AN OO VA PAKISTAN NHQNG TRO NGAI SAU NGAY DOC LAP (15-8-1947) N G U Y £ N THI HUONG GIANG Khoa Dong Phucmg hoc - DH KHXH & NV Nhae den An Do, ehung ta khdng chi nghi tdi mot nhtrng chiec ndi van minh nhan loai, mot nude Idn hang tbii tren the gidi ma cd nhiing tran trd ve md'i quan he gap ghenh chdng gai giira qud'e gia va ngudi ban lang gieng Nam A - Pakistan Cd the ndi, trai sudt may ngan nam lich sir An Do ludn the hien duge vai trd va anh hudng van boa, cbinh tri quan trgng ciia minh, la ngudi ban Idn ciia cac dan tdc yeu chugng hda binh tren toan the gidi Song, nhiing mau thuin ton dgng giira An Do va Pakistan hon 50 nam qua da thuc su gay rao can cho edng cude phat trien cua ca hai nude Nhin tir nguyen nhan sau xa ciia va'n de thi nhiing mau thuSn bat ngudn tur cbinh nhiing trd ngai sau thuc dan Anh trao tra doc lap cho Nam A ddng thdi diing ddn bay "chia de tri" tach Pakistan khdi tieu luc dia An Do Tuy nhien, bude vao the ky XXI, xu the hdi nhap va hgp tac cang trd nen tat yeu, hai qud'c gia Nam A da cd nbGng dgng thai tich cue de cung vugt qua trd ngai va hudng ve mot tuong lai tdt dep hon Trong pham vi bai viet nay, ehiing ta chi cung de cap tdi mot so van di eo ban ma ca An Do va Pakistan deu gap phai nhiing thang dau ddc lap Trudc he't, ehung ta eo the thdy tan bi kich chia eat An Dp va sU di cua Gandhi: Mot nhiing bi kich Idn cua lich sir ^ i Do - 722 la su chia cat dat nude vao diing gianh dugc ddc lap Dii la xet tren phuong dien vi tri dia ly hay tren phuong dien nhu eau kinh te thi su chia eat ^ i Do vln ehua dugc that hgp li Vi nhu, Pakistan la khu vuc chuyen canh cac san pham nhu day, bdng sgi, liia gao thi An Do lai san cd nhiing nha may chuyen che bien nguyen lieu thd tir Pakistan Trong dudng bien gidi chinh tri vd hinh ehung cat ddi he thdng sdng ngdi va kenh muong quan trgng cua An Do thi ban than no lai khdng thuc bien dugc chiic nang cbinh tri ciia minh la giai quyet van de tdc ngudi Van cd tdi 15% dan sd Pakistan theo dao Hindu va chirng 12% dan sd An Do theo dao Hdi Tham chi trudc edng cude chia cat dugc hoan thanh, ddng ngudi di cu da bat dau dd ve phia bien gidi - ngudi Hindu va ngudi Sikh ddi khdi Pakistan edn ngudi Hdi thi ddi khdi mien dat An Tir nira cud'i nam 1947, da cd tdi hon 10 trieu ngudi viii minh vao ddng chay di cu Ca chinh phii An Do va Pakistan deu bat luc viec ngan trd cac nhdm ngudi di cu cudng tin tir ca hai phia Chinh nhiing cugc xung dot ton giao khac nghiet da khien lanh tu Gandhi mot Ian nira phai Idi keu ggi cham dtit xung dot, trudc he't la tii phia ngudi Hindu, ddng thdi dng de dga se tuyet thuc cho tdi che't Tuy nhiing nd luc ciia Gandhi da cd hieu luc ngan chan ndi loan d Calcutta nhung dau nam 1948, dng vSn trd ve Delhi va bat dau tuyet thuc Su viec chi ket thuc phat ngdn vien chinh thirc ciia Dang Qud'c dai cam ket se bao dam tinh mang va tai san cho ngudi Hdi Nhung sau dd, 30 thang 1, bi kich Idn da xay Gandhi bi mot vien nhdm Hindu cue doan am sat Cd the ndi, su di ciia Ngudi la mot tdn tha't to Idn khdng chi cho nhan dan An Do ma la cho nhan dan toan the gidi Va ndi dau thuong da phan nao lam lang diu bau khdng thii dich dang sue sdi giira hai qud'c gia Van de cdc bang vd xung dot Kashmir: Ben canh dd, va'n de gay tranh cai chii yeu giua hai qud'c gia An Do va Pakistan chinh la viec sap xep cac bang dia phuong Sau thuc dan Anh hoan toan rut khdi An Do, cac bang ciia An Do dung trudc hai su lua chgn - mot la gia 723 nhap Lien bang An, hai la nhap vao vdi Pakistan Tren thuc te, da phan