Khic vdi nhidu ngdi chua d Trung Qudc, cac ngdi chua cd d mien Blc Viet Nam khdng cd cac tda: dien Van Thti, dien Phd Hien, dien Gia Lam va cung khdng cd liu trdng (ddi dien vdi lau [r]
(1)Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao NGHIEN CUru TRAO DOI
MOT so DAC DIEM CUA NGOI CHUA VIET NGUYEN QUANG KHAI I Xuait xiir chua Phat giao
Khi Phat giio mdi ddi, chiia chua xuat hien Ddc Thich Ca Mau Ni va cac de tu cua Ngii di hinh dao va khuyen giio, thudng tru ddm tai hdc cay, hang dl Sau cd mgt ngudi ten la Cap Cd Dgc mua khu vudn cua thii tir Ky D l dang cho Phat de lam tinh xl giang kinh thuye't phip Tu' dd mdi bit dau cd chtia Cd the ndi, dd la ngdi chua diu tien d An Do va cung la ngdi chua dau tien tren hanh tmh niy Cdn tai Trung Qudc, theo sach "La bich chi
du", ngdi chtia dau tien dugc xay dung vao nim VTnh Binh, ddi HIn Minh de (nam 58-nam 75), dd la chua Hdng Ld Vd ten ggi, khdng phai ttr xuit hien, nai dung de cac nha tu hanh Phat giio thuye't phap, hinh dao cd tdn la "chua", ma ttiy ttmg thdi diem vl tung dia phuang lai cd ten goi khic O An Dg ggi la Tang gii lam O Trung Qudc, thdi Nguy Vd de'(dau the ky thu III), ggi la Chieu dd Nam Dai nghiep ddi Tiiy Dang de (nam 605-617) ggi la Dao tring Den ddi Dudng (nam 618-907) mdi ggi la tu (chua) O Viet Nam, theo nhidu ngudn thu tich cd, vao giiia the ky thtr II, Phat giio dugc truydn vio Luy Liu (nay thudc huyen Thuln Thanh, tinh Blc Ninh), va cd the chua dugc xuat hien vao thdi diem dd
Trudc Cich mang thing Tam nam 1945, dudng nhu lang nIo cua Viet Nam (chi it la d ddng bang Blc Bd) cung cd mdt ngdi chtia, tham chi cd lang cd de'n vai ba ngdi chua Cliua la de thd Phat Tuy nhien, tim hieu kie'n true vl tin ngudng thd tu cua cac ngdi
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chtia cua Phat giio Dai thtta va cua Phat giao
ChiJa Quang Minti a TP Pleiku - Gia Lai Anh: PV
Tieu thtra cung cd dac diem khic
n Ve dac diem ciia ngoi chiia Phat giao Dai thira
1.1 Ddc diem ve kie'n triic
Trong khudn vidn chua, xay dung cac hang muc cdng trinh theo hai each Mdt la, cau true theo md hinh chir "qudc", hai II ca'u true theo hinh chudi vd, phan chia nam khu vuc kie'n true: trung tim, tidn, hau, ta, hiru Tai khu vuc trung tim, cdng trinh kie'n triic dugc uu tien la tda tidn dudng, thieu huang, tda tam bao, hai tda hanh lang va nha td Hai tda hanh lang dugc xiy dung vudng gdc vdi tda tidn dudng vl ndi ttr hai dau nhi tidn dudng vdi hai diu nhi td, tao khdi kien true khep kin
Thdng thudng, tda tidn dudng ciia nhiing ngdi chtia thudc Phat giao Dai thtra cua cic ling hlu he't cd hudng Tay hoac Tay - Nam, hoac Tay - Blc cua lang, hoac d sudn phia Tay, Tay - Nam, Tay - Blc nui Ngudi ta chi chgn hudng khic khdng chgn dugc ba hudng trdn Ngdi chtia ciing cd chidu cao
(2)NGHIEN CUrU TRAO DOI Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao
vtra phai, khdng cao qua
