Vấn đề lịch sử thanh điệu tiếng việt

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN i ran I n Doi A VAN DE LICH SI/THANH DIEU TIENG VIET BAG CAO TONG HOP De tai nghien cihi Klioa hoc cap DHQG ncim 2004 Ma so: QX.04.04 DJiGOi Ha i\6i 2006 Miic liic MUC LUC - trang QUY DINH VIET TAT trang CACBIEUBANG trano M a dau trang Chitang I : LY THUYET VE LICH SLT THANH DIEU CUA A G HAUDRICOURT trang 12 I Nhung nguyen ly ve lich su hinh thanh dieu tieng Viet A Haudricourt di xuat tran^ 12 Nhung nguyen ly ve lich sit hinh thanh dieu tieng Viet ciia A G, Haudricourt, trang 14 NhCtng dieu cluta the gidi thich duac neu dita vao nguyen ly hinh thanh dieu tieng Viet ciia A G Haudricourt trang 28 II Nhung bo sung va dieu chinh ve nguyen ly hinh thanh dieu tieng Viet A G Haudricourt de xuat trang 31 Nhitng bo sung va dieu chinh lien quan den van de ditdng net ccic dieu nhoniViet - Mudng trang 31 Nhftng bo sung va dieu chinh lien quan den van de dm vitc cdc dieu nhom Viet - Mudng trang 41 Chuang II: THUG TRANG THANH DIEU HIEN NAY CUA MOT SO NGON NGtjrVA THO NGLTVIET - MUONG trang 49 I Thuc trang dieu hien cua mot so tho ngu khac tieng Viet trang 51 Tinh hinh thitc teciia mot so tho ngit tieng Viet co dieu trang 52 Tinh hinh thitc tecua mot so tho ngCt tieng Viet co thanli dieu tran'j 54 II Thuc trang dieu hien cua mot so ngon ngu va tho ngu Viet - Muorng ' trang 56 Nhitng ngon ngu I thonguViet - Mudng co 2Aioqc dieu trang 57 Tinh hinh thitc tecua mot so ngon ngilvci tho ngu Viet - Mitcrng co va dieu trang 69 Chitang HI : GlAl THICH THUt TRANG THANH DIEU HIEN NAY CUA MOT SO NGON NGlTvA THO NGlTVIET - M U O N G trang 71 I Thanh dieu ciia nhung tir vay mugn trang 72 Vay mitan dieu ciia nhitng tit Viet goc Han, trang 72 Vay mugn dieu cua nhung titThdi goc Viet, trang 77 II So sanh dieu cua nhung tir tieng Muong va nhung tir Viet mang hoi va ngd trang 79 Tinh hinh tit lieu trang 80 Binh liiqn ve tit lieu trang 81 III Giai thich thuc trang dieu hien cua mot so ngon ngu va tho ngCr Viet - Mu5ng trang 82 Gidi thich tinh hinh hien cua mot so ngon nguva tho ngu Viet Mudng CO hogc dieu trang 82 Gidi thich tinh hinh hien cua mot so ngon ngu va tho ngu Viet Mudng CO dieu trang 88 Ket luan trang 93 THUMUC trang 97 CAC BIEU BANG - Bang 1: Titcfng itng dieu Viet vd Thai (Xiem) - Bang 2: Bang "sado ve ngiion goc cck- thanh" cua A.G Haudricourt - Bang 3: Bang dieu dien hinh cua tieng Viet -Bang 4: Sa titang itng dieu Viet vdi dm cuoi Nam A G,Dijfloth denghi - Bang 5: Sa gidi thich sac - ngng a nhung van ket thuc bang dm vang cua M Ferhis - Bang : Titang itng Han vd Han Viet MO DAU Tarn quan cua van de Tinh tir nam 1838 J L Taberd bien soan cuon tu die'n son^ nsfr Annam - Latinh (Dictionnaire Annam - Latin) ngirai ta da ban \e \an de nguon goc tieng Viet Den da gan 200 nam nhimg van de vSn phai tiep tuc dirac thao luan M6i mot lap luan duoc neu de' chuna minh cho ket luan ve nguon goc tieng Viet vira co nhOng hat nhan hop ly cua no nhimg dong thofi cung co nhiJng chi tiet can phai dirge tiep tuc tranh luan va trao doi va thirc te cho de'n hien van de vSn dang tiep tuc dugc trao doi Trong so nhiJng lap luan lam co so de xac dinh nguon goc tieng Viet nhu da noi a tren, van de dieu la mot van de giil vai trd vd cung quan trong, tham chi la mot van de mang tinh quyet dinh he thong lap luan ciia cac nha khoa hoc khac thao luan ve van de Theo ly thuyet ciia A.G Haudricourt, xet a khia canh lich sir, tieng Viet la mot ngon ngir tir trang thai ban dau khong co dieu (giong nhir cac ngon ngCr thuoc nhanh Mon - Khmer khac ciia ho Nam A) bien doi mot ngon ngir co dieu nhu hien nav Sir bien doi tir trang thai khons dieu den co dieu chi phoi rat nhieu nhOng bien doi lich sir khac CLia tieng Viet va do no da tao ra, gay nhung bien doi khac tiep theo lich sir ban than ngon ngir noi rieng va nhom Viet Muong noi chung Cung chinh sir bien doi dieu mot qua trinh lich sir lau dai nhu vay cua nhom Viet - Muong (co the noi la trons khoans mot nghin nam) da tao cho chung mot buc tranh