Khai thác tư liệu chữ quốc ngữ cổ thế kỷ xviii

KHAI THAC TU LIEU • C H Q Q U O C IMGQ CO (THE KY XVIII) De tai dac biet QG 99.06 TOM T A T TINH HiNH NGHIEN COU VA KET QUA T H U C HIEN DE TAI Chu nhiem de tai GS.TS OOAN THIEN THUAT Co quan chu tri TRUNG TAM NGHIEN cCfU VIET NAM VA GIAO Ll/U VAN HOA DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI MiM ^MAW I MUC DiCH YEU CAU CUA DE TAI Chir Qudc ngu chung ta dang diing la ket qua dong gop cua nhieu giao sT phuong tay thuoc nhieu quoc gia va nhieu the he khac Day la mot phuong tien ghi chep tien lai, song khong phai khong CO nhung dieu bat hop ly doi v6i nguoi Viet, vi tir dau viec sang tao chu Quoc ngu khong nhSm phuc vu chiing ta, ma la phuc vu cac giao sT phuong tay hoc tieng Viet, ho dang cdn biet tieng de' truyen dao cho ngu6i ban xu" Y nghia thu'c tien cua de tai : Ngay chung ta can hieu dugc dieu noi tren de tac dong den chu Quoc ngu mot each c6 hieu qua, nham phuc vu loi fch cua chung ta Do viec nghien cuu qua trinh hmh chu Quoc ngu cung nhu phuong hu6ng cai tien no dang la mot van de thdi su Tir tmoc toi ve lich su chu quoc ngu da c6 nhieu hoc gia, nhieu luan van, luan an nghien cuu Song, nhutig gi den biet dugc, chu yeu ihuoc giai doan manh nha, giai doan thu nghiem dung chu la tinh de ghi tieng Viet, tiep den la thu van tu da tam dinh hlnh, su doi ciia Tu dien Viet - Bo - La ciia Ade Rhodes (1951) Nhu'ng thii van tu ay so v6i khac xa Qua tnnh ditSn bicn cua no thl ^io'i nehien cuii m6i chi biet duoc tinh hlnh lu sau A de Rhodes den cuoi the ky 17 va tir dau the ky 19 den nay, giai doan giiJa thi khong biet dugc vi khong c6 tu lieu Gfo day ta da biet den tvr di^n Viet - La tinh cua Pigneau de Behaine (viel tay 1772) v6i each viS't khdng khac chir qudc ngu' la may Qua thuc la c6 mot su dot bien kho hi^u, phai chang day chi la each viet ciia mot ca nhan va s6 dT each viet cua ong sau lio ph6 bien la nhd cong lao cua J L Taberd Ong da sira sang lai tir dien viet tay ciia P de Behaine d^ xuS't ban tai Serampore (1838) v6i ten sach la " Nam Viet Duong hiep tir diln" Chung ta khong tin rSng c6 su thay d6i mot s6m mot chieu nhu vay vl tu lieu de nghien ciJu Ijch su chQ quoc bi trdng v^ng h^n mot the ky, d o l a t h c k y 18 Trong dip dugc cu di cong tac Phap toi da tranh thu iho'i cO de tlm kiem tu lieu Toi da lim dugc kho luu tm cua Hoi truyen giao nude ngoai lai Paris nhu'ng thu tu' Irao d6i giu'a giao dan va cac giao sy gui tu* Vict Nam sang Phap va ngugc lai (ta't ca c6 42 van ban tir 1687 den 1825 tii'c Irong klioang 138 nam) ciang nhung s6 tay ghi chep cua cac nha truyen giao Nhu'ng tu lieu m6i tim dugc rS't quy vi chung deu co nien dai xac dinh va la ban viet tay cua nhieu ca nhan khac chu: khong phai rieng cua mot nguoi Song, may man hon ca la nhu'ng tu lieu da vira lap diing mot the ky, dang vSng Nhung tu lieu da dugc toi chup anh Phim anh, da dugc bao quan rat ky, nhung v6i anh hu'Ong cua hau, thdi tiet nu6c ta, qua mot Ihcti ky gian dai, da bi hu hong mot so Dugc su giiip cua Ban Khoa hoc cong nghe Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi, chiing loi da b6 sung nhu'ng phim anh bi hu hai in giay va chuan bi de' cong bd diroi de lai ma sd QG 97.14 Toan bo cac lu lieu - diu dugc phien chuyin chu* Qudc ngO hien dai vdi nhung chu thieh ve tu dang, ve ngiJ am