Similarities and differences in japanese and vietnamese business styles

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION IN THE ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF JIM BENTON‟S LET’S PRETEND THIS NEVER HAPPENED Supervisor: Nguyen Ngoc Ninh, M.A Student: Duong Thi Ngoc Anh Course: QH2010.F1.E21 HANOI – 2014 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ O SƯ P Ạ T NG N KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP T N NỘ Đ O NGOẠ B N N - ỆT H V NH H AT N RA T G O TRONG HU N N JIM BENTON Giáo viên hướng dẫn: ThS Ngu n Ng c Ninh Sinh viên: ng Th Ng c nh Khoá: QH2010.F1.E21 HÀ NỘI – NĂ 2014 DECLARATION I hereby state that I: Duong Thi Ngoc Anh, QH2010.F1.E21, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Hanoi, 2014 Duong Thi Ngoc Anh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, my sincerest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Ms Nguyen Ngoc Ninh for her wholehearted encouragement and support during the last several months The graduation paper cannot be completed without her Secondly, I would like to express my thanks to my classmates, class QH2010.F1.E21, for their advice and encouragement when I was really under pressure Thirdly, gratefulness and love are sent to my mother From the bottom of my heart, I owe her for all the things she has done for me Lastly, I send my thanks to the Faculty of English Language Teacher Education and all the teachers in the division of Translation and Interpreting for supporting students for the last four years i ABSTRACT ‗Domestication‘ and/or ‗foreignization‘ plays a critical role in translation and it depends on the translator‘s choice about whether and to what extent they are employed in any translation In light of Venuti‘s theory on ‗domestication‘ and ‗foreignization‘, ‗Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ written by Jim Benton and its translation by Phong Linh were chosen for analysis Combining three models by Peter Newmark, Espindola, and Aixela, and the researcher‘s categories, instances of culture-specific items, wordplay, and syllables from the translation were extracted for analysis by comparison and contrast, and expert consultation The frequency of domestication and foreignization was also discussed The study found out that foreignization was much more predominant than domestication Of 45 instances, there are only domesticated instances Only common expressions were more domesticated than foreignized Foreignization seems more advantageous than domestication in the current context when the target readers are more capable of English and the information-searching demand is explosive ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Significance of the study CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Foreignization and domestication 2.1.1 Definitions of domestication and foreignization - enuti‟s theor 2.1.2 Studies on domestication and foreignization 2.1.3 Domestication or foreignization 10 2.2 Culture-specific items 12 2.2.1 Definition of culture-specific items 12 2.2.2 Categories 13 2.3 Linguistic aspects 17 2.3.1 Wordplay 17 2.3.2 haracteristics of English and ietnamese languages‟ s llables 18 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 21 3.1 The reasons to choose the book „Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ 21 3.2 The book „Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ 21 3.3 The readership of „Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ 22 3.4 Data analysis methods and procedures 23 iii 3.4.1 Coding 23 3.4.2 Grouping 23 3.4.3 Analyzing 23 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 25 4.1 Culture-specific items 25 4.1.1 Proper names and nicknames 25 4.1.2 Common expressions…………………………………………………… 31 4.2 Linguistic aspects 32 4.2.1 Wordplay 32 4.2.2 Syllables 34 4.4 Quantitative discussion 35 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS 39 5.1 Major findings and implications 39 5.2 Limitations 39 5.3 Recommendation for further research 40 REFERENCES 41 iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Page Table Categories proposed by Peter Newmark (1988) Table Categories proposed by Espindola (as cited in Matielo) 14-15 Table Categories proposed by Aixela (as cited in Brasiene 2013) 15-16 Table Vietnamese syllable structure 20 Table Instances of domestication and foreignization 35 Figure Instances of domestication and foreignization 36 Figure Domestication and foreignization in all instances 36 Figure Domestication and foreignization in culture-specific items 37 Figure Domestication and foreignization in wordplay 38 Figure Domestication and foreignization in syllables 38 v 