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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF LINGUISTICS AND CULTURES OF ENGLISH –SPEAKING COUNTRIES GRADUATION PAPER STORIES OF INTRA-NATIONAL SOJOURNING STUDENTS: FRIENDSHIP DIALECTICS Supervisor: Nguyễn Thanh Hà, Ph.D Student: Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Mai Course: QH2016.F1.E1 HÀ NỘI – 2020 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA NGÔN NGỮ VÀ VĂN HÓA CÁC NƯỚC NÓI TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CÂU CHUYỆN VỀ NHỮNG SINH VIÊN NGOẠI TỈNH TẠI HÀ NỘI: BIỆN CHỨNG TÌNH BẠN Giáo viên hướng dẫn: T.S Nguyễn Thanh Hà Sinh viên: Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Mai Khóa: QH2016.F1.E1 HÀ NỘI – 2020 I hereby state that I: Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Mai, class16E1, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Date Signature of Approval: _ Supervisors’ Comments and Suggestions: _ _ _ _ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest admiration and gratitude towards my supervisor, Ms Nguyễn Thanh Hà, for her dedicated instructions on this research It was her critical yet constructive comments that have guided me through all the doubts and setbacks in the process On a personal note, her heart-warming encouragement and patience have become a source of emotional support for me and other supervisees to exert ourselves to pursue this project I am also grateful to my group of friends, including the anonymous participants who were willing to participate in the interviews; Ms Quynh Trang, Thu Trang, Thu Phuong, and Thu Ha whose kind words have eased my self-doubt and insecurity in carrying out this project Finally, thank you, Mai, for not giving up till the end i ABSTRACT Recent studies have focused on student mobility, especially identity negotiation and adaptation of sojourning students around the world On realising the exciting implications of this mobility within a country, the study delve into the process of adjustment of intra-national sojourning students in Hà Nội, which welcomes the massive flow of provincial sojourning students every year Three participants from the north, the central and the south of Vietnam are invited to participate in this study I apply a qualitative narrative approach to explain the adaptation process of these students The findings point out the different strategies they use to make new friends and maintain old friendships Through using three dialectics suggested in the Identity Negotiation Framework by Ting-Toomey (2005), I also explain how sojourning students adjusted themselves when interacting with both groups of friends though First, sojourning students may feel stressed and excluded at the initial stage of adaptation Second, they gain a greater sense of security and inclusion thanks to the acceptance and welcome from their local students Also, the sense of security is significantly higher when student interact with their old friends Finally, the participants enhance their self-worth through their sojourning experience, while staying true to their core values and personal traits The study also raises further suggestions for future research into the association between personal identity stability and close friendship maintenance ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of research problem and questions 1.2 Scope of the study 1.3 Significance of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Identity 2.1.1 Identity as fluid, dynamic, multiple and positional 2.1.2 Identity as place attachment 2.1.3 Identity as adaptation 2.1.4 Identity Negotiation Theory (INT) 2.1.5 Three dialectics in cultural adjustment study 2.2 Friendships 2.2.1 Definition of friendship 2.2.2 Intercultural friendship formation 10 2.2.3 Intercultural Friendship maintenance 12 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 Participants 14 3.2 Data Collection 15 3.3 Data Analysis 16 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 17 4.1 Portraits of the participants 17 4.2 Research question 1: What strategies intra-national sojourning students employ to form new friendships and maintain old ones? 23 iii 4.2.1 Forming new friendships 23 4.2.2 Maintaining old friendships 29 4.3 Research question 2: How have intra-national sojourning students adjusted themselves when they interact with friends that they meet in Hà Nội? 31 4.3.1 Identity security – vulnerability 31 4.3.1 Identity inclusion – differentiation 32 4.3.3 Identity consistency-change 34 4.4 Research question 3: How have intra-national sojourning students in Hà Nội adjusted themselves when they interact with friends that they knew from their hometown? 38 4.4.1 Identity security-vulnerability 38 4.4.2 Identity inclusion-differentiation 39 4.4.3 Identity consistency-change 40 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 42 5.1 Summary of key ideas 42 5.2 Implications 43 5.3 Limitation and recommendation 43 REFERENCE 45 iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of research problem and questions Students' migration is recognised as an important, if overlooked, a component of migration and has been deemed as one of the most fundamental mobilities in the 21st century (Findlay et al., 2005; King & Ruiz-Gelices, 2003, as cited in Holdsworth, 2009) When investigating the trends, motivations and identities of international students in the UK, Prazeres (2013) proposed that future research should venture into exploring student mobilities in developing nations and the influence of mobility on students‘ personal, national and global identities Nonetheless, while the complex issues of mobility and identities of international students have received numerous attention from academics and researchers in recent years (Liu, 2015; Machart, 2017; Qingjiu & Maliki, 2013; Schachner et al., 2017; Wong, 2017), few papers have focused on