dieu het sue da dang Cho nen, viec hieu biet lich sir hinh va bien doi dieu tieng Viet, ve thuc chat, cung la tim hieu lich sir dieu cua nhieu ngon ngir, nhieu tho ngir khac nhom ngon ngfl- Viet - Muong Hay noi mgl each khac, viec chung ta tien hanh khao sat lich sir dieu tieng Viet cung chinh la xem xet su bien doi cdahien tugng n'ay nhom ngon ngu Viet Muong cua nhanh Mon - Khmer Nhu vay, chiing ta cung co the noi rang nghien cuu lich sir dieu tieng Viet, ve nguyen tac, la gop phan vao nghien cu-u nguon goc tieng Viet va dong thoi cung la gop phan vao nghien curu tien trinh phat trie'n ciia tieng Viet Nhiing ket qua nghien cuii a binh dien se gop phan bg sung quan trgng cho viec chung minh van de nguon goc tieng Viet, gop phan hoan thien them giao trinh lich sir tieng Viet, mot mon hgc chinh thii-c bac Cir nhan cho nhieu nganh hgc khac a truong Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hoi va Nhan van nhu ngon ngir hgc, van hoa hgc, nhan hgc hay dan tgc hgc Dong thoi, nhiing ket qua nghien curu cung se gop phan hoan thien giao trinh phuang phdp so sdnh - lich su, mot mon hgc a nuoc ta chua dugc gioi thieu nhieu, nhung da dugc trinh bay a bac dao tao Sau dai hgc ciia khoa Ngon ngir hgc va mot so khoa co ban khac lien quan hay irng dung dia hat nghien cim cong viec ciia minh Sir bien doi ngon ngir lich sir khong it thi nhieu deu phan anh net van hoa ciia dan tgc la chii the cua ngon ngir Vi the, mot chimg muc nhat dinh, tim hieu lich sir dieu tieng Viet cung se gop phan cung cap nhimg chimg c6 khoa hgc de tim hieu lich sir van hoa dat nude Viet Nam Co nhieu kha nang, nhirng gi thuong khong dugc ghi chep lai lich sir doi vSn in dau hay dugc liru giir tot ngon ngir dan tgc Boi vi ngon ngir, ciing voi chu-c nang la cong cu giao tiep ciia cgng dong, luon luon la cong cu tu ciia dan tgc sir dung ngon ngir Ma van hoa luon luon gan lien vai tu vi bie'u hien van hoa cua mot dan tgc la mot dang san pha'm tu dac thii ciia chinh dan toe Den luot minh neon n^u dan tgc lai chinh la dang vat chat luu giir, bao ton nen van hoa dan toe av SLiot lich sir phat trien cua dan toe Muc dich cua dc tai Dt tai nghien curu ciia chung toi dat muc dich nghien curu nhir sau - Thur nhat, mo ta de di den giai thich hay ly giai tinh quy t k ciia hien trang so luong dieu hien nav trons mot so th6 nsO va nson nsCr thuoc nhom Viet - Muong Cong viec cung co nghia la tra loi cau hoi, vi tho ngu Viet - Muong la sau thanh, chSng han nhung th6 ngu khac la bon hoac nam - Cung ti^ su mo ta thuc trang do, de tai du kien gop phan giai thich hay ly giai tinh ba't quy tac ciia hien trang so luong dieu hien mot so tho ngu va tho ngiJ thuoc nhom Viet - Muong Cong viec la nhSm chi tinh khong d6ng diu la hop ly va tim hieu nhan to nao da gay tinh bat quy tSc s^ Hai nhiem vu noi tren long ghep vao va, ro rang, la nhung nhiem vu het su'c kho khan No se kho khan ca ve viec tim kiem tu lieu, do kho khan ca ve th5i gian de di den ket luan cuoi cung Cho nen, sau nghien curu nay, chac chSn chiing ta se phai tiep tuc de van de cang tung buac tien gSn han den chSn ly Phu'ang phap De tai se sir dung hai phuang phap nghien cuu chinh: - Phuang phap nghien ciiii thiir nhat la Phuang phdp nghien citu dien da, De co the tien hanh thuc hien nhung van de dat trons nhiem vu nghien cuu, mot mat chiing toi phai ke thira nhung ly giai da co cua cac tac gia di trudc, mat khac chiing toi phai tim kiem hay co them tu lieu de kie'm chung nhung ly giai da co ay Chinh vl the a day se sinh van di co hoac khong CO sir tuang hap vdi nhirng ly giai da dugc neu ra, Trong truong hop co sir tuong thich giua tu lieu va each ly giai, nhung kien thuc ma chiing ta da co se dugc tu lieu lam cho chinh xac han Con truang hgp khong co su tuang thich cdn thie't gitra tu lieu va each ly giai, chinh tu lieu doi hoi chung ta hoac phai dieu chinh each ly giai, hoac phai tim each giai thich khac kha dT hon Dieu co nghTa la day tu lieu giu vai tro quyet dinh cho nhirng lap luan khac giai quyet van de Noi tom lai, nha