Duong nhien cong bd sau nay^cac tu lieu se dugc Irlnh bay nguyen dang dudi hinh thirc anh chup, cac tu lieu da dugc phien chuy^n chi kem theo, nham phuc vu nhung doc gia khong Ihugc gidi ngon ngu hoc Ho chi quan tam den noi dung eija cac van ban ma thoi De tai da dugc nghiem thu va danh gia cao Tuy nhien Hoi dong danh gia de nghi phai chu giai cac ten rieng, tu* nude ngoai, ti^ c6, ma d budc dau, chung toi chua co dieu kien thuc hien va da noi r5 lir Idi md dau Mai khac cac tu lieu cung cdn dugc khai thac, trudc het la ve mal ngon ngU hoc Day la budc thu* hai va da dugc Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi chap nhan vdi ma sd QG 99.06 De lai dugc thuc hien vdi yeu c^u tao dung dugc mot lap sach chuyen khao, de cong bd kem vdi cudn tu lieu da dugc chu Ihich day du vc moi mal, nham phuc vu gidi khoa hoc va ngoai nude nghien ciru ve lich sir chu' qudc ngu* De tai cijng phuc vu kip thdi cho mot chuyen de can giang day d bac sau Dai hoc II TRIEN KHAI D f TAI Nhu tren da noi, cac van ban viet bang chu* qudc ngu co thu Ihap cTugc^liam du mgl the ky va de noi cho tien, thudng goi la chu qudc ngu* Ihe ky 18, nhu'ng ihuc la tir 1687 den 1825 Mat kliac sd lu lieu de khai Ihac chi gidi han U^ong pham vi 42 birc thu da dugc suu lam khuon -5- kho de tai QG 97.14 Noi dung ciia de tai QG 99.06 chi la tiep tuc Chung toi khong md rong pham vi khai thac cac s6 tay ghi chep kliac Cong viec tiirdc lien la hoan thien budc nghien cu'u dau la chu thich cac tir nude ngoai va tu* c6 Cac tir nude ngoai bao gdm cac ten thanh, cac le, cac danh hieu, phdm trat, chu'c sac dao Kilo Chung loi da tranh Ihii sir giup cua cac id chlic dao Thien chiia Irong pham vi CO the, va cac chuyen gia Sau do, mdi la viec khai thac cac van ban Vi tinh hinh khong cho phep^su khai ihac ve mat noi dung ciia cac van ban co lien quan den sir tranh chap cua cac dong tu, vt lich svt xa hoi duong thdi v.v nen danh lui lai Chiing toi da tap Irung khai thac ve mat ngon ngiJ nhu lij" virng, ngiJ phap, ngiJ am, phong each hoc O day, chung toi da rut kinh nghiem lu' nhung ihanh luu cua nganh ngon ngu hoc qua khii', Irien khai nhu'ng de lai Idn, dd la kel hgp nghien cuU vdi dao tao, gSn chat ly thuyet vdi ihirc hanh, nha U-udng va xa hoi Mot sd sinh vien da iham gia ciing cac giao su long kel nhu'ng vah de ed the rut tir cac van ban dang xet Mal khac dieu cung la can ihiet^khi ba sd cong lac vien liJ' dau cua de lai, vi nhu'ng ly rieng, khong tiep tuc tham gia dugc va khong CO mat lai Ha Noi nu'a cho den hien nay, la Nguyen Phuong Trang (chuyen cong lac vao Tlianh phd Ho Chi Minh), Pham Nhu Quynh (Iheo gia dinh sang sdng d Philippin ), V6 Xuan Que (dang d Hung ga li) Chung loi da mdi mgl sd chuyen gia cong lac theo yeu c^u ciia cong vice Nhung nguoi tham gia thuc hien de tai: -4- - GS.TS Dinh Van DiJc, Chu nhiem khoa Ngon ngu hoc, cijng Nguyen Viet Ha, cir nhan ngon ngu hoc, khai thac mat ngu phap cua tieng Viet the ky 18 - GS.TS NGuyIn Thien Giap, Chu nhiem bo mon Viel ngiJ hoc, cijng Pham Tlii Tra Giang, cu nhan ngdn ngu hoc va Ha Thi My Dung, cu nhan ngon ngu* hoc kliai thac mat tiT vung hoc - GS.TS Doan Thien Thuat, chuy6n mon ngu am hoc, citing Dd Tlii Hong Anh, cu nhan ngon ngiJ hoe va Le Thi Hong Nhung, cu nhan ngon ngij* hoc, khai thac mal van tu* va ngii am - PGS TS Hoang