Trudc day, giii quygt nhi d la trach nhigm ciia Nhi nude. Cin bp nhi nude dupe bd tri nhi d. Dan eu dd thi hiu hgt dupe bao cip vg nhi 6, khign cho viec phin phdi khdng tiig can bang[r]
(1)vi L U A N V A T H I / C TIJN C H I N H TRj HUOC NGOAI CT
GIAI QUYET VAN DE NHA CHO HO THU NHAP THAP MOT SO NllOlC VA
KINH NGHIEM DOI Vdl VIET NAM
• ThS TRAN \ AN THACH Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh khu vuc III
V'an dl nhi d li mdt nhirng ndi dung quan trgng nhat ciia chinh sich an sinh xi hpi vi ludn dugc Dang, Nha nude ta dac biet quan tam Trong Chien luoc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi 2001 -2010, Ding dl quan dilm phat trien la "Nang cao chat lirong cugc song ciia nhan dan vl an, mic, d, di Igi, phdng vi chira benh, hgc tap, lim vigc, tiep thu thdng tin, sinh boat van hda""\ Den Chien luoc phat trien kinh te - xi hoi 2011-2020, muc tidu chign lupc dupe xic dinh cu the la "Xda nha a don so, ty Ie nha a kign cd dat 70%, binh quan 25m^ sin xay dung nha tinh tren mdt ngudi dan"'^'
Tuy nhien, giii quydt vin di nha cho ngudi thu nhap thip la van de cue ky khd khin, phiic tgp Cac qudc gia trdn thi gidi dl giii quygt tdt vin dl ciing phai trai qua qui trmh tim tdi phirong thiic, hgc hoi, due kit kinh nghiem
1 Giai quyet nha a xa h$i tai mot so nu&c Xinhgapo la mdt nhimg nude da thuc hign chien luoc nha dxa hpi thinh cdng Tir mdt thinh phd cu ky vdi nhiing cin nha chat chdi, toi ta, dai da sd ngudi din sdng cic khu d chupt, lup xup, rich nit, den cd tren 90% ngudi din Xinhgapo sdhiiu nha, cd tdi 83% sd ngudi dugc sd hiiu nhi gii thip<3'; trd qudc dio cd bigt danh "Su tii" vdi nhirng dudng phd, nhiing khu nhi khang trang, cinh quan mdi trudng dd thi van minh, hign dgi
Ve td chuc bd may chuyen trich, co quan Nha vi Phit triln (Housmg & Development Board - HDB) thudc Bp Phit triln qudc gia, co quan cua Chinh phii chiu trich nhiem vl nha d chat lupng vdi gii phai ching, giup phan bd vi quy hoach ngudn luc hieu qua HDB co trich nhiem vi quyin ban tir cdng tic quy hoach, thilt kl cho den thu hdi dat vi xiy dung, phan phdi, quin ly, bio tri vi cac nhigm vy lien quan den nha d mOt tdng the chung Nhd cd quyin han day dii vi trach nhiem rd rang, cy thi mgi khiu dieu hanh, quin ly, nen boat ddng phit trien nhi d mang lai higu qua cao
(2)E l I * 11 I A N VA THUC TIJN CHlNH TR| NU(3IC NG( Su hd trp m?uih me cua Chinh phu dudi hinh thiic cam kft chinh tri, lai chinh vi phip ly di giup dua chuong trinh nhi d chit lupng vdi gii phu hpp, timg budc dip ung nhu eiu ngudi din Tit nim 2005 ddn nay, cie doanh nghidp tu nhan dupe tham gia phit triOn nhi debit lupng, mang ddn nhi^u ddi mdi vd xiy dpng, thidt kd vi ehpn lua nhi nhung d^u nim sp didu hinh mang tinh chidn lupc phit tridn chung eiia Nhi nude Cic td chiic tu nhin tham gia xiy dung nha dcho ngudi thu nhip thip nliiin dupe su hd trp cua Nhi nude, thu tgc hinh chlnh rd rang va dupe thpc hipn nhanh chdng