phuang phap nghien cuu nay, chiing ta tap hgp tu lieu khong chi day du ma thoa man nhung noi dung can phai ly giai nhiem vu nghien ciiru Nhu vay, muon co tu lieu dap ung doi hoi cua muc dich nghien cuu, ro rang, van de nghien ciiii dien da giu mot vi tri then chot nhiem vu thuc hien de tai Diiu cung co nghia, a day viec tim kiem hay thu thap tu lieu phai tOn dinh hudmg nghien ciiru so sanh - lich sir, tuc la nhilng tu lieu thu thap dugc phai phuc vu cho each ly giai qua trinh phat trien cua tieng Viet noi chung, qua trinh tao he thong dieu ciia ngon ngu noi neng, Cung can phai noi them rang thc/i gian thuc hien cung nhu ban than kinh phi dugc cung cap khong the dap ung doi hoi viec tim kiem tu lieu cho nhiem vu noi tren de thoa man phuang phap nghien curu vira mo ta cua chinh di tai Biet trudc dieu do, vi phia ban than minh, chiing toi da phai CO mot qua trinh tich luy tu lieu tir nhieu nam ve truac viec thuc hien nhung hgp tac nghien cuu khoa hgc v6i cac nha khoa hgc nu6c ngoai, cu the la sir hgp tac nghien ciiu v6i M Ferlus, Giam doc nghien cuu cua CNRS a Phap Viec chiing toi thuc hien de tai la sir tdng ket cua mot nghien cuu da dugc dinh huang tir nhieu nam trudc Vi the, co the noi rang neu khong co su chuan bi tu lieu va dinh huang sir ly no tu lau nhu vay, chiing toi se khong the' thuc hien dugc nhiem vu cua minh - Phuang phap nghien ciiii thii hai la Phuang phdp so sdnh - lich su Noi dung ciia each tiep can la tren co sa tu lieu thu thap dugc nguai la so sanh chiing de tu nhan biet nhung dang thuc hay nhung noi dung co tinh coi nsuon Tron^ truans hap ciia di tai nshien cuu ma chiins toi dane thuc hien, nhirng dang thuc hay nhung noi dung co tinh cgi nguon chinh la dang tien than cua nhung dieu hien co fieng Viet hay nhiJng tho ngu hay ngon ngu khac cua nhom Viet - Muang, dang thitc T\'M Nhu vay, nhiem vu ciia phuang phap nghien cuu so sanh - lich sir dugc ap dung a day la xac dinh dang tien ngon ngu ciia he thong dieu tieng Viet Dong thai tir dang tien ngon ngu ay, phai tim nhung quy luat chuye'n doi de CO the giai thich buc tranh dieu hien ciia nhom ngon ngu Viet - Muang, kieu nhu A G Haudricourt da lam Chiing toi cung xin noi trudfc rang viec ap dung mot each nhat quan phuang phap nghien cuu doi hoi phai tir bo nhung ly giai co tinh cam nhan ''dan gian" ma chiing ta da gap phai khong it cac cong trinh nghien ciiu Diiu co nghTa la chiing t6i se bo qua nhung "ke't luan" chua dugc chiing minh mot so cong trinh hoac se phai thuc hien sir kiem tra lai nhung "ket luan" Noi mot each khac, thuc hien nhiem vu cua di tai, phuang phap so sanh - lich sir se phai dugc ton tu khau tap hgp tu lieu den khau ly giai van de Ngoai ra, thuc hien de tai nghien ciiu nay, chiing toi cung se sir dung thao tac phan tich tong hgp hoac mot vai thao tac khac nhu thao tac mieu ta de giai quyet nhung van de dugc dat thuc hien nhiem vu Nhung thao tac bo sung chi la nhung thao tac mang tinh phu trg cho hai phuang phap nghien cuu chinh vira noi a tren Ket cau cua bao cao tong hgp Ngoai ph^n tai lieu tham khao, quy itdc trinh bay v.v, bao cao ke't qua tong hgp se gom nhung noi dung sau day MODAU Chuang T, Ly thuyet ve lich su dieu ciia A G Haudricourt, Chuang co hai noi dung la: I Nhirng nguyen ly ve lich sir hinh thanh dieu tieng Viet A G Haudricourt de xuat 11 Nhung bo sung va dieu chinh ve nguyen ly hinh thanh dieu tieng Viet A G Haudricourt de xuat Chitang //: Thuc trang dieu hien ciia mot so ngon ngu vd tho ngir Viet - Mu&ng Chuang cung co hai noi dung la: I Thuc trang dieu hien cua mot so tho ngir khac tieng Viet II Thuc trang dieu hien ciia mot so ngon ngu va tho ngu Viet - Mucmg Chuang ///: Gidi thich thuc trang dieu hien cua mot so ngon ngu vd tho ngu Viet - Mu&ng Chuang dat nhiem vu giai trinh nhirng noi dung sau: Thanh dieu ciia nhung tir vay mugn IL So sanh dieu cua nhirng tu tieng Mu5ng va nhung tir Viet mang hoi va ngd, III Giai thich thuc trang dieu hien ciia mot so ngon ngu va tho ngu Viet - Muang y KET LUAN Tu nhung noi dung trinh bay a