Trong Phien, chuyen mon phong each hoc, cung vofi Hoang Van Ben, cir nhan ngdn ngu hoc, khao sat mgl sd hien luc^ng phong each Irong cac van ban - GS TS NguySn Dinh Quang, phu trach phan chu ihfch cac tij* nude ngoai v e Thien chiia giao - GS TS Nguyen Nggc San, Dai hoc su pham Ha Noi I, phu Irach phan chii ihfch cac lij' Viet co III KET QUA N G H I £ N CTJU Vice khai thac cac tu lieu, nhu tren da trinh bay, dugc lien hanh Ircn Ccic blnh dien ngu" am, lii' vu'ng, ngif phap va phong each hoc -S- Can cir vao bao cao cua nhdm cong tac vien, d day cd the neu len torn tat mot sd ket qua ve timg mat Kem theo bao cao nghiem thu la cong ti-inh dugc ddng quy en tdng cdng 605 trang Ve van til va nguf am 311 trang ke ca phu luc v6 cac sd va bieu bang ddng quyen Tren dai the' cac tac gia da thong kS cac dang viet khac cac van ban, thuoc phu am d^u ph§h v^n^ddng thdi ddi chieu vdi each viet hai cudn tir 6iin Viet - Bo - La ciia A de Rhodes tam coi nhu dai dien cho chij* qudc ngu th^ ky 17 va Viet - La tinh cua P de Behaine, dugc coi nhu dai dien cho chiJ viet the ky 19 Ve phu am driu, ngoai viec ghi nhan cac dang ky tu dugc diing de ghi am vi /d/, /zV, /^/, AA fk/ ke ca each viet thudng va viel hoa, cac lac gia dac bicl chu y den each ghi cac phu am xat mdi "(^3, v, u " cac td hgp phu am /bl, ml, ll/ Van de dugc xem xet ve hai mat: Van tu va ngiJ am lich su, hai mat gan bd vdi nhung khong dugc coi la mot nhu mot sd nha nghien cu'u liTrdc day van lam Chung dugc phan biet rach rdi Ve phan van sir chu y tap trung vao cac van cd nguyen am ngan ma dugc viel la " ung, ong, ong" va cac van cd nguyen am ddi kicu "U(tng, udng" Chiing loi ci:ing quan tam den each viet tai, vdn kha bien Irong Ccic van ban, chung cd lien quan den va'n de cua phu am dau, phu am cudi va dieu -6 1-1 Ve sir song song ton tai " ^ , v, u." Nhung tir ma thdng nh^t ghi bang "v" thi ti^ dien Viet - Bd - La (VBL) cua Alexandre de Rhodes khong phai the day mot so lij* dugc ghi bang hai each Ben canh nhUng tir nhu "van, mudn" cd tir "uan ual" cijng mot muc tijf Cung nhu the muc tij* "uay" cd lir "cho vay", hoac muc tiJ "uan" cd tir "van d€y" Vd am cua nhung tir vao thdi dd sao, cung c^n dugc tinh den^klii Ihao luan ve ngu* am lich su, song cd dieu chSc chan la sir ghi am tien bat ngudn ti^ viec su' dung chii* cai la tinh dd nguyen am /u/ va phu an /v/ cd ciing mot each th^ hien dd hinh la "v" viet hoa Bang chirng cua hien tugng ed th^ thay tren bla cua cudn tir dien VBL cua A de Rhodes DICTIONARIVM ANNAMITICVM LVSITANVM BT LATIN VMOPI^ Ben canh each viet luy lien bang "v" va "u" cdn cd each viet bang '(b" de ghi nhu'ng liJ' ma ghi bang "v" nhu '^a ao" '(bui be" Con chu' |b" dugc xep mot v^n rieng sau van B va can cu vao dang chu cua no ta cung cd the biet dugc no dugc diing d^ ghi mdi am xat mdi Vay la d day ngoai van de van tu cdn cd van de ngu* am hoc, mot am da idn lai U'ong lieng Viet ma khdng cdn nila va chu cung bien ma'l Neu li'ong lu diem VBL long so cac tii' viel b a n g ^ u, v la 306 ihi 155 iru'dng hgp l a ^ (50%), 48 imdng hgp la u (34%) Vay d ihdi ky licp theo tinh hinh se sao? Trong dd 42 van ban lim dugc cd nhiJng van ban tiung nien dai Neu chi lay nhii'ng van ban cd nien dai khac va coi la dai dien ihi se -7- CO 23 van ban dem xet va thdng ke sir xua't hien c u a ^ thi tha'y