All optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers (tt)

Tạp chí Khoa học Cơng nghệ 51 (1A) (2013) 1X3 ALL OPTICAL SWITCHES BASED ON MULTIMODE INTERFERENCE COUPLERS USING NONLINEAR DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS Cao Dung Truong 1*, Tuan Anh Tran 1, Trung Thanh Le 2* and Duc Han Tran 1 Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam *Email: dungtc.vtn1@vnpt.vn ; thanh.le@hunre.edu.vn Đến tòa soạn ngày:……/10/2012 Chấp nhận đăng ngày 21/02/2013 ABSTRACT Multimode interference in optical waveguide is attractive for all optical switching In this paper, a novel 1x3 all-optical switch based on 3x3 multimode interference (MMI) structures is proposed Nonlinear directional couplers in two arms of the structure are used as phase shifters In this study, we use chalcogenide glass on silica for designing the device structure The switching states of the device can be controlled by adjusting the optical control signals at the phase shifters The transfer matrix method and beam propagation method (BPM) are used for designing and optimizing the device structure Keywords: All optical switch, MMI coupler, nonlinear directional coupler, phase shifter INTRODUCTION Optical communication networks have evolved into the era of all optical switching Today, various approaches to realize all optical switches have been proposed Space-division optical switches provide valuable reconfigurable interconnecting functions needed by optical crossconnect (OXC) and by fiber-optic subscribe line connections in optical communications systems The MEMS switches are the choices for large order switch systems In addition, the thin film based switch, the liquid crystal based switch, the directional coupler based switch [1] and the MMI coupler based switch have been either commercially available or found in laboratories In comparison with other optical switches, the MMI based switch has the advantages of low loss, ultra-compact size, high stability, large fabrication tolerance and greater feasibility for integration [2] There are many implementation methods to realize optical switching based on MMI structures [3] For switching purposes, MMIs can either be placed in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) as splitter or used as distinct region In recent years, there have been some optical switches using MMI structures using thermo-optic [4], [5] and electrooptic effects [6], [7] However, high speed optical communication systems require high speed optical switches Therefore, it is particularly necessary to achieve all-optical switches Cao Dung Truong, Tuan Anh Tran, Trung Thanh Le, Duc Han Tran Recently, chalcogenide (As2S3) waveguides have been proposed as a new platform for optical signal processing offering superior performance at ultrahigh bit-rates [8] Additionally, the high nonlinearity enables compact components with the potential for monolithic integration, owing to its large nonlinear coefficient n2 and low two-photon absorption (good figure of merit), the ability to tailor material properties via stoichiometry, as well as its photosensitivity These properties allow the fabrication of photowritten gratings and waveguides [9] The main aim of this paper is to propose a new structure for all-optical switching based on two 3x3 MMI couplers using nonlinear directional couplers as phase shifters Chalcogenide glass on silica platform is used for our designs In this work, the operating principle of MMI based switches using analysis is presented Nonlinear directional couplers at two outermost arms in the inter-stage of two 3x3 MMI couplers play the role of phase shifters In order to realize the phase shifters using nonlinear directional couplers, the control signal is at an arm of the nonlinear directional coupler, and the information signal is at the other arm that is also the outermost arm of the MZI structure The control signal must be separated from input signals and enters the switching structure from a different single-mode access waveguide after the switching operation The aim is to reduce the powers transferring between control waveguides and information signal waveguides Numerical simulations are used to verify the operating principle of the proposed all-optical switch THEORICAL FUNDAMENTAL 2.1 Analytical expression of the MMI coupler The operation of