Phương thức dịch áp dụng trong dịch thuật ngữ kinh tế quốc tế

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER TRANSLATION PROCEDURES APPLIED IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC TERMS RELATED TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE SUPERVISOR: NGUYEN THI THANH VAN (M.A.) STUDENT: PHUONG MINH HANG YEAR OF ENROLMENT: QH2010 Hanoi, May 2014 i ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƢ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP TÊN ĐỀ TÀI PHƢƠNG THỨC DỊCH ÁP DỤNG TRONG DỊCH THUẬT NGỮ KINH TẾ QUỐC TẾ Giáo viên hƣớng dẫn : Th.S Nguyễn Thị Thanh Vân Sinh viên : Phƣơng Minh Hằng Khóa : QH2010 HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2014 ii ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I: Phuong Minh Hang, class QH2010.F.1.E21, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Phuong Minh Hang May, 2014 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper would not have been completed without the support of many people, to all of whom I am profoundly indebted Firstly, I would like to express my great appreciation to Ms Nguyen Thi Thanh Van, M.A for her valuable advice and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research Without her constant support and encouragement, this study could not have been accomplished In addition, I wish to acknowledge the assistance given by the staff of the University of Languages and International Studies’ library for their willingness to offer appropriate sources of information and materials for my thesis Last but not least, I would like to offer my special thanks to my family and friends for their support, encouragement, love and care during the completion of this paper iv ABSTRACT In the current context of globalization, international trade exerts gre at importance on the development of every economy As a result, mutual understanding between international business partners must be enhanced in order to ensure the success of any business deal Hence, translation of economic terms in business documents plays a significant role as a linguistic bridge between domestic enterprises and their oversea partners In view of that, this study entitled “Translation Procedures Applied in Translating Economic Terms Related to International Trade” has been conducted with the purpose of investigating the procedures applied in translating international economic terms First, the researcher aims at listing out the commonly-used translation procedures In addition, this paper finds out the most dominant type of procedures applied in the translation of international trade terms To achieve these objectives, the researcher collected and analyzed data from the text book “International Economics: Theory and Policy” (ninth edition) by Krugman Obstfeld Melitz and its translated version published by National Political Publishing House Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were employed to interpret the collected data The results of this study suggested that among nine prominent translation procedures by Peter Newmark, through translation was the most frequently-used due to its accuracy Following the common translation procedures, recommendations for appropriate translation procedures to deal with economic documents were also offered v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND ABBREVIATIONS ix PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of problem and rationale of the study 1.2 Aims and research questions 1.3 Significance of the study 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Thesis structure PART 2: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 1.1 Translation Theory .5 1.1.1 Definition of translation 1.1.2 Translation procedures 1.1.2.1 Transference 1.1.2.2 Naturalization 1.1.2.3 Through translation 1.1.2.4 Shift or transposition 1.1.2.5 Modulation 1.1.2.6 Cultural equivalent 1.1.2.7 Functional equivalent 1.1.2.8 Descriptive equivalent .9 1.1.2.9 Couplets 1.2 Overview of terminology .9 1.2.1 Definition of terminology .9 1.2.2 Characteristics of terminology 10 1.2.2.1 Accuracy 11 vi 1.2.2.2 Systematism 11 1.2.2.3 Internationalism 12 1.2.2.4 Nationalism 12 1.2.2.5 Popularity 12 1.2.3 Classification of terminology 13 1.2.3.1 Simple terms 13 1.2.3.2 Above-word- level terms 13 1.2.3.3 Acronyms 14 1.3 Economic terms 15 1.3.1 International economics 15 1.3.2 Main characteristics and classification of international trade terms 