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TL: Target language SL: Source language CSIs Culture-specific items CV Consonant-vowel vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter explains why domestication and foreignization are chosen for the present study Aims of the study are presented as the destination to reach The two research questions, the scope and significance of the study are also provided 1.1 Rationale of the study Literary translations have recently received huge attention from Vietnamese readers with notable works including ‗Da Vinci Code’ ( by Do Thu Ha, ‗La carte et le territoire’ (B n Dung, ‘The Things They Carried’ (Nh ng Th H v ng t Da Vinci) translated t) translated by Cao Viet ang) translated by Tran Tien Cao Dang and ‘The Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring’ ( o n H Nh n) translated by Dang Tran Viet, Nguyen Thi Thu Yen, and An Ly Discussions were generated surrounding translation errors, translation equivalence, and the ―degree‖ of these translations ―Degree‖ here refers to how much a translator should follow the original The two most recent and heated debates are about the ―degree‖ of the translations of ‗The Things They Carried’ and ‘The Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring’ ―The dumb cooze never writes back‖ in ‗The Things They Carried’ is the most controversial sentence The translator Tran Tien Cao Dang faithfully translated into ―Con m t l** ngu ** bao gi tr l i‖, which encountered huge objection from Vietnamese readers for its obscenity Nguyen (2013), a Vietnamese modern poet, claimed that no matter how exactly the sentence was translated, Vietnamese readers would never accept that because it would not be regarded as literature in Vietnamese culture Besides, the translation of characters‘ names in ‘The Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring’ has also raised a heated discussion Thu (2013) wrote: Vietnamese readers got accessed to the movie first and got familiar with the English names before the publication of ― o n H Nh n‖, so discussion is inevitable That ―Proudfoot‖ is translated into ―B n Ch n Robot Avenger backpacks are a product with the avengers‘ images from a blockbuster named the Avengers Every American kid may know it but Vietnamese kids may just perceive it as a normal backpack The Avengers are translated into ―Siêu anh h ng b o th ‖ Robot means ―ng ―Ng i m y‖ in Vietnamese The brand can be like i m y b o th ‖ The translator keeps ―robot‖ the same In reality, robot is used more and more instead of ―ng i m y‖ Domestication seems to be more outstanding with this phrase although ―robot‖ is unchanged 4.1.1.7 Names of local institutions FBI appears in the book It stands for Federal Bureau of Investigation that is obvious to Americans FBI is ―Cục iều tra liên bang Mỹ‖ in Vietnamese It is foreign to the target readers who may still enjoy the foreigness as they are possible to know it on TV, newspapers For the TL readers who not know FBI, they may have to look it up in the dictionary or on the Internet for more information and to know what is implied in the translation English version Probably the FBI would totally hire us Vietnamese version C l FBI chắn s thuê b n t 4.1.2 Common expressions 4.1.2.1 Food and drinks Four instances of food are found in the sample: English version Vietnamese version Casserole Thịt h m Meat loaf Thịt b m n Pizza Pizza Sandwich Sandwich ng Just few dishes are present in the book The first one is the casserole that is translated into ‗thịt h m‘ As a matter of fact, Americans have their perception of casserole and Vietnamese people have their own view of ‗thịt h m‘ The same goes to 31 ‗meat loaf‘ which is literally translated into ‗thịt b m n ng‘ Although the original meaning is slightly different from the translation due to domestication, the TL readers may be more comfortable to read these words ‗Pizza‘ and ‗sandwich‘ is another story The translator does not have to try to think of a Vietnamese dish similar to those food because ‗pizza‘ and ‗sandwich‘ are used as the original without any change Sometimes, pizza is transcribed into ‗pi-za‘ and sandwich into ‗x ng-u ch‘ but the translator chooses foreignization to adopt these words into the translation 4.1.2.2 Measuring system and currencies ‗Litre‘ and ‗dollar‘ are used as ―lít‖ and ― la‖ from the beginning It can be said that these two words are domesticated as they ‗lít‘ and ‗ la‘ are used in Vietnamese dictionary 4.1.2.3 Scholastic reference ―Permanent record‖ is translated into ―h c b ‖ Literally, ―permanent record‖ is ―h sơ vĩnh viễn‖ Domestication presents its advantage here Vietnamese readers can read without hesitation and understand what it is 