Bước đầu tìm hiểu về tín ngưỡng mẫu đạo mẫu ở việt nam

DAI HOC QIJOC (;IA IIA NOI riU)()N(J OAI HOC KIIOA ll()( XA IIOI VA NIIAN VAN BUOC DAU TIM HIEU VE TIN NGUONG M A U "DAO M A U " VIET NAM DE TAl KIIOA HOC Ma so: QX 2002 11 Cliu tri de tai: Triroiig Hjii Cirang Can bo plioi hop nghicii cirii: - GV Liioiig (Jia n i i l i - (»V iigiiyen lluii 'Hiii HOC Oi r pr/cc5.^Y Ila Noi, (luiiig 3/ 2005 MUC LIJC Trani^ Mof dau Chuang 1: Tin ngirong Mi\ii he thong tin nguong ciia ngirai Viet Nam ^^ 1.1, Khai niem tin ngirang va long quan v^ Ifn ngirang Viet Nam 1.1.1 Mot vcYi khia cgnli ciui khdi niem tin ngudng, tin ngudng Mdu 1.1.2 rdng quan ve tin ngUdng Viet Nam 1.2 Tfn nguong MSu a Viet Nam 16 1.2.1 Su khu biet cua liien tuang tin ngUdng Mdu \ (> 1.2.2 Si/ ddi tin ngUdng Mdu vd van de "Dao Mdu" 20 Chuang 2: Tin nguang Man a Viet Nam hicn - mot so van 29 de ly luan va thirc tien 2.1 Sir ton tai cua tfn nguang Mau a Viet Nam hicn va nhung 29 bidu hiCn vd mal sinh boat cua no 2.1.1 Si( ton tai cua tin ngUdng Mdu d Viet Nam hicn 29 2.1.2 Mot so bieu hien ve mat sinh hoat cua tin n^Kdui* Mdu 34 2.2 MAl so gia tri va han chc cua ifn ngirang MAu 37 2.2.1 Old tri cua tin ngUdng Mdu 37 2.2.2 Ihin checua tin ngUdng Mdu 41 Ket luan 46 Phu I lie 4X Tai lieu tham khao chinh 65 MO DAU Tin ngu9ng MSu v6i eac ten ggi khac nhu: Tin nguang tha Nil Ihiln, tin ngu9ng thcr Me, dao MAu, ton giao MAu, v.v, da dugc nhieu hgc gia wh ngoai nuac quan tAm nghi6n citu tir rA't s6m vdi goc d6 va sir ehuyen sAu khac nhau, song cho den chua c6 nhung cong trinh dua m6t cai nhin mang tinh tdng the \6 Ijch sir, v6 cA'u true ciia hien tugng tfn nguang MAu cung nhu nhung khia canh triet hgc ciia no Tuy nhien, dual goc van hoa, da c6 rA't nhieu bai viet ve vA'n de Nhijng bai viet chu y6'u de cAp den than Ihoai va truyen thuyet ve MAu, dac biet la MAu Li6u Hanh, ngoai c6 dt cAp den mot vai khia canh khac nhu Am nhac, Id hoi, 16 nghi, v.v, sinh hoat tin nguang MAu Nhung cung phai ihA'y rAng, dAng sau nhirng huyen thoai va 16 nghi ay la cai gi? Tfn nguang MAu xuA'l phat lix tin nguang (ban dja) hay iit van hoa (biin dja)? Vi tfn nguang MAu t6n tai, phat trien cho den tan nay? v.v, dAy vAn la nhiJng cAu hoi cSn phai tiep tuc kien giai Gfin dAy, mot so cong ti"inh nghien cuu ciia cae hgc gia nuac ngoai cho thay c6 su tra lai vai tfn nguang ban dja [32], c6 tin nguang MAu vai nhung goc nhln va sir danh gia khdc nhau, lam cho tinh hinh nghiSn ciJu cang tra nen phuc tap Vf du CO hgc gia khAng dinh sir ton tai thirc ciia linh hon (y thirc, tinh IhAn) cua nhiJng vat v6 tri nhu dat da [32]; Co hgc gia ly giai nhfmg van de cua moi tru5ng hien da gan cho nhiJng gi xung quanh chiing la nhung gia tri mang tinh xa hoi, tinh linh thieng, v.v Trong do, mot so nha nghien cuu vA hdnli dao (tfn nguang) da va dang c6 xu hu6ng de cao tfn nguang MAu, thAm chi eoi no la mot dao hay mot ton gido da dAn tai sir danh gia, frng xir khac doi vdi loai hinh tfn nguang O buih dien thuc lifin cung cho thay c6 sir phirc tap cua sinh hoat tfn nguang MAu, ngoai sir dan xen, pha tap vao cae I6n gido va hoat dAng mS tfn, nhung sinh hoai tfn nguang MAu vdri tfnh d6c hip tuang doi ciia no da va dang dat nhung van de c^n tiep tuc li giai ve mat vAn hoa, triet hgc, ton giao, dao due, v.v Viee nghien ciJu tfn nguang MAu mang tfnh long the duai goc tric't hgc va ton giao hgc va dat no dai song xa hoi va nen van hoa ciia dAn toe Viet Nam nhAm ly giai v6 hien tugng tfn nguang MAu la cong vice vira CO tfnh cap thiet vira eo tfnh lAu dai De tai moi chi dimg lai a viec Budc ddu tim hieu chu chua va khong c6 mong muon da kep lai van de, vay no cAn phai dugc tiep tuc d muc ehuyen sAu han, a nhung khfa canh cu the han O Viet Nam mA'y thap ky lai dAy khong nhung ton giao c6 sir gia tAng, ma ca cae loai hinh sinh hoat tfn nguang cung gia tAng pluic tap, diCu lam cho biJc tranh v6 tfn nguang, ton giao a Vict Nam Ira nen da dang vai nhidu sAc thai, vai cae chieu tac dgng khac Sir gia tAng dugc bieu hien viec xAy sira den, mieu, dien, phii, v.v, didn a nhieu nai, tham ehi c6 nguai da bien nha a ciia minh dien tha MAu, tha Thanh; Dugc the hien cae euge hanh hucrng v6 nal ihicng ciia tfn nguang MAu; Dugc the hien a viec tra lai nhfrng nghi \t mot each bai ban va quy mo; v.v Van kien Hoi nghi lAn thu Bay Ban Chap hanh Trung uo'ng Dang Cong San Viet Nam Khoa IX khang dinh: ''Gifr gin va phat buy truydn thong th5 cung id tien, ton vinh va nha an nguai c6 cong vai To quoc, dAn tgc va nhAn dAn; ton trgng truyen thong ciia dong bao cae