cac bang deu gia nhap Lien bang An, mot sd khac gia nhap Pakistan, chi edn mot sd rat nhd la gay bat ddng dan tdi xung dot bien gidi nhu trudng hgp bang Hyderabad'" va Kashmir Nhung neu va'n de bang Hyderabad dugc giai quyet kha em tham tir thang nam 1948 thi van de Kashmir cho tdi vin edn la diem ndng quan he hai nude Mac du vao nam 1949, thda hiep ngii'ng ban giua hai ben da dugc ky ket thdng qua su dan xep cua Lien Hgp Qud'c, nhung xung dot cung chi cd the tam lang khoang thdi gian khdng lau va Kashmir chinh thiic bi chia cat Phan Idn lanh thd bang thude vi An Do, phan edn lai nam dudi quyen kiem soat cua Pakistan NhCmg trd ngqi sU nghiep thong nhdt dd't nUde: bat ddng ngdn ngCf - ngheo ddi - ddn so: Nhu nhieu qud'c gia chau A khac sau gianh dugc ddc lap, nude Cong hda An Do non tre da sdm phai ddi mat vdi mudn ngan thir thach, dd, kbd khan hang dau la van de on dinh chinh tri, va xoa ddi giam ngheo Tuy nhien, la mot qud'c gia Idn, da dan tdc, da ngdn ngir, da tdn giao , An Do cang phai ganh vac them nhieu trgng trach, ma van de ndi bat len d day trudc he't la van de ngdn ngu ehung cho ca nude Mot qud'c gia sau thdng nhat ve mat cuong vuc lanh thd thi can phai cd sir thdng nha't ve mat ngdn ngir Nam 1965, cbinh phii An Do chinh tbiie ban hanh sde lenh edng nhan tieng Hindi la ngdn ngir ehung ca nude, mac du chi cd mot phan ba dan sd An Do sir dung ngdn ngii va nd ciing chi dugc dung chii yeu d mien Bac An Ngay sau do, bao ddng da nd lien tiep d Nam An, tinh hinh cbinh tri bat dn dinh khien cbinh phii phai thdng cao nhugng bd, cho phep tri tieng Anh nhu mot ngdn ngfl chinh edng ddng ngudi khdng sii dung tieng Hindi Mot van de nghiem trgng khac ma An Do phai ddi mat dd chinh la su ngheo ddi Tren thuc te, hai qud'c gia ddc lap An Do va '"La bang Ion nhai An Do, nSm tren cao nguyen Deccan - phia Nam An Dp 724 Pakistan da ke thUa dugc nhii:ng uu diem ma che thudc Anh de lai nhu CO eau nha nude nghi vien, he thdng giao due, quan su, mang ludi giao thdng van tai v.v nhung ddng thdi hai qud'e gia cung dugc "thira hudng" ca nhung van de ma "chinh qud'e" cung ehua giai quyet dugc - dd la ngheo nan va lac bau ciia dai bd phan dan cu Cho du An Do la mien dat dugc thien nhien uu dai nhung vdi mot ddn so khdng Id cd tdc phat trien manh me thi nen kinh te cung kbd Idng dap u:ng dugc day dii Cd the ndi, chinh phii An Do bau nhu khdng kiem soat dugc van de gia tang dan sd Vao nhiing nam 70, dan sd M Do tang khoang 13 trieu ngudi mdi nam va tdi nam 1985 thi tdng dan sd da len tdi 750 trieu Hon the, ngheo ddi va bung nd dan sd thudng la nhtrng ngudi ban ddng hanh ciia Qua do, cbiing ta nhan thay nhiing va'n de tdn dgng sau ddc lap da khien dudng phat trien ciia An Do gap nhieu trd ngai Vay, trudng hgp ciia Pakistan - qud'c gia ddi dau vdi An Do nhieu thap ky qua cd nhiing diem gi khac biet? Pakistan vd nhung trd ngqi sau ddc lap: Cung thoat thai tir mot qud'e gia thdng nhat, cung bi chia cat vi nhiing nguyen nhan tuong ddng An Do va Pakistan mot Ian nira lai gap ehung nhieu trd ngai sau ddc lap Tuy nhien, nhiing van de ciia Pakistan cd phan nghiem trgng hon Bdi le, Pakistan bat tay vao xay dung dat nude khdng phai tir mot dan tdc thuan nhat ma tir nhieu tdc ngudi khac dae biet ve mat ngdn ngii (mac dii tieng Urdu vln dugc coi la ngdn ngii ehung d Pakistan) Xu hudng li khai phat trien manh me, nhat la giiia mien Ddng va mien Tay Pakistan Su chenh lech ve mat kinh te, su khac biet ve mat van hda xa hdi da khien cho diem ehung nha't la niem tin tdn giao khdng dii