those of internal student migration or the movement between regions (Findlay et al., 2017) Within the context of Viet Nam, the report of internal mobility in Viet Nam by UNFPA (2016) points out that the proportions of mobile high school students, undergraduates and apprentices accounted for 15.7% of the intranational migrants in 2015 As a result of admitting students from other provinces and cities, Hà Nội was observed to welcome 28.9% of the total sojourning students nationwide, ranking second only to Mekong Delta With the change in the place of residence and the corresponding social factors, these students are likely to adapt themselves to the new setting in Hà Nội Having been away from my hometown, which is situated in the central area of Viet Nam, and resided in Hà Nội for almost four years for higher education, I found myself in the flow of mobile students coming to Hà Nội every year I share the insight of a sojourning student who has made fundamental adjustments to the new life in Hà Nội, especially in the way I interact with my friends When communicating with friends in Hà Nội, I change my regional dialects and switch to the so-called ―Hà Nội accent‖ My classmates and other friends were intrigued when they suddenly heard my hometown accent In addition to that, despite being unable to make friends in the first year, I have now developed a new way of representing myself with people in Hà Nội I have adopted a new way of thinking like my friends in this place, and every time I surf the newsfeed on my Facebook, I realise that most of the news comes from friends that I meet in Hà Nội It was at the end of my third year that I realised that those friends had changed me radically; I recognise them as part and parcel of my life However, whenever coming back to my hometown and using my regional accent, I return to my old ―self‖, I think in a way that people in my city and converse with others as I always used to While other sojourning students share with me that they are too engaged in the new life in Hà Nội and thus, fail to maintain friendships with friends in their hometown, I have been able to foster my relationship with my old friends Some of them have so far been my best friends for more than a decade From my personal story, I wonder how the story of other mobile students in Hà Nội might be Specifically, I aspire to explore the process of adaptation and friendship maintenance of students residing in Hà Nội, how they develop their identity and construct meaning through that process, both despite and because of their mobility Realising the gap in the literature and being further driven by my own experience, I am motivated to conduct a thorough study on how intra-national sojourning students have maintained their friendships and negotiated their identity through the adaptation and friend-making process The research problem, hence, is: Identity negotiation and the process of forming and maintaining friendship of sojourning students in Hà Nội As most existing accounts of student mobility emphasise the quantitative approach, some aspects of the acculturative processes are neglected Thus, this research employs the qualitative approach to probe deeper into this phenomenon The study, thereby, seeks to answer the following research questions: Research question 1: What strategies intra-national sojourning students employ to form new friendships and maintain old ones? Research question 2: How have intra-national sojourning students in Hà Nội adjusted themselves when they interact with friends that they meet in Hà Nội? Research question 3: How have intra-national sojourning students in Hà Nội adjusted themselves when they interact with friends that they knew from their hometown? 1.2 Scope of the study The study is restricted to identifying the adaptation and identity negotiation processes of three intra-national sojourning students in Hà Nội in terms of friendship development and management Although the adjustment of an individual due to mobility is complex and thus can be attributed to numerous factors, within the constraint of time of this bachelor graduation thesis, I would only focus on how students adapt themselves and thus negotiating their identities when interacting with friends The reasons for this are twofold Firstly, friendship plays an indispensable role in identity negotiation as through newfound friends, students can adjust to unfamiliar cultures and adopt new ways to communicate competently in a different cultural living environment (Hotta & Ting-Toomey, 2013) As intra-national sojourning students are geographically apart from people in their hometown and come to Hà Nội for their study, most of their time is spent with their classmates at school and other friends in their social circle Secondly, previous research by Easthope (2009) points out that attention to the ―construction of the self in everyday interactions‖ (Goffman 1963, as cited in Easthope 2009) is of safety, Trung did not wholly confide in his Hà Nội fellows as he had in his previous friends: However, I sometimes feel that there is a line between us, preventing me from becoming closer to them as I did with my high school peers I haven‘t been able to figure out what‘s the reason behind this, but I always have a faint sense of precaution or hesitation when confiding in them (Trung) Ting-Toomey (2005) described identity consistency as identity stability over developmental time According to her, although sojourners negotiated within themselves on some issues to adapt better, there are specific differences which they not adhere to In Trung‘s case, he refused to consider his new friends as confidants, as the level of trust and security were not enough to him Thu‘s case also provides a salient example for this identity consistency, as she believed that she hadn‘t changed much since high school The reasons were (1) because