Tai khu vuc kien true phia trudc (mat tien) cd tam quan va glc chudng Tam quan: dan gian chi la cai cdng cd ba cira de vao chha Trudc day va ca hien nay, cd ngudi nhim tam quan la tam quin va giai thich dd II bieu tugng ba phep quin cua Phat giao la Khdng quan, Gil quin va Trung quin Thuc ra, tam quan tiic la cii cdng cd ba cita Trong sich "Quan Am thi Kinh", su thiy khuydn tieu Kinh Tam tieu bi lang bit va, cd clu: "DM oan hay eon khdng oan THi eon hay a tam quan mdi ngoai", chinh la ndi cai tam quan
Cling cd chtia, tang tren cua tam quan dugc diing lam glc chudng Gac chudng: thdng thudng dugc lim hai ting Ting tren dung de treo chudng, ting dudi, dung lam cdng vao chtia (neu tam quan ddng thdi la glc chiidng) Thdng thudng, tam quan va glc chudng la hai dan nguydn xiy dung khic Tai ting dudi glc chudng, ngudi ta bay tugng td tran dau ddi mu tru, vd phuc, diu ddi mu tru tay elm vd khi, dung d bdn gdc, hudng vao trung tam
Phia sau (mat hau): thudng la nha hau, nha td, vudn thap, nai an vi xl li cac vi ting ni da timg tru tri, hanh dao tai chua qua cac thdi k^ Ben phai, cd the la nha mlu, am thd,
Ben trai: cd the la nha trai, nha khich, nha tao soan, cic cdng trinh phu khic
Hai khu vuc niy (khu ta va khu hiiu), theo dia the khu dat va sd thich ngudi tru tri, cd the ngudi ta xay dung nha mlu, am thd d ben trai vl xay dung nha trai, nha khich, nha tao soan d khu vuc cua khu vuc trung tam
Ngoai cac cdng trinh xay dung khudn vien chua, mdt sd chtia cdn cd cic cdng trinh kie'n true khic Tai chtia Dau (Thuan Thanh, Blc Ninh) cdn cd tda Tam bao hlu, hanh lang tien, thap Hda phong, tda nghinh khach Chua But Thap (Thuln Thanh, Blc Ninh) cdn cd tda Tich thien am, phii thd, nha bia Chtia Ninh Hiep (Gia Lim
Ha Ndi), chua Thiy (Sde San, Ha Ndi) cdn cd tda Thuy dinh Chua Ham Long (Blc Ninh) va mdt so chua khic cdn cd tda Ly trin vien,
Dac biet, kie'n true chtia DIu va chua But Thip d Blc Ninh, ngudi xua ddu lay so de xiy dung chua Ne'u tinh theo mat bing xay dung, ttr ngoai vio cd Idp: clu, tam quan, gac chudng, nghinh khich, thap, tidn dudng, thieu huang, thugng dien, tam bao hau (chua Dau); tam quan, gac chudng, tidn dudng, thieu huang, thugng dien, tich thien am, nha khach, phu thd, hlu dudng (chtia But Thap) Ne'u tinh theo phuang thang ddng, mdt cdng trinh kie'n true cua cic chua niy cung cd blc, dd la thap Hda Phong d chtia Dau (thdi Trin) cd ting, sau, bi dd, thdi Nguydn xay lai cdn ting, vl'tda Cufu pham lien hoa d chua But Thip ciing cd tang
Tai ta't ca cac cdng trinh kie'n tnie thd tu khudn vidn chtia, ngudi ta ddu treo cic bde hoanh phi, clu ddi, mgt sd nai cdn cd cac bde cudn thu bing chu HIn (hoac chtt Ndm), vdi nhidu the chir khic nhau, ri't sinh ddng Cic bde hoanh phi, clu ddi, cudn thu dd, mdt mat, gidi thieu cho ngudi den thim chua biet nai thd dd ggi la gi, vi dugc thd d dd la ai, hanh trang cua vi dd nhu the nao; mat khac, cQng tao khdng gian thd tu them phong phu vd phuong dien van hda Vat lieu dugc dtmg de xay dung chtia, d budi ban diu II tranh tre, tudng dit, sau mdi dung d l ong (nai cd nui), sau mdi cd khung gd, xiy tudng gach, Igp mai ngdi