dAn toe va dong bao c6 dao, thong qua tang euang sir d6ng ihuan giiia nhUng nguai CO tfn nguang, ion giao va nhfrng nguai khong tfn ngufyng, ion giao ; gifra nhfrng nguai c6 cae Ifn nguang Ion giao khac nhau; dong thai lao co" sa de dAu tranh chong nhung la dao, nhfrng hoat dgng mc ifn di doan, Un dung ton giao lam hai den Igi fch ciia To quoc, dan Igc va dan." 122, 52 - 531 Vice llm hieu tfn nguang noi chung, llm hieu I in ngudng Mau noi ricng de chi dugc ca sa Iriei hgc ciia no; ihay du'gc gia li i vC van hoa, dao due, truyen lh6'ng cung nhu nhung han che ciia chung la dicu kien can ihiei nhAm phai buy nhOng yeu to tich cue ciia tfn nguang irong giai doan hien Bai vi lam dugc difiu se giiip cho nguai c6 ifn nguang nhan ihuc diing ban vd tin nguang ciia mlnh va ban che dugc nhiJng sinh hoat c6 tfnh mc Ifn hu tuc, nguai khong c6 tfn nguang cung c6 duac cai nhln khach quan han vi tfn nguang Tfn nguang ciia nguofi Vict Nam la mot he thong phong phu, da dang, phuc lap, Ifn nguang MAu la mot loai hinh c6 the dugc eoi la tieu bieu ciia he thong A'y, song sir ton tai dan xen gifra tfn nguang vai tfn nguang cung nhu gifra Ifn nguang vai ton giao lam cho vice lic'i^ can tfn nguang MAu la khong dt dang Didu dAn l6i can phai c6 su lira chon nhfrng phuang phap tiep can phii hgp nhAm ban che sir nhan thirc sai lech ve loai hinh Chiing toi cho rAng ngoai phuang phap luan chung ciia vice tiep can Ifn nguang ton giao, cAn phai sir dung mgl so phuang phap khac nhu phuang phap lieh sir, phuang phap so sanh, loai suy, phuang phap thong ke, phAn tfch, v.v, cung nhu vi6c sir dung l6ng hgp eac phuirng phap do, hay cung CO the ggi la phuang phap nghien cuu lien nganh (hay cii the hon la phuang phap nghien cuu xa hoi lien nganh) Duai goc ton giao hgc, chiing toi cho rAng viec tiep can tfn nguang MAu tii nhu cfiu tfn nguang ion giao la bet siic quan trgng Bai vi tfn nguang ton giao la nguai tao va nhung nguai ay da cam thay can phai c6 nhu cau tfn nguang ion giao Duang nhien nhu cau dugc dap irng cung la nguai da dai dugc Igi fch nao Trong boi canh hien nay, nhu cAu tfn nguang, ion giao dang c6 sir gia tAng ca ve so lugng va quy mo Cung can luu y rAng, nhu cau tfn nguang, ton giao c6 su ton tai dan xen vai cae nhu cau khac, vAy mgl nhu cAu ngoai tfn nguang, ton giao khong dugc dap ung hoac gia tAng no c6 the kco theo sir giai lAng ciia nhu cfiu tfn nguang, ton giao 4- Tfn nguang MAu hay noi r6ng la lin nguang Nfr thAn ciia Viel Nam CO su hidn dien b nhieu cong dong tgc ngu5i khac he thong cae tgc nguori b Viet Nam Ijch sir cung nhu hien nay, dicu kien khach quan va chii quan, lac gia ciia de tai m6i chi dtrng lai a vice nghien cuu tfn nguang ciia nguai Viet, qua - kha nang - c6 sir ma rgng a mure nhal dinh doi vai tfn nguong MAu a mgl so tgc khac Ket cau ciia de lai, ngoai lai ma dau va kel luan, pluin noi dung dugc irinh bay chuang, tiet Chums 1: TIN NGl/ONG MAU TRONG HE THONG TIN NGirONG CUA NGU^dl VIET NAM 1.1 Khai niem tin ngirang va tdng quan ve fin ngirong Viet Nam /././ Mot vdi khia canh cua khdi niem tin ngUdng, tin ngud'ng Mdu - Tfn nguang la khai niem chii yeu dugc dung ITnh vuc ton giao O mgl so quoc gia khong c6 sir phAn biet Ifn nguang vai ion giao, nghia la noi tfn nguang cung la noi ton giao va nguge lai O Viet Nam va mot so nuac thugc khu vuc chAu A doi tfn nguang cung dugc hieu nhu vay; Vf du, a Viet Nam chAng ban, noi quyen tu tfn nguang cung chfnh la hay chf ft la bao ham ca quyen liJ ton giao, eac vAn ban ciia Dang va Nha nuac la noi ve ton giao cung dugc hieu theo each Tuy nhien v6 mat ngu ngliTa ciia tieng Viet va hien thuc sinh boat tfn nguang, ton giao lai cho thay CO the va cAn phai phAn biet gifra tfn nguong va ton giao Tfn nguang (belief, fairth, fi fli) can dugc xem xcl duai goc y ihirc (danh tir) va goc cau triic, hoat dgng (dgng tii) Vdfi tu each la y thuc thl gifra ton giao va tfn nguong that kho c6 the phan dinh Bai vl, tin nguang vai nghia den ciia no la tin tuang va nguang mg, nguang vgng; Tfn nguang a goc tfn nguang ion giao la sir tin tuang va nguang mg vao mot lire lugng sieu nhien Nhu vay c6 the noi rAng ca a ton giao (nhu: Phat giao Kilo giao, v.v,) va tin nguang (nhu: tha ciing TO Tien, tha Than, v.v,) ddu c6 niem tin Nhu vay, ddc trirng chung ciia tfn nguang, ion giao (hay ton giao theo nghia rgng) xcl a blnh dien y thuc la niem tin vao cai sicu nhien than thanh, hay ihco Tylor thl "niem lin vao sir ton tai ciia than ihanh" la dinh nghTa toi Ihieu, la diem bAl dau ciia mgi ton giao Vai each phAn tfch trcn thl