tren, bao cao khoa hgc se neu len nhung van de co the bo sung chi tiet cho ly thuyet hinh thanh dieu ciia tieng Viet Nh5 do, chiing ta se co su ly giai burc tranh da dang ve dieu ay, tru5ng hgp nao la cgi nguon, trucmg hgp nao la vay mugn ma co Dong th5i, cung chinh tir thuc te do, chiing ta se gop phan lam chinh xac hoa han nua ly thuyet hinh thanh dieu ciia nhiing ngon n^u Nam A kieu tieng Viet A G Haudricourt de xu6ng, mot ly thuyet noi tieng da dugc khong ft cac nha khoa hoc tan dong nhirng va'n nhieu chi tiet chua phu hgp vdi thuc te 11 Haudricourt da chi nira Do vay, thd ngir Mai Ban cQng nhu thd ngir Huong Hoa chinh la mdt dang thiic xii ly tinh trang dieu d mdi trudng khdna dons nhat nav ^ Khac han vdi trudng hgp 04 cua hai thd ngu Mai Ban \ a Huong Hoa, trudng hgp 04 cua thd ngu Yen Luong (cung d Nghe An) lai dac biet hon Nhu chiing ta da biet, d thd ngu nay, loat cao cd mat day du ba cap tuye'n dieu (a', a\ a^) The nhung, ba cap tuyen dieu d loat thap lai dap nhap lam mdt (a- lan vdi a^ va a^ mdt) Sir hien dien day du ba loat tuye'n dieu d bac am vuc cao rd rang da xac nhan rang thd ngir Viet da qua thdi ky hinh he thdng ba dieu va nd cung da trai qua thdi ky lan Idn tinh ciia am dau Nhung da cd nhirng bien ddi a'y cua ngdn ngir xay ra, tinh trang xir ly dieu theo hudng binh thudng da khdng dugc tri d day Ngudi ta cd chiing cd de' ndi rang thd ngu" Yen Luong da hien dien mdt mdi trudng ngdn ngii ma loat thap khong ton trgng net khac biet tuyen dieu gidng nhu cac thd ngu Viet - Mudng Trong tinh hinh nghien ciiu hien nay, ngudi ta cd the gan cho cai mdi trudng dac biet la moi trudng CLia cac ngdn ngiJ Nam Dao, ma cu the' la cac ngdn ngu thugc nhdm Cham cd mat d viing ven bie'n Nghe An ngudi Viet - Mudng cdn chua khai pha den Dieu cung cd nghTa la rat cd the cac thd ngu Viet kie'u nhu d Yen Luong da cd mot su tiep xiic vdi nhirng thd ngir khac cua mot ngdn ngii vdn chua cd each xir ly tuye'n dieu mdt each tach bach ma mdi chi phan biet am vuc, dan den tinh trang cac dieu d loat thap (he qua cua su lan Ion tinh am dau) xu ly theo hudng nhap mdt Chiing tdi nghT rang tinh hinh nghien ciiu hien nay, co le day la each giai thich hgp ly nhat, do thd ngu tieng Viet la thd ngir co each xii ly rieng biet nhat cac thd ngii ciia tieng Viet 86 Bay gid chiing ta xem xet den trudng hgp 04 cua tho ngu Viet d Cao Lao Ha va Phuc Trach Trudc ndi den van d^ dieu d hai tho ngu nay, chiing *56i xin nhac lai rang day la mot tho ngu cd sir xu ly vd am ciia am tiet het siic dac biet Dac biet tdi muc neu khdng cd mot su hieu biet chi tiet ve lich sir tieng Viet, cd nhi^u hien tuans bien ddi cua nd se khdng binh thudng Chinh vi vay, tiep can vdi nd, M Ferlus da phai diing de'n thuat ngir heterodoxe "di thudng, ky quae" de' dinh tinh cho thd ngir [M Ferlus (1996b)] Trong mdt tinh hinh nhu the', viec xii ly dieu cung khdng nam ngoai ngoai le ay Tinh trang hien ve dieu ciia thd ngir nhu chiing toi da md ta cho phep ngudi ta doan dinh cd hai kha nang : a Thd ngCr tieng Viet cd dugc he thdng la nd tie'p xiic vdi mdi trudng ngdn ngir thdng thudng ba vdi nd nhu kie'u tie'ng Sach/Ruc va tie'p xiic ban than nd ciing la nhung thd ngir nhu each xir ly cua Huong Hoa; b Khi no tie'p xiic vdi mdi trudng mdi, cd the d Cao Lao Ha da la mdt thd ngu Viet co 05 Su dap nhap lai thanh chi la mdt hien tugng bien ddi ve sau ma thdi Dieu cd nghTa la, ngdn ngir da chgn mdt nao day 05 de' xii ly theo hudng nhap nd vao mdt khac Dap an ciia chiing ta se la so sanh dieu thd ngii vdi nhirng thd ngir chan dieu cua tie'ng Viet Viec so sanh he thdng dieu d day vdi nhiing viing Viet day dii cho phep chiing ta nghieng ve each lira chgn thii hai, tu-c la kha nang thd ngii da riit ggn dieu Va nhu vay, thd ngii Cao Lao Ha rat cd the phai la mdt thd ngu VietAludng 05 nhu nhiJng thd ngir khac va tiep xiic vdi mdt mdi trudng ba vdi nd vdn chi cd thanh, nd da trd mot he thdng 04 He thdng dieu ciia thd ngii Cao Lao Ha hien nay, vdi viec dap nhap a' va a^ vao a^ chinh la su hoa giai cua nhiJng