Khic vdi nhidu ngdi chua d Trung Qudc, cac ngdi chua cd d mien Blc Viet Nam khdng cd cac tda: dien Van Thti, dien Phd Hien, dien Gia Lam va cung khdng cd liu trdng (ddi dien vdi lau chudng); qui md xiy dung ciia cac tda nha cung nhd ban nhidu; khudn vidn chua cung khdng rdng nhu nhieu chtia d Trung Qudc (trir mgt so ngdi chua mdi dugc xiy dung gin diy)
(3)Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao NGHIEN CCrU TRAO DOI
Theo kinh "Tang nha't A ham" quyen 28, thi viec tac tugng Phat de thd da xua't hien ttr Phat cdn tai the Ngudi diu tien thuc hien viec la Uu Didn vuong - qudc vuang nude Clu Thiem Di Viec thd Bd tit, Thanh tang, Hd phap La ban, mai sau mdi xuat hien
O Viet Nam, cho de'n nay, chung ta khdng bie't dugc each thd tu trdn chtia thdi Ly, Tran trd ve trudc nhu the nao Dua vio mdt so kinh dien Phat giao, mdt sd nghidn ciiu ciia Trin Trgng Kim, Nguydn Lang, Toan Anh, va ke't qua didn da, chung tdi biet dugc each thd tu tai cic ngdi chua mien Blc Viet Nam td thdi Le den diu the ky XX nhu sau:
Tai tda Tam bao (cdn ggi la thugng dien hay chinh dien), d chfnh giira cd cic Idp tugng sau: Lap cao nhdt, sit tudng tda tam bao cd vi Tam the Vd ba tugng niy, cd nhidu cich giai thich khac Cd ngudi cho dd la A Di Da (Phat qua khd), Thich Ca (ngdi giiia, Phat hien tai), Di Lac (Phat tuong lai); cd ngudi cho la dd Nhien dang, Thich Ca, Di Lac Ciing ba tugng nay, cd ngudi cho la tam thin, dd la Ty Ld Gia Na, Ld Xa La, Thich Ca; cd ngudi lai ggi la Tam phuang Thich Ca, Di da, Dugc su Lap thit hai: ngdi giira la Phat A Di Da, hai bdn II Quan The Am va Dai The' chi Lap thif ba: chfnh gitra II The tdn Thich Ca (cd the diing, cd the tga tren tda sen), hai bdn II Ca Diep va A Nan Da, cung cd the la Van Thu (eudi su tir xanh) va Phd Hidn (eudi voi tring) Lap thif tif \a tda Guru long, cd nhidu loai Cd curu long mdt diy, ciiu long hai diy, hoac ba, bdn, nam day Tren dd, ngudi ta tac diu rdng va cac chu Phat, chu Thien O chinh giiia cd tugng Thich Ca sa sinh Rieng chua Quang Ba (TP Ha Ndi), tda Ciiu long lai tac tugng Phit Thich Ca dung dudi tin cly vd uu Tda Cim Long la tic pham dieu khic ghi lai thdi diem ddi ciia Ddc Thich Ca cd gia tri nghe thuat cao Lap thif ndm: cd cac kieu thd, cd the ngdi giiia la Ngge hoang Thugng de, hai ben la Nam tao va Blc dau Ciing cd
the II Ngge hoing ngdi gitra, hai ben la Phan vuang vl De thich Gdc Tam bio ben trii thd Quan Am Td'ng tir, gdc ben phai cd the thd mgt vi nao dd (ching han nhu: Quan Am Chuan Di, hoac la td Tay, hoac la Quan Am thi Kinh, ) Hai day sat tudng tda Tam bao thd Thap dien Didm vuong, mdi ben ,vi, ddu d tu the ngdi, dau ddi mu binh thidn 10 vi dd la: Tin Quang vuang, Sd Giang vuang, Td'ng de vuang, Ngu Quang vuang Diem La vuang, Bien Thanh vuang, Thii San vuang, Binh Chinh vuong, Dd Thi vuang, Chuyen Luan vuong Tin ngudng thd Thap dien Diem vuong mdi xua't hien d Trung Qudc vao thdi nhi Dudng (nam 618-907)