16 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOG Y 18 2.1 Selection of subjects 18 2.2 Data collection instrument 18 2.3 Data collection procedures 18 2.4 Data analysis procedures 19 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 21 3.1 Data analysis 21 3.1.1 Through translation 21 3.1.2 Shift translation 26 3.1.3 Modulation 29 3.1.4 Couplets 31 3.1.5 Cultural equivalent 33 3.1.6 Descriptive equivalent 33 3.2 Findings 34 3.2.1 Research question 34 3.2.2 Research question 35 3.3 Discussion 37 3.3.1 Through translation 37 3.3.2 Shift translation 38 vii 3.3.3 Modulation and Couplets 38 3.3.4 Descriptive equivalent and cultural equivalent 39 3.3.5 Suggestion 39 PART 3: CONCLUSION 41 3.1 Recapitulation of the study 41 3.2 Limitations of the study 41 3.2 Suggestions for further study 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX 45 viii LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND ABBREVIATIONS List of tables Table 1.2.1: Examples of economic terms Table 1.2.3.2: Examples of mixed – compound terms Table 1.3.2.1: Examples of one-word-level terms Table 1.3.2.2: Examples of above-word-level terms Table 1.3.2.3: Examples of economic acronyms Table 3.1.1: Analysis of cases applying through translation procedure Table 3.1.1: Analysis of cases applying through translation procedure Table 3.1.2: Analysis of cases applying shift translation procedure Table 3.1.3: Analysis of cases applying modulation translation procedure Table 3.1.4: Analysis of cases applying couplet procedure Table 3.1.5: Analysis of cases applying cultural equivalent procedure Table 3.1.6: Analysis of cases applying descriptive equivalent procedure Table 3.2.1: Frequency and percentage of translation procedures List of figures Figure 3.2.2: The percentage of translation procedures applied in the EnglishVietnamese translation of international economic terms in the book “International Economics: Theory and Policy” by Krugman Obstfield Melitz List of abbreviations A: Indo-European words H: Sino-Vietnamese SL: Source language TL: Target language V: Pure – Vietnamese WTO: World Trade Organization ix PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of problem and rationale of the study After years joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), Vietnam has increasingly strengthened its power and position worldwide through international economic integration Such achievements owe much to translators who deal with the linguistic aspects of all business contracts and transactions in order to raise mutual understanding between domestic enterprises and their international business partners The main reason is that currently, “economists have become increasingly aware of the importance of paying attention to their language” (Pedro, 2011) Also, every business document contains a number of economic terms, and nothing other than sufficient knowledge of such terms can ensure the success of a business deal Thus, in the current context of globalization, the translation of economic terms is of vital importance for anyone who would like to business globally Addressing the need to investigate economic translation, many researches to date have been conducted on a number of sub-areas A typical study was conducted by Andreea-Rosalia Olteanu on “Errors and Difficulties in Translating Economic Texts” This study pointed out all the common errors in translating economic documents from a source language into a target language and gave recommendations for improvement based on difficulties during the translation process Another study with the title “Metaphor and Translation: A Case Study in the Field of Economics” conducted by Professor Pedro A Fuertes Olivera from University of Valladolid also raised great concern about the translation of economic documents at sentence and discourse level Both of these aforementioned studies have focused on economic translation in a broad and general scale, but ignored typical features of different languages all over the world In Vietnam, studies on economic translation have also been widely discussed including the studies by Phung (2013), Bui (2013), Bui (2011), Hoang (2005) However, none of these investigations have been made in the area of international trade terminologies All the conditions above have offered the researcher a chance to conduct a study on PART 3: CONCLUSION 3.1 Recapitulation of the study The researcher has completed a study on translation