she was lucky that her newfound friends were in perfect harmony with her; and (2) she was consistent with her way of founding new relationships and was determined to stay unchanged whatever happened Basing on Thu‘s self-awareness about her consistent standards of relationship, there seemed to be a control identity (Stets and Burke, 1994) that is tied to her This control identity might shed light on her stability in her newfound friendships over time I don't care much about whether I'm liked by other people I‘ll just stay true to who I am I would try to keep in touch with my friends to maintain our relationships, though If that wouldn‘t do, then I have nothing to be sad about (Thu) 4.3.3.2 Identity change On embarking on an educational journey far from home, there is a high likelihood that people might transition to new perspectives and beliefs, as a result of being exposed to different intercultural situations In the case of my three participants, they underwent profound transformations through interacting 35 with their new companions, which significantly increase their perceived selfworth This was also in line with literature mentioned in 2.2.2.2, which suggested the role of peer in building one‘s self-worth a Increased self-awareness At his high school in Hà Tĩnh, Trung was considered the top student academically On coming to the capital and getting surrounded by even more highly-capable individuals, which significantly broadened his horizon, Trung believed that the new learning experience in Hà Nội stimulated him to strive harder for excellence I reckon that after interacting with friends in Hà Nội, I realise that there are so so many talented and genuinely competent people around me This is an eye-opening experience for me personally Given this realisation, I have been motivated to strive harder for my personal and professional development The self-awareness about his ability and his new friends‘ was crucial, as it was the source of motivation to his self-growth: I appreciate these changes since they help me to become a better version of self Without them, I would not be the person I am now So I see myself making some headway thanks to my friends in Hà Nội (Trung) b Increased self-confidence Moving from the south to the north, Vy exerted herself to approach new friends, and she was able to change herself from being passive to a more proactive girl in Hà Nội Thus, she gained a higher level of self-confidence in making friends in a different environment I feel much more confident for sure because as what I said, in Hà Nội, I have to make friends actively and luckily all of the people I have met are so kind and nice to me, which makes me feel much better, no more insecure and timid 36 Noticeably, to Vy, confidence is not only confined to enlarging her circle of friends but also means being able to make further accomplishment beyond studying My friends help me realise that I have the potential to a lot of things besides studying For example, I receive compliments on being versatile and energetic I realised my leadership ability when working with my team projects, etc Encouragement and validation from close friends have a pivotal influence on improving adolescents‘ perceived social competence and selfworth, thus making it easier for them to make adjustments at schools (Collins and Steinberg, 2006) The principle, as mentioned above by Collins and Steinberg (2006), can also be seen in Thu‘ case, in which her classmates considerably enhanced her self-confidence in her prowess I guess I believe more in myself My friends make me feel that I can accomplish big things, as long as I put in the work This is somewhat ironic because when I first met them, I felt somewhat insecure, considering how excellent they were while I was from a small provincial school However, thanks to their encouragement and advice, things have been much easier for me, and I start to think more positively about my potentials (Thu) The validation from friends, in combination with the acceptance, was crucial to Thu‘s adaptation This is also the reason why Thu immensely treasured her new group of friends They mean a great deal to me My years of studying, working and living in Hà Nội would never be the same without them As I have mentioned, they have always been supportive Though I‘m not an introvert who always needs friends to survive, it is always a blessing to have people you can trust in your life, especially when starting anew in a big city In short, the friends in Hà Nội show me who I can become (Thu) 37 4.4 Research question 3: How have intra-national sojourning students in Hà Nội adjusted themselves when they interact with friends that they knew from their hometown? 4.4.1 Identity security-vulnerability It is worth noticing that the level of trust and openness that the three sojourning students have with old friends in their hometown was significantly higher than that with friends in Hà Nội This can be evidenced by the way the participants confided in their friends: I am more willing to share with old friends my life and even my secrets rather than the new ones They are the ones who I can share almost everything happening in my life, the ones that I can fall back on in times of difficulty (Trung) Of course, all of my friends in Hà Nội are precious to me However, I would describe my friends in Long Khánh as ―bestie‖ For me, they are the ones who I can rely on (mentally, like motivation you know), can share the joy and sorrow with I love them (Vy) Trung confessed being less ―cautious‖ when interacting with the friends in his community There was a greater sense of security and belonging when Trung did not exert himself to accommodate his old friends‘ comments The reason, as Trung explained, was because he was much closer to his high school friends, so he did not feel uncomfortable with whatever their comments were However, when I return home, such need disappear since all the times I meet my friends are for a get-together, I usually wear casual clothes, and I also don‘t fear their comments In Thu‘s case, she shared that as her old group of friends were not especially concerned about appearance like her new friends in Hà Nội, she was less concerned about her self-image in front of her old friends: ―I‘m more casual with my older group of friends in terms of clothing and manners because they are very chill.