4.2 Linguistic aspects 4.2.1 Wordplay Wordplay is specific to each language English has a phenomenon that the same pronunciation can have different words or synonymy For example, ‗flower‘ and ‗flour‘ have the same pronunciation but different meanings and written forms The former means ―the colored part of a plant from which the fruit or seed develops‖, the latter means ―a fine white or brown powder made from grain, especially wheat‖ (Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary, 8th edition) Vietnamese is different from English in that aspect A way of pronunciation can only produce a written form with possibly different meanings Take ―b o‖ for instance, it can be a noun or a verb The noun means newspapers, the verb means notification Applying this strategy, the 32 author of ‗Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ makes the book funnier when he plays with the words In this book, only homophony is utilized The first instance is ‗dye‘ and ‗die‘ These two words are identically pronounced but different in meaning ―Dye‖ means ―changing the color of something, especially by using a special liquid or substance‖ (Hornby 2010, p 476); ‗die‘ means stopping living In Vietnamese, ―chết‖ and ―nhu m t c‖ have no relationship in pronunciation in common The translator chooses foreignization to help the readers study English in this case ‗Dye‘ is unchanged English learners will have no difficulty figuring out that kind of wordplay because they may know how to read and what it means A reader who does not know English at all may be confused To help the readers, the translator provides some explanation at the bottom of the page so that the confusion will be discerning Another instance is also homophones Here is the extract from the book so that the situation will be clearer: Mr Evans said that I pretty much an A on Th y Evans nói t c n m t iểm A my mythology report or my grades would cho thu ho ch th n tho i be with the mermaids ―You know,‖ he kh ng iểm t ng kết t s xu ng chơi said, “below level ” nàng tiên c ―Em biết y,‖ th y nói, “dưới mực nước biển ” Because ―C level‖ and ―sea level‖ are homophones There are two choices to deal with this situation First, the translator could literally translate into ―d i iểm C‖ but then the translation could not convey the way the author plays with words or the relation between the sentences Although ―d i mực n c biển‖ and ―chơi v i n ng tiên c ‖ have no relation in Vietnamese but at least they are logical in the relationship To see how wordplay is used, the target readers have to see at the bottom of the page for explanation In this situation, the translator has no choice but choose foreignization for the phrase Some efforts need to be exerted for the understanding of the phrase 33 The climax of foreignization is when the translator uses the English version to illustrate how to remember ‗principal‘ and ‗principle‘ And by the way, Diary, here‘s an easy Nhân ti n y, Nhật Ký , sau yl m t way to remember if you spell it principle mẹo ể nh cách viết từ hi u tr ng or principal (Maybe you‘ve heard it principal không ph i principlebefore, Diary?) Just remember that nguyên tắc (Có cậu nghe r i paleontology is the study of fossils that nên, are about a jillion years old Nhật Ký paleontology-c ha?) Chỉ c n nh sinh vật h c ngành nghiên cứu hóa th ch t m tri u tri u n m tu i The translator directly uses ‗principal‘, ‗principle‘ and ‗paleontology‘ in Vietnamese version There are three English words in the translation which are not as popular as ‗pizza‘ or ‗robot‘ in Vietnamese The translator cannot translate all into Vietnamese but can only use bilingual languages Though foreignization is utilized, the readers are still able to get the point of wordplay here The readers can find it hard to know how to pronounce the words but they may understand the story 4.2.2 Syllables The foreign flavor here is the connection between the syllables or the syllables are close to each other without spaces To form an adjective with many words like below, English needs dashes No English version Vietnamese version Turdsylvania Thuisylvania wheretheheckistan Khỉg You-know-whats cậu-biết-là-gì-r i- y Hair-wad-locating Always-sticky ln-ln-dính Ham-and-cheese thit-hun-khói-và-pho-mát ykistan ịnh-vị-tóc 34 Aren‘t-I-great-with-my-perfect- trơng-t -có-nụ-c teeth-and-gums smile r ng-và-lợi-hồn-h o-khơng-này i-tuy t-v i-v i- An English word cannot be separated but Vietnamese words are independent in written forms ‗Cậu-biết-l -g -r i- y‘ should be six disparate syllables without dashes like ‗cậu biết l g r i y‘ Even though the dashes have no effect on the readability of the TL readers, foreignization is represented