Xiydungld trinh phit triin nhi dphii hqp vdi diiu ki$n kinh ti - xi hdi Qui trinh phit tridn nha d cua Xinhgapo dupe tri^n khai then giai doan"': Giai doan 1960 -1970: xiy dung cic khu chung cu thu nhip thip chi dii dd bd tri cic phdng &, mdi cin hp khoing 50m^ ddn 60m' De lift kiem ehi phi diu tu va vjn hinh, thang miy dupe thiet kd ting mdi ed mpt diem dimg, nhirng nam sau, thu nhip cua ngudi dan tdng len thi h? thdng thang miy dupe cii tao dd dimg d timg tang; Giai doan 1971 -1980: xiy dung bd sung eho nhu eiu tang din sd, dien tich cic ein hp din^c nang len khoang 70m' va cd nhiSu phdng hon; Giai doan 1981 -1991: xiy dpng them cic chung cu vi chu trpng den cinh quan mdi trudng, eiy xanh; cai tao mpt sd khu chung cu cu cho phu hpp yeu cau su dung ngiy cang cap; Giai do^n tir nim 1991 ddn nay, quy ho^ch phit tridn them nhieu khu mdi, nhim phin tin vi can bing mit dp din sd, thuin lpi eho giao thdng Viec xiy dung cic chung cu phin Idn dupe thuc hien then don dit hang
Rd rang Xinhgapo di tidp can vin dd nhi xa hpi theo quan didm phit tridn Phit tridn nhi o xa hpi khdng thuin la chinh sich
mang tinh nhit thdi, tinh thg mi li chinh sieh CO bdn, liu dii, mang tim chidn lupc qudc gia vi dupe hogch djnh mOt kd hoach theo 10 trinh nhit dinh
Vi quy ho^eh vi quin ly thi/c hi$n quy ho^ch Cdng tic quy hogch dupe nhjn thiic li vin 66 quan trpng hing diu viec phit trlSn dn djnh thi trudng bit ddng sin Quy Irinh thpc hipn gdm budc:
a) Quy hoach djnh huong - quy hoach tdng thd mil bing, djnh hudng phit tridn cic khu chiic ning, dd chu trpng xem xet cic ydu Id nhu hudng phit tridn, ca ciu didn ti'ch, ciu true cic khu ehiic ning (quy hogch cd gii tri 10 nim), dim bio tinh hii hda, hpp 1]? mdt chinh thd dd thj thdng nhat
b) Quy hoach chi tift cd thdi hgn thuc hien nim Dpa tren quy hogch dinh hudng (chidn lupc) dd xay dung cic npi dung chi ti^t eho timg khu vpc, timg cum din cu theo cie tj le khic Yeu ciu cua budc quy hogch niy khdng don thuin li van dg kidn tnic, nhi mi cic nhu ciu kinh td - xa hpi deu dupe tinh tdi mpt cich cu thd, ehi tiet Quy hpgch chi tift duprc edng bd edng khai rpng rii cho mpi ngudi danthamgiagdpychinh sua vi cdng bd chinh thiic rdi mdi tridn khai thuc hipn
c) Khi ehuan bj tridn khai thpc hign du in xiy dpng nhi 6, cie ehu dau tu lap chuong trinh dp in cy thg phu hpp vdi quy hogch chi Ugt di dg vi trinh Co quan tii phit trien dd thi (URA) xem xdt phg duyet
Lam quy hogch theo mpt quy trinh khoa hpe da tgp co sd rin egy cho viec xic dinh phan bd sir dpng dit dai hpp ly
Vd ngudn luc tii chlnh diphit triin nha a xi hdi Xinhgapo di "thanh lip Quy tidt ki$m trung irong, quy phy trich chi dao cic td chiic tuygn dpng lao dOng ddng 13% va ngudi
(3)ia lao dpng ddng gdp 20% luong hing thing vao tti bin cin nha thu nhit) mdi dupe mua quy nhu mdt khoin tift kigm tiieo lii suit ngin cin nhi thir hai cua HDB Mpi viec chuygn hing dg sir dpng mua nhi"™ Ngpii ra, dg din
chung ed thg mua nha, Chinh phu cung eip cic khpan vay eho mdi thing ngudi dan chi phii tirich dudi 20% thu nhip dg tri tign mua nhi Ddng tiidi, thigt lip quy nha d trung uong (mdt dang quy bdo higm) bit bupc ci xi hpi tham gia, nhim trp cip dg gii bin nhi thip hon gii till trudng Ngudi din mudn dupe sd hiiu cin hd Nhi nude eung cip phii tiipc hifn ddng gdp quy dg danh tign mua nha, sd Ugn ngudi dan ddng gdp quy dupe trir din vao tien mua nha tri gdp,