he thdng ban dau theo mot 87 trinh tu nhu the, Chinh vi vay, M Ferlus rat co ly goi rang Cao Lao Ha la mot tho ngu cd bien doi "ky quae'" Giai thich tinh h'mh hien cua mot sd ngon ngir va tho ngu Viet - Mudng co dieu De tien ich cho viec giai thich, d dav chiing tdi cuns tam thdi tach hai tie'u van de rieng biet Tie'u van de thii nhat chiing toi ggi la nhiing bie'n ddi thdng thudng Tieu van de thiir hai chiing tdi ggi la nhirng bie'n ddi khdng thdng thudng Xin nhac lai rang su tach biet chi thuan mang tinh ky thuat vi thuc bie'n ddi lich sir chac chan chiing se cd su lien quan chat che vdi nhau, tac ddng lan Trudc het chiing ta cd the de dang nhan thay rang, nhirng thd ngir tie'ng Viet la nhiing thd ngir cd them nhirng bien ddi mugn hon sau nd dd di qua giai dogn co dugc sdu Dieu cd nghTa la hien tugng nam la hien tugng mugn hon tieng Vict sau nd da la nhung thd ngii sau Ly de' chiing ta dua mdt nhan xet nhu vay la ra't ro rang Thir nha't, hien tugng 05 chi cd d mdt vai viing phuong ngir nhat dinh va tap trung chii ye'u d dia ban dia ly hay lan Idn dieu Nd khdng phai la mdt tinh trang cd dia ban xu ly rong rai, deu khdp ciia tieng Viet Thii hai, dii xu ly nhu the nao, lan hoi vdi ngd hay lan ngd vdi ngng (tiic la lan a^ vdi a^ hay a^ vdi a^), cac thd ngir ciia tieng Viet deu dd co mat day du ba cap tuyen dieu Su co mat cap tuye'n dieu cho biet d day da trai qua hai giai doan hinh thanh dieu Ban dau la he thdng ba va sau tii he thdng ba dieu nay, ta't ye'u se dan den he thdng su lan Idn am ddu hOru vo vdi am dau vo d giai doan Viet - Mudng chung Nhumg chiing cd de chiint^ ta xac dinh su lan Idn ve tinh am dau d vao thdi mdi liic 88 ddng den sir bien doi dieu Dd la viec xu ly the ddi lap nguyen am cang va trung cac ngdn ngii tieng Cudi sau thanh; dd la su hien dien hien mot day am dau vd nhat rat nhieu thS ngu Mudng: dd la each xir ly dieu cua tii Han Viet va la su cd the^ khac biet ve am vuc dieu giira cac lix Han Viet va Han Viet co ciins mdt ^oc Thir ba, nhu tu lieu da chi ra, hien tugng xu ly 05 chi thay cd d vai thd ngif Viet, thd ngir Mudng ma khdng thay cd d tie'ng Cudi va cac ngdn ngir Viet - Mudng khac Tinh trang phan bd nhu the nhom ngdn ngir Viet - Mudng mach bao cho chung ta bie't rang hien tugng chi lien quan de'n cdc tho ngu la hdu due ciia tie'ng Viet - Mudng chung Ma da la hau due ciia tieng Viet - Mudng chung thi duong nhien da phai trai qua qua trinh bien ddi tinh ciia phu am dau: am hiiu bi vo hoa (devoisement) Do 66 viec cac thd ngir da di qua giai doan mdi la hgp ly, phii hgp vdi chiing cir lich sii Cudi ciing, chinh viec khdng thdng nhat each lan Idn mdt nao dd de cd dugc 05 giira nhirng thd ngir khac cung xac nhan cho chiing ta bie't hien tuang ndy khong phai Id hien tugng ciing chung mot cdch xif ly Ndi each khac, dieu cung cd nghTa la theo timg thd ngir khac nhau, mdi trudng ngdn ngir khac chiing se xii ly khac va chinh dd vira la nguyen nhan, vira la dau hieu cho biet chiing khdng ciing mdt trang thai hay sir kien ban dau LI Nhiing bien doi thong thudng Vl xuat phat tii each giai thich, nhimg thd ngir cd da phai tra qua each xir ly thanh, la hau qua cua hien tugng lan Ion tinh am dau d giai doan Viet - Mudng chung, chung tdi cho rang trudng hgp hin Idn de cd 05 d Thanh Hoa va nhirng vung khac cd bien ddi tuong tu la nhirns thd nsircd bien ddi thong thudng 89 Theo dd, ngdn ngir chi cd tinh "khdng" nhan dien cap tuyen dieu thii ba cd sir ddi lap ve am vuc Ngudi ta cd the giai thich hien tugng nhu sau Thii^nha't, cho den bay gid, mot sd thd ngu Viet - Mudng am cudi tien Viet - Mudng xua * - h hay * - s van cdn dugc luu giu Va dieu quan trgng la d nhimg thd ngir nay, nhung van cd xua dd mang gia tri mot net ngir am "bang" gid'ng nhu mdt "ngang" Do dd, rat cd the d tieng Viet, rung di am cudi va lan Idn tinh am dau, ngon ngir khong gd bd nghiem ngat ve viec phan biet am vuc Nhd dd, viec hinh sau khdng di den cung va nhung thd ngu dap nhap hai da cd vao mot nhat, dai dien loat tuye'n dieu thii ba L2 Nhung bien