dinh ngliTa ciia Ph Angghcii v6 ion giao vAn dugc trfch dAn eac an pham a Viet Nam phai dugc eoi la dinh nghia rgng (theo nghia no bao ham tat ca cae loai hinh ciia tin nguang, ton giao), la dinh nghia duai goc cua nhan thuc luan vai Ph Angghen cho rAng: "Nhung Utt ca mgi ton giao chAng qua chi la sir phan iinh hu ao - vao dfiu 6c ciia nguai - ciia nhfrng lire lugng a ben ngoiu chi phoi euge song hang eiia hg; ehi la su phan anh nhfrng lire lugng a tran ihS'da mang hinh thiJe nhiJng lire lugng sieu tiiin the" [5, 437] DAy la djnh nghia rgng vi no khAng dinh cai sieu nhien thiin \h san phiiim ciia ngu5i qua trinh nhAn thiic hu ao (dao hoa) ve the giai ben ngoai, ma cai sieu nhien than ay c6 tat ca eac loai blnh tfn ngudng, ton giao Can liru y rAng khong giong eac nha v6 than trirofc dAy, C.Mac cung nhu Ph Angghen khong phii nhan cai sieu nhien than v6i tu each la y thuc, la niem tin, cae Ong cho rang cai sieu nhien ihAn la san pham tat yeu ciia nhan Ihu'c ciia nguai vai dac trung va phuang Ihfre xac dinh Cai sien nhien ton tai dAu 6c ciia ngu5i; Khong giong v6i cae nha IhAn hgc, cae Ong khong ihi^ra nhan sir ton lai thuc ciia cai sieu nhien va cang khong ihixd nhan sir sang tao ciia cai sieu nhien doi vai the giai va nguai Nhung vai lu each la y tluic, la niem lin, eac Ong ihira nhan vai tro cua y thuc ton giao doi vai dai song xa hoi ciia eon nguai Nhu vay thl tfn nguang va ton giao la dong nhal ve mat y thuc, nien tin O khfa canh thl ton trgng tu tfn nguang ton giao dugc hieu la ton trgng niem tin ciia nguai c6 tfn nguang, ton giao Tuy tfn nguang va ton giao c6 sir dong nhat vi mat y thuc, nxim tin, song khong phai vl the ma chiing khong c6 sir khac biet a mire nhal dinh, ma cu the la a cau true ciia niem lin Trong ton giao, nxim lin ton giao gAn vai nhfrng giao ly, tfn dieu, vdi he tu lirdng Ion giao cung nhu than hgc ciia no; Con tfn ngudng, niem lin thudng thl chua c6 va chua bi sir chi phdi bdi giao ly, tfn dieu va cang chua c6 than hgc Niem lin ciia tfn ngudng hi chi phoi Ixri truydn thong, phong tuc tap quan Noi nhu vay c6 nghia la ton giao CO su phat trien ban so vdi tfn ngudng, song d dAy chiing la lai khong the ket luan rdng ton gido cao ho'n tin ngu'dng, Bdi vl moi mgl loai hinh niiy ngoai phfin dong nhal c6 su khac biet, nhat la d vi the, vai lid ciia no ddi song xa hoi Chung loi se Ird lai vAii de d mgl did khac irong di lai Ton giao (religion, /j< |i( HI) va Ifn ngudng d blnh dien sinh iioat, cau true CO su khac biet Neu eoi ton giao la lieu he thong kien triic thugng tring, nghia la ton giao bao gom: Y thuc (dac biet la he lu tirdng), su ihd cung (he thong quy djnh Ihd cung) va to chue hay giao hoi; Till d tfn ngudng chua hoac chua c6 dAy dii cae bg phan Iren Ton giao va lin ngudng deu la hi6n tugng xa hdi song cAi hi6n tugng idn giao cd sir gAn ket de thicl che mang nhirng ten ggi khac nhu: Giao hoi, I Igi dong Ban tri sir Hoi thanh, v.v; Con tin ngudng no gAn vdi nhfmg cong ddng ngirdi gAn chat vdi phong tuc, tap quan va vAn hoa Dieu se dAn idi nhfrng lac dgng ve mat xa hoi khac giua ton giao va tfn ngudng Ton giao dugc eoi la: "he Ihdng nhfrng tfn ngudng va nhfrng thuc hanh lien quan vdi cae sir vAl linh thieng, lire la eac sir vat tach ricng ra, bi cam doan, la nhfrng tfn ngudng va thuc hanh thong nhat tat ca nhfrng lin theo mgl cgng dong tinh thAn ggi la giao hoi" [62, 157]; May cu the lion la: "Tdn giao la he thong cae quan niem tfn ngudng sung bai mgl hay nhidii vi than linh nao va nhung hinh thuc Id nghi Ihuc hifin sir sung bai A'y." |9, 59| Con d tfn ngudng thl su sung bai va Id nghi bieu hien sir siing bai ay chua phai la mgl he thong Khi khang dinh ton giao la he thong eac quan niem tfn ngudng siing bai mot hay nhieu vi than linh nao do, sir khAng dinh da khAc phuc dugc sir bat cap mgl so quan niem trude dAy nhan manh den dac Inrng nhat than ciia ton giao sir tuang c|iian vdi tfn ngirdng va mc tfn Qua sir phAn tfch tren cd the thay rAng: Gifra tdn giao va tfn ngudng CO sir khac biet vd cau triic ciia he thong quan niem va Id nghi ihd cung, vd to chuc Tuy nhien xet vd ban chat giiJa chung khong cd sir khac biet, bdi vl no deu la nidm tin hu ao gAn vdi quan niem vd cai sicu nhien than thanh, hay: "Tat ca mgi tfn ngudng quen thugc xua nay, hoac do'n gian, hoac phuc tap, ddu mang mgl tfnh each chung No chia cae sir vat hicn llurc hay dc nguori tudng tugng hai thur loai tuang phan, thudng dugc chi dinh bAng hai tir rieng bi6t c6 th^ tarn dich la "pham tiic" va "linh thanh" Tach biet ihc gidi lam hai khu vuc, mdt