‖ 38 4.4.2 Identity inclusion-differentiation When engaging in conversation with their hometown friends, all the participants underwent a great sense of inclusion in their groups of friends This belonging can be evidenced in the way the participants deem their friends as an indispensable part of their lives: In my opinion, they have become an integral part of my life As we have been through the ups and downs and are still together until now, I believe it is really hard to find others with such compatible traits of character and understanding of me They are the ones who I can share almost everything happening in my life, the ones that I can fall back on in times of difficulty (Trung) (…) we always share the best moments of each whenever we can (online, of course) For me, they are the ones who I can rely on mentally, like motivation you know, can share the joy and sorrow with I love them (Vy) Three sojourning students managed to keep in contact with their old friends in multiple ways, especially by using online social platforms This strategy was considered as the way the participants include their life with their friends‘ despite being apart Thus, to them, the physical distance became insignificant in the closeness of their relationships This finding is in line with previous research by Gareis (2000a), geographical barrier or proximity was an insignificant factor in friendship maintenance, while communication was the key to fostering these relationships Of course, keeping in touch with them would help - by talking, we wouldn‘t feel so apart, even it is true geographically Also, occasional meetings are the most important and effective means to maintain the relationship - we meet in person and see each other in the flesh (Trung) It is still the same because we always share the best moments of each whenever we can We often video call each other about once a month (Vy) Despite not talking or meeting often, we still make sure to keep each other updated on the critical events and offer support when others are in need (Thu) 39 4.4.3 Identity consistency-change It is intriguing that despite the changes in Hà Nội, all three students believed that they felt no significant changes in the nature of their traits within themselves when they were with their old friends ―Strangely enough, when interacting with them, I myself not notice any changes in my characteristics or manners.‖ Trung was cautious when making specific negotiations within himself to accommodate his new friends in Hà Nội, and as discussed earlier, the changes did not always come from his willingness Trung explained the reason that he did not fear the comments from his old friends because they were "closer", thus, "level of closeness" might be an essential factor to explain in this case When being asked about her old friends‘ impression on her when she came back to her hometown, Vy noticed that her friends were sensitive to subtle changes in her appearance and language use She speculated her friends‘ acceptance of these changes was due to the stability of her characteristics: ―(…) maybe I'm still the Vy that they know, and maybe my personalities haven't changed that much so they still feel okay with it.‖ In Thu's story, although she admitted the physical distance between her and her friends, she described their role in her life as a "reliable emotional‖ support I would say that the relationships were not as physically close as they were before; however, they become a sort of reliable emotional support Despite not talking or meeting often, we still make sure to keep each other updated on the important events and offer assistance when others are in need (Thu) Thu believed that her friends played an essential role in remaining her "identity" The word "grounded" was used when she wanted to refer to her old friends as a root for her to preserve her "core values" They are partly why my identity since high-school years till now remains considerably consistent They are those who keep me grounded 40 during my early 20s full of craziness It means not losing my core values in my new and chaotic young adult life I'm pretty much the same person I was before, just a little more mature and cautious (Thu) Thu‘s identity consistency was earlier discussed in research question 2, in which she believed that her identity remained stable due to the match between her and the new friends and her own will to stay true to herself Yet, it is revealed in this section that the previous friendships in her hometown anchored her identity These findings suggest the association between personal identity consistency and old friendship maintenance Thus, there is ample room for further research to delve into this relationship in the future 41 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of key ideas This research revolved around the experiences of intra-national sojourning students in intercultural friendships In this study, I conducted indepth interviews and analysed the narratives of three sojourners in Hà Nội to identify which strategies they used to make new friends and maintain old relationships in their hometown With these strategies, I further managed to find out the process of self-adjustments of these students when interacting with both groups of friends First, to make new friendships, sojourners employed different strategies, including (1) adopting