no dugc diing ba van ban 6,9,10^^\ nhieu nhat la van ban 6, ngoai klidng thay 20 van ban khac Duong nhien khdng the ndi mot each tuyet ddi l a ^ da ma't hoan toan sau 1706, song sir vang bdiig cua nd 20 van ban cdn lai, han cung ndi len dugc dieu gi Mat khac cung khdng the can cur vao tu lieu cua P Binh 6i phii dinh nhan xet tren vi nhirng tac pham cua ong viet trai dai sang dau the ky 19, nhung chu viet ong diing van la thu chu ciia thdi ky tmdc ong di, tuc giua the ky 18 So hieu thdng ke rut tir cac van ban the ky 18 mdi tim dugc^cho Ihay nhiJng lir ma viet bang V va d the ky 17 dugc viet bang^b, u, V ihi den the ky 18 V cd tan so xuat hien la 775/864 (90%) va u khdng cdn nffa 100 9Q y ao /^ Bieu dd 70 6C ^ 5o ^S^ 5^ ^ ^ ^0 30 20 ^ 10 V rtl u I Jheky 17 ^ Y^^^ y ^ u ITie'kyis Xet ve mat ngir am lich sir thi, nhu ta da biet," v"Viet co hai ngiion goc, hoiic /w/ hoac /p, \)f~ Chu quoc ngu co da xac minh hai nguon goc NhiJng lir ngon ngu van hoc duoc viet VA V vao the ky 17 duoc viet b k g ^ , v hoac u So lieu thong ke cac 42 van ban dirrtc xOp llico tlu'r lir i h a i j;ian lir xua nlial den miion lum va duac danh so tln'r l u Van ban 10 CO niOn dai 1706 - N g u y e n ' l a i TAn 1995 -Giao ninli licit cau lao su + dong lir + b6 ngu, luyet dai da s6 tmdng hop chi IH SU + dong tir/ tinh (ir (khong c6 bd ngu) Ngay cung co llic kliong cc'i hd ngu, iihuiig dong (fr khong ihc' la dong tir vdi nghTa cu the' nhir di an hoc, ma piiai vd] ngiila liiru urong (thudng la tiiTu tuong hoa hang each ghep ddi) nhu- di hu, di vc, an noi, an mac: su di lai, sir di vc, su an noi, su an iniic, sir hoc hanh Ngoai Irong nhu'ng kel ca'u danh ngfr IKKI liiudng c(') dong (ir + 1)6 ngfr Ddi vdi Ifnh lir linh hinh cung nhu vay Ngay nguoi i^i IKM: SU nang nc, su yon lanh, sir Inih lang, chiJ khong ndi sir nang, sir lanh, sir linh, sir yen Nhung vf dii IrC-n cho thay hien tUOng danh ngu' hoa da idn tai liong lieng Viel kha sdm Nhdm nghien cuu cho rang eu lieu danii ngO hoii lien day lam Ihanh luan cu' cho tfnh c^p hoa cua lieng Viel, nhat la Irong lieng Viel hien dai, kel cau danh ngQ' duoc ca'u lao lir kel eau chu - vi Do khdng phai la su" md phong ngdn ngu* Chau Au ma ta mdl kci cdu ciia lieng Vici liiO'ng irng vdi ngu* doan ciia cac tieng Chau Au Danh gia chung Cac van ban dang nghien ciiu ihudc ihc loai ihu lin Day la ihu lin sir vu chir khdng phai thu tin linh cam Cci nhan Cai ldi gan vdi chu ihc phai ngdn, cai ldi ke le, mieu la, cai ldi hicn ngdn chir khdng phiii ccii ldi ini linh cai ldi iham my Ldi van rai lu nhicMi diCn dat 49 khdng irau chudt Cac cdu true ngir phap, cac phuong tien lien kei ngheo nan, ludn ludn lap Vc phuofng dicn phong each hoc, cdn khang dinh mdl diCu: Day la bieu hien ddu lien ciia the loai thu tfn Nd bao hieu tiem nang ciia lieng Viet vice dien dat tu phan tich Chau Au Cac biic ihu ciing du bao mot nen van xudi Vict Nam dang hinh Chung la nhung lu lieu quy dc nghien ciiu lich sir van ban hoc, phong each hoc lieng Vici IV KI^^ LUAN De tai da lap hgp mot lire hrgng dii manh dc khai ihac cac van ban the ky 18 vc mat ngdn ngir: giao su, I phd giao su, cir nhan, long cdng la 10 nguiti, lai ca deu thuoc chuyen mdn ngdn ngir hoc Chung tdi nghien cu'u cac van ban tren blnh dicn: Ngir am hoc, Tir vung hoc, Ngir phcip hoc Vci Phong each hoc Cac