doi khong thong thudng Ddi vdi chiing tdi, nhirng thd ngii lan Idn dieu nam cdn lai la nhiJng thd ngir nam cd bie'n doi khong thong thudng Vay thi ve mat lich sir phat trien, ngudi ta giai thich hien tugng chi cd nhu the nao ? day cd hai cau hdi dugc dac : ve mat cau triic ndi tai cai gi khien cho hoi lan vao sdc hoac ngd lan vao ngng de cac phuong ngir chi cdn cd va tinh trang cua phuong ngir xay nhu the' tuong ling vdi thdi gian nao qua trinh phat trie'n cua tieng Viet ? Hai cau hdi cung la hai cau hdi dat cho nhOng viing phuong ngii khac cd sd lugng dieu khdng phai la ma la 05 cac ngdn ngu Viet - Mudng khac Qua thuc te nhu da md ta, chiing ta thay rang su khac biet dia phuong nhu tren khd cd the dugc giai thich dugc dua tren quy tac hinh thanh dieu cua A.G Haudricourt Dieu dd cung cd nghTa rang day la nhiJng bien ddi khdng thdng thudng va mdi thd ngir da chiu su chi phdi ciia rieng moi trudng tdn tai ciia minh Ket hgp vdi nhieu hien tugng ngii am khac, chung tdi nghi ran'J d nhirng thd ngii nay, su xao trdn cua nhung thd ngu cd hg hang vdi 90 nhung khdng ddng chat cd the la nguyen nhan chinh cua nhiing bien doi ba't quy tdc tie'ng Viet Nhu vay, tie'ng Viet cd mot thd ngu thd ngu ay da cd mot sir dap nhap hai nao dd mot nhat Noi each khac cac thd ngir xay sau da cd Nhung van de la tai lai cd su dap nhap nhu vay? Quan sat tat ca cac thd ngir cd su dap nhap da trinh bay d tren, chiing ta thay su dap nhap chi co lien quan de'n a , tiic la ngd ciia tie'ng Viet Khi xem xet a^ cac thd ngir Viet Mudng khdng phai tie'ng Viet nhung cd (Mudng Ddm, tieng Cudi), ta tha'y nd cd gia tri ngii am bien dieu don gian nhat: a^ (11), a^ (11') Chinh cac gia tri ngii am bie'n dieu don gian rat cd the mang tinh danh dau md nhat nha't khien cho nd de bi Idn Idn nhat Cdn viec nd Idn Idn vdi a^ hay a^ cd le la chiu anh hudng ciia ban than dd, nghTa la nd gan vdi gia tri ngir am vdi dd hon Dieu da dugc A.G Haudricourt khai quat dng viet rdng "Khi mdt am vi hay mdt to hgp am vi xu hudng tien gan den mdt am vi B khac, neu mdt cac am vi dd la hiem cd, thi chiing se Idn Idn nhau" [A.G Haudricourt (1972), 48] day tinh hinh cd ve la nhu vay VI tieng Viet, ngd la it dugc sir dung hon ca so vdi cac cdn lai khac Trudng hgp theo a^ Idn vdi a' d Ngudn Bdc Thg cung la mdt trudng hgp rieng biet chung minh cho nhung dieu vira giai thich d tren Chiing ta da tiing nhan thay day la van de lien quan den Idp tir vung ciia ngdn ngii Chinh sir khac biet da giai thich ly tai noi day lai cd su xu ly gop a^ va al Cd le, su di chuyen den mdt dia ban khac la qua dot nggt so vdi dia ban ban dau, tieng Ngudn d day da cd mdt phan ling dac biet bang each Idn Idn khdng nhu cac thd ngir thdng thudnc^ khac Va dieu la co sd de chiing ta biet rdng tieng Ngudn d Minh 91 Hoa la mdt tho ngu Mudng dac biet Nhuns cu lieu lich sir thuan tuv cuns I phdn nao chiing minh dieu chung ta vira du doan Tieu ket Tir nhiing giai thich bd xung nhu tren, chiing ta da cd the no! doi dieu ve ly ciia nhiJng khac biet dieu d nhung thd ngir Viet cd bdn Ro rang, cac thd ngiJ cua tie'ng Viet la nhiing thd ngu cd su hinh thanh dieu diing nhu each ly giai ma nha bac hgc bac thay ngudi Phap A.G Haudricourt da chi Rieng d nhung thd ngir cd va sau dd nira la nhiing thd ngir 05 thanh, su hinh thanh dieu vira la su phat sinh cdi ngudn, viia la sir tiep xiic vdi mdi trudng mdi Mdi trudng mdi d day cd the la ngdn ngir khdng cd ba vdi nd nhu trudng hgp d Yen Luang, va cd the lai la ba gan vdi nd nhu nhung thd ngu khac cdn lai Ndi khac di, d mdi trudng tieng Viet chiing ta ben canh nhung chuye'n ddi lich su cd quy luat la nhirng chuyen ddi ngoai le va nhung bien ddi ngoai le khdng phai la qua hiem Theo chiing tdi nhan dinh sau day ciia M Ferlus ve thuc trang bat binh thudng ciia tieng Viet la cd ly : "ngudi ta cd mdt ly tdt de nghT rdng su hinh nhiing phuong ngii Viet c6 la cd ciing mdt hien tugng Trong viing ngdn ngu- trdi la tieng Viet xua va ngon ngu yeu the hon la nhung thd ngii kieu Sach/Ruc ma dai lieu ciia chiing hien