gom nhiJng gi la "linh thanh" (sacre), mot g6m nhung gi la "pham tuc" (prafane), la dac tfnh ciia tu tudng ton giao vAy" [30, 13] Luu y rAng b Viet Nam chiing la ngudi Viet thudng diing tir thd (chfr Ndm: T ^ ) de chi ve boat dgng thd cung ciia ngudi theo tfn ngudng, tdn giao nhu: Thd Phat, thd Chiia, thd MAu, thd eiing To lien, v.v Song tir thd diing chi hanh vi dao diJc ddi vdi mgl ddi tugng hien thuc, cu the nao nhu: Thd thSy, thd eha me, thd to su, v.v, d khfa canh chu thd diing de chi hanh vi dao diJc, vAn hoa chir khdng phai de chi quan he, hanh vi tin ngudng, tdn giao Nhu vay ngiJ nghia ciia chiJ thd chi cd the giiip chung la tham khao ly giai ve tin ngudng, ton giao chu khdng the thay the cho thuAl ngu tin ngudng hay tdn giao dugc - Tfn ngudng MAu la mgl loai blnh he thong tfn ngudng ciia ngudi Viet, no ed dac trung chung nhu eac loai blnh tfn ngudng khac, song sir khac biet la no tdn siing NiJ Ih^n ma cae vi Nfr ihSn lai gAn vdi sir sinh sdi nd cho nen dugc ggi la cae Me, cae MAu (/O^) Nhu vay cd the khu biet tin ngudng MAu la mot loai hinh tin ngudng thd NiJ IhSn thugc he thong tin ngudng Viet Nam Trd lai van de cd tfnh chat cAn ban ban cd the ihAy rAng, tfn ngudng MAu lai khdng the tach rdi khdi tfn ngudng phon thirc (thd sinh thuc khi, vdi mong mudn sir sinh sdi nd), nhien d dAy vai trd ciia gid'ng cai da dugc dd cao ban 1.1.2 Tdng c/uan ve tin ngudng Viet Nam Viet Nam hidn nay, tin ngudng la mgl bg phAn he ihdng tfn ngudng, tdn giao Viet Nam Neu xem xet ton giao theo nghia rgng, thl d Viet Nam hien cd eac loai hinh eiia tdn giao theo nghia rgng nhu sau: * Tdn giao (theo nghia hep, vdi hai tieu chi ca ban de xac dinh: La mdt tieu he Ihdng kien true thugng tiing; Cd giao ly, giao Id, giao luAl, cd to ve Quan Dc NgQ- Quan Tuin Tranh cd ngudn gdc la m6l Riin I'luin d sdng Dd Tranh (Hai Duang), thudng gay nhung nhung tran sdng ldn d khiic song Mot truyen thuyet khac giai thfch rAng Ngai la trai Ihu nam cua Long Vuang, da hien linh chang trai quyen ru ngirdi dan ba dep la vg cija mdt vien quan dia phuang Sau dd hoang li!r Long Vuang da bi trimg phat hoa kiep rfln d khuc song Dd Tranh Ciing cd nhung nai gAn Quan De Ngu vdi tudng Cao Ld, mot vd tudng cua An Duang Vuang hay chinh \h trai ciia Trdn Hung Dao lA Trdn Qudc Tang, hien dugc thd d Cua Ong (Quang Ninh) va d Lang San Cijng vdi Ngu vi Tdn Ong la ban thd Tu vi Chau Ba (cung gidng nhu Ngu vi Tdn Ong, sd lugng cae vi Chau Ba khdng chi dirng lai d sd ma CO the tang Icn tdi 12 (4x3)) Tu vj ChAu Ba la nhung vj Tlianh tiep nhan va thuc hien quyfin lire ciia Thanh Mflu viec cai quan vu tru Trong sd Tu vj Chriu Ba thl Chau De Nhat, De Nhj, Chfiu liic, Chau Be la nhung vj hay giang ddng, cd than lich, ed ndi thd tu rieng va dugc nliifiu ngudi biel den Cdn cae vj khac Ihi it giang ddng va cd fl ngudi bicl den ban Chang ban Chfiu De Nhal la boa than ciia Mau Thugng Ibien, CliSu De Nhj la boa than ciia Mau Thugng Ng^n - theo truyen ihuye't, B.^ la cdng chiia La Blnh, gai cua San Tinh, dugc phong la Tliugng Ngan Cdng chua, cai quan 81 cira rirng cdi Nam Giao, dugc thd tai Bdc Le - Lang Scni\ Nhln chung cae vj Tlianh Chau diu cd ngudn gdc la ngudi dan tgc d vung nui - ddng Tien, ddi lap vdi cae vi Tdn Ong thugc ddng Long Vuang viiiig sdng nude Chau De Nhj - dugc coi la boa than ciia Mau Tliugng Ngan la ngudi Man d Dgng Cudng - Yen Bai; Chau Be, Cluiu Luc xual than tir ngirdi Nung a Hiru Lung Lang San; Chau Mudi cd gdc tir ngirdi Thd tuang truydn da cd cdng giup Le Lgi danh tan quan Lieu Tliang Khi cae vj Chilu Ba gidng d6ng thudng an mSc theo trang phuc cdc dan idc thieu ^ Ng6 DircTliiiih, Still, ir 44 ' Si\± ir 34 56 sd vung nui phfa Bdc nhu: Tay, Nung, Dao, Mudng, am nhac the hien cae budi chau cung mang dac trung cua van hda cae dan toe mien nui Dudi NgQ vj Tdn dng va Tu phii Chfiu ba la hang cae Ong Hoang, duac goi ten theo thu tu tir ong Hoang de nhA't tdi ong Hoang Mudi Cae dng Hoang chii yeu la cae danh tudng cd cdng danh giac giu nude, khai pha dat dai, md mang bd cdi, phij vua euru dan, chang han nhu: Ong Hoang de nha't la danh tudng ciia Le Lai, dng Hoang de nhj (Ong Hoang Ddi) la quan Trieu Tudng, ngudi ed cdng md mang dat dai giup dan sinh sdng; Ong Hoang Ba (Ba) dugc thd d den Lanh, Nam Ha cd cdng phd vua danh giac; Ong Hoang Lue la ludng Trdn Luu cd cdng chdng giac Minh; Ong Hoang Bay la vien quan Irieu dinh Iran giu viing Lao Cai, Yen Bai; dng Hoang Mudi la mgl van quan ihdi Le, thd d Ben Thuy\ v.v, sd eac dng Hoang dd thi ehi cd dng Hoang Ba, Hoang Bay, Hoang Mudi