optical MMI coupler is based on the self-imaging principle [10] Selfimaging is a property of a multimode waveguide by which as input field is reproduced in single or multiple images at periodic intervals along propagation direction of the waveguide MMI coupler can be characterized by the transfer matrix theory [10], [11] Following this theory, the relationship between the input vector and output vector can be obtained To achieve the required transfer matrix, the positions of the input and output ports of the MMI coupler must be set exactly In this study, the MMI waveguide has a width of WMMI the access waveguides have the same width of Wa The positions of the input and output ports are located at xi [10]  1W x i   i   e , (i=0,1,2)  2 (1) where We is the effective width of the MMI coupler and N is the number of input/output In the general interference mechanism, the shortest length of the MMI coupler is set by L MMI  L (2) Where Lπ is the half-beat length of two lowest-order modes that it can be written as L   4n W  r e 0  1 3 (3) Where: n r is the refractive index of the core layer, 0 is the free space wavelength The transfer matrix of the  MMI coupler [10] is determined by 1x3 all-optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers M ij  Where exp  jij  (4) ij =     j  i   j  i  if i+j even 12 ij =   i  j  1  j  i  1 if i+j odd 12 Figure A 1x3 all optical switching based on a 1x3 MMI and a 3x3 couplers using directional couplers as phase shifters 2.2 Operation principle of the 1x3 all optical switch The configuration of the proposed all-optical switching is shown in Figure It is consist of two 3x3 general interference MMI couplers having the same size Here, two nonlinear directional couplers are used as two phase shifters We assume that input port of the switch is located at position A of the center line and output ports of the switch are located positions b1, b2, b3 as show in Figure The transfer matrix of 3x3 general interference couplers (GI-MMI) can be expressed as follows [10], [11]   j e  2  j3 M e 3   e j3   e j e 2 j  2 j e     2 j  e   j e 3   e j (5) The input, ouput complex amplitudes and phase shifters can be expressed by the following matrices j e  a1   b1   ,   and    Ma   a  M b   b2   a  b    3  3  0     e j  (6) Where φ1 and φ2 are phase shifter angles at two outermost arms caused by directional couplers respectively Cao Dung Truong, Tuan Anh Tran, Trung Thanh Le, Duc Han Tran We have the following relations: Mb = M..M a  j 1     e  3   b1  2     =  j 1   b  e  2 3 b     3  j 1   e   e j e j j e   j 2   3       a1   j 2     . a  e      j 2     a  e  3    2 e  2 (7) Equation (7) can be rewritten by   b1     b2      b3    2  j j( 2  )   j(1  )   a1e  a e  a 3e   3   j( 1   a1e  2 )  a 2e  j   a 3e j( 2  2 2  )  (8)    j j( 2  )   j( 1  )   a1e  a e  a 3e    Now we calculate the phase shifters to control input signals to any output ports Case 1: Output switch to port b1 as well as b2  b3  , from (8) we are obtained  2  j( 1  ) j j( 2  ) e e 0 e   2  j j( 2  )  j( 1 ) 3 0 e e e (9)  Solve this equations system (9) we get: 1   , 2    Hence, if  1,    ,  then switch to port b1 , whilst  1,2    ,   will switch to port b3 3  3  Case 2: We find the condition for switching to port b2 , this condition is equivalent to 2   j( 1  ) j j(   ) 3 0 e e e   2  j j( 2  )  j( 1 ) e 0 e  e  (10) Clearly, (φ1, φ2) have the same role into equations system (10) so we have the root φ1=φ2=φ substituting this root into (10), we have e j  1 e j 2  1 2  jsin  cos    jsin 3  e j  e j  1x3 all-optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers        Hence,  1 , 2  =   is the condition for switching to port b  3,  Table phase shifter states for operation of the 1x3 optical switches Input 1 2 Output A 2 b1 2 b2 A  A 2  2 b3 In summary, phase shifters required to control the input signal to any output ports can be expressed in Table 2.3 Phase shifters using nonlinear directional coupler As the mention above, the structure of an all optical switching requires two nonlinear directional couplers [12] as phase shifters at two outermost arms of optical device as shown in Figure Originally, the nonlinear directional coupler includes two waveguides that have small distance and full coupling takes place between them in one coupling length, provided that one or both of them