thdi gian tri gdp liu nhit li 25 nim Co quan quin ly quy va td chiic xiy dpng nha d cho nhan din td chire viee ban nhi tra gdp cho ngudi dan Ngudi cd thu nhip thap dupe uu Uen mua trudc vi thdng qua hinh thiic bdc tham"''
Cic cich lim trgn rit thiet thue, hpp ly, di giii quygt hii hda mdi quan he lpi ieh vi trich nhiem giiia ngirdi din vi Nhi nude, vira dam bio dupe muc Ueu chung la phat trign xa hdi Vi quan ly thi tnrdng bat ddng sin Ngudi din mua cin bd chi dupe so hiiu khdng qui 90 nim Sau thdi hgn niy, Chinh phu se thu hdi khdng bdi thirdng dg xiy dung lai chung cu mdi, ngudi dan se dupe uu tien mua Igi cin hd hong chung eu mdi trudc bet quygn sdhiiu nhi dtai chung cu cu Viee ban ed thdi han niy lanhimhgnchg tranh chap vg sau va thuan lpi cho vlec xay dtmg Igi ddng bd cae khu chung cu Dg hgn ehg tinh trang mua di bin Igi va diu CO, Chinh phu quy dinh mua nha cua HDB
nhupng lim thay ddi muc dieh sir dung phai thdng qua co quan nha nude Nhi nude ddng vai trd ming gian giua ngudi sir dung dit vi ehu ddu tu, trinh nhiing lieu cue viec giii tda vi khdng dg dnh hudng xiu dgn viec thirc hien du in theo quy hogch ndi rieng vi phat trign kinh tg ndi chung
Cung ung nhigu logi nhi o, dip ung nhu ciu da dang cua ngudi dan HDB eung cip cho tiii trudng nhigu logi nhi, phu hop vdi nhu ciu da dgng cua ngudi din
Logi can hp phdng phdng phdng phdng phdng
Dien tich ehuan (m^) 32 45 85 90 110
Gia ban hoac cho thue 26 - 33$/th4ng 44 - 75$/thang 126.000$ 203.000$
phai 65 nam mdi dupe bin va sau 10 nim (kl
Ngudn: http://thongtinphaptuatdansu.wordpress.com Nhu vay, chuong trinh cung cap nha d HDB triln khai da dip ling nhu cau da dang vl nhi cua hau bet mpi ngudi dan Xinhgapo, phii hgp vdi tinh chat ciia nin kinh te thi tiTJong
Thai Lan
Vd td chuc bd miy, aing gidng nhu Xinhgapo, Chinh phii Thii Lan ciing lap co quan Cdng ddng nhi a (UCDO) true thupc Bd Nhi d UCDO cd vai trd hen kit cic td chiic khic nhim huy dpng tii chinh de phat trien nha d^ hogch dinh chinh sich, quy hoach, thiet ke nhi d
Ve cMnh sich tai chinh, Chinh phii Thii Lan cho phep UCDO lap ngan hing rieng vdi myc dich cung cip tin dung nha &, cung cip nhiing khoan vay cho ngudi thu nhap thap vdi lai suit uu dai, de hp mua dupe nhi tra gdp Chinh phii thinh lap Td chuc nghien
(4)m^ vi LUAN VA THl/C T I I N CHfNH TRI Nl/(3C NGC :
CUU thi trudng nhi d Chinh phu cung khuygn khich cic ngudn vdn diu tu cua tu nhin vi nude ngoii vio linh vpc nhi d Ngoii edn chil truong trieh 20% khoin thug thu nhip ddnh vio nhdm ngudi giiu dg bd sung vio Quy phit trign nhi
Chinh phu cung chu trpng giii quygt ydu ciu cii thign mdi trudng, bio dim dinh quy dit cho cic cdng trinh cdng cdng, djch vy xi hdi, sin vuon, cay xanh khu nhi ciia ngudi ngheo'" Bio dim mirc gii thug nhi bpp ly ddi vdi ngudi thu nhap thip, xiy dpng chinh sich tiiue nha hudng liri vigc hda gii nhi cho ngudi thue