procedures applied in translating economic terms related to international trade in the book “International Economics: Theory and Policy” (ninth edition) by Krugman Obstfeld Melitz” To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the research, a profound theoretical background about translation and terminology was offered in literature review part In the study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to analyze 222 collected terms from the aforementioned core text books After the process of data analysis, some major findings have been presented The study found out that there were six prominent translation procedures commonly applied in translating economic terms, namely through translation, shift translation, couplets, modulation, descriptive equivalent and cultural equivalent Among them, the most dominant procedure was through translation From these findings, the researcher has given some suggestions for each type of translation procedures These recommendations can serve as a reliable source of references for translators when they have to deal with economic documents 3.2 Limitations of the study Due to the time constraints and the researcher’s limited ability and experience, some limitations still remain in the study First, as a student whose major is not international economics, the researcher only pays attention to the linguistic aspects of international trade terms rather than their technical contents Therefore, there may be some minor unavoidable misunderstandings of some Vietnamese equivalents leading to some incorrect classifications of translation procedures Also, within the limitation of this study, the researcher just makes every effort to investigate translation procedures applied in translating 222 terms collected from the book “International Economics: Theory and Policy” This limited quantity of economic terms may not sufficient enough to produce a more comprehensive 41 investigation on common procedures applied in such a broad and extensive field as international economics Finally, due to the limited number of pages, the researcher cannot present the detailed analysis of all collected terms in the findings However, the research tries the best to offer the accurate classifications of all terms in the Appendix 3.3 Suggestions for further study There is still a lot of room for further investigation and research on the translation of economic terms As this paper investigates the translation of economic materials at word level, it can be used as a foundation for any researcher who would like to conduct a study on this topic at sentence and discourse level Moreover, within the limitation of this paper, the researcher just studies the procedures applied in translating international economic terms Hence, any research on other approaches towards translation, such as translation methods, translation equivalents or translation errors is a promising direction Lastly, little is known about the terminology system of other economic subfields, such as game theory and bargaining theory, experimental economics, microeconomic, macroeconomics and monetary economics Thus, studies about translation of these economic branches’ terminology should be taken into consideration 42 REFERENCES Baker, M (1998) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies Routledge Bui, T.H (2013) Translation of Taxation Hanoi: Vietnam National University Bui, T.H (2013) Translation of Tax Terms Hanoi: Vietnam National University Bui, T.H.L (2011) An Investigation into the Translation of Economic Metaphors from English into Vietnamese Hanoi: Vietnam National University Catford, J.C (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay in Applied Linguistics London: Oxford University Press Do, H.C (1981) Từ vựng nghĩa Tiếng Việt Hanoi: Education Publisher Hall, S (2010) Define International Economics Ehow Electronic Newspaper Retrieved February 7, 2014 from http://www.ehow.com/about_6472031_define-international-economics.html Hoang, T.B (2005) A study on the translation of economic terminology Hanoi: Vietnam National University Hoang, T.B (2005) A Study on Translation of Economic Terminologies – A Case Study on an Economic Textbook Hanoi: Vietnam National University Krugman, P.R., Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M.J (1996) Kinh tế học quốc tế: Lý thuyết sách, Tập I (Những vấn đề thương mại quốc tế) Hà Nội: NXB Chính trị Quốc gia Krugman, P.R., Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M.J (2012) International Economics: Theories and Policy (9 th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall Larson, M.L 1984 Meaning –Based Translation Boston: University Press of America Luu, V.L (1977) Ngôn ngữ Tiếng Việt Hanoi: Social Science Publisher Munday, J.