have non-linear behavior This non-linear behavior can be guaranteed with high intensity control field which changes the nonlinear refractive index When the distance of two nonlinear directional couplers is very small and mode fields amplitudes vary slowly in the zpropagation direction, the interaction of electrical fields in nonlinear directional couplers comply with coupled mode equations i   dA  B  1 A  B A dz i   dB  A   B  A B dz Where  is the linear coupling coefficient, it is determined by   (11) (12)  , Lc is coupling 2L c length, A and B are field amplitudes of waveguide and of the directional coupler and 1 ,  are nonlinear coefficients describing the self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) effects Nonlinear coefficient is determined as follow Cao Dung Truong, Tuan Anh Tran, Trung Thanh Le, Duc Han Tran  n  Aeff (13) 0 is wavelength in the vacuum, n is nonlinear refractive index of the waveguide, Aeff is the effective modal cross –section area Under the effect of self-phase modulation in the nonlinear directional coupler, the phase in directional coupler will be changed proportionally with the intensity of input electrical fields of waveguides Nonlinear phase shifts in the directional coupling waveguide can be definition as follow 1  n Lc  I s  2I c1  0 (14)   n Lc  I s  2I c2  0 (15) where Ic1 , Ic2 are field intensities of the control1 and control2 waveguides respectively; Is is field intensity of the signal waveguide at outermost arms In the phase matched case when the input wavelength and the refractive index of two waveguides are identical, maximum coupling will take place SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Simulation results In this study, we use the chalcogenide glass As2S3 for designing the whole device The material used in core layer of the proposed optical switching structure is chalcogenide glass As2S3 with refractive index nr=2.45 and the silica material SiO2 used in cladding layer has refractive index nc =1.46 As2S3 (arsenic trisulfide) is a direct band-gap, amorphous semiconductor By using a highly controlled deposition process, a photo-polymerizable film of As2S3 can be deposited on standard silica glass substrates Chalcogenide As2S3 is chosen due to its advantages For example, it is attractive for high rate photonics integrated circuits, especially attractive for all optical switches in recent years because of the fast response time associated with the near-instantaneous third order nonlinearity allows flexible ultrafast signal processing [13] In- addition, the chalcogenide glass supports the operation of wavelengths range in the windows 1.55μm; and As2S3 material has a high refractive index contrast to allow for a high confinement [14]of light also ultra-compact size Therefore, it is useful and important for large scale integrated circuits The other advantage of the chalcogenide glass is that it has a high nonlinear coefficient n2 about 2.92× 10-6μm2/W From equations (14) and (15), we can see that phase angle in the phase shifter of the structure increases proportionally in the nonlinear coefficient and the control field intensity, so if nonlinear coefficient is high then control field intensity is low when the phase angle is constant This is better for operation of the proposed switch because a very high intensity of the control beam will overwhelm the signal Moreover, since the control beam intensity is much higher than the signal beam one, the nonlinear directional coupler needs an extreme high isolation; so that it is difficult to design and optimize the proposed structure Silicon dioxide SiO2 is used in cladding layer because of high refractive index difference between core and cladding layers that allows for a high confinement of light and also supports a larger mode numbers in MMI region In addition, both As2S3 and SiO2 1x3 all-optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers materials are available and cheap also they can implement in the practical fabrication Recently, these materials are very attractive for ultrahigh bit-rate signal processing applications The device used in our designs is shown on Figure Here, we use the TE (Transverse Electric) polarization and operating wavelength 1550-nm for analyses and simulations If the uniformity of the time harmonic of TE-polarized waves can be