la hay giang ddng Cudi cimg la hang Cd, hang Cau - gdm nhung ngirdi lam nhieu dieu idt lanh sau chet dugc hau Mau hay cae dng Quan, dng Hoang; hoac la nhirng ngirdi diet Ire, sau dd hien linh eac be Theo eac nha nghien cuu cd tir 10 den 12 vi Thanh thugc hang Cd va hang Cau Hang Cd dugc ggi len tir Cd De Nhai (Cd Ca) den cd ihiir 12 (Cd Be) Cae Cd diu la eac thi nil cua Thanh Mau va cae Chau Ba Chang ban nhu Cd De Nhat la thi nu ciia Mau Thugng Thien, Cd De Nbi la thj nu- eiia Mau Thugng Ngan, Cd De Tam (Cd Ba) la thi nir eiia M5u Thoai Cd Tu \h thi nir ciia Chau De Tur, Cd Nam la thj nir cua Chau De Ngu, v.v Khi giang ddng, luy thudc vao vai trd va vi tri ciia cae Cd ma each an mac, di dung, ndi nang la khac Cd Ddi giang ddng vdi hai bdng hoa cai Iren tdc; Cd Ba Ihi mac y phuc mau irang, that lung bdng va miia dieu cheo dd, Cd Chin thi Ihudng ndi tieng Man, tieng Mudng giang ddng, v.v, Ng6 Due Thjnh Sdd.tr 35 57 Cung gid'ng nhu hang Cd, cae Cau chinh la nhirng phu la ciia Ngu vj Tdn Ong hoac cua cae Ong Hoang Khi giang ddng, cae Cau thudng cd hanh ddng mang linh phdng khoang, tinh nghich di kem vdi nhung Idi ndi kieu Ire em Tdng dudi eung dien thd Mau la ban thd Quan Ngu Hd hay cdn ggi la Quan Ngu Dinh Ban thd thudng dugc dat dudi ban thd Chua Thugng Ngan vdi hinh lugng la tugng hoac tranh hd Neu nhu ddi mang xa (Ran Tlian) duac coi la vi chua cai quan nai sdng nude thi Ong Ho (Ong Ba Muai, Ngai, Dijrc Quan Tluly, v.v) dugc coi h^ vi chiia te cai quan viing nui rung Khi thuc hien Id hau ddng thi Quan NgQ U6 va Ong Ldt nit it ichi giiing ddng, neu cd giang thi bao gid cung giang sau cae giii ddng khac Nhin chung, dien thdn Mau bao gdm nhung bo phan nhu tren da trinh bay Song thudc vao vj Thiin Chu dugc thd chen, vao dac diem cua timg dia phuang ma su bai trf ben cua dien Mfiu cd sir khac Ngoai ra, qua trinh phat trien cua minh, su anh hudng cua cae kidng van hoa, tin ngudng kiiac nhu Dao giao, Piiat giao, Nho giao, v.v, ma khdng gian thd eiing eiia tin ngudng Mfui cung dugc bd sung Vdi su anh hudng cua Dcao giao ma Nggc Hoang, Nam Tao, Bfic Dfiu, v.v, (Urge tham nhap vao dao MSu; su tuang tac vdi dao Phat ma hien d rat nhieu dien Mfiu, ben canh viec thd Tam phu, Tu phu, bao gid cung ed mdt sd tugng Phat dudi hinh hai mau dugc thd ciing nhu Quan Am B6 Tilt, Quan Am Thi Kinh Mot dieu dl nhan thay dien thd Mfui nua la ket cau ci'ia dien thd chfnh Va su phan anh tdn tai xa hdi phong kien Viet Nam Neu nhu xa hdi phong kien cd vua thi dien cung cd Vua Cha di ddi vdi cae Thanh Mfiu; Xa hdi cd cae quan thl dien thd cung cd eac Quan Ldn di doi vdi eac vi Qifiu Ba, cae Ong Hoang; Xa hdi cd cae hoang tu, cdng chua thi dien cung cd eac Cd, eac Cau ma hien than la eac hoang tu, cdng chua, v.v 58 Tuy nhien ih^n dien ciia tin ngudng Mau ludn loat len tren bet la yeu id Nu (Me) - yeu td da lam mim boa cae thugc tinh, cae dac diem cua cae loai hinh van hoa, tin ngudng, tdn giao khac tiep xi'ic vdi tin ngudng Mfiu Mac di:i cdn mang tfnh da ihdn nhung Dien thd Mau bude dfiu da cd linh he thong vdi nhung triet ly sau sdc vc the gidi quan, nhan sinh ciiian phan anh uac nguyen tam linh cua dan chung, ddng thdi phan anh trinh tu cua eon ngudi xa hdi Ve iighi 16 thd ciing Trong he Ihdng tin ngudng dan gian Viet Nam ihi he ihdng cae nghi \i thd Cling ciia tin ngudng MSu dugc coi la kha phong phu va da dang, mang dam ban sac van boa dan tgc Vdi sir phong phu vi eac loai hinh nghi \i, vice ihd cung dugc lien hanh gan nhu quanh nam, nhirng chu yeu didn vao eac dip dau nam, cudi nam, vao cae ram miing mgl hang thang Trong cae dip llTi quan trgng nhat la vao thang Ba - Gid Me (Gid Tlianh Mau Li6u Manh), thang Tam - Gid Cha (gid Vua Cha Bat Hai, Due Thanh Trdn) Ngoai ra, thudc vao mdi dien thd, vao dac diem cua tijng loai \i ma thdi diem lien hanh la khac Vi du nhu tiee Cd Bo (12-6), liee Quan Tam phu (24-6), liec Ong Hoang Bay (17-7), tiee Tran Lieu (20-8), v.v Uiig vdi tmh chat cua mdi budi li, khach the va thdi diem thuc hien vice thd cung ma \i vC\[ la khac nhau, chfing ban budi 16 hfiu ddng, vi Tlianh giang ddng la bang Cd llii \i vat ngoai viec phai phu hgp vc mau sac (mau dd thudc Thien phii, mau vang thudc Dia phu, mau Irfuig ihiigc Thuy phu, mau xanh thudc Nhac phii) tbi khdng the thicu dugc ginmg, luge, cae trang sue Hoac Le chung sinh va Li Thanh, ben canh eac dd vang ma lam hinh quan ao, li6n vang, banh Inii, nhung bat chao va 59 nhung thiJe an khac, khdng the khdng cd \i Tam sinh (thii ga hoac ihit vit, thii lgn, ea elicp) Cung gidng nhu nghi