(2001) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications Oxon Routledge Newmark, P (1988b) Approaches to Translation Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall Newmark, P.P (1988) A Textbook of Translation Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall International 43 Nguyen, N.B (2005) A study on English – Vietnamese translation of sport terminology Hanoi: Vietnam National University Nguyen, T.G (1985) Từ vựng học Tiếng Việt Hanoi: Education Publisher Nguyen, V.T (1960) Khái niệm ngôn ngữ học Hanoi Publisher Nida, E A (1964) Towards a science of translation, with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating Leiden: Brill Olteanu, A.R (2012) Errors and Difficulties in Translating Economic Texts Retrieved December 3, 2013 from http://lectura.bibliotecadigitala.ro/Olteanu_Adriana/Errors_and_difficulties_i n_translating_economic_texts.pdf Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (6th Ed) Oxford University Press Pedro A.F.O.(1998) Metaphor and Translation: A Case Study in the Field of Economic Retrieved December 5, 2013 from http://www.pedrofuertes.net/uploads/Metaphor%20and%20Translation.pdf Phung, T.H.A (2013) Equivalence in English – Vietnamese Translation of Financial Terms Salvatore, D (2007) International Economics (9 th ed.) New York: John Wiley & Son 44 APPENDIX THROUGH TRANSLATION PROCEDURE No English terms Vietnamese equivalents A full-employment economy Một kinh tế hồn tồn khơng có thất nghiệp A general equilibrium Cân chung A hands-off policy Một sách khơng can thiệp A large price cut Sự cắt giảm giá lớn A one-factor economy Nền kinh tế có yếu tố sản xuất A partial equilibrium Cân phận A substitution effect Tác động thay Absolute advantage Lợi tuyệt đối Abundant factor Yếu tố sản xuất dồi 10 Ad valorem tariff Thuế quan theo giá trị 11 Amount of goods Lượng hàng hóa 12 An income effect Tác động thu nhập 13 An integrated market Thị trường hợp 14 Appropriate technology Công nghệ phù hợp 15 Average cost Chi phí trung bình 16 Average cost of production Chi phí sản xuất trung bình 17 Balance of payments Cán cân tốn 18 Better-performing firms Cơng ty hoạt động hiệu 19 Biased growth Sự tăng trưởng thiên lệch 20 Sự mở rộng thiên lệch khả sản xuất 21 Biases expansion of production possibilities Capital –abundant 22 Collective action Hành động tập thể 23 Common market Thị trường chung 24 Comparative advantage Lợi so sánh 25 Conservative social welfare Phúc lợi xã hội bảo thủ Giàu có lao động 45 26 Commodities Hàng hóa 27 Customs union Liên minh thuế quan 28 Derived demand Nhu cầu dẫn xuất 29 Developing country Nước phát triển 30 Diminishing return Lợi tức giảm dần 31 Domestic capital market Thị trường vốn nội địa 32 Domestic market failure Thất bại thị trường nước 33 Dual economy Nền kinh tế hai khu vực 34 Dynamic increasing returns Lợi tức tăng dần động 35 Economic dualism Tình trạng kinh tế hai khu vực 36 Economic geography Địa lý kinh tế 37 Economic incentives Những khuyến khích kinh tế 38 Economic interdependence Sự phụ thuộc lẫn kinh tế 39 Economies of scale Lợi nhờ quy mô 40 Economy’s consumption Sự tiêu thụ kinh tế 41 Effective rate of production Tỷ lệ sản xuất có hiệu 42 Efficiency case for free trade Tính hiệu biện minh cho tự mậu dịch 43 Excess return Lợi tức vượt mức 44 Export –competing industry Ngành cạnh tranh xuất 45 Export credit subsidies Các khoản trợ cấp tín dụng xuất 46 Export earning Lợi nhuận từ xuất 47 Export subsidy Trợ cấp xuất 48 Export supply curve Đường cung xuất 49 Export-biased growth Sự tăng trưởng thiên lệch hàng xuất 50 External price Giá bên 51 Externalities Các ngoại ứng 52 Factor abundance Sự dồi yếu tố sản xuất 53 Factor intensity Sự tập trung yếu tố sản xuất 54 Factor-price equalization Sự san mức giá yếu tố sản xuất 46 55 Fixed coefficients Hệ số cố định 56 Free-trade area Khu vực mậu dịch tự 57 Gains from trade Những lợi từ thương mại 58 General equilibrium analysis Sự phân tích cân tổng 59 Global asset market Thị trường tài sản toàn cầu 60 Gross domestic product (GDP) Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội (GDP) 61 High value added per worker Giá trị