assumed along the x direction of Figure 1, the simulation can be done assuming it as a 2D structure In order to reduce time consuming but still have accuracy results a 3D device structure is converted to a 2D structure using the effective index method (EIM) first, then the 2D-BPM method is used for simulations [15] The design parameters of the proposed structure are chosen as follows: the width of each 3x3 MMI coupler WMMI is 24μm, the width of access waveguides Wa is 4μm in order for single mode condition can be obtained, the length of the multimode region LMMI is set as Lπ for the general interference mechanism and it can be calculated by the mode propagation analysis (MPA) method is 1259.8μm Parameters of the control waveguides are designed as follows: the width is set as Wa; at the beginning, a straight waveguide has the length of 2059.15μm calculated by using the BPM Next, it is connected to a sine waveguide which has the length of 1000μm in z propagation direction and the distance of 9μm in x-direction Then it is concatenated to another straight waveguide By using the BPM, the length of the straight waveguide of the nonlinear directional couplers Lc is chosen to be 360μm to satisfy the eliminating condition of the cross transfer power between control and structure waveguides Gap g between this straight waveguide and the outermost arm is small (Figure 1) to enable mode coupling Finally, a sine waveguide and a straight waveguide are in turn connected (as shown on Figure 1) We choose the sine waveguide for two purposes: First, the sine waveguides are used to connect the straight waveguides together in which it puts a waveguide near outermost arms which link between MMI regions in order to make a full coupling and a phase shift between nonlinear directional waveguides and the second aim is that light beam power can be conserved when propagated through it Both control beams and input signal beams have the same wavelength, amplitude and polarization state in all of switching states Now we optimize the whole device structure Firstly, the length LMMI is optimized by the 2D-BPM method to find the optimal value by changing the values of the length around Lπ Finally, we find out the optimal value as 1260μm The optimal gap g between two parallel waveguides of the directional couplers used as phase shifters can be found by using the BPM The simulations are shown in Figure We need to find the optimal value g to minimize the cross transferring power between outermost arms and the control waveguides and split the total power entering into one input port equally into arms a1B1, a2B2, a3B3 as Pa1B1, Pa2B2 , Pa3B3 , respectively This can be done by introducing power into ports a1, a2 and a3 and use 2D-BPM method Due to the symmetry of the proposed structure, we only need to consider the power inserted into control waveguide By changing the value of g gradually from 0.09μm to 0.11μm and monitoring and normalizing the power Pa1B1 as well as Pcontrol1, we choose the optimal value of g as 0.1μm according to Figure Cao Dung Truong, Tuan Anh Tran, Trung Thanh Le, Duc Han Tran Normalized output power 0.98 0.96 in a1-PA1B1 0.94 in a2-PA1B1 in a3-PA1B1 0.92 in a1-Pcontrol1 g=0.1 m 0.9 in a2-Pcontrol1 in a3-Pcontrol1 0.88 0.09 0.095 0.1 g (m) 0.105 0.11 Figure 2D BPM simulation results for the optimal values of the distance between control and structure waveguide in two cases: a) In case of the control power is on and b) In case of the control is off a) b) Figure 2D BPM simulation results for optimal value of the distance between control and structure waveguide when: a) the control power is on, the data power off and b) the control power off, the data power on Simulation result implemented by 2D-BPM method in Figure also show that at the optimal value of the distance between control and structure waveguides, the coupling power between them is reduced to the minimum value To optimize the operation of the MMI regions in the role of the splitter and combiner as well as minimize the insertion loss and crosstalk effect, linear taper waveguides are used to connect between MMI regions and access waveguides In our design, linear tapers have the length la=150μm and the widths from 3μm to 5μm are calculated and optimized by BPM simulations As mentioned before in results are shown on the Table 1, when