through the dashes ‗Thuisylvania‘ and ‗Khỉg ykistan‘ are not separated and a combination of Vietnamese and English components ‗Khỉg y‘ and ‗th i‘ are Vietnamese while ‗sylvania‘ and ‗kistan‘ are English The rising tone of ‗Th i‘ is also discarded for suiting the adjacent English syllables of ‗sylvania‘ Foreignization makes these two words a mixture of English and Vietnamese 4.4 Quantitative discussion The following table represents all the instances discussed above Table Instances of domestication and foreignization No Items Instances Domestication Foreignization Proper names 28 25 Common expressions CSIs Wordplay 3 Syllables 7 Total 45 37 It is not difficult to recognize the more dominant of the two translation strategies which is foreignization Common expressions are the only subcategory that favors domestication but it accounts for a modest number of instances The table is transformed into five following pie charts for visual discussion 35 Instances of domestication and foreignization 7, 15% 3, 7% CSIs Wordplay Syllables 35, 78% Figure Instances of domestication and foreignization CSIs account for a largest part with 35 instances, equal to 78% Syllables rank second with instances or 15% The smallest part is wordplay with instances or 7% Domestication and Foreignization in all instances 18% Foreignization 82% Domestication Figure Domestication and foreignization in all instances 36 It can be seen that foreignization outnumbers domestication with 82% among all the chosen instances, domestication only takes a small percentage of 18% It seems to follow the current trend when foreignization is more preferable The three following pie charts represent the frequency of domestication and foreignization used by the translator of ‗Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ CSIs Proper names Common expressions Proper names Domestication Foreignization 7, 20% Common expressions Domestication Foreignization 11% 29% 28, 80% 71% 89% Figure Domestication and foreignization in culture-specific items Proper names make up to 80% of CSIs; meanwhile, common expressions only account for 20% Foreignization is dominant in proper names but domestication is prevalent in common expressions However, foreignization is generally more advantageous as proper names count up to 80% of CSIs Unlike CSIs, wordplay and syllables have no instance of domestication 37 Wordplay Domestication Foreignization 100% Figure Domestication and foreignization in wordplay Foreignization is superior to domestication in wordplay with 100% Syllables Domestication Foreignization 100% Figure Domestication and foreignization in syllables Foreignization is also dominant in syllables with 100% 38 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Major findings and implications After discussing domestication and foreignization in 45 instances picked from ‗Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ by Jim Benton and ‗H y v chuyện n y chưa t ng x y ra’ translated by Phong Linh, some major findings and implications are drawn out (1) Foreignization is much more frequently used than domestication Of 45 instances, there are as many as 37 instances are foreignized, only instances are domesticated This trend of the book is compatible with the comment of some grey Vietnamese professional translators in the rationale (2) English proper names are kept the same in the translation As explained in chapter IV, proper names should be foreignized to be the same as the original for convenient information search and conformity in translation Translation students or translators can choose to foreignize proper names to avoid possible offense and possible incorrect transcription (3) Common expressions are more domesticated than foreignized Foreignization should not be abused, domestication can help the TL readers read more comfortably Translators should deliberately consider these two strategies to make the best decisions (4) Foreignization in wordplay is unavoidable but some explanation should be added for clearer understanding (5) Although syllables are foreignized, it is mainly in written forms Translators can choose to add or remove dashes between Vietnamese words (6) In the current situation with the growing number of target readers who know English, foreignization is an advantage 5.2 Limitations Due to limited time and sources, the research has certain limitations 39 (1) This is a qualitative study, so the results cannot be the grounds for generalization The results are only a source of suggestion (2) The present study does not involve the perception from the target readers The influence on the target readers are possible in the light of domestication and