gia tăng cao tính theo đầu người 62 Highly skilled labor Cơng nhân tay nghề cao 63 High-technology industries Các ngành công nghệ cao 64 High-wage sector Ngành có mức lương cao 65 Immiserizing growth Sự tăng trưởng nghèo hóa 66 Imperfect capital market Thị trường vốn chưa hoàn thiện 67 Imperfect competition Cạnh tranh khơng hồn hảo 68 Import –competing industry Ngành cạnh tranh nhập 69 Import demand curve Đường cầu nhập 70 Import quota Hạn ngạch nhập 71 Import tariff Thuế quan nhập 72 Import-biased growth Sự tăng trưởng thiên lệch hàng nhập 73 Import-substituting Cơng nghiệp hóa thay nhập industrialization (ISI) 74 Income distribution Sự phân phối thu nhập 75 Industrial policy Chính sách cơng nghiệp 76 Infant industry argument Lập luận ngành công nghiệp non trẻ 77 Interest group politics Nhóm lợi ích 78 Inter-industry trade Mậu dịch liên ngành 79 Internal industry trade Mậu dịch nội ngành 80 Internal price Giá bên 81 International trade Thương mại quốc tế 82 International capital market Thị trường vốn quốc tế 47 83 International equilibrium Trạng thái cân quốc tế 84 International Monetary Fund Quỹ tiền tệ quốc tế (IMF) (IMF) 85 International policy Sự phối hợp sách phạm vi quốc tế coordination 86 Inter-temporal trade Thương mại liên thời gian 87 Knowledge spillovers Sự thẩm thấu kiến thức 88 Labor allocation Sự phân bổ lao động 89 Labor market pooling Sự hợp thị trường lao động 90 Labor productivity Năng suất lao động 91 Labor theory of value Thuyết giá trị lao động 92 Labor-abundant Giàu có đất đai 93 Learning curve Đường cong học hỏi 94 Linkage argument Luận chứng liên kết 95 Local content requirements Yêu cầu nội dung địa phương 96 Low-skilled labor Công nhân tay nghề thấp 97 Low-wage sector Ngành có mức lương thấp 98 Macroeconomic policy Sự phối hợp sách kinh tế vĩ mơ coordination 99 Marginal cost Chi phí biên 100 Marginal product of labor Sản phẩm biên lao động 101 Marginal revenue Doanh thu biên 102 Marginal social benefit Lợi ích xã hội biên 103 Market equilibrium Trạng thái cân thị trường 104 Market share Thị phần 105 Market structure Cơ cấu thị trường 106 Mobile factor Yếu tố linh động 107 Monopolistic competition Cạnh tranh độc quyền 108 Monopolistic competition model Mơ hình cạnh tranh độc quyền 48 109 Multi-good model Mơ hình nhiều hàng hóa 110 Multinational Corporations Các tập đoàn đa quốc gia 111 Mutually beneficial trade Thương mại hai bên có lợi 112 National default Sự vỡ nợ quốc gia 113 National procurement Sự mua sắm quốc gia 114 National welfare Phúc lợi xã hội 115 Newly industrializing Các nước cơng nghiệp hóa (NICs) countries (NICs) 116 Nominal wage Tiền lương danh nghĩa 117 Non-tariff barriers Các hàng rào phi thuế quan 118 North – South debate Cuộc tranh luận Bắc-Nam 119 North American Free Trade Hiệp định tự thương mại Bắc Mĩ (NAFTA) Agreement (NAFTA) 120 Opportunity cost Chi phí hội 121 Optimum tariff Thuế quan tối ưu 122 Orderly marketing Thỏa thuận thị trường hiệu (OMA) agreement (OMA) 123 Partial equilibrium analysis Sự phân tích cân phận 124 Pattern of trade Mô thức thương mại 125 Political argument for free trade Lập luận trị ủng hộ tự mậu dịch 126 Preferential trading Các hiệp định mậu dịch ưu đãi agreements 127 Prisoner’s Dilemma Tình tiến thoái lưỡng nan tù nhân 128 Production of a commodity Sự sản xuất loại hàng hóa 129 Product differentiation Sự khác biệt sản phẩm 130 Production function Hàm sản xuất 131 Production possibility Giới hạn khả sản xuất frontier 132 Profit-maximizing firm Hãng tối đa hóa lợi nhuận 49 133 Protectionism Sự bảo hộ 134 Pure monopoly Độc quyền túy 135 Quota rent Tiền thuê hạn ngạch 136 Real wage Tiền lương thực tế 137 Relative commodity prices Giá hàng hóa liên quan 138 Relative demand curve Đường cầu tương đối 139 Relative supply curve Đường cung tương đối 140 Relative wage Tiền lương tương đối 141 Scarce factor Yếu tố sản xuất khan 142 Skill-biased technological Sự thay đổi công nghệ thiên kĩ change 143 Special-interest politics Lợi ích trị đặc biệt 145 Specialization Sự chun mơn hóa 146 Specialized suppliers Nhà cung cấp chuyên biệt 147 Specific factor Yếu tố chuyên biệt 148 Specific factors model Mô hình yếu tố sản xuất chuyên biệt 149 Specific tariff Thuế quan theo khối lượng 150 Standard trade model Mơ hình thương mại chuẩn 151 Strategic trade policy Chính sách thương mại chiến lược 152 Tariff-imposing countries Nước cấm nhập 153 Terms of trade Tỷ số (điều kiện) mậu dịch 154 Terms of trade argument for