the input field enters the switch from the input A port, if the phase shift in the first linking arm is 2π/3 radian and the second linking arm is zero radian, it will switch to output b1 port For switching from an input to an output of the structure, we implement numerical simulation by 2D–BPM method to find optimal values of field intensities of control waveguides The simulation has to satisfy two requirements: the first, we find the values of field intensities of control waveguides to produce exactly matched phase shifts for switching operations; then those Cao Dung Truong, Tuan Anh Tran, Trung Thanh Le, Duc Han Tran values must be optimized so that the transfer power between signal waveguides and control waveguides is minimal Table Power amplitude and intensitty states for operation of the 1x3 optical switches Input Output I c1 Ic2 W/μm W/μm2 A b1 279 448.5 A b2 327 327 A b3 448.5 279 We assume that the normalized input power in optical switching device is set as normalized unit; input field intensity I0 equals GW/cm2 This value is chosen because it can generate the largest nonlinear phase shift To reach the switching state from port a1 to port b1, firstly we find the intensity I1, which is introduced into control waveguide (also see Figure 1), by varying the intensity slowly The appropriate result is about 277GW/cm2 making phase shift 2π/3 radian in comparison with the center access waveguide Secondly, we can also change the value of the intensity I2, which is introduced into control waveguide The appropriate result is about 450GW/cm2 making phase shift zero radian in comparison with the center access waveguide Finally, if we use these results to reproduce the simulation and adjust their values very slowly around them again, we obtain the optimal values I1=279 GW/cm2 and I2=448.5GW/cm2, respectively The reason for this is due to the loss when the light travels in the MMI region and also because the length of MMI region is too long to be operated as a splitter or a combiner accurately Table lists optimal field intensities and states of control waveguides used in two control waveguides DISCUSSION Results showed high output power intensity which ensures the qualitative performances of the structure in all aspects of a switch Subsequently, a high-level switch should have the suitable insertion loss, extinction ratio, crosstalk, and good tolerance independency against the wavelength and fabrication Thus indicating the listed parameters is important in manufacturing an optical switch The calculation formulas for the insertion loss (I L.) and extinction ratio (Ex R.) [16] are defined by P  I.L  dB   10 log10  out   Pin  (16)  Phigh  Ex.R  dB  10log10    Plow  (17) Where Pout and Pin are the output and input power of the switch in operation state, Phigh and Plow are output power levels in ON and OFF states respectively 1x3 all-optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers Figure Simulation results implemented by BPM method for all switching states of the 1x3 all optical switches Extinction Ratio and Crosstalk (dB) 38 36 34 32 30 Extinction Ratio: A > b 28 Extinction Ratio: A > b Extinction Ratio: A > b Crosstalk: A > b 26 Crosstalk: A > b Crosstalk: A > b 24 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 Wavelength (nm) 1552 1553 1554 1555 Figure Wavelength dependency of the extinction ratio and crosstalk of the proposed switch Insertion Loss (dB) -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 Insertion Loss: A >b -0.4 Insertion Loss: A >b Insertion Loss: A >b -0.5 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 W avelength (nm) 1552 1553 1554 1555 Figure Wavelength dependency of the insertion loss in all operation states of the proposed switch Tạp chí Khoa học Cơng nghệ 51 (1A) (2013) -0.15 N o rm a lize d o u u t p ow e r (d B ) N o r m a liz e d o u t p u t p o w e r ( d B ) -0.05 -0.2 -0.1 -0.15 -0.25 -0.3 -0.2 -0.25 A >b -0.35 A >b A >b1 -0.3 A >b -0.35 -0.4 -15 -10 -5 Length tolerance (m) 10 15 -0.4 -0.5 A >b3 A >b -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 Width tolerance (m) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Figure Normalized output power on the variation of width and length of MMI regions in all operation states of the proposed switch: a) the variation of the width and b) the variation of the length