He thdng tin dpng nhi d Thii Lan li hg thdng nhin tien dit epe Cic co sd tii chinh nhan dupe cic khoan tign dit coc cua nhin dan hode cic td chuc vi sir dung khoan dit cpc niy bing viec cung cap vdn vay nhi d Ngin hang nhi p Chinh phu (GHB) giii vi tri quan trpng tren thi trudng GHB phat tridn mgng ludi dich vu tdi hau hgt cic Unh thinh vi di cdng buy ddng ngudn vdn bing viec nhin cic khoan tign dit cpc, tai khoan Ugt kiem dac bigt vi phit hinh trii phigu GHB duoc quan ly higu qui vdi chi phi van hanh rit thap vi da cung cip cic khoan vdn vay nha vdi muc lai suit thip nhit trgn thi trudng dg tgo digu kien cho nhung ngudi thu nhip thip cd thg mua dupe nhi d""
Trung Quoc
Trudc day, giii quygt nhi d la trach nhigm ciia Nhi nude Cin bp nhi nude dupe bd tri nhi d Dan eu dd thi hiu hgt dupe bao cip vg nhi 6, khign cho viec phin phdi khdng tiig can bang va tham nhung trd nen phd bign Hau qua li khdng dip irng dupe nhu ciu chinh dang cua ngudi din, chit lupng nhi kem, xudng cap nhanh chdng
Nhimg nim eii cich, vin dd nha cung dupe cii cieh theo hudng thuong mai hda vigc xiy dpng, phin phdi vi sir dpng Nha d dupe cho thug vi tign thug du dg bu dip cic chi phi tigu chuin Tir nim 1993, Chinh phii Trung Qudc quy djnh cic cdng ty phit trign bit ddng sin phai cd it nhit 20% nhi gii rd kg hogch phit trign hing nim dg danh cho ngudi thu nhap thip dudi dgng cho Uiug hoie bin
- Chinh sich qudc gia Ugt kigm bit huge phit trign nhi dr Chinh sich niy ygu ciu tit ci cie cu din dd thj cd vigc lim phii tidt kigm mdt phin luong thdng qua don vi edng tic dg hinh thinh quy Ugt kigm dai hgn phit tiidn nhi d Ngudi chu tuygn dpng cung phii ddng gdp m0t ty Ig tuong iing vio tii khoin cua ngudi lao dpng hing thing Tign Ugt kigm mdt ngin hang dgi dienchochu til khoindiic nguoi lam cdng) nim giu vi dupe quin ly thdng qua ngudi chu tuygn dyng lap ddng, ngin hang chi chp vay de phit trign nhi d Chu tii khoin cd thg nit tign tir ngin hing dg chi Ueu eho nha d sau di dupe ngudi tuyen dung phg duygt, bao gdm mua nhi va siia chiia Idn thdi gian cdn di lam cua ngudi lao ddng
- Nhi nude thiet Igp cic quy dinh quin ly nhi cho thug vdi gii thip Minh bgch phin phdi nha cho cac hd thu nhap thip kgt hpp vdi chien lupc bao cip tien thug nha mdt cich linh hogt, it tdn kem hon so vdi chign lupc xiy dung tryc tigp nhi eho thue vdi gii thip
2 Nhting kinh nghifm cho Vift Nam a) Xiy dung co chi, chinh sich - Vg chinh sich tii chinh Vdn cho thi tnrdng BDS ludn la vin dg nan giai Dg tim ngudn vdn thieh hpp vi higu qui cho su phit trign thi trudng BDSVlgtNamhiennayngnxay dung kenh thu hut vdn ehuyen bigt Chu trpng ngudn vdn Ugt kigm Uong nude dg phat triin
(5)m
liu dai Co thi van dyng kinh nghiem lap ngan hang rigng vdi myc dich cung cip tin dung nha nhu Thii Lan vi ca che trich 20% khoin thug dinh vao nhdm ngudi giiu de bd sung vao qu^ phit triln nhi 6^ thinh lip quy