cdn khdng xa viing thugng luu song Gianh la bao" [M Ferlus (1996a), 12] Va nhu chiing ta da thay a nhiing phan tich ndi tren, cac bd phan ngu am khac CLia nhieu phuang ngir Viet cung cd tinh trang nhu vay 92 KET LUAN Vdi nhiJng gi ma chiing tdi da phan tich, ngudi ta cd the' rut mot vai ket luan rat hiiu ich cho viec nghien cuu so sanh lich sir tieng Viet noi rieng cac ngdn thuoc nhdm Viet - Mudng va nhieu ngdn ngii khac tren cung vung dia ly ndi chung Thit nhdt, chiing ta thay rSng biic tranh dieu cua tieng Viet va cac tho ngu ciaa nd kha da dang Ben canh trang thai dieu dien hinh la sdu duac khu biet theo ba cap tuyen dieu va hai loat am vuc, nd cdn cd nhiing trang thai khac la bd'n va ndm Trong nhiing trang thai dieu khac dd, trang thai sau la hinh thiic bien doi lich sii tuSn tu nha't, dd nd ciing mang tinh bien nhat Ndi mot each khac, nhirng tho ngii, phuong ngir Viet the hien day dia net ddi lap de duac nhan di6n day du sau la nhung tho ngii, phuang ngii cd sir bien doi dieu lich sir dien hinh nhat Khac vdi nhiing thd ngii sau thanh, nhung tho ngQ Viet chi cd nam cd mot bien doi khac niia Ban diu nhiing tho ngii cung da qua trang thai bien doi sau thanh, sau dd nd mdi l&n Ion de chi cd nam Sir iSn Ion xay theo hai hudng Mot hudng la lan Ion am vuc dieu (he qua la thanh ngd ISn vao hoi) va la su lan Ion bien Mot hudng khac la lan Ion tuyen dieu ciia nhung ciing am vuc thap (he qua la thanh ngd ISn vao ngng) va sir lan Ion chi thay mot pham vi hep Sir khac biet ciia hai each xu ly nam duac giai thich la tac dong ciia moi trudng ngdn ngu khac Mdi trudng tac ddng lam lan Ion am vuc la mdi trudng thuan Viet - Mudng, cd su xao trdn cac tho ngii nhung sir xao tron ay la khdng nhieu Cdn mdi trudng tac ddng lam lan Ion tuyen dieu cd the la moi trudng thuan Viet - Mudng, nhung cd sir xao trdn giua cac tho ngii nhieu han, cung cd the' la mdi trudng khdng hoan toan 93 thuSn Viet - Mudng Chinh nhirng nguyen lam cho kieu lan Idn tuyen dieu de cd dugc nam phiic tap han Trudng hgp nhung trang thai dieu Viet chi cd bdn rd rang, la su bien doi ve sau tiep xiic Dieu cd nghia la tinh trang bdn ciia cac tho ngii Viet hien khdng cd nghia nd phan anh tinh cd xua ciia he thdng dieu Viet Day chinh la trang thai bien ddi nhieu nhat cua no Bdi le, dii it hay nhieu, cac bien ddi dieu cua tieng Viet cung phai la sau thanh, sau dd la nam Chinh tii trang thai nam tiep xiic phiic tap han, da dang han, nhiing thd ngir tieng Viet bdn da timg trudng hgp lua chon each xir ly rieng cho minh Tinh khdng phd bien ciia cac thd ngu bdn thanh, mdi trudng "giap ranh" giiia nhirng ngdn ngir khac nhau, cd kha nang chong cheo len ve mat dia ly da cho phep chiing ta nhan thuc nhu vay Tir ket luan thu nhat, chiing ta cd the di tdi mot ket luan thit hai, cung da cd ngudi nhac tdi nhung chua hoan toan dugc nhan manh Do la, khdng cdn nghi ngd gi nua, trinh tu xuat hien dieu tieng Viet A G Haudricourt khdi xudng, theo dd tuyen dieu dugc hinh trudc va am vuc dugc xuat hien sau, la hoan toan hgp ly Cac xir ly ciia tieng Viet cung nhu ciia cac thd ngii, ngdn ngu Viet - Mudng d nhung trudng hgp am tiet cd am cudi vang la nhirng chiJng cd rd rang nhat minh chung cho hien tugng Cd the d giai doan tien Nam A hay tien Mon - Khmer ngdn ngir da xuat hien sir khac biet tuang tu nhu net khu biet cao thap, nhung dd chi la sir khac biet d cap ngir am Do ve sau ngdn ngu' da chuyen sir khac biet dd vao tinh cdng / khdng cdng ciia nguyen am, rdi sau dd niia, sir khac biet d nguyen am chuyen dan sang sir khac biet toan am tiet va dugc the hien vao cac am cudi cd tinh vang Sir phong phii ve tuyen dieu dieu cua nhung am tiet cd am cudi vang dugc nhin nhan la he qua ciia sir bien ddi 94 Dieu tfutba ma chiing ta cd the nhan biet d day chinh la he qua ciia nhung nhan xet da nit d tren Trong bien ddi lich sir dieu cua tieng Viet ndi rieng va cac ngdn ngir Viet - Mudng ndj chung, rd rang da co ca nhung bien ddi Hch su tudn tu lan nhung bien ddi tiep xiic tac ddng vao Tii day cd the nhin nhan rong han