Simulation results presented in Figure prove that all of the important parameters of the proposed optical switch are suitable for all optical switching Refractive index of As2S3 in this design is calculated by Sellmeier’s equation [17] Calculation results show that when the wavelength varies from 1545nm to 1555nm, the refractive index of As2S3 varies in a small range 0.006 around refractive coefficient 2.435 This variation is very small so we can be neglected Therefore, in all of simulation results, we consider refractive index of chalcogenide glass as a constant Figure shows the dependency of extinction ratio and crosstalk in 10nm of the wavelength bandwidth Results show that extinction ratio of the proposed switch vary from 32dB to 34dB, whilst crosstalk vary from 26dB to 38dB Those results are very good for application of the optical switch Figure describes the wavelength dependency of insertion loss of the proposed switch In 10nm wavelength bandwidth (from 1545nm to 1555nm), results show the variation of the insertion loss in all of operation states of the proposed switch is not exceed 0.5dB As shown in Figure 7, the length and the width dependency of MMI sections in proposal design structure are simulated by the BPM method The output power is normalized unit dB by the input power Results denoted a variation about 0.4 dB of the output power in a quite large range 1μm of the width and a range 30μm of the length of MMI regions Hence, the fabrication tolerance of proposed design is very large Clearly, the proposed switch has an ability to switch none blocking from any input ports to any output ports In comparison with an existing 3x3 optical switch using a 3x3 fiber coupler, we can see that the 3x3 fiber coupler cannot switch none blocking between input and output ports despite having phase shift in each input port [18] Compared with the existing approach structure in the literature which used the 3x3 MZI structure and electro-optic effect [19], our proposed structure has a better insertion loss In addition, our proposed switch is an all-optical switch that can be useful for all-optical networks and other all-optical signal processing applications Cao Dung Truong, Tuan Anh Tran, Trung Thanh Le, Duc Han Tran CONCLUSION A novel all-optical MMI switch is presented in which the non-linear directional couplers are utilized to realize passive phase shifters The proposed structure can be used as a 1x3 all optical switch by transfer matrix method The high intensity and power control fields are used to make phase shifters for operating of the switch Our signification contributions in this paper are: the first time, a 1x3 all-optical switch is proposed based on 3x3 MMI structures using chalcogenide glass on silica materials and nonlinear directional couplers to make passive phase shifters; moreover, proposed optical switch is a nonblocking switch also it has ability to perform ultrafast switching The simulation results show that the switching operation is done carefully, the fabrication tolerance is relatively large The quality performances of the proposed optical switch are quite good so this structure is used fully for applications in optical communication networks REFERENCES [1] Sugisaka J., Yamamoto N., Okano M., and Komori K - Demonstration of a photonic crystal directional coupler switch with ultra short switching length, Photonics and Nanostructures Fundamentals and Applications (1) (2008) 1-2 [2] Leuthold J., Besse P A., Hess R., and Melchior H - Wide Optical Bandwidths and High Design ode-Interference Converter-Combiners Comparison with Mode-Analysis, Proc of European Conferenc on Integrated Optics, 1997, pp 154-157 [3] Cahill L - Optical Switching Using Cascaded Generalised Mach-Zehnder Switches, TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Nov 2005, pp 1-5 [4] Al-Hetar A M., Mohammad A B., Supa’at A S M., and Shamsan Z A - MMI-MZI Polymer Thermo-Optic Switch With a High Refractive Index Contrast, Journal of Lightwave Technology 29 (2) (2011) 171-178 [5] Liu W C., Mak C L , and Wong K H - Thermo-optic properties of epitaxial as optical modulator, Optics express 17 (16) (2009) 13677-13684 [6] Earnshaw M and Allsopp D - Semiconductor space switches based on multimode interference couplers, Journal of Lightwave Technology 20 (4) (2010) 643-650 [7] Wang Q and Yao J - A high speed 2x2 electro-optic switch using a polarization modulator., Optics express 15 (25) (2007) 16500-5 [8] Pelusi M D., Luan F., Madden S., Choi D., Bulla D A., Member S., and Eggleton B J Wavelength Conversion of High-Speed Phase and Intensity Modulated Signals Using a Highly Nonlinear Chalcogenide Glass Chip, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 22 (1) (2010) 2009-2011 [9] Xu J., Galili M., Mulvad H C H., Oxenløwe L K., Clausen A T., Jeppesen P., Luther-B., Madden S., Rode A., Choi D., Pelusi M., Luan F., and Eggleton B J - Error-free 640 Gbit / s demultiplexing using a chalcogenide planar waveguide chip, Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference, and Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology OECC/ACOFT (2008) 3-4 [10] Bachmann M., Besse P A., and Melchior H - General self-imaging properties in N × N multimode interference couplers including phase relations - Applied Optics 33 (18) (1994) 3905-3911 1x3 all-optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers [11] Soldano L and Pennings E.C.M - Optical Multi-Mode Interference Devices Based on Self-Imaging: Principles and Applications, Journal of Lightwave Technology 13 (4) (1995) 615-627 [12] Danaie M and Kaatuzian H - Improvement of power coupling in a nonlinear photonic crystal directional coupler switch, Photonics and Nanostructures Fundamentals and Applications (1) (2011) 70-81 [13] Pelusi M D., Luan F., Madden S J., Choi D., Bulla D A P., and Eggleton B J - CW pumped wavelength conversion of 40 Gb / s DPSK and 160 Gb / s OOK signals in a Chalcogenide glass chip, OptoElectronics and Communications Conference, 14th, 2009, pp 5-6, [14] Shi Y., Anand S., and He S - Design of a Polarization Insensitive Triplexer Using Directional Couplers Based on Submicron Silicon Rib Waveguides, Journal of Lightwave Technology 27 (11) (2009) 1443-1447 [15] Tseng S.-Y., Fuentes-Hernandez C., Owens D., and Kippelen B - Variable splitting ratio x MMI couplers using multimode waveguide holograms., Optics express 15 (14) (2007) 9015-21 [16] Bahrami A., Mohammadnejad S., and Rostami A - All-Optical Multi-Mode Interference Switch Using Non-Linear Directional Coupler as a Passive Phase Shifter, Fiber and Integrated Optics 30 (3) (2011) 139-150 [17] Chaudhari C., SuzukiT., and Ohishi Y - Chromatic Dispersions in Highly Nonlinear Glass Nanofibers, Proc of SPIE.Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications 7056, 2008, pp 1-8 [18] Culverhouse D O., Birks T A., Farwell S G., and Russell P S J - 3x3 All-Fiber Routing Switch, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters (3) (1997) 333-335 [19] Syuhaimi M., Rahman A., Shaktur K M., and Mohammad R - Analytical And Simulation Of New Electro-Optic 3x3 Switch Using Ti : LiNbO3 As a Wave Guide Medium, International Conference on Photonics (ICP), 2010, pp 4-8 TĨM TẮT CÁC CHUYỂN MẠCH TỒN QUANG 1X3 DỰA TRÊN COUPLER NHIỄU ĐA MODE SỬ DỤNG CÁC COUPLER ĐƠN HƯỚNG PHI TUYẾN Cao Dung Truong 1*, Tuan Anh Tran 1, Trung Thanh Le 2* and Duc Han Tran 1 Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam *Email: dungtc.vtn1@vnpt.vn ; thanh.le@hunre.edu.vn Nhiễu đa mode ống dẫn sóng quang vấn đề trung tâm tất hệ thống chuyển mạch quang Nội dung báo đề xuất trường chuyển mạch toàn quang 1x3 dựa cấu trúc nhiễu đa mode 3x3 Các coupler đơn hướng phi tuyến hai nhánh cấu trúc sử dụng dịch pha Trong nghiên cứu này, sử dụng kính Cao Dung Truong, Tuan Anh Tran, Trung Thanh Le, Duc Han Tran chalcogen silic để tạo cấu trúc thiết bị Các tầng chuyển mạch thiết bị điều khiển cách điều chỉnh tín hiệu điều khiển quang dịch pha Phương pháp ma trận chuyển đổi phương pháp truyền lan bước sóng sử dụng để thiết kế tối ưu cấu trúc thiết bị Từ khóa: Chuyển mạch toàn quang, Coupler MMI, Coupler đơn hướng phi tuyến, dịch pha  ... multimode interference couplers including phase relations - Applied Optics 33 (18) (1994) 3905-3911 1x3 all- optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional. .. larger mode numbers in MMI region In addition, both As2S3 and SiO2 1x3 all- optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers materials are available... operation state, Phigh and Plow are output power levels in ON and OFF states respectively 1x3 all- optical switches based on multimode interference couplers using nonlinear directional couplers