cdng liinh ciia nhdm cung cap dugc nhirng ihdng lin rai quy vdi sd lieu thdng kc rat cu the, den lirng am, lii'ng lir, lii'ng hicn tugng, cho phep cac nhii nghien ci'ru hch sir lieng Vict hinh dung dugc su lien hoa ciia ngdn ngu chiing ta Trong mdl bao cao long kci nhu ihc Uciy khd long tdm tai Vci neu ICMI mdt each dfiy dii gia Iri ciia nhirng ihdng lin lien 50 Tlidng qua nhirng cdng tiinh tap the ciia cac nhdm nghien tren dai thd, chiing ta cd the biei dugc: - Tir dien bien ciia mdt sd dang chir cai den hinh ihiic chfnh la da dang ciia chu qudc ngii the ky 18, sau xual hicn d the ky 17 (qua lir dien Viet - Bd - La) va tmdc dinh hinh nhu - Mot sd each phai am cd (phu am, nguyen am) ma da bicn ddi va cdn lai vci lich mdt sd lir, nhu "long den, long trang" (ciia mat) vdi "mdl kinh hai trong" - Mdt loai lir co, ma khdng dugc dung nira, va chi Ion lai Irong Ihanh ngu, luc ngir, ca dao Neu khdng cd nhung van ban cd da lim dugc Vci cdng Irinh khai ihac cac lu lieu IrcMi, la khd long hieu duoc nghia, hay giai Ihfch dugc mot sd each diing lir Ngay cung bicl cau : "Khdn cho nguiyi la dai Dai cho ngudi la thuong Dd dd uong uong chi to ngudi ta ghet" Nhung "dai" nghTa la gi ihi chac khdng mdy hieu dugc Trong 42 van ban da xel, lii' ludn ludn dugc bai gap, va vdi nhung bdi canh cu the cd the biet dugc nghia ciia nd dd la '"sg" - Vc lir vung, lir Irong nhdm "Bi, Dugc, Phai" khdng phai duoc phan bd nhu Theo sd licMi ihdng kc, Bi "Trudc hau nhu khdng dugc dimg Chi sau nd mdi dugc sir dung rdng rai 51 - Van xuoi budi sa khai rat gan vdi khau ngir Cau thuc^ng rat dai va khong cd da'u nglt cSu, dd chiic nang ciia lien tir rat Idn Trong sd lien tir Ihi nhi?ng lien tir da tiei kidu "vi chi/ng, vi bdng, au la, rat nhicu - Van xudi thdi ky ddu thuoc the' loai thu tfn Dd la nhung ihu sir vu Ldi le tu nhien nhu Idi ndi cudc sdng hang ngay, chua trau chudt Cach tu chua khiic tricl, y no lien hoan vdi y mot chudi Phuong tien lien kei cac bd phan cua cau cung nhu lien kci van ban tren cau cdn ngheo nan, dd ludn ludn lap Trong ihu, ngudi viet da chu y den thdi gian Ngay, ihang, nam ihudng dat d cudi thu va dugc ghi rat ky ludng 42 van ban da suu idm dugc cdn chiia dung nhicu ihdng lin rdi quy ve tdn giao, xa hdi, lich sir, chfnh Iri, van hoa Rai lice cho den chiing chua dugc in dc quang ba, nen nhicu niia khoa hoc ihudc cac linh vuc khac chua cd dieu kien licp can va khai ihac chirng mdl each huu fch Chung tdi mdi chi dii'ng vice khai thac d m(il ngdn ngu* Tuy nhien, nhirng gi gal hai dugc so bd cung da kha phong phii Vdi 605 irang danh may vi tfnh day dac hien cd, de tai dugc nghiem Ihu, chiing tdi nghi rdiig da cd dii ndi dung cho mdl cudn chuyen khao gia tri dang tin cay./ 52 ... lu lieu de khai Ihac chi gidi han U^ong pham vi 42 birc thu da dugc suu lam khuon -5- kho de tai QG 97.14 Noi dung ciia de tai QG 99.06 chi la tiep tuc Chung toi khong md rong pham vi khai thac... Thien chiia Irong pham vi CO the, va cac chuyen gia Sau do, mdi la viec khai thac cac van ban Vi tinh hinh khong cho phep^su khai ihac ve mat noi dung ciia cac van ban co lien quan den sir tranh... tap Irung khai thac ve mat ngon ngiJ nhu lij" virng, ngiJ phap, ngiJ am, phong each hoc O day, chung toi da rut kinh nghiem lu' nhung ihanh luu cua nganh ngon ngu hoc qua khii', Irien khai nhu'ng