Tuy nhien, khdng phai chua nao cung bai trf nhu tren Chua Mfa (Ha Tay cu) lai bay Thap dien Diem vuang d ddng; cd chua lai the hien hinh tugng cac vi bang tranh ve hay phu dieu
O chua Tram gian, huyen Nam Sich, tinh Hii Duong, ngdi lidn kd vdi Thap dien Diem vuong cd vi Td phii Bdn vi cd kich thudc Idn hon tugng Diem vuang, nhung mu mang, pham phuc, the ngdi ddu gid'ng tugng Thap dien Tren nguc cic vi ddu cd the ghi rd "Thuy phu", "Thien phd", "Nhac phu", "Dia phii" Diy la bdn vi giup viec cho Ngge hoang thugng de cai quan bdn cdi: cdi trdi, nui rung, mat da't va sdng nude bien hd (khdng nen lln vdi td phii tin ngudng thd Mlu)
Nhin vio ba Idp (1,2,3) tugng thd Tam bao, d dd chi cd thd Phat va cac vi Bd Tit Cac vi Phat ngdi d Idp cao nhat, sat tudng, cdn Idp tugng thd hai va thd ba, Phat ngdi d chinh giiia Cac vi Phat ddu cd dang ve ttr bi, ngdi ke't gia, ddi tai dai, nguc cd dau chir "van", ao mau canh gian, cd nhieu Idp sdng Hai ben la cac vi Bd tat
Ne'u d nhidu chua d Trung Qudc, ngudi ta lam dien rieng dd thd Van Thu Bd Tit, Phd Hidn Bd Tit vl Gia lam dien de thd Hd phap, thi d Viet Nam, ttr nam 1945 trd vd trudc, dudng nhu khdng cd chtia nao cd cic dien thd dd
(4)NGHIEN CQU TRAO DOI Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao
Trong tda Tam bio, d cic chtia Ninh Hiep, chua Ve d Ha Ndi, chua Dau d Blc Ninh thd Td Bd tat Td Bd tit cd hinh dang nir quan, tre trung, xinh dep, dau ddi mu ty lu, minh mac ao dai, diing trdn dai sen dat d vi tri hai diu hdi hai gian bdn, hudng vao gian giira Bdn vi Bd tit (td Bd tat) dd II: Kim cuang Quyen Bd tit, Kim cuang Sich Bd tit, Kim cuang Ai Bd tat, Kim cuang Ngtr Bd tit Nhung chua Dau, Blc Ninh Tam bao lai thd Luc bg Cdng tlo Sau vi (Luc bg Cdng tao) cd hinh ding nhd, cd ngudi mac vd phuc, cd tugng mac pham phuc van quan, deu d tu the ngdi tren ghe hoac eudi sau Cung tai chua DIu, ngudi xua cdn thd ba Tring, ba Dd, thd tugng Phip VIn va thd Thach Quang Phat
Tai nhi tidn dudng, hai gian lidn ke Tam bao cd hai vi hd phip rat Idn, mac vd phuc Mdt vi mat dd, d m kiem, trdng dung manh; mdt vi mat tring, ding ve hidn ttr, tay d m vien ngge Ngudi ta ggi mgt vi la Trtmg ac (ngudi d m kie'm), mdt vi la Khuyen thien (tay d m vien ngge)
O gian ben trai tie'p theo, ngudi ta thd Thinh Hidn Thanh Hidn d tu the ngdi, diu dgi mil that Phat, ve mat tuoi sing, ttr bi, tay trai bung bit chao, tay phai dung len, hudng vd phia trudc Cung cd chua (chtia Tran Qudc, TP Ha Ndi), tai vi tri nay, ngudi ta thd - Quan Cdng va hai bdn la Chau Xuong, Quan