li eac loai liuili tfn ngirdng dan gian khac, cae le vai dugc dang cung tfn ngirdng Man phai dam bao yeu id (inh khiet va sach (tinh) Ngay ca ban than tfn tham gia vao qua tiinh dang le ciing phai luan thii yeu td Chang ban, le hfiu ddng, nhiJng Ba ddng dang ed tang (trong mot nam), dang ed chua, nudi bii, dang cd kinh deu khdng dugc vao den hau Thanh Trudc mdi budi le Thanh, cae n g ddng, Ba ddng ddu plu\i "thanh ta'y" mlnh cho that sach se nhu kieng khdng an ca, Ibit, v.v Viec luan thii ngbiem ngai quy dinh se dem lai bieu qua nhu tfn mong mudn budi le dd Ngugc lai, neu vi pham thi nhe thl Thanh Iraeb, niing thl Thanh trirng phat dudi nhieu blnh thuc nhu: Dau dm, tai nan, v.v, (do da xiic pham, khdng tdn trgng Thanh Ihan) Trong he ihdng cae nghi le va le hdi ciia tin ngirdng Mfui thl 16 Tdn nhang (16 Ddi bat nhang) va 16 Hi1u bdng (Hau ddng) la dien blnh va mang nhieu net dac trung nhat '^Le Tdn nhang Trong tam thuc dan gian, cd rat nhieu eac vi Ihan Linh khac Mdi vi Than Linh lai chju trach nhiem ve mot khfa canh nhat dinh chi phdi tdi ddi sdng ciia ngudi VI vay, cd bat ky mot su cd nao xay ddi ngudi (nhu: n i dau, dich benh, mat ciia, v.v) thl hg ngliT den nhung vj Thfin cai quan van dc Hg cho rang sd dT mlnh mac phai nhung '1ian" la mlnh hoac ngudi than eiia mlnh da pham mgl Idi gl dd vdi cae vi Thanh Thdn nen da bi cdc vj d6 "hanh" Di llioat khdi tinh trang dd Ihl Ihudng phai nhd den cae dng thay ciing dc dang 16 giai ban Ddi vdi nhung tfn dd eiia tin ngirdng Mau thl nhung vj Than Thanh tren la nhung Quan gia Thi Thdn ciia Thdnh Mdu VI vay, cdn phai deii dien Mdu de edu khan mong dugc giai "ban" Trong trudng hgp tin da cdu 60 khan ma vdn chua "lai qua nan khdi" - chua thoai khdi "ban" thl tin bi coi la ngirdi cd "can sd" nang, can phai thuc hicn mot nghi 16 dac biet - dd la 16 ''Ddi bai nhang" Ihi mdi cd the by vgng giai ban dugc Le Tdn nhang (Ddi bat nhang) la 16 bde va dat bat huang - bat nhang thd nhung vj Thdn Thanh la Quan gia Tlii Thdn ciia Mdu cho nhung ngudi dugc coi la "cao can, nang sd" L6 dugc thuc hien tai dien Mdu Ngudi dugc bde bat nhang dugc ggi la "Con nhang" Thong thudng, mdi Con nhang chi bde mot bat huong, nhinig trudng hgp dac biet, cd the bde nhieu ban, tham chf cd tdi bat Nhung bat nhang dugc dat tai dien Mdu - nai tieii hanh viec bde bat nhang Vao nhfmg rdm, miing mot, nhiJng 16 ldn cua tin ngirdng Mdu till Con nhang phai den dien Mdu thap huong lam 16 ciing eac Thanh Nhihig Con nhang tin tirdng rdng, sau cdu ciing nhung vj Thdn ndm ban menh ciia mlnh rdi thl cae vj se khdng cdn hanh mlnh nua ma ngugc lai se pbiJ hd va bao ve cho mlnh cudc sdng Trong trudng hgp Con nhang da thuc hicn nghi 16 ddi bat nhang mgl each ddy dii nhung van khdng dem laj ket qua nhu hg mong mudn, ihi hg mot ldn nua phai deii dien Mdu de xin eac vj Thanh Mdu xem xet thong qua mot nghi 16 khac, quan trgng va linh thieng hon, d6 la "Le md Plui" Sau thuc hien nghi 16 nay, hg se cbfnh thuc trd mot De tu thuc sir ciia tfn ngudng Mdu Liic nay, thay vl hg phai dcii eac dien Man de cdu ciing thl ho se rude Mdu va cae vj Thanh Tlidn vc nha, md phii tai gia dinh dc ticii hanh cdu ciing Hg se giao tiep true tiep vdi cae vj Thanh thong qua hoai ddng Hdu ddng (len ddng), nhung rdi nhi6u ve linh thdn ciia hg se dugc giai quye't '^Hdii ddng Nghi 16 Hdu ddng dugc coi la mot nghi 16 lieu bieu va dac trimg nhat ciia tfn ngudng Mdu Day la nghi 16 nhap hdn ciia eac vi liuinh vao ihan 61 xac cua cae Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng Thong qua than xac cua Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng ma Thanh se phan truydn, chua benh, ban phiie loc cho cae tin dd Theo nghTa Han - Viet, Ddng h^ lu clung de chi ngirdi trai dudi 10 tuoi (cQng cd tai lieu chep la dudi 15 tudi^) cdn tha, tiilng de Th^n Linh nhap vao thdng qua viec kha'n vai Dfin ddn sau nay, cae co eon gai, ciic ba va tham chf ca cae dng eung tham gia vao nghi 16 Ngudi ta goi nhifng ngudi la Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng (ddng Co, ddng Cau) Ngoai ra, chu "Ddng" eung ed nghTa la cung, ture la ngudi cung vdi Than Thanh hoa nhap lam mot day, linh hdn (bdng linh hdn) cua nhung vi ThSn Linh da mugn xac ciJa Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng de hicn than - ngirdi ta goi dd la "ddng bdng" (Hfiu ddng) Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng ehi la nhiJng ngirdi lulu cho cai bdng cua Than Linh ma Ihdi Thdi gian len ddng bAt ddu mot vj Thanh Tliiin nao nhap vao Ong Ddng, Bh Ddng (Giang dOng, Op dfing) cho