foreignization theory developed by Venuti (1995) (3) The study may not cover all aspects that are related to domestication and foreignization due to limited resources for literature review 5.3 Recommendation for further research Some recommendation for further research are suggested under the above limitations A larger and diverse sample is recommended for more valid results such as detective, comedy, fiction books A survey or interview for getting opinions from the target readers is useful for analyzing the influence of the two strategies, domestication and foreignization, on the readers More aspects of domestication and foreignization can be an abundant source for further research like in grammar, syntax, everyday expressions that are particular to one language 40 REFERENCES Anh, M 2013, ‗Dịch thuật thực tế xu t b n: Phục t ng nh ng v n c n sáng t o‘, n Ninh Th 27 May, viewed 12 February 2014, http://www.anninhthudo.vn/Hau-truong/Dich-thuat-trong-thuc-te-xuat-banPhuc-tung-nhung-van-can-sang-tao/498255.antd Behtash, EZ, & Firoozkoohi, S 2009, foreignization strategies of ‗A diachronic study of domestication and culture-specific items: in English-Persian translations of six of Hemingway‘s works‘, World Applied Sciences Journal, vol 7, no 12, pp 1576-1582, viewed 15 February 2014, http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj7(12)/19.pdf Benton, J 2004, Dear Dumb Diary Let’s Pretend This Never Happened Scholastic Inc., the USA Benon, J 2009, H y v chuyện n y chưa t ng x y ra, trans Phong Linh, Nxb H i Nh V n, Hanoi, original work published 2004 Birdwood-Hedger, M 2006, ‗Tension between Domestication and Foreignization in English-language Translations of Anna Karenina‘, PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, viewed 15 March 2014, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.121.5545&rep=rep1 &type=pdf ‗Literary translation of culture-specific items in Lithuanian Brasiene, B 2013, translation of Orwell‘s Down and out in Paris and London‘, Vytautas Magnus University, viewed 15 February 2014, http://vddb.laba.lt/fedora/get/LT-eLABa0001:E.02~2013~D_20130605_131601-47559/DS.005.1.01.ETD Duong, T 2012, ‗ m t c phiên m tiếng Vi t‘, Khampha, 25 December, viewed 10 April 2014, http://khampha.vn/giai-tri/do-mat-doc-phien-am-tieng-vietc7a51605.html 41 Fahim, M, & Mazaheri, Z 2013, ‗A comparative study of translation strategies applied in dealing with culture-specific items of Romance novels before and after the Islamic revolution of Iran‘, Journal of Advances in English Language Teaching 2013, vol.1, no 3, pp 64-75, viewed 16 February 2014, https://www.google.com.vn/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1& cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Feuropeanscience.com%2Fjaelt%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F249%2Fpdf&ei=29lfUagLYHIkAWx6IDABA&usg=AFQjCNGIYiKiluzESBSwsN1aLqxn7lQElA&s ig2=jHHZyfmdexrpdNzWNgGRFQ&bvm=bv.65397613,d.dGI Gao, H 2010, ‗Domestication and Foreignization A Comparative Study on Three Translation of Wenxin Diaolong‘, Tsinghua University, viewed 10 March 2014, http://www.doc88.com/p-932705831014.html Grenz, SJ 2005, The named God and the question of being, Westminster John Knox Press, Kentucky, viewed 10 April 2014, http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=VjHTcrWmguQC&pg=PA274&lpg=PA 274&dq=proper+names+howard+definition&source=bl&ots=EtHWl2ykhW&si g=Fvvs6wcQ8PixVtNBZiA7LLwUDs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l8ZYU7TnKsr28QWoloDIDw&ved=0CG8Q6AEw CQ#v=onepage&q=proper%20names%20howard%20definition&f=false Hornby, AS 2010, Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 8th edn, Oxford University Express, Oxford J K Benton Design Studio and Benton Arts, n d, ‗Dear Dumb Diary‘, viewed 17 April 2014, http://jimbenton.com/page1/page2/page2.html Kemppanen, H, Jänis, M, & Belikova, A 2012, Domestication and foreignization in translation studies, Frank and Timeme GmbH, Berlin, viewed 18 February 2014,http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=OuTurITQfc4C&pg=PA11&lpg=P A11&dq=how+to+deal+with+foreignization&source=bl&ots=kvAcBOUig4&si g=lch3wx_o_F- 42 _BrF8lYGdvSdcyRQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r3WLUufFH6beigf66YGwBA&ved= 0CHsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=how%20to%20deal%20with%20foreignizatio n&f=false Khanh, nd, ‗Thị‘, viewed 17 April 2014, http://tratu.soha.vn/dict/vn_vn/Th%E1%BB%8B Lefevere, A 1992, Translation/History/Culture, Routledge, London Luong, HN 2013, ‗Lo n phiên m tiếng n c ngo i‘, Vnexpress, 30 September, viewed 10 April 2014, http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/cong-dong/loan-phien-amtieng-nuoc-ngoai-2887409.html Ly, M 2013, ‗Vi t hóa dịch thuật – nên hay không?