Binh Tai gian dau hdi, ngudi ta thd vong, chinh giiia la tugng Dia Tang vuang Bd Tat d tu the ddng, diu dgi mii that Phat, tay d m gay tich truong Cung cd chiia d hai diu hdi nha tidn dudng, ngudi ta bd trf tim tugng Kim cuang (mdi bdn bdn vi), ggi la "bit bd Kim cuang" Bit bd Kim cuong ddu d tu the'ddng, tay d m vu khf, mac vd phuc, ddng quay mat vao phia giiia tda tien dudng Cung cd thdi ky, d mdt sd chua Viet, tuang dng vdi bat bd Kim cuang, ngudi ta lai thd tim vi Minh vuong: Hang tam the Minh vuang, Dai uy ddc Minh vuong, Dai tieu Minh vuang, Dai luan Minh vuong, Ma diu Minh vuong, Vd nang thing Minh vuong,
Bit ddng Minh vuong, Bd trich Minh vuong Tai gian ben phai tie'p theo ciia nha tien dudng, thd tugng Ddc dng va thin thd dia Vd viec thd Ddc dng (hay Ddc Chua dng), trudc diy, d Viet Nam, cac chua cung thd khdng hoan toan gid'ng Cd chua thd Quan Cdng lim Ddc dng, cd chua thd Khan Na La tdn gia Tugng Ddc dng thudng trang nghiem, ddi mu, mat dd; tugng than Thd dia cd hinh dang mat dd, rau tring, long miy tring
Tuy nhien, nhin vao chi tiet, d c gian ben trii, ben phai tda tidn dudng d chua khdng hoan toan gid'ng chtia Rieng d chua Dau (Blc Ninh), tda tidn dudng cd thd Trang nguydn Mac DTnh Chi, ngudi cd cdng trung tu chua Dau vao the ky XIV
Tai hai day nha hinh lang nha chua thd thap bit (18) La han, mdi ben chin vi Nhung theo sach "Dai A La HIn Nan de Mat da la sd thuye't phap tru ky", chi cd 16 vi La bin thdi, cdn hai vi niia la thi gia 16 vi La ban dd la: Tin la Bat la Dga xa; Ca nac ca Phat ta; Ca nac ca Bat ly Dga xa; Td Tin da; Nac Cu la; Bat Dl la; Ca Ly ca; Phat xa la Phit da la; Thu blc ca; Ban thic ca; La hd la; Na gia Te na; Nhin Yet dl; Phat na ba Tu; A thi Da; Chu bd Ban thic ca, tie'p theo la hai vi thi gii
Vi tri thd cac vi La bin d chua Viet, cung khdng nha't thiet gid'ng Chang han, cac vi La han d chiia Dau (Thuan Thanh, Blc Ninh), chua Ddng Ky (Td Son, Blc Ninh), chtia Ninh Hiep (Gia Lim, Ha Ndi) va mdt sd chua khac, dugc thd d nha hanh lang, nhung tai chua But Thap (Thuln Thanh, Bac Ninh), chua Phat Tfeh (trudc nam 1945), chua Lung Giang (Tien Du, Blc Ninh), chua Dip Cau (TP Blc Ninh), thi d c vi La ban lai dugc thd d sat hai ben tudng phfa tda Tam bao Cdn chua Quin Sd (HI Ndi), d c vi La ban lai dugc the hien bing tranh ve va dugc treo nhi To
(5)Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao NGHIEN CCru TRAO DOI
Chiia Tieu Son (Blc Ninh) thd de luc td Hue Nang, chua Dai Thanh (Blc Ninh) thd Tdng ddc Nguydn Dang Giai, ngudi cd cdng cho xay dung rat nhieu chua d xd Blc vao the ky XIX
Ngoai d c tugng trdn, mdt sd ngdi chua d thinh phd Ha Ndi (nhu chua Quan Hoa, chua Bing, chua Quan Sd, chua Ninh Hiep, chua Tiy Phuong, ) cdn thd Vi Da tdn thien Vi nay, cd chua thd tren liu tam quan (chiia Ninh Hiep), cd chua thd d an (chua Quan Sd) Tin nguong thd Vi Da tdn thien cd tii the ky thd VII d Trung Qudc