nghien cuu so sanh lich sir cua khu vuc Dd la chiing ta phai cd gang tim nhirng bien ddi phuc tap ay dau la nhirng bien ddi theo trinh tu lich su mang tinh lich dai (diachronique), dau la nhirng bie'n ddi tiep xiic Bdi vi cung da timg cd each giai thich coi ta't ca su bien ddi la lich dai va cung da timg cd each coi tat ca sir bien ddi la tie'p xiic Sir hgp ly ve phuang phap se la chia khoa giai thich cac van de mot each tudng minh nha't Cudi Cling, qua tu lieu dieu cua tieng Viet ndi rieng va ciia cac ngdn ngii Viet - Mudng ndi chung, cd mot chi tiet ly thuyet A G Haudricourt khdi xuong can dugc dieu chinh Dd la qua trmh rung di cua nhiing am cudi tdc va xdt, tien than cua hai loat tuye'n dieu sdc - ngng va hdi - ngd xay va hoan khdng dong thdi nhu Chung cd dieu hien xac nhan am cudi tdc rung di tao loat tuye'n dieu sdc- ngng hoan sdm han, cdn am cudi xdt rung di tao loat tuye'n dieu hdi - ngd xay va hoan muon han tham chi van cdn dugc luu giir cho den hien Day se la mot nguyen nhan quan trgng gay nen kha nhieu phuc tap cho he thdng dieu ciia cac ngdn ngir Viet - Mudng khac Nhan xet nay, theo chiing tdi, la mdt nhan xet mdi nghien cuu Ijch sir dieu tie'ng Viet Nhu vay, qua nhiing ket luan nhu da trinh bay d tren pham vi lich sir dieu tieng Viet, chiing ta co them chung cis de thay rang viec xep tieng Viet vao nhanh ngdn ngii Mon - Khmer ho Nam A la hgp ly tinh hinh nghien cuu hien Ddng thdi, thdng qua sir quan sat bien ddi 95 THl/MUC CHfNH VE VAN DE LICH SlTTHANH DIEU TIENG VIET L- Baxter, Wiliam H (1992), A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter 2.- Benedict P K (1998), Ddng xiiyen ngil he a Dong Nam A , Ngdn ngLrn'3(108)/1998,tr9-20 3.- Nguyin Phan Canh (1962), Khao sdt ve dieu tieng Mitdng (pliitang ngd Mitdng Bi) cdc tit tdch rdi, "Thdng bao Khoa hoc, khoa Ngii van, Dai hoc Tdng hgp Ha Noi, Tap 1, tr 136 A.- Nguyen Phan Canh (1962), Am vi hgc cdc ngon ngu dieu, Ngon ngir n°l-2 ,1989, tr 13 - 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23 26.- Ferlus M (1998), Du chinois archaique au chinois ancien: monosyllabisation et formation des syllabes tendu/lache {Nouvelle theorie sur la phonetique hisrique du chinois), 31'' ICSTLL, University of Lund, Sept.3 - Oct.4, 1998 27.- Ferlus M (2001), Ldrigine des tons en viet - muong, XV^ SALSC, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand, May 16 - 18, 2001, 14p 28.- Gage William W (1985), Glottal stops and Vietnamese tonogenesis In : V.Z Acson and R.L Leed (eds) "For Gordon F Fairbanks", Oceanic Special Publication n° 20, University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu 29.- Vo Xuan Hao (1994), Tim hieu ve chuc ndng khu biet ciia dieu tie'ng Viet (qua cit lieu thdng ke tren tit dien tieng Viet), Ngon ngir n°l (93)/1994,trl4-23 30.- Haudricourt A G (1954), Ve nguon gdc cdc ciia tie'ng Viet, Ngon ngir, so - 1991, tr 23 - 31 31.- Haudricourt A G (1966), Gidi hgn vd ndi ke't ciia ngon ngil Nam A a Dong Bdc, Ngon ngir, so - 1991, tr 32 - 40 99 32.- Haudricourt A G (1972), Probleme de phonologie diachronique, CNRS, Paris 33.- Cao Thi Hoa (2003), Tim hieu hoi vd n^d tie'ng Viet qua so sdnh vdi cdc tit titang itng co phuang ngu Thdi Mitimg Thanh Hod, Luan van Thac sy Ngon ngir hoc, Dai hoc KHXH \a NV,HaNoi 34.- Vu Ba Hiing (1982), Buac ddu khao sdt he thdng dieu ciia tieng Thdi, Ngon ngir n-2 (52)/1994, tr 30 - 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Mucmg CO tho ngir thanh, nhung ciing co tho ngir lai chi co thanh; nhung ngon ngir Viet - Mucmg khac nhu tieng Pong, tieng Cuoi Cham v.v co ngon ngir thanh, lai co ngon ngir thanh; nhirng ngon... Haudricourt (1954), 30]: 21 I II III VI Dau cong nguyen The ky VI The' ky Xll Ngav nav (khong thanh) (ba thanh) (sau thanh) pa pa pa ba sla hla hla la la ba ba pa ba la la la la •> pa hla pa la bah ba-... hie'u qua trinh hinh thanh dieu ciia rieng tieng Viet thuc chat cung la lim hieu qua trinh hinh thanh dieu ciia cac ngon ngu Viet - Mudng va ngugc lai tim hieu qua trinh hinh thanh dieu cua mot