ddn lue vi Thanh dd khdi Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng (Thang ddng) Mdi Ian nhu vay dugc goi la mot gid ddng Trong mot budi 16, c6 the thuc hien diroc nhieu gia ddng khac nhau, ung vdi mdi gia ddng la mot loai 16, trang phuc, v.v, dac biel, nghi 16 Hfiu Ddng ngudi la ihudng sir dung kel hop nhieu loai hinh am nhac vdi hat miia, dien xudng - day la mdt net ra't rieng ciia tin ngudng Mau Noi dung ciia eac bai hat, dien xudng va am nhac nghi 16 thudng ndi ve Thiin tfch, sir miiu nhiem, tfnh each va ca nggi cdng due ciia eac vi Tlianh dang giang ddng Vf nhu van Chilu De Nbi Thuong Ngan: "Khi chai ngan niii ngan me Ngan giang ngan nua, true tie ngan vilu" van chau dng Hoang Bay: "Bao phen chien luoc lung hoanh Dinh an xa tac de binh cdi ngoai" ' Ng6 Di'rc Thinh Scid, tr 66 62 "Dat Lao Cai la noi dung vd Quyet tay doi ngu lien cdng, v.v" Van chriu dng Hoang Mudi: "Trdi Nam cd due Hoang Mudi Phong tu nhat muc luyet vdi khdng hai Nen chi bac cung anh tai Van thao vd luoc tu trdi thong minh"** Tren ndn nhac di6n xudng, ngudi len ddng thudng miia quat, mua cheo dd, v.v, de bieu bien tfnh each, dixc diem ciia cae vi Thanh Chang ban vdi cae vi Thanh hang Quan thudng cd miia kiem, long dao, kfch, v.v; vdi Ciic Thanh hang Chau Ba thudng cd miia mdi, miia (]iial ihco dieu Xa Ihuang, Xa giay lech; Vdi cae Thanh hang Ong Hoang thudng cd miia cung, miia beo theo nhip dieu luu thuy, bat bd; vdi eac Thanh hang Cd thudng miia mdi, miia qual, miia cheo dd, miia then boa, del gam, miia hai hoa, v.v; vdi cae Thanh bang Cau thudng miia lico, miia kin theo dieu luu thuy cd dem Iheo nhip chdng su tir.'^ Ngudi hclu ddng phai chuan bi rat nhieu bo qiuln ao de mdi ngdi ddng Ong Hoang, Chfiu Ba nao giang ddng thl phai Ihay cho phu hop Thdng qua bd quan ao mh ngudi hitu ddng dang mfic cung nhu dieu bfi hanh vi eiia ngudi dd ma ben ngoai co the nhan biet duac vi Tlianb nao dang giang ddng Vf nhu Mfiu Thuong Ngan giang nhap thl phai mac bo a(^ dan tdc mien niii, hoac Quan Ldn Tuan Tranh thi phai thay mac bo vd phuc cd hai hi cd lenh cam sau lung, v.v Sau mdi gia ddng, ngudi len ddng Ihudng ban phat loc Thanh (banh kco, boa qua, thudc la, trau cau, cd la lien) cho nbiJng ngudi ngdi ehdu ddng xung quanh " Nguydn Di^ng Duy, Vdn hoa tarn linh, Nxb Ila Noi, 1996, tr 153 '' Ng6 Dire Tliinh Sdd, tr 78 - 79 63 Chinh nhirng yeu id da lam cho nhung huoi 16 hAu dong tra Ihanh nhfmg buoi sinh hoat van nghe co su cftng cam cua nhidu nguoi, kco moi ngucri de'n gdn v6i hom, den gdn vai su mau nhiem ciia Mflu hon * Ve trinh tit le nghi (khd hien hien tron^^ lu'iii ifonii) Tam loa Thanh MSu Cong d6ng - Tnln Trieu Ngu vi Ton Ong (ihuorng gia) Tu- phii ChAu Ba (ihuang 12 gia) Tur phii 6ng Hoilng (Ong DOi, 6ng Ba, Ong Bfl'y, Ong Chin, Ong Mircyi) Tir phCi Tlianh Co (12 Co) Tu phu Thanh Cau (Cau Ba - Ihuang hiiu vao ihang 6, Cau Be) * Moi so nguai an loc IMH hi1u Tam tda C'/iua lioi (sau hiiu Tam loa Thanh MAu, rieng v6i ba Nam Suoi Lan co sir phuc tap, kho xep vao viec hau trudc hay hau sau), gom: Ba Chdu Nam Suoi Lan (Hun Lung - Lang San) Ba Chua Thac Bey (Hoa Binh) Ba Chua Nguyet U6 (Bac Giang) * Le vat: L6 chay: Canh cau, hoa qua, xoi, che, (16 Phat, MAu) L6 man: Tam sinh (ga hoac ngan, lgn, ca chep - Loai bay, di, fx/i) Ddi vai Ngu Hd la gao va Irung sdng *, Cdn phdn biet Tam tda Thdnh Mdu voi Tic phu Cong dong Tam Ida Thanh MAu: MAu Cuu Thi6n - MAu Li6ii, MAu Thugng Ngan, MAu Thoai Tu phu Cdng ddng: Tir phii: Tlii6n phu, Dja phii, Tlioai phiJ, Nhac pliii - Trdi, DA't, RiJng, Sdng bien Cdng dong: Hang Tlianh, than 64 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH / Tai lieu Viet vdn: Tn1n Thi An, Sif van ddnt; ciia truyen tlniyet ve Mchi c/na nhuni^ l in ven keve Lieu Hanh va truyen tlniyet noi ve thdn Cham, Trong: Tap chf Van hgc sd 5(257)/1992, (tr 44 - ) Toan Anh( 1969), //()/ - he Dinh - clam, Sai gdn Toan Anh (1992), Tim hieu phong tuc Viet Nam Nep cil - Tel le -1 loi he, NXB Thanh Ni6n Ph Angghen (IS82), lirit-no Bau-o' vd dao Co' doc khdi thuy, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Toan lAp, lc)p 19, NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia (1995), (tr 435 448) Ph.Angghen (1878), Chdng Diiy-rinh, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Toan tap, lAp 20, NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia (1995), (tr 435 - 448) Ph.Angghen (1883), Bien chung ciia lit nhien, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Toan lap, lAp 20, NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia (1995), (tr 45 - 826) Ph.Angghen (1886), Ngiion gdc ciia gia dinh ciia sd hCai tu nhan vd ciia nhd nude, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Toan tap, tap 21, NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia (1995), (tr 41 -265) Ph.Angghen (1886), Lut-vich Fhoi-ir-bdc vd sit cdo chung ciia trie) hoc cd dien Ddc, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Toan tap, tap 21, NXB Chfnli tri Qudc gia (1995), (tr 387-451) Ban Tu lirdng - Van hda Trung uang (2003), Tdi lieu hoc tap cdc Nghi quyet Hoi nghi ldn thu bay Ban chdp hdnh Trung U(/iig Khda IX, NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia 10 Ban Tu tirdng - VAn hda Trung uang (2000), Vdn de ldn gido vd chinh sdch tdn gido ciia Ddng Cong san Viet Nam, NXB Giao Due 65 1 Ban Ton giao cua Chfnh phu (1994), Cdc vdn l)dn ciia Nlid nirdc vc lunu dong tdn gido (Quyen 1) 12 Ban Ton giao cua Chfnh phii (1994), Cdc vdn hdn cua Nlid nude vcltoat ddng tdn gido (Quyen 2) 13 Trirctng Bi - chu bien (2003), Vdn hoc ddn gian Ede - M'ndng, ScV Van boa Thong tin Dak Lak 14 Phan Ke Binh (1990), Viet Nam phong tiu\ NXB Dong Tliap 15 John Bowker - chu bien (2003), Cdc tdn i^ido iren f/ic gidi, NXB Van boa Thong lin 16 Lesopoed Cadiere (1997), Vdn lida vd tin ngudng truyen thdng ngirdi \//V/, NXB Thong Tin 17 Nguyen Hue Chi, I lien tu'o'ng lidi nlidp vdn Itoa dudi titdi Lylrdn td mot trufig tdm Phat gido tieu l)ieu - Quynli Ldm, Trong: Tap chf Van hoc, so 4(256)/1992, (tr 13-21) 18 Chfnh phu, Nglii dinh sd 22120051ND-CF hudng ddn thi luinh mot so dieu ciia Flidp len Tin ngudng, tdn gido 19 Nguyfin Hong Duang (2001), Nglii le vd Idi song Cdng gido vdn hda Viet Nam, NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi 20 Dorisboue - Co An (1972), Ddn Ldng lid, (lloi ky cua linh muc Thira sai Dourisboure - Cd An), Sai Gdn 21 Dang Cdng san Viel Nam (2001), Vdn kien Dai hdi Dai bieu todn qudc ldn thu IX, NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia 22 Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2003), Vdn kien Hdi nghi ldn thu bay Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Khda /X(2003), NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia 23 Grant Evans - Chu bien (2001), Buc khdm vdn hda chdii A (Tiep can nhdn hoc), NXB Van hda DAn loc 66 24 Le Sy Giao va Pham Quynh Phuang, Tuc thd Lieu Hanh he thdng thd ml thdn ciia ngudi Viet qua mot sd den chua d Hd Ndi, Trong: Tap chf Van hoc, sd 5(257)/1992, (ir 57 - 58) 25 Mai Tlianh Hai (2000), Tdn gido The gidi vd Viet Nam, NXB Cong An NhAn (lAn 26 Mai Thanh Hai (2002), Tudien tdn gido, NXB Tu ilicn Bach khoa 27 Dd Thi Hao, Vehdn "Tien td phd ky" ciia ddng ho Trdn Le vda tim lai diu/c, Trong: Tap chf Van hoc, sd 5(257)/1992, (tr 37 - 39) 28 Nguyen Duy Hinh (1996), Tin ngudng Thdnh hodng Viet Nam, NXB KlK)a hoc \a hoi 29 Nguydn Duy Hinh, Plidt gido vdi vdn hda Viel Nam, Trong: Tap chf Van hoc, i^a 4(256)/1992, (tr - 6) 30 Tran Minh Hieu (1998), Tdm gido hoc (luu hanh noi bo) 31 Nguyen Hiru Hieu (2004), Tim hieu vdn hda tdm linh Nam bd, NXB Tre 32 Hdi Dan loc hoc Viel Nam (2004), Tdi lieu tham kltdo cdc bdi gidng "The'gidi quan bdn dia" 33 Nguyen Thi Hue, Td Phat Mdu Man Nucmg den Thdnh Mdu Lieu Hanh, Trong: Tap chf Van hoc, sd 5(257)/I992, (tr 50 - 53) 34 Dd Quang Hung - Chii bien (2002), Nhung vdn de cdp bdch ve ton gido d cdc vung ddn toe thieu sd ciia nudc ta hien nay, Di tai khoa hoc cap Bo 35 Dinh Gia Khanh, Tuc thd Mdu vd nlulng truyen thdng vdn hda ddn gian Viet Nam, Trong: Tap chf Van hoc, sd 5(257)/1992, (tr - 13) 36 Vu Ngoc Khanh(1990) (Chii bien) va Pham Van Ty, Vdn Cdt Than nu, NXB Van hda Dan Idc 37 Vu Ngoc Klianh (1994), Tin ngirdng ldng xd, NXB Van hda Dan loc 38 Vu Ngoc Khanh (2000), Den mieu Viet Nam, NXB Thanh Nien 39 Vil Ngoc Khanh (2001), Dao Thdnh dViel Nam, NXB Van lida 'ili6ng Tin 67 40 Vu Ngoc Khanh, Chua Lieu qua ngudn thu ticli, Trong: Tap chf Van hoe, so 5(257)/1992, (Ir 32 - 36) 41 La Duy Lan, Lieu Hanh Vdn Cdt thdn nd vd Lieu llanli tdm thuc ddn gian, Trong: Tap chf Van hoe, so 5(257)/1992, (ir 40 - 43) 42 Blnh Nguyen Loc (1971), Ngudn goc Md Lai ciia ddn tdc \'iet Bach Loc Xual ban 43 Dang Van Lung (1991), Tam tda Tlianh Mau, NXB Van boa Dan loc 44 Dang Van Lung, Thu tim hieu cdch xdy dung linh tui/ng Mdu Lieu, 1Vong: l a p chf Van hoc, so 5(257V1992, (Ir 24 - 2K) 45 Tiirc^ng Liru - chu bien (1993), Vdn hda ngudi Khmer vuni; ddng hdng sdng Cuu Long, NXB Vfln boa DAn loc 46 C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1846), He tutirdui* f)d