudn cho nhd thiu thuc hidn thi cflng
2 Mot Sd' gidi phdp nang cao chat luong xay dung cdng trinh giao thong vd an todn lao ddng
- Rd sodt, hodn thidn khung ehinh sdeh nhim tdng eudng t h l c h i vd eflng tdc qudn ly chit luyng theo hudng minh bgch, thdng nhltvd chju trdch nhi$m
- Cfl ke hogch xdy dyng, bd sung cdc hudng din, tidu ehuin, quy trinh, quy phgm thilt k l thi
cflng cfln thilu, nhlt Id ddi vdi cSc logi kit c l u , eflng nghd mdi,
- Ndng eao ndng lye cdc chu t h l tham gia thye hidn dy dn (Chu diu tu, Tu vin gidm sdt Tu-vin thilt k l , Nhd thiu) blng cdch tdng cudng tinh chju trdch nhidm cua edc chu t h l theo d c chi tai tgo dilu ki$n hyp tdc qudc t l d l ndng cao trinh dfl quan i^ cQng nhu tu v i n cua du dn
- Xdy dung chiln lupc, H hogch phdt triln ddi vdi doanh nghidp t u v i n dya trdn cdc nguydn t i c ca bdn (Ty thdn phdt triln Hyp tdc phdt triln; Hodn thidn cdc e h l dfl, chinh sdch vide sd' dyng vd ddi ng$; Xdy dyng mfl hinh td chue tir v i n mfl hinh quan ly vd thye hi$n dy dn.,.)
Nghidn cuu d l xuit cdc phuong thirc hyp tde 6k tdng eudng ngudn iuc eho phdt triln xdy dung giao thflng
- Ndng eao ndng lyc cua Nha thiu xdy ldp xdc djnh trdch nhi^m cua cdc nhd thiu xdy Ilp v l chit lupng xdy dyng minh dam nhdn chu trpng cflng tdc an todn lao ddng vd vd sinh mfli tn/dng qua trinh ldp, thim djnh, thuc hi$n dy dn d i u tu xdy dyng cflng trinh, thuc hidn nghiem chinh Thflng tu 22/2010/TT-BXD ngdy 3/12/2010 aJa Bfl Xdy dyng - d p phdt trang thiet bj bao hd diy du vd bit budc sir dyng Tdng cudng tuydn tuyin gido dye d l cflng tdc lao ddng vd vd sinh mfli trudng thye sy di vdo y ttiirc ngudi lao dflng Cfl ehl tdi xir l# ddi vdi nhd thiu vi phgm cdc quy
d\nh v l an todn, d l xay tai ngn
Cfl hd thdng kilm sodt luu trO thflng tin v l cdc nhd thiu d l xay tai ngn lao d$ng vd sir dyng nhu mdt dilu kidn qud trinh xdt thIuH