Itiet kigm trung uong nhu Xinhgapo; quy dinh cic td chiic tuyIn dung lao ddng phii cd nghia vu ddng gdp 13% vi ngudi lao dpng ddng gdp 20% luong hang thing vao quy, sau dd nhi nude cho vay hp cd nhu ciu mua nhi 6; lap quy tiet kigm dii ban phit triln nha nhu Trung Qudc; ylu ciu cu dan dd thi cd viec lim tilt kiem mOt phin luang thdng qua dan vi cdng tic Cic cich lam tren tao nguin vdn cin thiet dl phit triln nha mgt cich hiiu hieu
Cic doanh nghigp tu nhin tham gia phat triln nhi a cho nhdm ngudi thu nhap thip can nhan dugc su hd trp ciia nha nude Co quan phit triln nhi can dupe miln giam tiln su dung dat, miln cic logi thue, nhd the mi chi phi dau thip, chit lupng van dam bio, gii thinh hpp ly, dap ling nhu cau cua ngudi thu nhip thap
- Quy dinh vl thdi gian mua ban va thdi hgn sd hiiu nhi d Dl tranh dau co lim lung doan thi trudng BDS vi Igi ich nhdm, can phai cd nhiing quy dinh chit ehg vl thdi gian ngudi dan dupe mua hay bin nha xi hoi Quy dinh thoi ban sd huu nhi cung can tinh toin cho hgp ly de sau nhi bet thdi han sii dyng, chinh quyin dl dang thu hdi dl xiy mdi
- Quy dinh ty Ig nha d xa hdi gii re cic cdng tiinh xay dung Viec xay dung nhimg cin hp cd dign tich nhd, gia re thudng khdng hap dan cic doanh nghigp Vi the, tu kinh nghiem cic nude cho thiy, nhit thiet phai cd quy dinh budc cac cdng ty phat trien BDS phai dinh
20-30% cin hg gii rl cho ngudi thu nhap thip mdi cdng trinh mdi xiy dung Phin ddng gdp xa hgi niy ciia doanh nghiep se dupe bu dip hg bin nhung cin hd cao cip tda nha Mit khic, day la trich nhigm cua doanh nghigp vdi cpng ddng Nen xem quy dinh niy nhu mgt nguygn tic bit budc, trich nhigm duong nhign ma cac chii diu tu BDS (ca doanh nghigp nha nude vi tu nhan) phii tuin thu Diy li chinh sich cin co chiln lupc phit triln nhi a xi hgi liu dii ciia mgt quoc gia cung nhu timg dia phuong
- Quy dinh phat triln nhilu loai nhi, phu hpp vdi dieu kign vi nhu ciu da dang ciia cac ting Idp dan cu Cich lam niy khdng mdi (Xinhgapo, Han Qudc da ip dyng tir liu) nhung ludn mang Igi hieu qua cao boi tinh hop ly cua nd Gia cinh, diiu kign tii chinh ciing nhu nhu cau, sd thich ciia moi ngudi, mdi nha khdng gidng nhau, vi thi thi trudng nha d cung phii ludn da dgng, phong phu, nhieu chiing logi de dip ling
- De quan ly thi trudng nha a tdt hon, can cd nhimg quy dinh chat che vl gia mua, thue vi ddi tupng can dupe uu tien
+ Ngoai nhiing chinh sach tii chinh hpp ly nhim tao ngudn vdn ho trg thi nhung quy dinh ve gii ca li dieu kign tdi can thiet cho hd thu nhap thip mua hay thue dupe nhi d dn dinh liu dai Gii BDS ludn bien ddi theo thi trudng, gii bin nhi dxa hdi cung viy, nhien ddi tupng mua a day die bigt -ngudi thu nhap thap, nen nhi nude can quan ly cic cdng ty ban d mpt miic gia thip hon thi trudng
+ Nha dxa hpi (dinh uu tien cho nguoi thu nhip thap mua hay thue) vdi yeu cau cd chit lupng dam bao vi gia re, vd hinh trung Igi kich thich ham mudn dau co tryc lpi ciia mdt sd
(6)i l l IV " IAN VA THlfC T|6N CHlNH TRI Nl/tfC NGC :
ngudi (trong digu kign cung khdng dii ciu) Vi thg, dg kidm soit thj trudng n h i d xi hgi thi ehinh quygn cin cd nhimg quy djnh thit chit ehg hoat dOng mua bin, chuygn nhupng v i d i n h thug thu n h i p that cao ddi vdi hanh vi mua b i n logi hing hda niy