Vd chit lieu dung dd lam tugng, d c tugng dugc thd chua thudng dugc tao td bdn chit lieu: gd mit, di't set, ddng va dl
Quan sat mdt so ngdi chua d Trung Qudc, chdng tdi khdng tha'y ngudi ta thd nhu d Viet Nam Cu the la ngudi ta khdng thd Thap dien Diem 'vuong, khdng thd Than Thd dia Cdn Ddc dng thi dugc thd d Gil lam dien n i Mgt sd dac diem ciia Phat giao Tieu thtra
Phat giao Tieu thda d d c tinh phfa Nam, so vdi d c ngdi chua cua Phat giao Dai thtra d d c tinh phfa Blc, d c ngdi chua cua Phat giio Nam tdng Kho-me cd mii rat nhgn, d c dau dao thudng nhgn va cong vut len trdi
Trong tin ngudng thd tu, Phit giao Tieu thda chi thd tugng Thich Ca Mau Ni, khdng thd Phit A Di Da, Di Lac, Ty Nd gia na va d c vi Bd tat
Ngoai ngdi chua thd Phat m l lang Viet nao cung cd, chdng tdi cdn thiy trudc day d mdt sd lang d ddng bing Blc Bd cdn cd chua Muc ddng Chua Muc ddng thudng dugc xay dung d ria lang, noi giap ranh giiia khu dan cu va d n h ddng Muc dich xay chua Muc ddng la de thd cung d c tre chan trau (muc ddng) chet tre, khdng cd ngudi thd cdng Chua Muc ddng thudng nhd, kie'n true don gian, ben cd tugng tre muc ddng bing di't set Ngay nay, khdng thi'y lang nao cdn chua Muc ddng
Ngoai ra, trudc day, mdt sd ddng hg cung
xay chua rieng cua ddng hg Nhung trudng hgp khdng nhieu va nay, khdng tha'y xuat hien nira
O mdt sd tinh phfa Blc trudc day, mdt so gia dinh quydn qui, giau cd xay am thd Phat cua rieng gia dinh minh Cdn mdt so gia dinh d d c tinh phfa Nam trudc day va hien vin cd tinh xl, tinh that, niem Phat dudng dd thd Phat va de hanh tri nep sd'ng tu hanh cua Phat tii
Tit sif tim hieu ngdi chiia Viet, chitng tdi thdy:
Mdt Id, tin ngudng thd tu ngdi chua d d c tinh phia Blc the hien rat rd tinh chat dan xen, hda ddng giua Thidn tdng, Tinh tdng Mat tdng va tin ngudng dan gian, thdng qua tin ngudng thd d c vi Thich Ca, Ma Ca diep va A Nan Da; thd A Di Da, Quan The Am, Dai The Chi; thd Kim cuong (Td Kim cuong hoac Bat bd Kim cuong) va thd Td phap, thd thin Thd dia
Hai Id, tin ngudng thd tu tai chua cua Phat giio Dai thda d Viet Nam co ban la dua theo kinh dien Phat giao, nhung cung chieu cd de'n ddi sd'ng tin ngudng ciia ngudi din mdi dia phuong Didu niy the hien rd d tin ngudng thd Hd phip, thd Td phap va mdt sd nhin vat dugc thd tu khac
Ba Id, mac du tin nguong thd tu chiia Viet la tuan theo kinh dien Phat giio, nhung cung cd nhidu sang tao, each tin va mang di'u an cua dac diem tin ngudng cua mdi dia phuang
Bdn Id, a nhidu tugng chua, ngudi xua ddu cd glng phan anh nhirng dau md'c quan trgng cugc ddi Ddc Phat, cugc ddi d c vi Bd tit, d c vi La bin Qua tu the, than thii cua mdt so tugng La hIn va d e b d u tao cira sd tren tidn dudng, tam bao, khdng dugc the hien that sau sic
Ndm la, nhin sang chua mdt sd nude lan can, chung ta thi'y chua Viet the hien ddc khiem nhudng cua ngudi Viet Dd la su d u true nhOng tda nha cd cao, khudn vien, tugng to, ldi di, ciia rdng vtra phaiB