communicative strategies (dialects and accent, use of curse words, manners, codeswitching), (2) adjusting appearance and (3) showing willingness to make new friends To maintain old bonds, strategies used by students were: (1) increasing interaction, (2) harnessing positivity, (3) manifesting supportiveness and self-disclosure Applying Identity Negotiation Theory by Ting-Toomey (2005), I was able to answer three proposed research question and by analysing students‘ adjustment process in terms of three dialectics: (1) identity security-vulnerability, (2) identity inclusion- differentiation, (3) shifting towards identity consistency-change It was found that the level of security would increase when the participants felt accepted by their new peers; however, the level of security in new friendship was inferior to that in old friendship Though the lenses of identity inclusion-differentiation, it can be implied that in friend-making process participants might experience initial stress in adapting to a new culture, and they would gain a sense of inclusion either because of the peer‘s hospitability or the similarity between two cultures In maintaining the old friendship, it was consistent that three participants gained a great sense of inclusion to their previous friends, and geographical areas might be an insignificant factor in friend ties With the identity consistency-change dialectics, it can be concluded that participants increased their confidence and self-awareness due to the influence of their Hanoian friends, while sticking to their core values and personality 42 5.2 Implications The results of this study can help other sojourning students learn different strategies of how people students manage their old and new friendships when moving to a new learning environment They can also relate to the described process of self-adjustment and negotiation when interacting with both groups of friends As for local students, as initial stress and exclusion might be unavoidable to sojourning students, the local can extend their welcome to newcomers so that these sojourners might feel more secured and included Also, this study constitutes humble contributions to the limited literature on intra-national student mobility and intercultural friendship The findings also prove the role of three dialectics suggested by Ting-Toomey in exploring intercultural adjustment Finally, the study proposes promising suggestions into the influence of close friendship maintenance on personal identity stability 5.3 Limitation and recommendation As the researcher, I was well aware of several limitations of this study First, as the participants were within my social circle, there might potentially be other sojourning students with interesting cases that I was unaware of Secondly, as for the research design – case study – the intercultural relationship is a complicated and multi-layered matter that might vary in different cases It is nearly impossible, thus, to explore all the experiences of intra-national sojourning students The study is thereby confined to the personal stories of the participants, which might not represent the cases of all sojourners To compensate for this shortcoming, I tried to probe deeper into the unique stories of the participants‘ adjustment process in intercultural relationships Finally, as I and the participants were quite close, some of the details were neglected during the interview due to our assumed mutual understanding Reflecting on the limitations as mentioned above, I suggest that future researcher can delve into a wider range of intra-national participants in the nation 43 APPENDIX I Questions about participants' experience with new friends in Ha Noi Can you tell me about yourself? (family, religion, education, experiences growing up) What are the types of friends that you have in Ha Noi? What was your first impression of these friends? What you think about them now? (what you like/ you don‟t like) How has it changed? Can you tell me about how you make friends with them? Are there special moments/stories you want to share? Have there been any conflicts between you and your friends so far? How you describe the relationship between you and these friends? What these friends mean to you and your stay in Ha Noi? Have there been any changes so far within yourself when interacting with Ha Noi friends? If yes, you appreciate these changes? II Questions about participants' experience with old friends in their community What are the types of friends that you had in your hometown? (before coming to Ha Noi) Do you still contact with them? How you describe the relationship between you and the old friends in your community right now? What these friends mean to you? Have you heard/received any comments about you from these friends? Are there any special stories that you want to share between you and these friends? 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3-8 Turner, J C (1978) Social categorisation and social discrimination in the minimal group 48 paradigm Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations, 101-140 UNFPA (2016) Điều tra di cư nội địa quốc gia 2015 (Internal immigration investigation 2015) Hà Nội: Nha Xuat Ban Thong Tan 49 ... in this day and age have been less fixed and stable than in the past Holland (1996, p.109, as cited in Phan, 2007) mention identity as a ―moveable feast‖ which is in constant transformation in. .. also puts forward the notions of ―identity consistency‖ and ―identity change/ transformation‖ Individuals incline to undergo identity consistency in an acquainted cultural setting and gravitate... change and transformation as a response to a newfound or unfamiliar cultural setting In this sense, new immigrants, minority members, and biracial/multiracial individuals are required to ―swing
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