‘ Th Thao May, viewed 12 February 2014, n Ho , 10 http://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-toan- canh/viet-hoa-trong-dich-thuat-nen-hay-khong-n20130510040817676.htm Mai, NC, Vu, DN, & Hoang, TP 1999, Cơ sở ngôn ng h c tiếng Việt, NXB Giáo Dục Vi t Nam, Hanoi Matielo, R, & Espindola, EB n.d., ‗Domestication and foreignization: An analysis of culture-specific items in official and non-official subtitles of the TV series Heroes‘, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, viewed 18 February 2014, https://www.google.com.vn/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1& cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodicos.ufsc.br %2Findex.php%2Ftraducao%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F21757968.2011v1n27p71%2F19789&ei=Bd9fU4njOI6KkgW4jIDgBg&usg=AFQjC NEzAIdAKLz8g7O9udsHz_bn5 wOQ&sig2=yOmIEgjtKlu5XkNBLmoA8Q &bvm=bv.65397613,d.dGI Minh, H 2013, ‗Sự s ng tiếng Vi t v nguy bị ‗x m l ng‘‘, Baomoi,13 November, viewed 15 April 2014, http://www.baomoi.com/Su-trong-sang-cuatieng-Viet-va-nguy-co-bi-xam-lang/152/12411875.epi 43 Myskja, K n.d., ‗Foreignization and resistance: Lawrance Venuti and his critics‘, Volda University College, viewed 15 March 2014, http://ojs.ub.gu.se/ojs/index.php/njes/article/viewFile/2201/1957 Newmark, P 1988, A textbook of translation, Prentice Hah International, Hertfordshire Nguyen, QT 2013, ‗Nguyên t c kh ng ‗tục‘ nh b n dịch‘, Vietnamnet, 22 April, viewed 10 March 2014, http://m.vietnamnet.vn/vn/van-hoa/118114/nguyenquang-thieu nguyen-tac-khong tuc nhu-ban-dich.html Patton, MQ & Cochran, M 2002, ‗A guide to using qualitative research methodology‘, viewed 15 April 2014, http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20resear ch%20methodology.pdf Schmidt, G 2013, ‗Foreignization and Domestication in the Croatian translations of Oscar Wilde‘s the Picture of Dorian Gray‘, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, viewed 10 March 2014, https://www.google.com.vn/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc =s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CFUQFjAF&url=http%3A%2 F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F165562&ei=uTBTU5GSG8utlQXs74HYAw&u sg=AFQjCNGV_c6mhn3DPxkxOV23ZgHupfrHLQ&sig2=SmcgTX47cp_Yjo WWGnDIlA&bvm=bv.65058239,d.dGI Simmons, RL 1997, ‗The proper noun‘, viewed 10 March 2014, http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/propernoun.htm Tang, GM 2007, ‗Cross-Linguistic Analysis of Vietnamese and English with Implications for Vietnamese Language Acquisition and Maintenance in the United States‘, Journal of Southeast Asian American Education & Advancement, vol 2, viewed 20 April 2014, http://jsaaea.coehd.utsa.edu/index.php/JSAAEA/article/view/13/8 Thu, K 2013, ‘Chúa tể nh n‘ v n ‗n ng‘ chuy n dịch thuật‘, Vnexpress, 13 April, viewed 12 February 2014, 44 http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin- tuc/sach/lang-van/chua-te-nhung-chiec-nhan-van-nong-chuyen-dich-thuat2656540.html Vandaele, J n d , ‗Wordplay in translation‘, University of Oslo, viewed 19 February, http://folk.uio.no/jeroenv/Vandaele_Wordplay%20in%20Translation%20proofs pdf Venuti, L 1995, The translator’s invisibility: history of translation, Routledge, London Venuti, L 2012, The translator’s invisibility: London, viewed 10 history of translation, Routledge, March 2014, http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=ha2ffpkivjQC&pg=PT39 &lpg=PT39&dq=the+terms+domestication+and+foreignization+do+not+establi sh+a+neat+binary+opposition&source=bl&ots=22UJYVirPa&sig=89DNf22i6mbIjR3BFopGAXpMEI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=thlVU7DqFcXCkAXk54HIBw &ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20terms%20domestication%20an d%20foreignization%20do%20not%20establish%20a%20neat%20binary%20o pposition&f=false Wollacott, M 2014, ‗What is a monosyllabic language‘, WiseGEEK, viewed 20 February 2014, http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-monosyllabic- language.htm 45 ... increase of awareness and qualification, being faithful to the original is inclined to dominate (Anh, 2013) Translator Luong Viet Dung agreed with Trinh Lu that in the beginning of Vietnamese translation,... for teaching and learning about domestication and foreignization theories in the subject of Translation Studies II for interpreting and translating students and teachers of translation in the Faculty... the linguistic and cultural differences, the chosen instances will be compared and contrasted Each chosen instance contains certain linguistic and cultural aspects Take ‗Bruntford‘ for instance,