Lập luận điều kiện mậu dịch ủng hộ thuế a tariff quan 155 Terms of trade gain Cái lợi kiện mậu dịch 156 The General Agreement on Hiệp định chung thuế quan mậu dịch Tariff and Trade (GATT) 157 The possibility of (GATT) Khả thẩm thấu công nghệ technological spillovers 158 The relative abundance of Sự dồi tương đối yếu tố sản xuất 50 factors of production 159 Theory of the second best Lý thuyết tốt hạng nhì 160 Trade creation Sự hình thành mậu dịch 161 Trade diversion Sự chệch hướng mậu dịch 162 Trade war Chiến tranh thương mại 163 Uneven development Sự phát triển không đồng 164 Unit labor requirement Yêu cầu lao động theo đơn vị sản phẩm 165 US Trade Adjustment Chương trình hỗ trợ điều chỉnh thương mại Mỹ Assistance program (TAA) 166 Voluntary export restrain (TAA) Hạn chế xuất tự nguyện (VER) (VER) 167 Wage differentials argument Lập luận khác biệt lương 168 World Bank (WB) Ngân hàng giới (WB) 169 Worse-performing firm Công ty hoạt động hiệu 170 Marginal propensity to spend Xu hướng chi tiêu biên 171 Service off-shoring Dịch vụ gia công 172 Red-tape barrier Rào cản hành 51 APPENDIX SHIFT TRANSLATION PROCEDURE No English terms Vietnamese equivalents Một vòng luẩn quẩn biện pháp A cycle of retaliatory trade moves thương mại trả đũa Antidumping laws Luật chống bán phá giá Appropriability Khả chiếm hữu Beggar-thy – neighbor policies Chính sách đi-xin-các-nước-láng-giềng Budget constraint Ràng buộc ngân sách Capital-intensive Thâm dụng vốn Conflicts of interest between nations Xung đột lợi ích quốc gia Conflicts of interest within nations Xung đột lợi ích nội quốc gia Consumer surplus Thặng dư người tiêu dùng 10 Consumption distortion loss Tổn thất lệch lạc tiêu dùng 11 Criteria for selection Tiêu chuẩn lựa chọn 12 Dumping Bán phá giá 13 Efficiency loss Tổn thất hiệu 14 Exchange rate determination Xác định tỉ giá hối đoái 15 Indifference curves Đường cong bàn quan 16 International lending and borrowing Vay cho vay quốc tế 17 International negotiation Đàm phán quốc tế 18 Isovalue lines Đường đồng giá trị 19 Labor-intensive Thâm dụng lao động 20 Net losses Thiệt hại rịng 21 Oligopoly Độc quyền tập đồn 22 pauper labor argument Lập luận lao động rẻ mạt 23 Price discrimination Phân biệt giá 52 24 Price setters Người định giá 25 Price takers Người chấp nhận giá 26 Producer surplus Thặng dư người sản xuất 27 Production distortion loss Tổn thất lệch lạc sản xuất 28 Productive capital Vốn sản xuất 29 Reciprocal dumping Bán phá giá qua lại 30 Technology transfer Chuyển giao công nghệ 31 Trade deficit Thâm hụt thương mại 32 Trade surplus Thặng dư thương mại 33 Transfers of income Chuyển giao thu nhập 34 Unequal exchange Trao đổi không công 35 Variable coefficients Hệ số biến thiên 53 APPENDIX MODULATION TRANSLATION PROCEDURE No English terms Vietnamese equivalents Non-traded goods Hàng hóa khơng bn bán Magnified effect of goods prices on Tác động khuếch đại giá hàng factor prices hóa đến giá yếu tố sản xuất Weighted social welfare Phúc lợi xã hội có trọng số Per-capital income Thu nhập đầu người APPENDIX COUPLET TRANSLATION PROCEDURE No English terms Vietnamese equivalents Brander-Spencer analysis Sự phân tích Brander – Spencer Commodity export cartels Cacten xuất hàng sơ chế Heckscher-Ohlin theory Lý thuyết Heckscher-Ohlin Leontief paradox Nghịch lý Leontief Metzler paradox Nghịch lý Metzler Ricardian model Mơ hình Ri-các-đơ Stolper-Samuelson effect Hiệu ứng Stolper-Samuelson The Doha Round Bàn đàm phán Đô-ha 54 APPENDIX CUTURAL TRANSLATION PROCEDURE No English terms Vietnamese equivalent Thuế quan tối huệ quốc Most favored nation tariff (MFA tariff) APPENDIX DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION PROCEDURE No English terms Third world Laisser-faire Vietnamese equivalents Thế giới thứ ba (các nước nghèo phát triển) Laisser-faire (Chính sách tư nhân tự kinh doanh) 55 ...ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƢ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP TÊN ĐỀ TÀI PHƢƠNG THỨC DỊCH ÁP DỤNG TRONG DỊCH THUẬT NGỮ KINH TẾ QUỐC TẾ Giáo viên hƣớng... nation tariff huệ quốc nation” is equivalent to ? ?quốc gia hưởng ưu đãi nhiều nhất” Yet, in Vietnamese (MFA tariff) culture, the Sino-Vietnamese expression “tối huệ quốc? ?? refers to ? ?quốc gia hưởng... “international negotiation” (sự đàm phán quốc tế) However, in Vietnamese translation, such terms are transposed to verb phases as “phân biệt giá cả”, “đàm phán quốc tế? ?? Verb phrases can emphasize the