•1 Do ngudn lye (dit dai, tii chinh ) cd hgn ngn ngudn cung n h i khd d i p i i n g d u n h u c i u x i hgi timg thdi digm Vi vgy, vigc xic dinh dung ddi tupng cdn mua hay thug n h i d xi hpi dg im lien li digu hgt sue cin ihidt
b) Td chiic thuc hi$n phit triin nhi dxi hdi Bd miy td chirc N h i nude ddng vai trd
trung t i m vi chu dgng vigc q u i n ly vi digu tiet till trudng BDS Phai cd mgt hg thdng p h i p luit ve thi tnrcmg BDS hoin chinh vi thyc hign nghiem vigc quin ly sir dung dit
N h i nude ddng vai trd trung tam, cd t o i n quygn quygt dinh moi van dg quy hogch dd till Sau cd quy hogch, N h i nude thu hdi d i t va giao dat (ban h o i e eho thug) cho c i e cdng ty (Nhi nude hoic tu nhan) thyc hien dung quy hoach chi tiel
Khi b i n dat, N h i nude c i n quy djnh cic digu kien cin thigt dg xay dyng cdng trinh tren dign tich dat dd Vg co b i n , khdng cho phgp n h i d i u tu mua di b i n Igi; mpi vigc chuygn nhupng lim thay ddi muc dich sit dyng p h i i thdng qua CO quan n h i nude
Quy hoach ddng bd
- Phii n h i n thiic dupe vigc xiy dyng quy
hogch cd y nghia chign lupc ddi vdi phit trign hg ting dd thi ndi chung v i n h i ndi rigng Cdng t i c quy hogch p h i i dupe d i e bigt chu trpng, tgp sy phit nign ben vung cho thj tnrdng BDS Quy hogch phii tiieo tiiu hi hpp ly v i nhit q u i n tir dinh hudng dgn chi Ugt Quy hoach Mgn khai timg budrc khoa hpc, than trpng, chic chin, tranh sy thay ddi
- Quy hpgch phii dupe cdng khai, d i m bio mpi ngudi d i n v i cic co quan chuc ning, cic doanh nghigp dupe quygn tham gia ddng gdp y kign Sau ngi dung quy hogch d i dupe cdng bd, gii trj p h i p ly ciia quy hpgch dupe d i m b i o , khdng phy thuge v i o sy cgn thigp eug e i nhan hoic eo quan n i o Vigc quin ly xiy dtmg theo quy hogch rit nghigm khic, td chuc, c i n h i n n i o sai pham phii xu ly nghigm minh - Quy hogch cic khu n h i d phii dupe tinh ddn mdi quan hg vdl mdi trudng vin hda, giio dpc, nghg nghigp, vigc lim v i Idi sdng cua timg nhdm d i n cu
Giii tda, dgn bii, tii djnh cu N h i nirdc chiu trich nhigm thu hdi dit, sau dd cung cip eho cic don vi dg thyc hign dy an theo quy hogch (bin hoic cho thug), trinh tinh trgng ddi diu giiia n h i d i u tu va chu d i t q u i trinh den bu giii phdng m i t bing Sau n h i d i u tu dupe giao d i t phii cam kgt thye hien du in tiidi gian n h i t dinh
Cdng tic thu hdi dit, dgn bu, giii tda dupe thyc hign theo luit dinh, edng bing v i binh ding ddi vdi mpi td chirc, c i nhan, cd xem xet digu tiet gii tri gia ting dp n h i nude d i u tuha ting dd thi Vigc den bu dupe didu tra, khio sit ti my, d i m b i o quygn lpi eua ngudi d i n a
(1),(2) DCSVN: Vin ki$n D0hdi dai biiu toin qudc
lin thi IX NXB chinh tri qudc gia Ha Npi, 2001,
U.163,105
(3),(4),(6) http://canboUe.danang.vn (5) http://nhadat.thanlinien.com.vn
(7) TS HoangXuin N^"a, PG, TS Nguygn Khic Thanh (ddng chil bign): Mia dcho ngudi cdthu nhip th^P
d cic dd thi Idn hi^n kinh nghi$m a Ha Ndi,
http://thongtinphaptuatdansu.wordpress.com http://canboUe.danang.vn http://nhadat.thanlinien.com.vn http;//www.tapchibatdongsanvietnam.vn