siic manh de dung hda nhiing bat ddng giira hai mien Ddng - Tay Ndi chien va nhung bat dn khac ve mat chinh tri da khien cho chinh phu Pakistan gan nhu be tac edng cude kien thiet da't nude d thdi ky dau sau ddc lap He qua la su bat dn ve mat chinh tri, su que quat ve mat kinh te da khien cho xu hudng li khai 725 o Pakistan gianh dugc phan thang Cho tdi nam 1971, mien Ddng Pakistan da hoan toan tach khdi Pakistan de lap mot qud'c gia rieng ciia ngudi Bengal"* Dd chinh la Bangladesh Sau gianh dugc ddc lap, ca Pakistan va An Do deu tich cue tham gia vao Khdi tbinh vugng ehung Nhung neu An Do theo dudi mot chinh sach ddi ngoai trung lap - chinh sach khdng lien ket thi Pakistan lai trd mot ddng minh tin cay cua My, la vien ciia ca SEATO va CENTO Hiep udc Vien trg quan su giira My va Pakistan dugc ky ket vao nam 1954 da cang khang dinh vi tri phu thudc ciia Pakistan ddi vdi Hoa Ky va khoet sau them md'i bat ddng Pakistan - An Do Nam 1972, Tdng thdng Bhutto tuyen bd Pakistan chinh thiic riit lui khdi Khdi tbinh vugng ehung va khdi SEATO Hon the, Pakistan da ngam tien hanh san xuat vu nguyen tir de ddi phd vdi An Do va tri chinh sach ddi ngoai theo xu the cue doan Qua dd, Pakistan da vd hinh ehung cd lap minh nhiing nam dau sau ddc lap Tuy nhien, vdi xu the toan eau hda va hdi nhap nhirng thap nien trd lai day, chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Pakistan da trd nen mem deo va tich cue hon Cho tdi nhtrng nam dau tien ciia the ky XXI nay, ca hai qud'c gia Nam A - An Do va Pakistan deu da trai qua gan nira the ky hda binh va ddc lap dan tdc Nhung miic hda binh dd tri dugc tdi dau edn phu thudc vao nd lire tir ca hai phia Trong nhi6u nam, nhtrng xung dot bien gidi giiia hai ben khdng ngirng gia tang da gay mot sd bau qua dang tiee cho md'i quan he song phuong cung nhu de dga nen hda binh khu vuc Nam A ndi ehung Ma suy cho cung nguyen ciia nhtrng xung dot gay gat dd lai bat rt tir nhirng trd ngai sau ddc lap cua ca bar nude Chi day lui dugc nhtrng mau thuln, ban gan dugc nhiing vet thuong sau sac gitra hai phia thi ay mot nen boa binh va su phdn tbinh lau dai ciia hai qud'c gia mdi cd eo hoi phat trien '" La mot khu virc rpng Ion voi dien tich khoang 224 500 km^bao gOm hai m\6n DOng va Tay Tay Bengal la mot bang thupc An Dp; Dong Bengal la lanh thP cua Bangladesh hien 726 Tai lieu tham khao D.G.E.Hall, Lich sit Ddng Nam A, Nxb Chinh tri Qud'c gia Ha Ndi, 1997 Jawahalan Nehru, Phat hien An Do (tap I,II,III), Nxb Van hgc, Ha Ndi, 1990 Vu Duong Ninh (Chii bien), Lich sit An Do, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi, 1995 A.L.Basham, The wonder that was India, Rupa Co., New Delhi, 2002 Bipan Chandra, India's struggle for independence 1857-1947, Penguin books, 1989 Majumdar Rayehaudhuri, An advanced History of India, Macmillan India Limited, Delhi, 1978 S Kumar, Modern India 1885-1947, Macmillan, Madras - Bombay Delhi -Patna, 1985 727 ... struggle for independence 185 7 -1947, Penguin books, 1 989 Majumdar Rayehaudhuri, An advanced History of India, Macmillan India Limited, Delhi, 19 78 S Kumar, Modern India 188 5 -1947, Macmillan, Madras... Cho tdi nam 1971, mien Ddng Pakistan da hoan toan tach khdi Pakistan de lap mot qud'c gia rieng ciia ngudi Bengal"* Dd chinh la Bangladesh Sau gianh dugc ddc lap, ca Pakistan va An Do deu tich... da cang khang dinh vi tri phu thudc ciia Pakistan ddi vdi Hoa Ky va khoet sau them md'i bat ddng Pakistan - An Do Nam 1972, Tdng thdng Bhutto tuyen bd Pakistan chinh thiic riit lui khdi Khdi tbinh